CHAPTER- 1

1.1. INTRODUCTION

Currently, waste materials resulting from various physical and chemical

processes are the most important challenge in the industrial and developing
countries. Extensive investigations on wastage recycling are being implemented to
minimize the environmental damages. In this regard, construction investigators, like
other recycling and production industries, have also achieved advances in using these
waste materials. One of the non-recyclable materials enters the environment in
automotive used tires.

Investigations show that used tires are composed of materials which do not
decompose under environmental conditions and cause serious contaminations. It is
estimated that 285 million tires are discarded annually in the United States and only
30% (97 million) are currently being used or recycled. The remaining 66% (188
million) contribute to the already alarming environmental waste problem. Based on
examinations, another way is used the tires in concrete.

This results in the improvement of such mechanical and dynamical properties

as energy absorption, ductility and resistance to cracking. The replacement of fine
aggregate with rubber particles may significantly comprise the compressive strength
characteristic of concrete, localizing stresses and bonding problems between the
rubber particles and the cement matrix.

The possibility of making concrete tough has been generally pursued by

introducing rubber phases among the traditional components (cement, water, and
aggregates) and this idea has been largely investigated using, for this purpose,
recycled grinded tyre rubber .Different kinds of tyres have been employed as partial
substitute of natural aggregates in concrete: scrap tyres obtained by simple grinding
without further purification thus including steel and textile fibres in their
composition ,

1
 crumb rubber obtained by cryogenic process, milled tyre rubbers treated with
sodium hydroxidesolution to achieve a patter adhesion with the cement paste , scrap
truck tyre rubber , tyres tread , etc. However, regardless the different nature size and
composition of used tyre rubbers. During the last years, several researches have been
studying the final disposal of elastomeric wastes, due to the great volume generated
worldwide, as well as the difficulty for establishing disposal sites which become a
serious environmental problems. In spite of this, recycling appears as the best
solution for disposing elastomeric residues, due to its economical and ecological
advantages. On the other hand, the conception of products for concrete is also
increasing, due to the high growth of construction in the past years. Even though
concrete based on Portland cement is one of the most extraordinary and versatile
elements in construction, there is a need modifying its properties, such as tensile,
hardness, ductility and recycling rubber simultaneously is to combine both materials.

1.1.2. Lightweight Concrete.

Lightweight concrete can be produced with an over-dry density range of

approximately 300 to a maximum of 2000 kg/m3, with corresponding cube strengths
from approximately 1 to over 60 MPa and thermal conductivities of 0.2 to 1.0
W/mK. These values can be compared with those for normal weight concrete of
approximately 2100-2500 kg/m3, 15 to greater than 100 MPa and 1.6-1.9 W/mK.
The principal techniques used for producing lightweight concrete can be summarized
as follows

(i) Omitting the finer fraction of normal weight aggregate to create air-filled
voids using a process pioneered by Wimpey in the UK in 1924 (no-fines
concrete).

(ii) Including bubbles of gas in a cement paste or mortar matrix to form a cellular
structure containing approximately 30-50 per cent voids (aerated or foamed
concrete).

2
 Replacing, either wholly or partially, natural aggregates in a concrete mix
with aggregate containing a large proportion of voids (lightweight aggregate
concretes).

1.1.3. Foamed Concrete.

Foamed concrete is classified as having an air content of more than 25 per

cent. The air can be introduced into a mortar or concrete mix using two principal
methods. First, pre-formed foam from a foam generator can be mixed with other
constituents in a normal mixer or a ready mixed concrete truck. Second, a synthetic-
or protein-based foam-producing admixture can be mixed with the other mix
constituents in a high-shear mixer. In both methods the foam must be stable during
mixing, transporting, and placing. The resulting bubbles in the hardened concrete
should be discrete and usual bubble size is between 0.1 and 1 mm.

1.1.4. Raw Materials and Binders of Tyres

Tyres look like one simple black mass, but they are actually a complex
mixture of various types rubber, carbon black, inorganic materials, organic
compounds, and reinforcing wire/fabric in multiple sections of a tires.

 Crumb Rubber and Shredded Products Sizes

To turn used tyres into useful products, tires are processed into shredded
products or crumb rubber, summarizes representative product sizing of shredded and
crumb rubber.

 Binders

Tyre chips and crumb rubber can be bound together into a cohesive mass by use of

binders under simple concrete mixing or compression molding.

3
1.1.5. Recycling Tires.

Californians generated approximately 33.5 million waste tires in 2002,

according to a report by the California Integrated Waste Management Board
(CIWMB) entitled California Waste Tire Generation, Markets and Disposal. About
three-quarters of California’s tires, or 25.1 million tires, were diverted to
constructive uses in 2002, but 8.4 million tyres were not. These tires were shredded
and disposed of in California’s permitted solid waste landfills, stored at permitted
sites, or otherwise illegally disposed of around the state. While a majority of tires are
reused, a significant amount, one-quarter, are not. New uses must be found the
valuable raw materials embodied in whole tires and tire shreds.

4
 CHAPTER -2

2.1. SCOPE

(i) The objective of the present investigation is to identify the

potential Use of tire rubber in concrete. Henceforth an extensive
research has been carried out to study the mechanical properties
and durability.
(ii) It helps the improve the flexural strength of concrete in for then
reach

2.2. OBJECTIVES

The overall objective of this project is to investigate the feasibility

of incorporating chiseled truck tyre chips and shredded rubber crumbs as a
Replacement for natural aggregates and waste truck tyre rubber strips as
Reinforcement in concrete. The specific objectives of this project are as
Follows:
i) To establish the grading and workability of the truck tyre
shredded rubber crumb and truck tyre rubber chip aggregates.
ii) To evaluate the mechanical properties of tyre rubber aggregate
concrete like compressive strength, split tensile strength and
flexural strength and to find the optimum and safest percentage of
replacement of rubber aggregates.
iii) To perform the durability study of tyre rubber aggregate concrete
under adverse environment.
iv) To evaluate the structural and ductility characteristics of concrete
beam made using tyre rubber aggregates.
v) To evaluate the structural and in tensile zone.

5
 CHAPTER -3

METHODOLOGS

i) Tested the material properties as per IS code procedures.

ii) Mix design for concrete proportion has been developed as per IS 10262-2009.

iii) The properties of fresh concrete was tested as per IS 1199-1959.

iv) Casted and cured the concrete specimens as per procedure.

v) Tests were conducted on hardened concrete to determine various strength

parameters.

CHAPTER -4

LETERATURE RIVEW

GENTRAL:
One of the largest potential recycling routes is in construction, but usage of
waste tyres in civil engineering is currently very low. This is due to the lack of high
volume applications and products involving recycled tyres. Currently, only about
4.5% of tyres are recycled in civil engineering applications. However, the potential
market in civil engineering applications is enormous. Extensive investigation of the
use of tyre rubber in asphalt materials has been conducted, either as a binder
enhancement or as an aggregate replacement (Goulias and Ali 1994, Collins and
Ciesielski 1994 and Goulias 1996). Early studies showed that rubberized asphalt had
better skid resistance, increased durability, and reduced fatigue cracking and
achieved longer pavement life than conventional asphalt (Esch 1984, Adams et al
1985, Estakhri 1990, Khosla and Trogdon 1990).

Eldin, Neil N. & Senouci, A. B., "Rubber-tired Particles as Concrete Aggregate,"

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 478-496, 1993.

6
Fedroff, D., Ahmad, S., and Savas, B.Z., "Mechanical Properties of Concrete with
Ground Waste Tire Rubber", Transportation Research Record, 1532, 66-72, 1996.

Schimizze, R.R., Nelson, J.K., Amirkhanian, S.N., & Murden, J.A. "Use of waste
rubber in light-duty concrete pavements." Proceedings of the Third Material
Engineering Conference, Infrastructure: New Materials and Methods of Repair, San
Diego, CA, 367- 374. 1994.

Biel, Timothy D., and Lee, H., "Use of Recycled Tire Rubbers in Concrete."
Proceedings of the Third Material Engineering Conference, Infrastructure: New
Materials and Methods of Repair, p351-358, San Diego, CA, 1994.

