SPREADSHEET PACKAGES

A Package can be defined as software written to perform a particular

task.

Spreadsheet Package: is a program that enables the computer user to

carry out calculation-related tasks. Spreadsheets are majorly used for
organizing and analyzing numeric data.

A spreadsheet or worksheet is a file made of rows and columns that help

sort, organize, and arrange data efficiently, and calculate numerical data.
What makes a spreadsheet software program unique is its ability to
calculate values using mathematical formulas and the data in cells. An
:example of how a spreadsheet may be utilized is creating an overview of
your bank's balance.

Spreadsheet overview

Below is a basic example of what a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet looks like,

with all the important features of a spreadsheet highlighted.
In the above example, this spreadsheet is listing three different checks, the
date, their description, and the value of each check. These values are then
added together to get the total of $162.00 in cell D6. That value is
subtracted from the check balance to give an available $361.00 in cell D8.

Difference between a workbook, worksheet, and spreadsheet

Because the terms spreadsheet, workbook, and worksheet are so similar,

there often is confusion when trying to understand their differences. When
you open Microsoft Excel (a spreadsheet program), you're opening a
workbook. A workbook can contain one or more different worksheets that
are accessed through the tabs at the bottom of the worksheet your
currently viewing. What's often most confusing is that a worksheet is
synonymous with a spreadsheet. In other words, a spreadsheet and
worksheet mean the same thing. However, most people only refer to the
program as a spreadsheet program and the files it creates as spreadsheet
files or worksheets.

Examples of spreadsheet programs

Today, Microsoft Excel is the most popular and widely used spreadsheet
program, but there are also many alternatives. Below is a list of
spreadsheet programs used to create a spreadsheet.

 Google Sheets - (online and free).

 iWork Numbers - Apple Office Suite.
 LibreOffice - Calc (free).
 Lotus 1-2-3 (discontinued).
 Lotus Symphony - Spreadsheets.
 Microsoft Excel.
 OpenOffice - Calc (free).
 VisiCalc (discontinued).

Uses of Excel

Excel is typically used to organize data and perform financial analysis.  It is

used across all business functions and at companies from small to large.

The main uses of Excel include:

 Data entry
 Data management
  Accounting
 Financial analysis
 Charting and graphing
 Programming
 Time management
 Task management
 Financial modeling
 Customer relationship management (CRM)
 Almost anything that needs to be organized!

Although spreadsheets are most often used with anything containing

numbers, the uses of a spreadsheet are almost endless. Below are some
other popular uses of spreadsheets.

Finance

Spreadsheets are ideal for financial data, such as your checking account
information, budgets, taxes, transactions, billing, invoices, receipts,
forecasts, and any payment system.

Forms

Form templates can be created to handle inventory, evaluations,

performance reviews, quizzes, time sheets, patient information, and
surveys.
School and grades

Teachers can use spreadsheets to track students, calculate grades, and

identify relevant data, such as high and low scores, missing tests, and
students who are struggling.

Lists

Managing a list in a spreadsheet is a great example of data that does not

contain numbers, but still can be used in a spreadsheet. Great examples of
spreadsheet lists include telephone, to-do, and grocery lists.

Sports

Spreadsheets can keep track of your favorite player stats or stats on the
whole team. With the collected data, you can also find averages, high
scores, and statistical data. Spreadsheets can even be used to create
tournament brackets.

Areas of application

Popular areas where excel can be applied includes

 Data entry and storage. At its most basic level, Excel is an excellent
tool for both data entry and storage. ...
 Collection and Verification of Business Data.
 Administrative and managerial duties.
 Accounting and budgeting.
 Data Analysis.
 Reporting + Visualizations.
  Forecasting.

Possible events in spreadsheet

 Import, export, and convert Excel, .csv, .txt and .ods formatted data.
 Use editing formula to perform calculations on your data, and use
formatting to create your own style.
 Chat in real time with others who are editing your spreadsheet while
using the online version.
 Create charts with your data.
 Embed a spreadsheet — or individual sheets of your spreadsheet —
on your blog or website.

How to enter data in a spreadsheet

In a spreadsheet, data is entered in one or more cells. To enter data in a

cell, follow the steps below.

