ide

Problems and Solutions in

Ideal Bose Systems

gu Sk Jahiruddin*
Suchismito Chatterjee
ics
*Assistant Professor
Sister Nibedita Govt. College, Kolkata
Author was the topper of IIT Bombay M.Sc Physics 2009-2011 batch
He ranked 007 in IIT JAM 2009 and 008 (JRF) in CSIR NET June
ys

2011

He has been teaching CSIR NET aspirants since 2012

Ph

1
©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

Contents
1 Problems from NET, GATE,

ide
JEST, TIFR & JAM papers 3
1.1 Basics, Bose Einstein condensation supercon-
ductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Photon gas: Blackbody radiation . . . . . . 7

gu
1.3 Ans Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
17
ics
ys
Ph

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

1 Problems from NET, GATE,

JEST, TIFR & JAM papers

ide
1.1 Basics, Bose Einstein condensation and
superconductivity
Prob 1.1. Which of the following atoms cannot exhibit

2010] gu
Bose-Einstein condensation even in principle?

(a) H11 (b) He42 (c) N a2311

40
(d) K19
[GATE
ics
Prob 1.2. A system has energy levels: E0 , 2E0 , 3E0 , · · ·
where the excited states are triply degenerate. 4 non-interacting
bosons are placed in this system. If the total energy of these
bosons is 5E0 , the number of microstates is [GATE 2007]
ys

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

Prob 1.3. In Bose-Einstein condensates, the particles [GATE
Ph

2015]
(a) have strong inter-particle attraction.
(b) condense in real space.
(c) have overlapping wave functions.
(d) have large and positive chemical potential.
Prob 1.4. The chemical potential of an ideal Bose gas at

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

any temperature is [JAM 2008]

(a) necessarily negative (b) either zero or negative
(c) necessarily positive (d) either zero or positive

ide
Prob 1.5. An ideal Bose gas in d-dimensions obeys the
dispersion relation: ε(~k = Ak s ) where A and s are con-
stants. For Bose-Einstein condensation to occur, the occu-

gu
pancy of excited states

Ne = c
Z ∞
e
d−s
s
ics
0 eβ(ε−µ)−1
where c is a constant, should remain finite even for µ = 0.
This can happen if [NET June 2015]
d 1 1 d 1 d 1 d
ys

(a) < (b) < < (c) > 1 (d) < < 1
s 4 4 s 2 s 2 s
Prob 1.6. Consider an ideal Bose gas in 3-dimensions with
energy-momentum relation ε ∝ ps , with s > 0. The range
Ph

of s for which this system may undergo Bose-Einstein con-

densation at a non-zero temperature is [NET June 2011]
(a) 1 < s < 3 (b) 0 < s < 2 (c) 0 < s < 3
(d) 0 < s < ∞
Prob 1.7. Bose condensation occurs in liquid He4 kept at
an ambient pressure at 2.17K. At what temperature will

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

Bose condensation will occur in He4 in the gaseous state,

the density of which is 1000 times smaller than that of He4 ?
[Assume that it is a perfect Bose gas.] [NET June 2012]

ide
(a) 2.17mK (b) 21.7mK (c) 21.7µK (d) 2.17µK
Prob 1.8. Non-interacting bosons undergo Bose-Einstein

gu
condensation (BEC) when trapped in a 3-dimensional isotropic
simple harmonic potential. For BEC to occur, the chemical
potential must be equal to
(a) ~ω/2 (b) ~ω (c) 3~ω/2 (d) 0
[NET Dec 2012]
ics
Prob 1.9. Two identical bosons each of mass m are placed
in a 1-dimensional potential V (x) = 21 mω 2 x2 . The bosons
interact via a weak potential V12 = V0 exp[−mΩ(x1 −x2 )2 /4~]
ys

where x1 and x2 denote the co-ordinates of the particles.