Toutanji, H.A., "Use of rubber tire particles in concrete to replace mineral

aggregates," Cement & Concrete Composites, , 135-139, 1996. Partial replacement
of waste tyre and crumb rubber of 10%, 15%, 25% in cement concrete .the partial
replacement of waste rubber as coarse aggregate and crumb rubber as fine aggregate
strength concrete. From the thesis helps to study. The strength of behavior and
crumb rubber and crushed rubber the result from concrete. Crushed rubber attains
good results when compare to the crumb rubber and conversion concrete. This result
helps to in process the impact stiffness and duality characters of concrete

Fedroff, D., Ahmad, S., and Savas, B.Z."Freeze-Thaw Durability of Concrete with
Ground Waste Tire Rubber", Transportation Research Record, 1574, 80-88, 1997.
Partial replacement of waste tyre and crumb rubber of 10%, 15%, 25% in cement
concrete .the partial replacement of waste rubber as coarse aggregate and crumb
rubber as fine aggregate strength concrete. From the thesis helps to study. The
strength of behavior and crumb rubber and crushed rubber the result from concrete.

7
Lee, H.S., Lee, H., Moon, J.S. and Jung, H.W., "Development of tire-added latex
concrete." ACI Materials Journal, 95 (4). 356-364., 1998.
Khatib, Zaher K., and Bayomy, F., "Rubberized Portland Cement Concrete",
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering . August, 206-213, 1999.

Thong-On, A. "Crumb Rubber in Mortar Cement Application." M.S. Thesis,

Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 2001.

Approximately 480 million tons of asphalt is used each year in the United States
(Singh 1992) and in 1986, 25,200 tons of rubber were used in asphalt (Joe and
Chandler 1992). However, the initial cost of rubberized asphalt is 40 to 100%
higher than that of conventional asphalt and its long-term benefits are uncertain
(Fedroff et al 1996).

Lee, H.S., Attention has not been given to the potential use of rubber as concrete
aggregate in Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. But a possible solution for
this problem is to incorporate the tyre rubber into concrete.

H., Moon, J.S. and Jung, H.W As concrete becomes the most widely used
construction material in the world, the partial addition of the rubber tyre particles
into concrete would consume billions of scrap tyres.
In some applications of concrete, it is desired that the concrete should have low unit
weight, high toughness and impact resistance. For Portland cement concrete, rubber
from granulated tyre may be used as an elastic aggregate modifying the brittle failure
of concrete and increasing its ability to absorb large amounts of energy before failure
(Dimitrios and Al- Hosain Ali 1995).

8
As mentioned early, there is a very large market for concrete products, including
non-primary structural applications for which products incorporating rubber
aggregate could be feasible.
H., Moon, J.S. and Jung, H.W This study investigates engineering properties of
concrete containing rubber as aggregates and reinforcement considered as Tyre
Rubber Aggregate Concrete (TRAC) and Tyre Rubber Reinforced Concrete (TRRC)
in various Civil Engineering applications.

CHAPTER-5

5.0. General study of concrete

Definition and composition:

Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse granular material (the

aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement or binder) that
fills the space between the aggregate particles and glues them together. We can also
consider concrete as a composite material that consists essentially of a binding
medium within which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregates. The
simplest representation of concrete is:

5.1. Advantages of concrete:

a). Economical:
Concrete is the most inexpensive and the most readily available material. The
cost of production of concrete is low compared with other engineered construction
materials. Three major components: water, aggregate and cement. Comparing with
steel, plastic and polymer, they are the most inexpensive materials and available in
every corner of the world. This enables concrete to be locally produced anywhere in
the world, thus avoiding the transportation costs necessary for most other materials.

9
b). Ambient temperature hardened material:
Because cement is a low temperature bonded inorganic material and its
reaction occurs at room temperature, concrete can gain its strength at ambient
temperature.
c). Ability to be cast:
It can be formed into different desired shape and sizes right at the construction
site.
d). Energy efficiency:
Low energy consumption for production, compare with steel especially. The
energy content of plain concrete is 450-750 kWh / ton and that of reinforced concrete
is 800-3200 kWh/ton, compared with 8000 kWh/ton for structural steel.
e) Excellent resistance to water:
Unlike wood and steel, concrete can harden in water and can withstand the
action of water without serious deterioration. This makes concrete an ideal material
for building structures to control, store, and transport water. Examples include
pipelines (such as the Central Arizona Project, which provide water from Colorado
river to central Arizona. The system contains 1560 pipe sections, each 6.7 m long
and 7.5 m in outside diameter 6.4 m inside diameter), dams, and submarine
structures. Contrary to popular belief, pure water is not deleterious to concrete, even
to reinforced concrete: it is the chemicals dissolved in water, such as chlorides,
sulfates, and carbon dioxide, which cause deterioration of concrete structures.
f). High temperature resistance:
Concrete conducts heat slowly and is able to store considerable quantities of
heat from the environment (can stand 6-8 hours in fire) and thus can be used as
protective coating for steel structure.
g). Ability to consume waste:
Many industrial wastes can be recycled as a substitute for cement or
aggregate. Examples are fly ash, ground tire and slag.

10
h). Ability to work with reinforcing steel:
Concrete and steel possess similar coefficient of thermal expansion (steel 1.2 x
10-5; concrete 1.0-1.5 x 10-5). Concrete also provides good protection to steel due to
existing of CH (this is for normal condition). Therefore, while steel bars provide the
necessary tensile strength, concrete provides a perfect environment for the steel,
acting as a physical barrier to the ingress of aggressive species and preventing steel
corrosion by providing a highly alkaline environment with pH about 13.5 to
passivity the steel.
i).Less maintenance required:
No coating or painting is needed as for steel structures.
The some more advantages
i) Provides the most stable, sturdy surface for launching
ii) Durable; not subject to rot or rust
iii) Easy to shape and work with, adaptable to slope needs; minimal
additional construction needed
iv) Can be relatively inexpensive to construct, depending upon type of
application
v) Relatively low maintenance (depending on sedimentation levels); easy
and inexpensive repairs
vi) Can be used to help mitigate erosion problems or assist with vegetative
restoration

5.2. Disadvantages of concrete

i) Can cause damage to riparian ecology, preventing growth of

vegetation and impacting habitats
ii) Surface can be slippery, especially when muddy or wet, however,
using corrugated concrete, rock salt, or exposed aggregate on the
surface can provide effective traction

11
 iii) Can be damaged or crack easily due to freezing and thawing
conditions, but can also be easily and cheaply repaired
iv) Can be expensive to clean if there is heavy flooding and mud build-up
v) Usually not aesthetically “pleasing,” although their noticeable presence
can assist paddlers with locating take-outs from the river. They can also
be surfaced for an improved appearance with materials such as river
rocks, fieldstones, or salt-finishing
5.3. Materials Used
The basic materials for mixing Concrete are required such as
i) Cement
ii) Sand
iii) Aggregate and
iv) Tyre rubber.
i) Crumb rubber
ii) Crushed rubber
The cement used for the present investigation was ordinary Portland cement.
Sand is of Zone-II as per IS: 383-1970, Crushed aggregate and Fine aggregate
rubber aggregate both are 20 mm graded aggregates as per IS: 383-1970.The
physical properties of aggregate were considered according IS: 2386(1963).
i) Cement

Cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens and can bind other
materials together. The word "cement" traces to the Romans, who used the term opus
caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from
crushed rock with burnt lime as binder.

ii) Fine aggregate

According to the Indian standards natural sand is a form of silica that has
maximum particle size of 4.75 mm and it was used as fine aggregate. The minimum

12
particle size of fine aggregate is 0.075 mm. It is formed by decomposition of sand
stones due to various weathering actions. Fine aggregate prevents shrinkage of the
mortar and concrete. The specific gravity and fineness modulus of coarse aggregate
were 2.67 and 2.3.

Fine aggregate is an inert or chemically inactive material, most of which

passes through a 4.75 mm IS sieve and contains no more than 5 percent of coarser
material. It may be classified as follows:
(a) natural sand:
Fine aggregate that results from the natural disintegration of rocks and
has been deposited by streams or glacial agencies.
(b) crushed stone sand:
Fine aggregate produced by crushing hard stone.
(c) crushed gravel sand:
Fine aggregate produced by crushing natural gravel.

It reduces the porosity of the final mass and considerably increases its
strength. Usually, natural river sand is used as a fine aggregate. However, at places,
where natural sand is not available economically, finely crushed stone may be used
as a fine aggregate.