1. Click the cell where you want to enter data.

2. Start typing the data using your keyboard. The data is automatically
entered in the selected cell.

or

1. Click the cell where you want to enter additional data.

2. Click in the formula bar, located between the Ribbon and all cells,
where you want to start entering the additional data.
3. Type the data using your keyboard. The data is automatically entered
in the selected cell.
If you want to add additional data to a cell that already has data entered in
it, follow the steps below.

1. Click the cell where you want to enter additional data.

2. Click in the formula bar, located between the Ribbon and all cells,
where you want to start entering the additional data.
3. Type the data using your keyboard. The data is automatically entered
in the selected cell where the mouse cursor is placed in the formula
bar.

The edge of spreadsheet over word processor

Although some uses above could be done in a word processor,

spreadsheets have a considerable advantage over word processors when
using numbers. It would be impossible to calculate multiple numbers in a
word processor and have the value of the calculation immediately appear.
Spreadsheets are also more dynamic with the data and can hide, show,
and sort information to make processing lots of information easier.
Active worksheet

An active worksheet is the worksheet that is currently open. For

example, in the earlier Excel picture, the sheet tabs at the bottom show
"Sheet1," "Sheet2," and "Sheet3," with Sheet1 being the active worksheet.
The active tab usually has a white background behind the tab name.

Number of worksheets that opens by default

In Microsoft Excel 2016 and earlier and OpenOffice Calc, by default, there
are three sheet tabs that open (Sheet1, Sheet2, and Sheet3). In Google
Sheets, your spreadsheets start with one sheet (Sheet1).

In Microsoft Excel 365, by default, there is only one sheet tab that opens
(Sheet1).

The length limit of a worksheet name

Not to be confused with the file name, in Microsoft Excel, there is a 31

character limit for each worksheet name.

How rows and columns labeled in excel

In all spreadsheet programs, including Microsoft Excel, rows are labeled

using numbers (e.g., 1 to 1,048,576). All columns are labeled with letters
from A to Z, then with two letters. For example, after the letter Z, the next
column is AA, AB, AC, ..., AZ and then incrementing to BA, BB, BC, etc., to
the last column XFD.
When working with a cell, you combine the column with the row. For
example, the very first cell is in column A and on row 1, so the cell is
labeled as A1.

Basic Terms in Excel

There are two basic ways to perform calculations in Excel: Formulas and
Functions.

 1. Formulas

In Excel, a formula is an expression that operates on values in a range of

cells or a cell. For example, =A1+A2+A3, which finds the sum of the range
of values from cell A1 to cell A3.

2. Functions

Functions are predefined formulas in Excel. They eliminate laborious

manual entry of formulas while giving them human-friendly names. For
example: =SUM(A1:A3). The function sums all the values from A1 to A3.

Methods of Inserting Data into Excel

When analyzing data, there are five common ways of inserting basic Excel
formulas. Each strategy comes with its own advantages. Therefore, before
diving further into the main formulas, we’ll clarify those methods, so you
can create your preferred workflow earlier on.
1. Simple insertion: Typing a formula inside the cell

Typing a formula in a cell or the formula bar is the most straightforward

method of inserting basic Excel formulas. The process usually starts by
typing an equal sign, followed by the name of an Excel function.

Excel is quite intelligent in that when you start typing the name of the
function, a pop-up function hint will show. It’s from this list you’ll select
your preference. However, don’t press the Enter key. Instead, press the
Tab key so that you can continue to insert other options. Otherwise, you
may find yourself with an invalid name error, often as ‘#NAME?’. To fix it,
just re-select the cell, and go to the formula bar to complete your function.

2. Using Insert Function Option from Formulas Tab

If you want full control of your functions insertion, using the Excel Insert
Function dialogue box is all you ever need. To achieve this, go to the
Formulas tab and select the first menu labeled Insert Function. The
dialogue box will contain all the functions you need to complete your
financial analysis.

3. Selecting a Formula from One of the Groups in Formula Tab

This option is for those who want to delve into their favorite functions
quickly. To find this menu, navigate to the Formulas tab and select your
preferred group. Click to show a sub-menu filled with a list of functions.
From there, you can select your preference. However, if you find your
preferred group is not on the tab, click on the More Functions option – it’s
probably just hidden there.
4. Using AutoSum Option

For quick and everyday tasks, the AutoSum function is your go-to option.
So, navigate to the Home tab, in the far-right corner, and click the
AutoSum option. Then click the caret to show other hidden formulas. This
option is also available in the Formulas tab first option after the Insert
Function option.
5. Quick Insert: Use Recently Used Tabs

If you find re-typing your most recent formula a monotonous task, then
use the Recently Used menu. It’s on the Formulas tab, a third menu option
just next to AutoSum.