Given that the ground-state wave function of the harmonic
1
oscillator is ψ0 (x) = ( mω 2
π~ ) exp[−mωx /2~]. The ground
4
Ph

state energy of the two boson system, to the first order in

V0 is [NET June 2013]
1
(a) ~ω + 2V0 (b) ~ω + V0 Ωω (c) ~ω + V0 (1 + Ωω )− 2
(d) ~ω + V0 Ωω
Prob 1.10. An ideal Bose gas is confined inside a con-
tainer that is connected to a particle reservoir. Each par-

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

ticle can occupy a discrete set of single-particle quantum

states. If the probability that a particular quantum state
is unoccupied is 0.1, then the average number of bosons in

ide
that state is [NET Dec 2014]
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11
Prob 1.11. Consider a quantum system of non-interacting
bosons in contact with a particle bath. The probability of

gu
finding no particle in a given single particle quantum state
is 10−6 .The average number of particles in that state is of
the order of [NET Dec 2017]
ics
(a) 103 (b) 106 (c) 109 (d) 1012
Prob 1.12. Two identical bosons may occupy any of two
energy levels 0,  where  > 0 lowest energy state is doubly-
degenerate and the excited state is non-degenerate. Assume
ys

that the two-particle system is in thermal equilibrium at a

temperature T. Calculate the average energy hEi. What
hEi
Ph

will be the leading term of at low temperature?

exp (−β)
[TIFR 2017]

Prob 1.13. A large number N of ideal bosons, each of

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

mass m, are trapped in a three-dimensional potential

mω 2 r2
V (r) =

ide
2
The bosonic system is kept at temperature T which is much
lower than the Bose-Einstein condensation temperature Tc .
The chemical potential (µ) satisfies [GATE 2019]

gu
(A) µ ≤ 32 ~ω
(C) 3~ω > µ > 2~ω
(B) 2~ω > µ > 23 ~ω
(D) µ = 3~ω
ics
1.2 Photon gas: Blackbody radiation
Prob 1.14. The blackbody spectrum of an object O1 is
such that its radiant intensity (i.e. intensity per unit wave-
length interval) is maximum at a wavelength of 200 nm.
ys

Another object O2 has maximum radiant intensity at 600

nm. The ratio of power emitted per unit area by O1 to that
by O2 is [JAM 2007]
Ph

(a) 1/81 (b) 1/9 (c) 9 (d) 81

Prob 1.15. When the temperature of a blackbody is dou-
bled, the maximum value of its spectral energy density, with
respect to that at initial temperature would become [JAM
2012]
(a) 1/16 times (b) 8 times (c) 16 times (d) 32 times

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

Prob 1.16. A blackbody at temperature T emits radia-

tion at a peak wavelength λ. If its temperature becomes
4T , the new peak wavelength is [JAM 2013]

ide
1 1 1
(a) 256 λ (b) 64 λ (c) 16 λ (d) 14 λ
Prob 1.17. In the radiation emitted by a black body, the
ratio of the spectral densities at frequencies 2ν and ν will
vary with ν as [JAM 2017]

 gu
 hν/k T
(a) e B − 1
(c) ehν/kB T − 1
−1
 
 hν/k T
(b) e B + 1
(d) ehν/kB T − 1

−1

Prob 1.18. A red star having radius rR at a temperature

ics
TR and a white star having radius rW at a temperature
TW , radiate the same total power. If these stars radiate as
perfect black bodies, then [JAM 2019]
ys

(A) rR > rW and TR > TW (B) rR < rW and TR > TW

(C) rR > rW and TR < TW (D) rR < rW and TR < TW
Prob 1.19. The partition function of a gas of photons is
Ph

given as:
π 2 V (kB T )3
ln Z =
45~3 c3
[GATE 2010]
(i) The specific heat of the photon gas varies with temper-
ature as

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

ide
gu
ics
(ii) The pressure of the photon gas is
π 2 (kB T )3 π 2 (kB T )4
(a) (b)
15~3 c3 8~3 c3
ys

π 2 (kB T )4 π 2 (kB T )3/2

(c) (d)
45~3 c3 45~3 c3
Prob 1.20. For a blackbody radiation in a cavity, photons
Ph

are created and annihilated freely as a result of emission

and absorption by the walls of the cavity. This is because
[GATE 2015]
(a) the chemical potential of the photons is zero.
(b) photons obey Pauli exclusion principle.
(c) photons are spin-1 particles.