Coarse aggregate

Coarse aggregate consists of naturally occurring materials such as gravel, or it

results from the crushing of parent rock, to include natural rock, slags, expanded
clays and shale’s (lightweight aggregates), and other approved inert materials with
similar characteristics, having hard, strong, and durable particles, conforming to the
specific requirements of this section.

According to the Indian standards, crushed angular aggregate passes through

20 mm IS sieve and entirely retains 12 mm IS sieve. The specific gravity and
fineness modulus of coarse aggregate were 2.60 and 5.95.

13
5.4. Mix Proportion

 In this study four different types of mixes or combination is being

considered and designed as per Indian Standard Specification IS:
10262(2009)
 Water cement ratio- The water cement ratio must be optimum according
to the grade of concrete chosen and mix design has to be done
 Quality aggregates – The quality of aggregates must be high.
 The other three concrete mixes were made by replacing the coarse
aggregates with 10%, 15% and 25% of discarded tyre rubber by weight.

5.5. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE TYRE

Waste tyre rubbers are categorized into three broad categories;
5.5.1. Crumb Rubber:
Crumb rubber refers to any material derived by reducing scrap tyres or other
rubber into uniform granules with the inherent reinforcing materials such as steel and
fiber removed along with any other type of inert contaminants such as dust, glass or
rock.
5.5.2. Purpose of crumb rubber

i) Athletic surfaces and fields

ii) Agrimats and equestrian footing

iii) Automotive parts and tires

iv) Construction/indoor

v) Landscape, trails and walkways

vi) Molded and extruded products

14
5.5.3. Benefits of crumb rubber

When dealing with asphalt overlays, reflection cracks can arise and cause an
unwanted crack pattern beneath the pavement. Rubber-modified asphalt uses stress
absorbing membranes that reduce the reflective cracking because of its elastic
properties. With less cracks, there are fewer repairs, so crumb rubber assists in
reducing maintenance costs. The pavement has an increased lifespan because after
multiple uses and exposure to different elements, regular asphalt loses elasticity over
time. The use of the artificial rubber resists the formation of cracks and has an anti
aging effect that keeps the asphalt in a better condition

5.5.4. Ground Rubber:

Ground rubber is also called crumb rubber and is produced by subjecting tyres
to a series of high-powered machines that first shred the tyre, then reduced the
product to ever decreasing particles size.
2.6.5. Scrap Tyre:
Tyre which cannot be used for the intended purpose it made for is known as
Scrap Tyre.

5.5.6. Rubber Aggregate or crushed rubber:

Reduction of scrap tyres to aggregate sizes by two processes technologies:
mechanical grinding or cryogenic processing. Such rubber aggregate can be fine or
coarse rubber aggregate. Fine rubber aggregate is sometimes referred to as crumb
rubber aggregate while coarse rubber aggregate is sometimes referred to as tyre
chips.
5.7. PROBLEM OF WASTE TYRE RUBBER
The use of rubber in so many applications results in a growing volume of
rubber waste. With the increase in demand of automobiles, the manufacturing and
15
use of tyres has been increased tremendously both in the developed and less
developed countries. Since at least 65% of worldwide rubber production, and likely
an even higher percentage of rubber disposals consists of automobile and truck tyres,
this study has been chosen to focus on rubber waste from tyres. After finishing their
working life, tyres wear out and have to be discarded and replaced. It is estimated
that throughout the world an average of one used tyre per person per year is
discarded. Used tyres are a challenging problem, since tyres have virtually unlimited
life span.

5.8. DISPOSAL OF WASTE TYRE RUBBER

Rubber materials are durable, flexible and elastic which are the basic
properties required for manufacturing of tyre that itself engender critical problem of
managing when it become waste. These waste tyres are source of environmental
concern in developed countries, where land filling is still a common waste disposal
strategy. Tyres decompose very slowly, at taking over a century to disintegrate at
ambient temperatures. Tyres are bulky and trap air when disposed, which may make
landfills unstable. Even worse, tyres do not stay buried, but float on the top of a
landfill. Piled tyres trap water, and thus can become breeding grounds for
mosquitoes and other water-incubating insects and bacteria.
However, landfill is no longer a viable option which currently bans the
disposal of whole tyres and shredded tyres in landfill sites. After the imposition of
the landfill ban, there is a strong possibility of an increase in stockpiling and
dumping of used tyres, legally or illegally (Adhikari et al 2000). However, tyre
stockpiles are a considerable environmental and fire hazard. Uncontrolled
combustion of tyres tends to release significant amounts of unburned hydrocarbons
and toxic emissions into the atmosphere. The melting tyres also produce large
quantities of oil, which cause contamination of soil and ground water.

16
 Hence there is an urgent need to identify alternative solutions in line with
waste management. The following hierarchy of the most environmentally acceptable
management options for used tyres was established:

i) Reduction. The used tyre generation rate can be reduced by

technological developments as it improves the service life of
tyres and by programmes it encourage a decrease in car use.
ii) Reuse as tyres. Suitable used tyres can be processed as casings
for retreading. (This is sometimes facilitated by early retiring of
tyres).
iii) Reuse of whole tyres. Examples of this application are: artificial
reefs, erosion control, stabilizing mine tailing ponds and deep
wells (Owen 1998).
iv) Recyclable into other products: This can take two forms: cutting
scrap tyres into suitable shapes and assembling them into new
products (such as blasting and floor mats, muffler hangers etc.) or
by grinding the tyres into crumb and using it in asphalt mix or
rubber/plastic compounds for a wide variety of moulded or die
cut products (Leyden 1991).
v) Tyre chips in Civil Engineering projects. This includes road beds,
the core of earthen embankments, septic tank drainage field and
as composting bulking agent.
vi) Recovery of the raw materials in tyres. The materials that are
used to manufacture tyres, consists primarily of natural rubber;
synthetic rubber (which is processed from petroleum); carbon
black; fabric and textiles; and steel wire. These materials can be
recovered and can be used to make new products.

17
 vii) A major use in energy recovery is, as a fuel source for cement
kilns, where tyres produce 20% more energy than coal (Hird
2002).

Innovative solutions to cope with the tyre disposal problem have long been in
development. Among the above most promising alternatives are: reuse of ground
tyre rubber in a variety of rubber and plastic products, tyre retreading applications,
highway crash barriers, breakwaters and the mixing of rubber and asphalt in
pavement construction (EPA 1991). Small proportions of rubber are also used as an
energy absorbing material in children’s play areas to prevent injury.

5.9. PROPERTIES OF CRUMB RUBBER

Tyres are manufactured using both natural and synthetic rubber. Natural
rubber (NR) is made from the substance known as caoutchouc or latex, a milk-like
fluid which is obtained from the sap of the rubber tree, officially called Hevea
Brasiliensis and Synthetic rubbers are made from (mineral) oil. The term 'synthetic
rubber' is used to describe an increasing number of elastic materials, ranging from
some closely resembling natural rubber to others with completely different physical
properties. Various types of synthetic rubber can be produced by means of
polymerization processes from mineral oil, such as styrene-butadine-rubber (SBR),
ethylene- propylene (EP), nitrile (NBR) and butyl rubbers (IIR). The properties of
these types of rubbers may differ considerably from natural rubber and among
themselves.

i) Natural rubber has very good mechanical properties, i.e. tensile

strength and elongation, elasticity, resilience and good resistance to
tearing, flexing and abrasion. For these reasons, natural rubber is an
excellent material with versatile mechanical properties. Rubber can

18
 stretch to several hundred percent of its length, and when the stress is
removed, the elongation turns to zero within a few seconds.
ii) Natural rubber exhibits a tensile strength of 25-35 MPa and a modulus
of elasticity of 1-3 MPa at 300% elongation (when compounded with
25% carbon black, the modulus can increase to 5-10 MPa (Payne and
Scott 1960).
iii) Rubber is impermeable to water and to a large degree to gases.An
important consequence of the unique stress/strain resisting properties of
rubber is its ability to store enormous amounts of energy and to release
most of this energy on retraction.