Seven Basic Excel Formulas

1. SUM

The SUM function is the first must-know formula in Excel. It usually

aggregates values from a selection of columns or rows from your selected
range.
=SUM(number1, [number2], …)

Example:

=SUM(B2:G2) – A simple selection that sums the values of a row.

=SUM(A2:A8) – A simple selection that sums the values of a column.

=SUM(A2:A7, A9, A12:A15) – A sophisticated collection that sums

values from range A2 to A7, skips A8, adds A9, jumps A10 and A11, then
finally adds from A12 to A15.

=SUM(A2:A8)/20 – Shows you can also turn your function into a

formula.
3. COUNT

The COUNT function counts all cells in a given range that contain only
numeric values.

=COUNT(value1, [value2], …)

Example:

COUNT(A:A) – Counts all values that are numerical in A column.

However, you must adjust the range inside the formula to count rows.

COUNT(A1:C1) – Now it can count rows.

4. COUNTA

Like the COUNT function, COUNTA counts all cells in a given rage.
However, it counts all cells regardless of type. That is, unlike COUNT that
only counts numerics, it also counts dates, times, strings, logical values,
errors, empty string, or text.

=COUNTA(value1, [value2], …)

Example:

COUNTA(C2:C13) – Counts rows 2 to 13 in column C regardless of type.

However, like COUNT, you can’t use the same formula to count rows. You
must make an adjustment to the selection inside the brackets – for
example, COUNTA(C2:H2) will count columns C to H
5. IF

The IF function is often used when you want to sort your data according to
a given logic. The best part of the IF formula is that you can embed
formulas and function in it.

=IF(logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false])

Example:

=IF(C2<D3, ‘TRUE,’ ‘FALSE’) – Checks if the value at C3 is less than

the value at D3. If the logic is true, let the cell value be TRUE, else, FALSE

=IF(SUM(C1:C10) > SUM(D1:D10), SUM(C1:C10), SUM(D1:D10))

– An example of a complex IF logic. First, it sums C1 to C10 and D1 to
D10, then it compares the sum. If the sum of C1 to C10 is greater than the
sum of D1 to D10, then it makes the value of a cell equal to the sum of C1
to C10. Otherwise, it makes it the SUM of C1 to C10.
6. TRIM

The TRIM function makes sure your functions do not return errors due to
unruly spaces. It ensures that all empty spaces are eliminated. Unlike other
functions that can operate on a range of cells, TRIM only operates on a
single cell. Therefore, it comes with the downside of adding duplicated
data in your spreadsheet.

=TRIM(text)

Example:

TRIM(A2) – Removes empty spaces in the value in cell A2.

7. MAX & MIN

The MAX and MIN functions help in finding the maximum number and the
minimum number in a range of values.

=MIN(number1, [number2], …)

Example:

=MIN(B2:C11) – Finds the minimum number between column B from B2

and column C from C2 to row 11 in both columns B and C.

=MAX(number1, [number2], …)

Example:

=MAX(B2:C11) – Similarly, it finds the maximum number between

column B from B2 and column C from C2 to row 11 in both columns B and
C.
PRESENTATION PACKAGES
A Presentation package is a software program that contains a text editor
and the ability to add charts and graphic images, such as photographs, clip
art, or other objects to make a slide show to communicate visually to an
audience.
A presentation program is a software package used to display information
in the form of a slide show.

PowerPoint Presentation Software Alternatives

1. Prezi

Prezi is different from PowerPoint as you can get. Rather than offering a
slide-by-slide presentation, it’s more of a visual and interactive mind map,
wherein you interact with different elements on a virtual canvas.

2. Vyond

Across industries, video has been shown to grab attention and engage
better than most media. Videos have been known to increase people’s
understanding of a product or service by drastic margins.

Vyond puts the power of video into the hands of everyone, everywhere.
The platform provides anyone, no matter what their production skill level
is, with the tools they need to create powerful, dynamic media. With
features that go beyond moving text and images, you can build character-
driven stories or compelling data visualizations that engage audiences and
deliver results.
3. Zoho Show

As a PowerPoint alternative, Zoho Show is also a slide-creation platform,

but with an interface that’s more basic, clean, and simple than
PowerPoint’s.

