FORM OF GOVERNMENT AND SEPARATION OF POWERS

Malolos constitution - It established a democratic republican government with three departments, the
Executive, the Legislative, and the Judicial. It has formed a democratic republican government. There
was a plea for the separation of church and state in this document. In order to execute his executive
powers, the president would work with his cabinet to put together a plan for the country's future.

1935 constitution - With its American-inspired constitution, the 1935 Constitution served as the legal
foundation for the Commonwealth Government, which was considered to be a transitional government
prior to the granting of Philippine independence. The Philippine government would eventually model its
government system after the United States government, as the 1935 Constitution did.

1973 constitution - It was the "Batasang Pambansa - A Unicameral Legislature," as it was known in the
Philippines. Following great protest and controversy, President Marcos ratified and proclaimed this on
January 17, 1973, in the face of widespread opposition and controversy. A new Constitution was
promulgated, which resulted in the presidential form of administration being replaced with an amended
parliamentary form of government.

1987 constitution - The 1987 Constitution established a representative democracy with three separate
and independent branches of government: the Executive, a bicameral Legislature, and the Judiciary. The
principle of separation of powers states that legislation is the job of Congress, implementation is the
responsibility of the Executive, and legal challenges are the responsibility of the Judiciary. The
Constitution empowers the President to pick his Cabinet.

PROVISIONS ON CIVIL LIBERTIES

Malolos constitution – In accordance with Title III, Article 5 of the Malolos constitution, "the State
recognizes the freedom and equality of all beliefs, in addition to the separation of church and state.".

1935 constitution – It is unlawful to deprive any person of their life, liberty, or property without first
obtaining a court order, and it is equally unlawful to deny any individual the equal protection of the
laws. Private property may not be taken without adequate compensation for the benefit of the public.
There shall be no enactment of an ex post facto statute or bill of attainder.

1973 constitution – It is prohibited to pass legislation that restricts free expression, freedom of the
press, or the right of the people to peacefully assemble and petition the government for redress of
grievances. There shall be no enactment of an ex post facto statute or bill of attainder.

1987 constitution – It is unlawful to deprive any person of their life, liberty, or property without first
obtaining a court order, and it is equally unlawful to deny any individual the equal protection of the
laws. Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed as establishing a religious establishment or as
limiting the free exercise of religion.
PROVISIONS ON TAXATION OR REVENUE SHARING

Malolos constitution – According to Malolos Constitution Title 4 Article 18, “No Filipino who is in full
enjoyment of his civil or political rights, shall be impeded in the free exercise of the said rights.”. Also, in
Title 11, Article 82, it states that the “Power of taxation shall be exercised to the end that provincial and
municipal taxation do not come into conflict with the power of taxation of the state.”

1935 constitution – The 1935 constitution Article 6 Section 14 states that “the rule of taxation shall be
uniform. Cemeteries, churches, and parsonages or convents appurtenant thereto, and all lands,
buildings, and improvements used exclusively for religious, charitable, or educational purposes shall be
exempt from taxation.”

1973 constitution – the 1987 constitution article 8 section 17 states that “The rule of taxation shall be
uniform and equitable. The Batasang Pambansa shall evolve a progressive system of taxation.”

1987 constitution – Article 6 section 18 states that “The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable.
The Congress shall evolve a progressive system of taxation.”

PROVISIONS ON POLITICAL DYNASTY

Malolos Constitution – There are no articles in the Malolos Constitution.

1935 constitution – Because only the President and Vice President's terms are limited under the 1935
Constitution, family dynasties in politics were not as prevalent as they are nowadays. Moreover, if there
is no limit to their time of office, officials may not even be required to appoint members of their own
family to take over as successors. As a result, the creation of a political dynasty has been avoided.

1973 constitution – Based on the 1973 constitution, it is stated that “no religious test shall be required
for the exercise of civil or political rights.”

1987 constitution – As stated in Article II Section 26 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, "The
State shall ensure equal access to opportunities for public service and ban political dynasties as may be
specified by law."

PROVISIONS ON CHANGING/REMOVING THE HEAD OF STATE OR THE PRESIDENT

Malolos constitution – There are no provisions on changing nor removing the head of the
state/president of the country.

1935 constitution – According to article 9 section 1, “The President, the Vice-President, the Justices of
the Supreme Court, and the Auditor General, shall be removed from office on impeachment for any
conviction of, culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, or other high crimes.”

1973 constitution – based on section 7 of the 1973 constitution, “In case of permanent disability, death,
removal from office or resignation of the president, the executive committee headed by the Prime
Minister thereafter shall exercise the powers of the president until a president shall have been elected
and qualified.”

1987 constitution – “The President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Supreme Court, the
Members of the Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman may be removed from office on
impeachment for, and conviction of, culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and
corruption, other high crimes, or betrayal of public trust. All other public officers and employees may be
removed from office as provided by law, but not by impeachment.”