5.10. PROPERTIES OF CRUSHED RUBBER

iv) Generally, rubber is a very poor conductor of heat, and is thus an
excellent heat insulator.
v) The coefficient of thermal expansion of rubber is much higher than for
metals. It is about 20 times that of steel. This difference becomes
serious for low-temperature applications.
vi) Rubber is normally an excellent electrical insulator; hence its extensive
use is in insulating cables, and other electrical materials. On the other
hand, the incorporation of certain types of finely divided carbon black
often makes it sufficiently conductive to dissipate static electric
charges, or even to behave as a conductor. Most types of rubber have
the property of absorbing varying quantities of liquids, such as petrol,
benzine, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ether, mineral lubricating
oils, and other hydrocarbon liquids. This so-called ‘swelling’ and the
accompanying loss of mechanical strength make it difficult or
impracticable to use these types of rubber where contact with such
liquids is involved.

19
vii) Rubber has a very high coefficient of friction, and hence unique
gripping properties. These properties are highly valued in many
engineering applications.
viii) Rubber, like many other organic materials, undergoes an aging
process with the passage of time. With rubber, the results of the aging
process include the loss of strength, extensibility and other mechanical
properties.

20
 PROGRAMME FLOW CHART

Collection of Materials

Physical Properties of Materials

Mix Design
M25 Grade concrete

Casting of specimens
M20
7days
Curing of Specimens 14days

28days
Test on concrete

Hardened Concrete
1. Compressive Strength test

2. Split Tensile Strength test

3. flexural strength test

Analysis and Discussion of Test Results

Scope for Future Work

Conclusions

21
 CHAPTER -6

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME

6.0 MATERIALS AND MIX PROPORTIONS

6.1.Cement
Ordinary Portland cement (43grade) available in local market was used in the
investigation. Also check the standard consisting of fineness of initial strength and
final strength of cement.
6.2 Fine Aggregate
River sand was used as fine aggregate. Its fineness modulus and specific
gravity Were 2.93 and 2.57 respectively.
6.3 Coarse Aggregate
Crushed angular granite metal of 20mm size from a local source was used as
Coarse aggregate. The Impact strength of coarse aggregate size (20mm). Its fineness
modulus and specific gravity were 6.97 and 2.73 respectively.
6.4 Admixture: Silica fume

The role of silica fume or High range water reducers (HRWRs) is much more
significant in blended cement concretes. These are high molecular weight water
soluble polymers.

22
6.5 RUBBER

TIRES CRUMB RUBBER

CRUSHED RUBBER
Composition of rubber
COMPONENT MASS%
Ingredient 100
Zinc oxide 5.0
Stearic 2.5
TMO 1.0
Processing oil 2.0
Sulphur 2.5
TMTD 1.0
MBT 1.0
Filler coir loadings 0-50

6.6 MATERIALS USED AND THEIR PROPERTIES

Materials play an important role in concrete. The following properties of the

materials were used for making mechanical strength of concrete.
23
6.7 TESTING PROGRAM

The testing program consists of, the cubes were tested for their
compressive strength, cylinders were tested for their split tensile strength and beams
were tested for their flexural strength and their ultimate load bearing capacity. This
includes the conventional specimens.

6.8 TESTING FOR CEMENT

Cement is the important binding material in concrete. Portland cement is the

common form of cement. It is the basic ingredient of cement. It Chemical
components consists of mixture of oxides of calcium, silicon and aluminum.
Cements of various strengths are available. The various test conduct for cement
before during the project are, finest standard consistency of initial strength and final
strength and specific gravity of cement.

6.8.1 FINENESS TEST

The fineness of cement has an important bearing on the rate of hydration and
hence on the rate of gain of strength and also on the rate of evolution of heat. Finer
cement offer a greater surface area for hydration and hence faster the development of
strength. The fineness of grading has increased over the year. But now is has got
nearly stabilized. Different cement is ground to different fineness. Maximum number
of particle in a sample of cement should have a size less than about 100 micron.

The smallest particle in a size of about 10 micron. The particle size fraction
below 3 micron has been found to have the predominant effect on the strength at one
day while 3-25 micron faction has a major influence on the 28 days strength increase
in fineness of cement of cement is also found to increase the shrinkage of concrete.

In commercial cement it is suggested that there should be about 25-30 percent

of particle of less than 7 micron in size. Fineness of cement is tested in two ways.

1) By sieve
24
 2) By air permeability method

Percentage of
Cumulative of
Size Weight Percentage
Weight Weight
(mm) Retained (g) finer
Retained(g)
Retained
4.75 2 0.2 0.2 99.8
2.36 35 3.7 3.5 96.3
1.18 270 30.7 27 69.3
0.60 290 59.7 29 40.3
0.30 340 93.7 34 6.3
0.15 52 98.9 5.2 1.1
0.075 5 99.4 0.5 0.6
pan 6 100 0.6 0

6.8.2 SIEVE TEST

IS 2386 (I)-1963 recommended the sieve analysis. This test consists of the
simple operation of dividing aggregates into fractions, each consisting of particles of
the same size. The sieves used for the test have square openings sieve as are
described by the size of their openings as 80 mm, 63 mm, 50 mm, 40 mm, 25 mm,
20 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm, 6.3 mm, 4.75 mm, 3.35 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.70 mm,
1.18 mm, 850µm, 600µm, 425µm, 300µm, 212µm, 150µm and 75µm. All the sieves
are mounted in frames one above the other in ascending order.

The sieves used for coarse aggregates are of sizes 80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10
mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600µm, 300µm and 150µm. all the sieves are
mounted on a sieve shaker. Aggregate of known quantity is placed over the top
sieve, and after sieving thought the test sieves, the residue in each sieve is weighted

25
the percentage of weight retained to the total weight is calculated, from which the
percentage passing is determined.

Fineness of the cement obtained = 2.5%

6.8.3 STANDARD CONSISTENCY TEST

400gm of cement was weighed and it was first mixed with 25% of water by its
weight and filled in mould within five minutes. Now the vicat mould was placed in
the glass plate and it was filled with paste and shakes to expel the entrapped air if
any. The surface of the paste was leveled on the top of the mould with trowel. Now
the plunger was fixed in the moving rod and the mould was kept under the plunger.
Now the plunger was made to touch the surface of the paste and then it was allowed
to fall under its own weight.

When the plunger comes to rest, the depth of penetration was noted. If it was
from 33-37mm from top the % of water added was correct and this % of water added
was the consistency of cement. If not, the test was repeated by taking the fresh
sample and mixed with water content increasing the percentage by 1%.
Normal consistency of cement = 31%

6.8.4 SETTING TIME TEST

Initial setting time is regarded as the elapsed between the moments that the
water is added to the cement, to the time that the paste starts its plasticity. The final
setting time is the time when elapsed between the moment the water is added to the
cement, and the time when the paste has completely lost its plasticity and has
attained sufficient firmness to resist certain definite pressure.
26
1) INITIAL SETTING TIME

 The mould and the non-porous plate are washed, cleaned and dry.
 400gm of the given sample of cement are taken are taken on the non–porous
plate.
 The volume of water taken was .85 times of water required for standard
consistency, which was then added very carefully to dry cement, and mixed
thoroughly to form a neat cement paste. The mixing was completed within 3-5
minutes from the moment of adding water. At the instance of adding water to
the cement, the time taken was noted by using stop watch.

 The Vicat mould was placed on the non-porous plate and was filled with the
prepared cement paste and the surface of paste was made smooth in level with
the mould by using a trowel.

 By shaking the mould slightly, air if any, expelled from the sample.

 The non-porous plate and mould are placed under the needle.

 The needle was gently lowered to touch the surface of the plate and then the
indicator was adjusted to show zero reading.

 The needle was released quickly allowing it to penetrate into the paste.

 When the needle comes to rest, the reading on the index of the scale was
noted.

 The moving rod was raised cleaning of the cement paste. The procedure of
releasing the needle was repeated at every 30 seconds, until the reading of the
index scale shows 5 ± .5mm from bottom of the mould.

 The time was noted down. The time that elapsed between the moment when
water first added to the cement and the moment at which the needle of 1mm2
sections failed to pierce the test block at 5 ± .5mm from the bottom of the
mould, was the initial setting time of cement.
27
2) FINAL SETTING TIME

 The needle used in this test was replaced by the annular attachment.

 The needle was released quickly allowing it to penetrate into the paste.

 When the needle comes to rest, the reading on the index scale was noted.

 The procedure of releasing the needle was repeated at every 30 seconds until
the reading on the index scale shows 5 ± .5mm from the bottom of the mould.