4. Google Slides

Out of all the software options on this list, Google Slides is most like
PowerPoint. It is formatted similarly and lets you upload and edit
PowerPoint files on the platform.

5. Keynote

Just as PCs are often loaded with PowerPoint, Macs come with Keynote,
Apple’s presentation software.

6. Haiku Deck

If you’re all about visuals, Haiku Deck is one of the most image-oriented
presentation programs out there. It’s designed to create slides, just like
PowerPoint, but the templates encourage little text, so users can enjoy the
stunning visuals in the background.

7. Slidedog

Sometimes, when giving a presentation, you need to show more than your
PowerPoint—you also might need to display other files, like a video or a
document.
 8. CustomShow

For a sales presentation to a client, a PowerPoint looks a tad dull. You want
the person to get excited about your business, but it’s tough to stir them
up with the software’s generic, bland design.

9. Visme

PowerPoint’s templates can feel restrictive—there are very clear designated

spaces for text and images. Try to rearrange different elements and your
presentations suddenly feel misaligned.

Functions of Presentation Packages

There are three major functions:
 An editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted.
 Ability to insert and manipulate graphic images or animations with
objects.
 Slide show system to display the designed slide content.
Editor: that allows text to be inserted and formatted,
Insertion and manipulation: this method allows inserting and
manipulating of graphic images.
Slide-show: this function allows system to display the content.
Examples of SlideWiki, Audience (software), Ease, Emaze etc.
Features of presentation package
Creation of Slides: A slide is a single screen of a presentation, and every
presentation is composed of several slides. Slides contain any mixture of text,
images, video, animations, links and sound
Animation: Animation effects allow the various elements on each slide to
appear after a certain amount of time or when a presenter presses a button.

Transitions: This is how the presentation software “moves” the display of

one slide to another. Transitions usually include dissolving from one slide to
the next or the current slide being moved in some way to show the next slide
as though it was underneath. Etc

Steps Involved in activating MS PowerPoint

There are many ways of loading Microsoft word:

a. If the icon of the package is on desktop, double click on it for it to open
b. If the icon is not on the desktop, follow the step below:
i. Click the Start Button
ii. Click on all program
iii. Select and click Microsoft office
iv. Select and click Microsoft PowerPoint
PowerPoint Operations
The following operations can be performed on MS PowerPoint.
i.    Create new presentation
ii.   Insert text, pictures and graphs
iii. Animate contents
iv. Add new slide
v.   Save presentation
vi. Run slide show
vii. Print presentation
viii. Close presentation
Guidelines for Creating a Good MS PowerPoint Presentation
a. Font size should be such that the text is readable from the back of the
room/by all viewers
b. Message/Points should be brief/concise and precise! straight to the point
c. Maintain consistent use of colour on all Slides
d. Avoid too many texts on a slide, contrast text colour and backgrounds
e. Transitions and animations sound should be used sparingly and consistently
to avoid distractions
f. Add images to compliment messages and not to decorate slides
g. Use font size and type consistently on all slides
Benefits of Presentation Package

i. Easy to create colourful and attractive design/presentation

ii. Easy to convey messages to the audience
iii. Easy to present and maintain eye contact with large audience
iv. Enhances the assimilation of information 
v. It makes the presentation interesting
vi.  It supports multimedia T
vii.To add) create slides effects
viii. Useful for developing speaker interaction
ix. It supports Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)
x. It engages multiple learning styles
xi. It improves audience focus
xii.It supports easy way to organize ideas and information
xiii. Presentation in the absence of the speaker.
INTERNET