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

(d) the entropy of the photons is very large.

Prob 1.21. The total power emitted by a spherical black-

ide
body of radius R at temperature T is P1 . Let P2 be the
power emitted by another spherical blackbody of radius R/2
at temperature 2T . The ratio (P1 /P2 ) is [GATE 2016]
(Give your answer upto two decimal places.)

gu
Prob 1.22. A cavity contains blackbody radiation in equi-
librium at temperature T . The specific heat per unit vol-
ume of the photon gas in the cavity is of the form Cv = γT 3 ,
where γ is a constant. The cavity is expanded to twice its
ics
original volume and then allowed to equilibrium at temper-
ature T . The new internal energy per unit volume is [NET
June 2011]
(a)4γT 4 (b)2γT 4 (c)γT 4 (d)γT 4 /4
ys

Prob 1.23. Consider black-body radiation contained in a

cavity whose walls are at temperature T . The radiation is in
Ph

equilibrium with the walls of the cavity. If the temperature

of the walls is increased to 2T and the radiation is allowed
to come to equilibrium at the new temperature, the entropy
of the radiation increases by a factor of [NET June
2012]
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

Prob 1.24. Which of the graphs below gives the correct

qualitative behaviour of the energy density Er (λ) of black-
body radiation λ at two temperatures T1 and T2 ,(T1 < T2 )?

ide
[NET June 2014]

gu
ics
ys
Ph

Prob 1.25. A gas of photons inside a cavity of volume V

is in equilibrium at temperature T. If the temperature of the
cavity is changed to 2T, the radiation pressure will change
by a factor of —- [NET June 2017]
(a) 2 (b) 16 (c) 8 (d) 4
Prob 1.26. The maximum intensity of solar radiation is

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

at the wavelength of λ sunn ∼ 5000Å ) and corresponds to

its surface temperature T sun ∼ 104 K. If the wavelength of
the maximum intensity of an X-ray star is 5Å, its surface

ide
temperature is of the order of [NET June 2018]

(a) 1016 K (b) 1014 K (c) 1010 K (d) 107 K

Prob 1.27. A blackbody at a temperature 6000K emits

gu
radiation whose intensity spectrum peaks at 600nm. If the
temperature is reduced to 300K, the spectrum will peak at
[JEST 2015]
ics
(a) 120µm (b) 12µm (c) 12mm (d) 120mm
Prob 1.28. Blackbody radiation at temperature Ti fills a
volume V . The system expands adiabatically and reversibly
to volume 8V . The final temperature Tf = xTi , where the
ys

factor x is equal to [JEST Sample]

(a) 0.5 (b) 2.8 (c) 0.25 (d) 1
Ph

Prob 1.29. A closed, thermally-insulated box contains 1

mole of an ideal mono atomic gas G in thermodynamic equi-
librium with blackbody radiation B. The total internal en-
ergy of the system is U = UG + UB where UG and UB (∝ T 4 )
are the energies of the ideal gas and radiation respectively.
If UG = UB at a certain temperature T0 K, then the energy
required to raise the temperature from T0 K to (T0 + 1) K,

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

in terms of the gas constant R, is [TIFR 2011]

(a) 7.5R (b) 6R (c) 1.5R (d) 0.33R

ide
Prob 1.30. A binary star is observed to consist of a blue
star B (peak wavelength 400 nm) and a red star R (peak
wavelength 800 nm) orbiting each other. As observed from
the Earth, B and R appear equally bright. Assuming that
the stars radiate as perfect blackbodies, it follows that the

gu
ratio of volumes VB /VR of the two stars is [TIFR 2013]
(a) 1/64 (b) 64 (c) 16 (d) 1/16
Prob 1.31. A gas of photons is enclosed in a container
ics
of fixed volume at an absolute temperature T . Noting that
the photon is a mass less particle (i.e. its energy and mo-
mentum are related by E = pc), the number of photons in
the container will vary as [TIFR 2014]
ys