 The releasing the needle was continued at every 2 min. till the needle makes
on impression on the test block

6.8.5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

 100 gm of cement is weighed.

 990 ml of kerosene is filled in a specific gravity bottle.

 The cement sample is placed in a specific gravity bottle till the level of the
kerosene reaches 100 ml mark.

 The quantity of cement laced in the bottle is calculated. Then the specific
gravity of cement is found out by using the following reaction.

 Specific gravity of cement=weight of cement (volume of 10ml) weight of

kerosene of equal volume of cement.

CALCULATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

Specific gravity of kerosene = (W3 – W1) / (W2 – W1)

Specific gravity of cement = W5 (W3 – W1 ) / (( W5 + W3 - W4 ) ( W2 – W1 )

TABLE FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

Samples I II III
Empty wt of specific gravity bottle 20g 20g 20g
28
Wt of sp.gravity of bottle +water 46g 46g 46g
Wt of sp.gravity of bottle + kerosene 44g 44g 44g
Wt of sp.gravity of bottle +cement+
70g 68g 74g
kerosene
Wt of sp.gravity of bottle +cement 36g 34g 42g
Specific gravity of cement 3.106 3.207 3.241
Avg. specific gravity of cement = 3.12
Specific gravity of cement = 3.1

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT

SI.No. Property Value

1 Normal Consistency 31%
2 Initial Setting Time (min) 40
3 Final Setting Time (min) 580
4 Specific Gravity 3.12
5 Fineness Of Cement By Sieve 2.5%
6.9 FINE AGGREGATE

Fine aggregate shall consist of natural sand or manufactured sand or a

combination. Fine aggregates should be selected so as to reduce the water demand
hence rounded particles are thus preferred to crush rock fines where possible. The
finest fractions of fine aggregate are helpful to prevent segregation.

The river sand conforming to zone II as per IS 383-1987 was used. For the
fine aggregate river sand conforming to IS 383-1987 was used. It passes through
2.36mm IS sieve with a specific gravity of 2.63 and this was come under zone.

6.9.0 TEST FOR FINE AGGREGATE

29
6.9.1 FINENESS MODULUS

Fineness modulus is the weighted average size of a sieve on which the

material is retained and it indicates fineness of the fine aggregate it does not indicate
the grading i.e. particle size distribution of the fine aggregate.

One of the most important factors for producing workable concrete is good
gradation of aggregates. Good grading implies that a sample of aggregates contains
all standard fractions of aggregate in required proportion such that the sample
contains minimum voids. The fineness modulus of fine aggregate is calculated by
following formula.

Fineness modulus = Sum of cumulative percentage /100

6.9.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

The absolute specific gravity refers to the volume of the solid material
excluding all pores, and can, therefore be defined as the ratio of the weight of the
solid to its volume less pores. Thus in order to eliminate the effect of totally enclosed
impermeable pores, the material has to be pulverized sand the test is both laborious
and sensitive, and further more it is not normally required in concrete technology
works. Hence what we actually find is the apparent specific gravity, which is the
ratio of the weight of the aggregate dried in oven, at approximately 100’c for 24
hours to the weight of water occupying a volume equal to that of the solid including
the impermeable pores. The specific gravity of sand is found to be more than that of
quarry dust.

Calculation of specific gravity

Specific gravity can be (W2-W1)

=
Calculated by using this formula (W2-W1) - (W3-W4)

Specific gravity of materials:

30
 SAMPLE I II III

Empty wt of pycnometer (W1) 460g 460g 460g

Wt of pycnometer +sand (W2) 865g 962g 943g

Wt of pycnometer +sand+ 1515g 1572g 1554g

water(W3)

Wt of pycnometer +water(W4) 1260g 1260g 1260g

Specific gravity of sand 2.7 2.64 2.55

Avg. specific gravity of sand = 2.63

6.9.3 SIEVE ANALYSIS

Sieve analysis is carried out to determine the fineness modulus and drawing
the grading curve of fine aggregates by sieving as per is code. The sieve analysis is
carried out for sand, crushed sand as available.

SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR FINE AGGREGATE

Percentage of
Cumulative of
Size Weight Percentage
Weight Weight
(mm) Retained (g) finer
Retained(g)
Retained
4.75 2 0.2 0.2 99.8
2.36 35 3.7 3.5 96.3
1.18 270 30.7 27 69.3
0.60 290 59.7 29 40.3
0.30 340 93.7 34 6.3

31
 0.15 52 98.9 5.2 1.1
0.075 5 99.4 0.5 0.6
pan 6 100 0.6 0

Fineness modulus of sand = 286.9/100 = 2.869%

Uniformity co-efficient cu = 0.92/0.35 = 2.628

Co-efficient of curvature cc 2
= 0.5 / (0.92 x0.35) = 0.776

Physical Properties of River Sand

SI.No Property Value

1 Specific Gravity 2.63
2 Water Absorption 1.0%

3 Fineness Modulus 2.869%

4 Uniformity co-efficient 2.628

5
co-efficient of curvature 0.776

6.10. COARSE AGGREGATE

A maximum size of 20mm is usually selected as coarse aggregates used in

concrete. Aggregates should be strong and free of internal flaws or fractures.

32
 Aggregates should be strong and free of internal flaws or fractures.
Aggregates of high intrinsic strength are generally preferred. Granites, basalt, lime
stones and sandstones are being successfully used in concrete.

6.10.0 TEST FOR COARSE AGGREGATE

6.10.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Indian standard specification IS: 2386(PART III) of 1963 gives various

procedures to find out the specific gravity of different size of aggregates. A sample
of aggregates nit less than 2kg is taken .It is thoroughly washed to remove the finer
particle and dust adhering to the aggregates.

It is then placed in a wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a

temperature between 22 to 33 c. immediately after immersion entrapped air is
removed from the sample by lifting the basket containing it 25mm above base of the
tank and allowing it to drop 25times at rate of about one drop per second. During the
operation care is taken that the basket and aggregates remain completely immersed
in water.

They are kept in water for a period of 24 ½ hours afterwards. The basket and
aggregates are then jolted and weighed [weight A1] in water and allowed to drain for
a few minutes and then the aggregates is taken out from the basket and placed on dry
cloth and surface is gently dried with the cloth. The aggregates is transferred to the
second dry cloth and further dried. The empty basket again immersed in water, jolted
25times and weighted in water [weight A2]. The aggregate is exposed to atmosphere
away from direct sun light for not less than 10monutes until it appears completely
surface dry. Then the aggregates are weighted in air [weight B]. Then aggregates is
kept in the oven at the temperatures of 100 to 100c and maintained at this
temperature for 241/2 hours. It is then cooled of the air tight container and weighed
as [weight C].

Specific gravity = (C/B-A)

33
 Apparent Specific Gravity = (C/C-A)

Water Absorption = ((B-C) X 100 / C)

Where,

A=the weight in g of the saturated aggregate in water (A1-A2)

B=the weight in g of the saturated surface–dry aggregate in air, and

C=the weight in g of oven dried aggregate in air.

Specific Gravity for Coarse Aggregate:

SAMPLE I II III

Empty wt of pycnometer (W1) 460g 460g 460g

Wt of pycnometer +CA (W2) 880g 943g 910g

Wt of pycnometer +CA+ water(W3) 1532g 1560g 1540g

Wt of pycnometer +water(W4) 1260g 1260g 1260g

Specific gravity of CA 2.837 2.639 2.647

Avg. specific gravity of CA = 2.70

6.10.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR COARSE AGGREGATE

Sieve analysis for coarse aggregate

S.NO IS sieve Weight Cumulati % of % finer

retained(g) ve weight Cumulative

34
 weight
retained
retained
01. 40 mm - - - -
02. 20 mm - - - -
03. 10 mm 200 200 4 96
04. 4.875 mm 4170 4370 87.4 12.6
05. Pan 630 5000 100 0

Fineness modulus of sand = 591.4 /100 = 5.914%

Uniformity co-efficient cu = 6.2/4.2 = 1.476 Co-

efficient of curvature cc = (5.6) 2

/ (6.2 x4.2) = 1.20

Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregate

SI.No Property Value

1 Specific gravity 2.707
2 Water Absorption. 0.75%
3 Fineness Modulus 5.914%
4 Impact value 16.119%

5 Uniformity co-efficient 1.476

6
co-efficient of curvature 1.204

35
6.11 WATER

Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in

chemical reaction with cement. Clean potable water conforming to IS 456-2000 was
used, the water used in the preparation of mortar should not necessary be distilled
water, but must be free of all acids, based and others.