Internet is a worldwide network of computers that share information. It is

also defined as a global system of interconnected computer networks that
use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide.
Internet Terms
1. Cyber café: An internet café or cyber café is a place which provides
internet access to the public, usually for a fee.
2. Cyber space: It is the electronic medium of computer networks, in
which online communication take place.
3. Download: To transfer a file from remote computer to a local
computer. In other words, it means to transfer a file from a web server to
a web client.
4. Upload: Transfer a file from a local computer to a remote computer. In
other words, it means to transfer a file from a web client to a web server.
5. Email: E-mail is mail that's electronically transmitted by your computer. 
6. File Transfer Protocol (FTP): FTP is the standard method for
downloading and uploading files over the Internet. 
7. Homepage or Home page: This is the first page that appears when
you visit any website. It is also the page of a Web site that provides the
introduction or content with links.
8. HTTP: HTTP is an abbreviation for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is the
set of rules by which Web pages are transferred across the Internet.
9. URL: URL Stands for "Uniform Resource Locator." A URL is the address
of a specific web page or file on the Internet
10. World Wide Web (WWW): It is a system of interlinked hypertext
documents access via the internet. It is also defined as part of the internet
that contains linked text, image sound, and video documents
11. Website: A Website is a collection of World Wide Web pages or files.
12. Web page: A Web page is a single hypertext file or a page that is part
of a Web site
13. Web server: A server is a computer that delivers web content to web
browser.
14. Chart: An online text-based communication between internet users.
15. Chat room: A chat room is part of an online service that provides a
venue for communities of user with common interest to communicate in
real time.
16. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). It is the language of the
web.
17. ISP (Internet Service Provider): ISP is an organisation that
provides access to the internet and web hosting.
18. Intranet: A private internet running inside a LAN
19. Browse: The term to describe a user’s movement across the web 
20. Web Browser (Internet Browser): A software program used to
display WebPages. It is also defined as is a software application for
retrieving, presenting, and traversing (moving through) information
resources on the World Wide Web.
Types of Internet Services
Some services provided by internet are as follows:
1. E-mail
2. Discussion group 
3. Video conferencing
4. FTP
5. WWW
6. Chat
7. Downloading files
8. Uploading files
9. Telnet
10. Usenet
11. Instant message
12. Blog
13. E-commence
The Benefits of Internet
1. Researching
In the past, we would have to go to a library to do research. Today all of
this research is done online, in the comfort of your home or office. The
main concern is to be conscious of sites with faulty information
2. Buying Online
Internet has brought about the easiest way of buying and selling of goods
which is called e-commerce (Electronic Commerce). In e-commerce, the
prospective buyer will book or register for the needed goods or services
which will be delivered to them within a stipulated time.
3. Worldwide media accessibility
Internet has opened up all users to worldwide media. Internet radio is
accessible to anyone in the world connected to internet.
4. Online Degree
The benefits of online education far outweigh any drawbacks - especially
for anyone who works full time - since the logistics of driving to and from
class would simply be too time consuming. Sure, there are some draw
backs, such as not having face to face interaction with classmates.
5. Online Banking: 
You can easily receive and pay your electronically with a couple of clicks.
6. Communication
Information can be transmitted from one place to the other with the use
internet. For example sending and receiving e-mail messages, making
phone calls, audio and video conferencing, sending and receiving fax
messages, chatting and instant messages etc.
7. Searching:
Today, we have lighting fast search engines that can give us thousands of
links based on specific keywords.
Software used for internet surfing
Internet Surfing: as it is popularly known means to go from one page to
another on the Internet, browsing for topics of interest. Internet Surfing
usually involves: starting an Internet browser. Note: Browsers are software
programs that allow you to move from one page to another on the
Internet.
A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser): is a software
application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources
on the World Wide Web (also known as the internet or the Net).
Types of Internet Browser
a. Mozilla fire fox
b. Opera browser
c. Microsoft Internet explorer (Microsoft edge)
d. Google Chrome
e. Apple Safari, etc
Note: If you have a Windows computer, Microsoft Edge (or its older
counterpart, Internet Explorer) are already installed on your computer. If
you are running an Apple computer, you already have Safari installed on
your computer.
Features of Internet Browser
An internet browser has many different parts. They include:
1. Title bar: Displays the title of the open web page
2. Menu bar: The menu bar can be used to activate commands.
Depending on the browser you are using, some contain the following: File,
edit, view, tools, Bookmark, help, etc
3. Address Bar: An address bar is a component of an Internet browser
which is used to input and show the address of a website. The web
address is generally given in lowercase letters and is case insensitive.
There are no spaces in a webpage or website address.
4. Status Bar: Status bar displays the status of the current page
5. Scroll Bar: This provides vertical or horizontal scrolling through the
web pages.
6. Standard tool bar: Standard tool bar has many different buttons. They
are explained below.
a. Back: To go back to previously viewed page
b. Forward: To move forward to a page which was viewed
c. Stop: To halt loading of webpage.
d. Refresh/Reload: To refresh the contents of the currently displayed
webpage from the start
e. Home: To go to the homepage of the currently viewed website.
f. History: It displays a list of previously viewed website
g. Print: Prints the webpage with the default printer settings.