(a) T (b) T 2 (c) T 3 (d) T 4

Prob 1.32. Two blackbodies radiate energy at tempera-
Ph

tures T1 and T2 (T1 > T2 ). The energy radiated per unit

time per unit solid angle per unit surface area of a black-
body in the frequency range ν to ν + dν is B(ν)dν. Which
one of the following graphs has the correct form? [TIFR
2015]

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

ide
gu
ics
Prob 1.33. The cosmic microwave background radiation
in the Universe has a blackbody distribution corresponding
to a temperature 2.735 K. In a certain cosmological model,
it was assumed that the universe consists purely of radiation
ys

and is undergoing adiabatic expansion. In this model it was

predicted that the volume of the Universe will be tripled in
the next 1010 years. The corresponding blackbody radiation
Ph

temperature would be [TIFR 2017]

(a) 0.9116 K (b) 2.078 K (c) 1.896 K (d) 1.526
K
Prob 1.34. In an experiment to measure the Earth’s mean
albedo (i.e. fraction of solar energy reflected back into
space), the solar constant (i.e. flux of solar energy incident

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

upon the Earth), was measured as 1.37kWm−2 . Assuming

the Earth to behave as a perfect blackbody at a uniform
surface temperature of −18◦ C, the albedo is about [TIFR

ide
2019]
(a) 0.30 (b) 0.18 (c) 0.46 (d) 0.06
Prob 1.35. Consider a radiation cavity of volume V at

8πV
gu
temperature T .

8πV 8πV
[GATE 2006]
(i) The density of states at energy E of the quantized radi-
ation (photons) is
8πV
(a) 3 3 E 2 (b) 3 3 E 3/2 (c) 3 3 E (d) 3 3 E 1/2
ics
hc hc hc hc

(ii) The average number of photons in equilibrium inside

the cavity is proportional to
ys

(a) T (b) T 2 (c) T 3 (d) T 4

Prob 1.36. A photon gas is in thermal equilibrium at
temperature T . The mean number of photons in an en-
Ph

ergy state
 ε=  ~ω is   [GATE 2008]
(a) exp k~ωBT
+1 (b) exp k~ωBT
−1
   −1    −1
~ω
(c) exp kB T + 1 (d) exp kB T − 1
~ω

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1.3 Ans Keys

1.1. d 1.13. a 1.25. b

ide
1.2. b 1.14. a 1.26. d
1.3. c 1.15. c 1.27. b
1.4. b 1.16. d 1.28. a
1.5. c
1.6. a
1.7. b
gu 1.17. b
1.18. c
1.19. (i) b, (ii) c
1.29. a
1.30. a
1.31. c
ics
1.8. c 1.20. a 1.32. d
1.9. c 1.21. 0.25 1.33. c
1.10. b 1.22. d 1.34. c
ys

1.11. b 1.23. c 1.35. (i) d (ii) c

1.12. 2/3 1.24. c 1.36. d
Ph

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

1.4 Solutions
Sol 1.1. to be able to show the Bose Einstein condensation

ide
then system should have the proton no+neutron no+electron
=even as they are all spin half if the even no produced then
they can as whole can be treated as a bosonic system but
for only potassium the value becomes 49 which is not even

gu
so potassium will never exhibit Bose Einstein.
Sol 1.2. 1)one of the possible con figuration is 3 particle is
in the lowest sate and 1 particle in the upper sate of energy 2
times the initial energy . but the upper sates are degenerate
ics
state so possible sates are 3 so only 3 possible states .
Sol 1.3. as in the Bose Einstein condensation more and
more particle comes down to the lower energy state hence
ys

the wave functions gets overlapped. So option c is correct.