6.12 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF RUBBER

 100 gm of rubber is weighed.

 990 ml of kerosene is filled in a specific gravity bottle.

 The ash sample is placed in a specific gravity bottle till the level of the
kerosene reaches 100 ml mark.

 The quantity of ash placed in the bottle is calculated. Then the specific gravity
of ash is found out by using the following reaction.

 Specific gravity of ash=weight of ash (volume of 10ml) weight of kerosene of

equal volume of ash.

CALCULATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

Specific gravity of kerosene = (W3 – W1) / (W2 – W1)

Specific gravity of ash= W5 (W3 – W1 ) / (( W5 + W3 - W4 ) ( W2 – W1 )

TABLE FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF RUBBER

Samples I II III
Empty wt of specific gravity bottle 20g 20g 20G
Wt of sp.gravity of bottle +water 46g 46g 46G
Wt of sp.gravity of bottle + kerosene 44g 44g 44G

Wt of sp.gravity of bottle +rubber+ kerosene 55g 56g 54G

36
Wt of sp.gravity of bottle +rubber 28g 29g 27G

Specific gravity of rubber 1.62 1.65 1.64

Avg. specific gravity of rubber = 1.63

6.13 SLICA FUME

The role of super plasticizers or High range water reducers (HRWRs) is

much more significant in blended cement concretes. These are high molecular
weight water soluble polymers. These admixtures work on the principle of
electrostatic repulsion. The super plasticizers get strongly adsorbed onto cement
surfaces with the negative charges build up resulting in cement particle repulsion.
The water thus gets released from the flocculated cement. Improved dispersion of
cement grains lead to enhanced early age strength. Melamine and naphthalene based
super plasticizers have been used successfully, either individually or in combination.

Lignosulphonate based plasticizers may be combined with melamine super

plasticizers in order to extend their workability retention. The dosage rates of the
super plasticizers can be high in order to achieve the required workability. It should
be noted that there is generally a saturation dosage of super plasticizers above which
no further increase in workability will occur. This can easily be determined using a
marsh cone. The efflux time is measured at the same free water cement ratio for a
series of admixture dose rates. This will enable the maximum effective level of
admixture addition to be identified. Compatibility between different admixtures used
in combination as well as compatibility between admixtures and different cement
types must be considered when materials are selected. Flow cone tests may be useful
Super plasticizers perform more effectively with certain cements. Workability is
greatly enhanced by delayed addition of the super plasticizers rather than adding it
with the mixing water

Properties of Silica fume - CERAPLAST 300

37
 PARAMETER ANALYSIS

Supply Form Liquid

Color Brow
Specific Gravity 1.2

Chloride Content Nil

6.14 MIX DESIGN

GENERAL

The concrete mix has been designed for M25grade as per IS 10262 - 1982.
The specified concrete grade involves the economical selection of relative
proportions of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. Although
compliance with respect to 'characteristic strength' is the main criteria for
acceptance, it is implicit that concrete must also have desired workability in the fresh
state and impermeability and durability in hardened state.

Mix design on recommended guide lines is really a process of making an

initial guess at optimum combination of ingredients and final mix proportion is
obtained only on the basis of further trail mixes. As mentioned earlier under the
project a comparative study is being carried, as such only % of rubber in cement is
varied and all other ingredients are kept constant. To arrive at a concrete mix for this
study mix design for M25 concrete was carried as per IS code.

Mix Design for M25 grade concrete

Step: 1 Design Stipulations

Characteristic compressive strength = 28N/mm2

Required in the field at 28 days

Maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm

38
Degree of quality control = Good

Type of exposure = Mild

Step: 2 Test Data for Materials

Cement used - Ordinary Portland Cement (43 Grade)

Specific gravity of cement = 3.12

Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.63

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.70

Water absorption

1. Coarse aggregate = 0.75%

2. Fine aggregate = 1.0%

Step: 3 Target Mean Strength of Concrete

fck = fck + t x s

Where,

fck = Target average compressive strength at 28 days.

fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days.

s = Standard deviation.

t = A statistic depending upon the accepted proportion of low results

Standard deviation for M25 of good quality control (s) = 4.0

39
 f ck = fck + t x s

= 25 + (1.65 x 4.0)

= 31.60 N/mm2

Step: 4 Selection of Water Cement Ratio

From Table-4.1 of I.S. 10262 - 1982, the free water cement ratio required for
the above target mean strength of 31.6 N/mm 2 is 0.5 this is lower than the maximum
value of 0.52 prescribed for "Mild" exposure in Appendix 'A' of I.S.456 – 200

Step: 5 Selection of Water and Sand content

From Table – 4.1 of I.S. 10262 - 1982

Water content per m3 of concrete (20mm size Ca) = 186 kg

Water content per m3 of concrete (10mm size Ca) = 208 kg

If 12mm size Ca is Water content per m3 of concrete = 203.6 kg

Step: 6 Determination of Cement Content

Water cement ratio = 0.5

Water = 186 kg

Cement = 186

0.50

= 372 kg/m3

Step: 7 Determination of Coarse and Fine Aggregate Content

C 1 f 1
V = W+ + x a x
40
 Sc P Sfa 1000

C 1 C 1
V = W+ + x a x

Sc 1-P Sfa 1000

Where,

V = Absolute volume of fresh concrete, which is equal to Gross Volume

(m3) minus the volume of entrapped air.

W = Mass of water (kg) per m3 of concrete.

C = Mass of cement (kg) per m3 of concrete.

Sc = Specific gravity of cement.

P = ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by absolute volume

fa, Ca = Total masses of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate (kg) per m 3 of
concrete respectively.

Sfa, Sca = Specific gravity of saturated surface dry fine aggregate and coarse
aggregate respectively.

For the specified maximum size of aggregate of 20mm, the amount of entrapped
air in the wet concrete is 2%. Taking this into account and applying into the above
equation.

Determination of crumb rubber

41
fa = 980 - 186 - 372 X 2.63 X 0.315

3.12

= 559.0126 kg/m3

Ca = 1-0.315 X 559.0126 X 2.70

0.315 2.63

= 1247.986 kg/m3.

Cr = 1-0.315 x 2.270 = 1.30 kg/m3

Determination of crushed rubber

fa = 980 - 186 - 372 X 2.63 X 0.315

3.12

= 559.0126 kg/m3

Ca = 1-0.315 X 559.0126 X 2.70

0.315 2.63

= 1247.986 kg/m3

Cr = 1-0.315 x 2.270 = 1.340 kg/m3

The Mix Proportion

Water Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate

186 372 559.0126 1247.986

42
 Ratio : 0.5: 1 : 1.202 : 2.25

DETAILS OF SPECIMENS

For this experiment the specimens used for the test were cubes, cylinder and
beams.

S.NO NAME OF TEST 0% 10% 15% 25%

1. Compressive strength test 3 18 18 18

Cube-150x150x150
2. Flexural strength of R.C 3 18 18 18

Beams.-750x100x100
3. Spilt tensile test 3 18 18 18

Cylinder- 300x100
Total =171 specimens

6.15 CASTING OF SPECIMENS

Hand mixing was used for conventional handling of rubber. Sand and cement
were mixed dry and kept separately. Then coarse aggregate, rubber and dry mix of
cement and sand were kept in three layers and approximate amount of water was
sprinkle on each layer and mixed thoroughly. Mixing procedure was felt to be
extremely tedious to formation of small lumps. In order to avoid the formation of
lumps the rubber were randomly oriented in the mix.

43
 The cubes (150mm x 150mm x 150mm) and cylinder (300mm x 100mm) and
beams (750mm x 100mm x 100mm) of three conventional and rubber reinforced
concrete specimens were casted. Each layer was compacted with 25 blows 16mm
diameter steel rod. Specimens were cured for 28 days in fresh water after 24 hours of
their casting and still 48 hours before testing.

Age of Testing

The tests were conducted at 7 days, 14 days, and 28days. A total of specimens
were casted for testing.

21 Cube specimens for compressive strength,

21 Cylindrical specimens for split tensile strength

21 Beam specimens for flexural strength.

6.16 EXPERIMENTS

Experimental results
The strength results obtained from the experimental investigations are showed in
tables. All the values are the average of the three trails in each case in the testing
program of this study. The results are discussed as follows.

Workability
A high-quality concrete is one which has acceptable workability (around 6.5 cm
slump height) in the fresh condition and develops sufficient strength. Basically, the
bigger the measured height of, the better the workability will be, indicating that the
concrete flows easily but at the same time is free from segregation. Maximum
strength of concrete is related to the workability and can
Only be obtained if the concrete has adequate degree of workability because of self
compacting ability

44
 The workability of C0 and N series concrete are presented in Figure. The
figure shows the influence of CR content on the workability of mixtures at constant
water to binder ratio of0.48.
The results show that unlike the C0 series, all investigated CR mixtures high slump
values and acceptable workability. This may be due to the increasing in the surface
area of sugarcane ash after adding CR that needs less water to wetting the cement
particles.

TABLE
FRESH CONCRETRE

Sample % OF CR Workability
designation Slump(mm) Compaction
factor (mm)
C0 0 60 0.95
N1 5 187 0.96
N2 10 200 0.96
N3 15 220 0.97
N4 20 225 0.97
N5 25 230 0.97

TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS

Testing of hardened concrete plays an important role in controlling and
confirming the quality cement concrete work. Systematic testing of raw materials,
fresh concrete are inseparable part of the any quality control program for concrete,
which helps to achieve higher efficiency of the material used and greater assurance
of the performance of the concrete with regard to both strength and durability. The
test method should be simple, direct and convenient to apply.

45
 The following tests are used for hardened concrete
i) Compressive strength test for cube
ii) Split tensile strength for cylinder
iii) Flexural strength for beams

Compressive strength test for cube

Compression test is most common test conducted on hardened concrete, partly
because its an easy test to perform, and partly because most of the desirable
characteristic properties of concrete are qualitatively related to its compressive
strength
Split tensile strength for cylinder
Direct measurement of the tensile strength of concrete is difficult neither
specimen nor testing apparatus have been designed which assure uniform
distribution of the “pull” applied to the concrete. While a number investigations
involving the direct measurement of tensile strength have been made, beam test are
found to be dependable to measure flexural strength property of concrete.
Flexural strength for beams
Concrete as we know is relatively strong in compression and weak in tension.
In reinforced concrete members, little dependence is placed on the tensile strength of
concrete since steel reinforcing bars are providing to resist all tensile forces.
However, tensile stresses are likely to develop in concrete due to drying shrinkage,
rusting of steel reinforcement, temperature gradients and many other reasons.
Therefore, the knowledge of tensile strength of concrete is of importance.

The strength test results obtained for concrete cube, cylinder and prism specimens
with partial replacement of CR shown in Table. From the table, it is clear that the
addition of CR in plain concrete increases its strength under compression, tension,
young’s modulus, and flexure up to 10% of replacement after that strength results
was decreases

46
6.16.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST FOR CUBE

Compression test was carried out on cube specimens. The size of the specimen
is 150mm x 150mm x 150mm. Three specimens were tested for each percentage at 7
days, 14 days, 28 days and average of three was taken. The individual variation of
specimens was not more than + 15 percent of the average.

The specimen were submerged in clean fresh water in a curing tank and kept
there until taken out just prior to test. The specimens are not to be allowed to become
dry at any time until they have been tested. The specimens are tested immediately on
removal from the water whilst they are still in a wet condition. The dimensions of the
specimens and their weight were recorded before testing. Compressive strength at 7
days, 14 days, and 28 days was found out.

The bearing surfaces of the testing machine were wiped clean the other
materials, which may come in contact with the compression plates.

While placing the cubes in the machine, care was taken such that the load was
applied to opposite sides of the cubes as casted and not to the top and bottom. The
axis of the specimen was carefully aligned with the center of thrust of the spherically
seated plate. As the Spherical-seated block is to bear on the specimen, the movable
portion was rotated gently by hand, so that uniform seating was obtained. The
maximum load applied to the specimen was recorded and any usual appearance in
the type of failure was noted. The compressive strength of the specimen was
calculated by using the formula. According to IS 516-1959- Methods of Tests for
Strength of Concrete, the Compressive strength was determined.

f = P/A N/mm2

Where, P = load at which specimen fails in Newton.

A = Area over which the load is applied in mm2

F = Compressive stress in N / mm2

47
Photography of Compressive Strength Test before Crack

48
Photography of Compressive Strength Test after Crack

49
 CRUSHED RUBBER REPORT
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CUBE

Comparison between compressive strength concrete at 7 days, 14 days, 28days.

40

30

20

10

0
7 days 14 days 28 days

0% 30 28 35
10% 27 26 32
15% 24 23 28
25% 18 20 22

The compressive strength the of 3 ages concrete for 10%, 15%,25%. Replacement of
crushed rubber and compare this results with conversional concrete. From this graph
helps to identify that better strength of replaced concrete as 10% Replacement. In
10% replace of crushed rubber attain 7 days,14 days, 28 days(27 N/mm 2, 26
N/mm2,32 N/mm2 ).
50
6.16.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH FOR CYLINDER

The cylindrical specimens were tested for split tensile strength at an age of 7
days, 14 days, and 28 days. The specimen were submerged in clean fresh

Water in a curing tank and kept there until taken out just prior to test. The specimens
are not to be allowed to become dry at any time until they have been tested. The
specimens are tested immediately on removal from the water while they are still in a
wet condition. The dimensions of the specimens and their weight were recorded
before testing. Three specimens were tested for each percentage at 7days, 14 days,
28 days and average of three was taken.

Two packing strips of plywood 3mm thick were provided between the
specimen and the platen, one at top and another at bottom. One of the plywood strips
was centered along the center of the lower pattern. The specimen was placed on the
plywood strip and aligned so that, the central horizontal axis of the specimen is
exactly perpendicular to the load applying axis. The second plywood strip was
placed length wise on the cylinder and the top platen was brought down till it
touched the plywood.

The load was applied without shock and increased continuously until the
resistances of the specimen to the increasing load broke down and no greater load
can be sustained. The maximum load applied was then recorded. Any unusual type
of failure was noted. According to IS-5816-1999- Splitting Tensile Strength of
Concrete -Method of Test, the splitting tensile strength was determined.

The size of the specimen is 10cm diameter and 20cm height.

Tensile strength = 2P/π LD

Where, P = Load on the cylinder in N.

L = Length of the cylinder in mm.

D = Diameter of the cylinder in mm.

51
Photography of Split Tensile Strength Test Before Crack

52
Photography of Split Tensile Strength Test after Crack

53
 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CR CONCRETE

Comparison between split tensile strength of concrete at 7 days, 14

days,28 days.

0
7 days 14 days 28 days

0% 1.997 1.87 3.63

10% 1.532 1.64 2.634
15% 1.216 1.468 1.855
25% 1.138 1.28 1.734

The split tensile strength the of 3 ages concrete for 10%, 15%,25%. Replacement of
crushed rubber and compare this results with conversional concrete. From this graph
helps to identify that better strength of replaced concrete as 10% Replacement. In
54
10% replace of crushed rubber attain 7 days,14 days, 28 days(1.216 N/mm2, 1.640
N/mm2,2.634 N/mm2 )

6.16.3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH FOR BEAMS

The beam specimen was tested for flexural strength at an age of 7 days, 14
days, and 28 days curing. The specimen were submerged in clean fresh water in a
curing tank and kept there until taken out just prior to test. The size of the specimen
is 100mm x 100mm x 750mm. the specimens were not to be allowed to become dry
at any time until they have been tested. The weight of the specimen was noted before
testing. Flexural strength at 7 days, 14 days, 28 days was found out.

The surface of the UTM was wiped clean the other materials. The support
sections should be arranged to the UTM. While placing the beam in the support
section in proper bearings. When the two point load set up should be allowed from
the beam surface of the beam and not it down central deflection of the beam section.
The maximum load applied to the specimen was recorded and any usual appearance
in crack was noted. The structural strength of the specimen was calculated by using
the formula.