Sol 1.4. the chemical potential of the particle is negative
or the zero can be possible for the bose Einstein’s statistics
Ph

because if the chemical potential gets positive then the oc-

cupancy of the system would be negative which is meaning
less.( see problem Prob 1.13. )
Sol 1.5. we have
Z ∞ d−s
e s
Ne = c
0 eβ(ε−µ)−1

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

for the three dimensional case we have g(E)=(2mE)1/2 which

gives us d−s
s = 1/2 and we get d/s =3/2 for pass less particle
g(E) = E 2 which gives d/s =3 so we will have d/s > 1 . So

ide
option c is correct.
Sol 1.6. from the previous discussion we have d/s¿1 .here d
is the dimension so d=3 hence we have lowest possible value
of 1 which is possible when s =3 hence the range would be
1¡s¡3.
gu
Sol 1.7. for the ideal Bose gas we have the condition that
the critical temperature is following the relation given below
ics
 2/3
N
Tc ∝
v
so we say that He condensed at 2.17 K when it has density
ys

D but when it’s density is reduce by 1000 times then the

critical temperature also will be reduce by that amount and
it would be 1000 times less and hence the temperature would
Ph

be 2.17 mK. so option B is correct.

Sol 1.8. See the solution of problem no Prob 1.13.
Sol 1.9. there are two bosons trapped in the harmonic os-
cillator so energy of the ground state with out perturbation
~w but now we are given the perturbing potential and also
the wave function in the ground state we can do the integra-

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

tion but we are taking help of the Taylor series expansion

technique. so we have

ide
V12 = V0 exp[−mΩ((x1 − x2 )2 )/4~]
= V0 (1 − [−mΩ(x1 − x2 )2 /4~] + ....)

so average of

gu
< V12 >=
V0 1 − [−mΩ(< x1 2 > −2 < x1 >< x2 > +x2 2 )/4~] + ..
= V0 (1 − ω/4w) u V0 (1 + ω/2w)−1/2


ics
Sol 1.10. the unoccupied state has probability 0.1 that means
that in 10 of the state 1 state remain un occupied and the
remaining 9 states are fulfilled and we are considering the
single particle state so the average number of the boson in
ys

the state in 9.
Sol 1.11. the probability of finding no particle in the par-
ticular single particle state is 10−6 this means that 1 in the
Ph

106 single particle state remains empty hence the total num-
ber of the particle is 106 so option b is correct.
Sol 1.12. let us first calculate in how many ways we can
arrange the two boson in the 2 state of which one is de-
generate . so we have 6 possible configuration . Of which
the maximum energy configuration has energy 2 and the

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

energy is doubly degenerate and the energy 0 is also triply

degenerate. hence the average energy of the system is given
by

ide
2e−β + e−2β
E=
3 + 2e−β + e−2β
so at lower temperature temperature we have

< E > /e−β = 2/3

gu
Sol 1.13. the bose Einstein statistics gives us

f (ej ) =
1
ics
e(ej −µ)β − 1
now we see that if µ is greater that the energy then the
occupancy becomes negative which is meaning less so the µ
must be less than that that of the energy of the system . we
ys

have consider the 3 dimensional harmonic oscillator hence

we have energy 3/2~W and µ must be less or equal to the
energy but it can never exceed the energy hence the option
Ph

A is correct.
Sol 1.14. first use the λ1 T1 = λ2 T2 so we have T1 /T2 =
600 σT1 4
200 = 3 and we have E 1 /E2 = σT 4
= 81
2
E1 1 1
Sol 1.15. E2 = 24 = 32 so energy would be 32 times the
initial one .