Flexural strength = pl/bd2 N/mm2

Where,

P = Load at which specimen fails in N

l = Effective span in mm

b = Breadth of the specimen in mm

d = Depth of specimen in mm

55
Photography of Flexural Strength Test before Crack

56
Photography of Flexural Strength Test after Crack

57
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CR CONCRETE

Comparison between flexural strength of concrete at 7 days, 14 days, 28 Days.

0
7 days 14 days 28 days

0% 3.7 4 4.1
10% 3.4 3.7 4
15% 3 3.5 3.7
25% 2.8 3.1 3.3

The flexural strength of concrete the of 3 ages concrete for 10%,

15%,25%.Replacement of crushed rubber and compare this results with conversional
concrete . From this graph helps to identify that better strength of replaced concrete
as 10%Replacement. In 10% replaced of crushed rubber attain 7 days,14 days, 28
days(3.4 N/mm2, 3.7 N/mm2,4.0 N/mm2 )

58
 CRUMB RUBBER REPORT
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CUBE

Comparison between compressive strength concrete at 7 days, 14 days, 28days.

40

30

20

10

0
7 days 14 days 28 days

0% 25.33 27.89 32.43

10% 19.15 23.36 26.56
15% 13.44 17.9 21.94
25% 9.88 9.79 9.61

The compressive strength the of 3 ages concrete for 10%, 15%,25%. Replacement of
crumb rubber and compare this results with conversional concrete. From this graph
helps to identify that better strength of replaced concrete as 10% Replacement. In
10% replaced of crumb rubber attain 7 days,14 days, 28 days(19.15 N/mm 2, 23.36
N/mm2,26.56 N/mm2 ).

59
 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CR CONCRETE

Comparison between split tensile strength of concrete at 7 days,

14days,28 days.

0
7 days 14 days 28 days

0% 2.862 3.79 4.4

10% 2.586 3.21 3.982
15% 1.577 2.19 2.433
25% 0.875 1.36 1.724

The split tensile strength the of 3 ages concrete for 10%, 15%,25%. Replacement of
crumb rubber and compare this results with conversional concrete. From this graph
helps to identify that better strength of replaced concrete as 10% Replacement. In

60
10% replaced of crumb rubber attain 7 days,14 days, 28 days(1.432 N/mm 2, 1.540
N/mm2,2.134 N/mm2 )

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CR CONCRETE

Comparison between flexural strength of concrete at 7 days, 14 days, 28 Days.

4.5
4
3.5

2.5
2
1.5

0.5
0
7 days 14 days 28 days

0% 2.862 3.79 4.4

10% 2.586 3.21 3.982
15% 1.577 2.19 2.433
25% 0.875 1.36 1.724

61
The flexural strength the of 3 ages concrete for 10%, 15%,25%. Replacement of
crumb rubber and compare this results with conversional concrete. From this graph
helps to identify that better strength of replaced concrete as 10% Replacement. In
10% replaced of crumb rubber attain 7 days,14 days, 28 days(2.586 N/mm 2, 3.210
N/mm2,3.982 N/mm2 ).
Environmental analysis

It has been said earlier that the production of cement has serious
environmental and economical concerns as compared to the other constituents of
concrete. In order to alleviate these problems of the cement industry different
methods have been implemented specially in the developed countries. One of these
methods is the use of different cement replacing materials which have lower cost of
production, lower CO2 emission, and reduced energy consumption implying a more
environmental friendly and economical material.

Researches reveal that about one ton of CO2 is released for every ton of
Portland cement produced. In addition to this concrete consumes vast amount of
natural resources such as aggregate. Replacing the portion of Portland cement with
bagasse ash can reduce the environmental impact of concrete. The most significant
environmental factors are the use of virgin material and CO2 emissions. Using
bagasse ash, which is a recycled material, will save a
Great deal of virgin material usage. Therefore, as the production of bagasse ash
requires only transportation and grinding, environmental as well as economical
advantages can be exploited by using it especially in countries like India, where
expanding sugar production capacity is one of the government major agenda.

RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS

1. Crumb Rubber:

62
 Crumb rubber refers to any material derived by reducing scrap tyres or other
rubber into uniform granules with the inherent reinforcing materials such as steel and
fiber removed along with any other type of inert contaminants such as dust, glass or
rock.

Compressive strength of cube:

The graph shows the compressive strength the of 3 ages concrete for 10%,
15%,25%.Replacement of crumb rubber and compare this results with conversional
concrete. From this graph helps to identify that better strength of replaced concrete
as 10%Replacement. In 10% replaced of crumb rubber attain 7 days,14 days, 28
days(19.15 N/mm2, 23.36 N/mm2,26.56 N/mm2 )

split tensile strength of cylinder:

The graph shows the split tensile strength the of 3 ages concrete for 10%,
15%,25%.Replacement of crumb rubber and compare this results with conversional
concrete. From this graph helps to identify that better strength of replaced concrete
as 10%Replacement. In 10% replaced of crumb rubber attain 7 days,14 days, 28
days(1.432 N/mm2, 1.540 N/mm2,2.134 N/mm2 )

Flexural strength of prism:

The graph shows the flexural strength the of 3 ages concrete for 10%,
15%,25%.Replacement of crumb rubber and compare this results with conversional
concrete. From this graph helps to identify that better strength of replaced concrete
as 10%Replacement. In 10% replaced of crumb rubber attain 7 days,14 days, 28
days(2.586 N/mm2, 3.210 N/mm2,3.982 N/mm2 )

2. Rubber Aggregate or crushed rubber:

63
 Reduction of scrap tyres to aggregate sizes by two processes technologies:
mechanical grinding or cryogenic processing. Such rubber aggregate can be fine or
coarse rubber aggregate. Fine rubber aggregate is sometimes referred to as crumb
rubber aggregate while coarse rubber aggregate is sometimes referred to as tyre
chips.
Compressive strength of cube:
The graph shows the compressive strength the of 3 ages concrete for 10%,
15%,25%.Replacement of crushed rubber and compare this results with conversional
concrete. From this graph helps to identify that better strength of replaced concrete
as 10%Replacement. In 10% replace of crushed rubber attain 7 days,14 days, 28
days(27 N/mm2, 26 N/mm2,32 N/mm2 )
split tensile strength of cylinder:

The graph shows the split tensile strength the of 3 ages concrete for 10%,
15%,25%.Replacement of crushed rubber and compare this results with conversional
concrete. From this graph helps to identify that better strength of replaced concrete
as 10% Replacement. In 10% replace of crushed rubber attain 7 days,14 days, 28
days(1.216 N/mm2, 1.640 N/mm2,2.634 N/mm2 )
Flexural strength of prism:

The graph shows the flexural strength of concrete the of 3 ages concrete for
10%, 15%,25%.Replacement of crushed rubber and compare this results with
conversional concrete . From this graph helps to identify that better strength of
replaced concrete as 10%Replacement. In 10% replaced of crushed rubber attain 7
days,14 days, 28 days(3.4 N/mm2, 3.7 N/mm2,4.0 N/mm2 )

64
 CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSIONS

To study the partial replacement of coarse aggregate as crushed rubber and

fine aggregate as crumb rubber. The replacement of 10%,15%,25% crushed rubber
the better strength attain in 10% replacement. For that 10% replaced coarse
aggregate attain a compressive strength in 7 days, 14 days and 28 days as 27 N/mm2,
26 N/mm2, 32 N/mm2. Mean while the flexural strength for 10% replacement
crushed rubber for 7days, 14 days and 28 days as 3.4 N/ mm2 3.7 N/ mm2 and 4
N/mm2

The partial replacement of fine aggregate as crumb rubber. The replacement of

10%,15% and 25% crumb rubber the better strength attain in 10% replacement. For
test replaced fine aggregate attain a compressive strength in 7days, 14days, and
28days as 19.15 N/mm2, 23.36 N/mm2, and 26.56 N/mm2. Mean which the flexural
strength for 10% replacement crumb rubber for 7days, 14days and 28days as 2.586
N/mm2, 3.210 N/mm2, and 3.982 N/mm2.

Strategic suggestions for replacement of 10% of crushed rubber as coarse

aggregate in conventional concrete and partial replacement of 10% crumb rubber as
fine aggregate achieve better compressive strength and flexural strength. Strategic
suggestions to replacement of crushed rubber and crumb rubber helps further
research

65
 CHAPTER-8
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