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Sol 1.16. we know that λ1 T1 = λ2 T2 which is called the

wien’s displacement law and hence we have λT = 4T λ2
hence option d is correct.

ide
Sol 1.17. the ratio of the spectral density we have
exp(hνβ) − 1 exp(hνβ) − 1 h
hν/kB T
i−1
= = e +1
exp 2hνβ − 1 exp hνβ − 1exp hνβ + 1

gu
Sol 1.18. we know from the wien’s displacement law that
λT = constant so we can say λR TR = λw tw but we know
that λR > λw hence we can say from the upper condition
TR < Tw and we know E = σT 4 hence we have σTR 4 rR 2 =
ics
σTw 4 rw 2 from this condition we say that as TR < Tw we will
have rR > rw
Sol 1.19. i) the average energy of the system we can define
ys

∂(ln Z)
− =< E >
∂β
here we have
π2V
Ph

ln z =
45~3 c3 β 3
so we have the
π2V
< E >=
15~2 c3 β 4
hence the specific heat
∂ < E > 4π 2 V (kB T )3
cv = =
∂T 15~3 c3
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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

so option a is correct.
ii) first let us calculate the Helmholtz free energy of the
system and it is given by

ide
π 2 V (kB T )3
F = −kB T
45~3 c3
and we know that
∂F
− =p

gu
so we have the pressure
∂V

π 2 (kB T )4
P =
45~3 c3
ics
Sol 1.20. as the chemical potential of the photon is zero
that is photon number is not conserved hence we can say
that photons are created and annihilated due to emission
and absorption and it does not affect the system.
ys

Sol 1.21. the energy of the system is emitted per second

by the black body 1 is
Ph

P1 = 4σT 4 πR2

and other black body is

P2 = 4σ(2T )4 π(R/2)2

now we are taking the ration and we get

p1
= 0.25
p1
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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

Sol 1.22. the internal energy of the system is related to the

specific heat as follows

ide
∂U
cV =
∂T
hence we have dU = γT 3 dT and integrating we get
γT 4
U=

gu 4
hence the internal energy is just depending on the temper-
ature of the system as the temperature is unchanged the
internal energy of the system is also become the same. and
ics
hence the answer is option d.
Sol 1.23. the Helmholtz free energy of the system is F =
5
(kB T )4
− 8π45~ 3 c3 V then we can say that S ∝ T 3 for the blackbody
ys

radiation. hence we can say that as the temperature is in-

crease by factor 2 hence entropy will increase by the factor
8.
Ph

Sol 1.24. option c is correct see the logic of problem Prob

1.13.
Sol 1.25. we know that the radiation pressure is defined as
P = 13 VU and for this case U ∝ T 4 hence we have

P1 T4
= 4 4
P2 2T
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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

which gives P2 will increase by 16 times to that of the initial

pressure.

ide
Sol 1.26. we know that λs Ts = λx Tx Ts is surface temper-
ature of sun and the Tx is the surface temperature of the
unknown star. hence we get by putting the values Tx = 107
k.

gu
Sol 1.27. we know that λs Ts = λx Tx . which is wien’s
displacement law hnce we are putting the given values and
get λx = unknown wavelength peak = 12µm
Sol 1.28. for the black body radiation we have total en-
ics
ergy of the system E = σT 4 Ar2 and finally we have the
energyE = σTf 4 Arf 2 so we have σT 4 Ar2 = σTf 4 Arf 2 but
we know intial volume is V and final is 8V so we have
V r3
ys

8V = rf 3 this will provide us the ratio of radius of initial

and final case hence we can say that x=0.5
Sol 1.29.
Ph

Sol 1.30. we know that for the black body radiation

λM T = constant

and hence we have λB TB = λR TR so we can say that TB /TR =

2 now we can say that as they are equally bright

σTR 4 4πrR 2 = σTB 4 4πrB 2

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

 3
rR 1
hence we have VB /vR = rB = 64

Sol 1.31. see the solution of prob Prob 1.35. (ii)

ide
Sol 1.32. as T1 > T2 so the peak of the curve in the case
one will be higher than that of the peak of the 2nd one hence
the option d is correct.
Sol 1.33. the volume would be tripled in the future times

gu
now the energy radiated per unite area is E = σT 4 in future
we will have E1 = σT1 4 but total energy radiation would be
3
same 4πr2 σT 4 = 4πr1 2 σT1 4 we have been given that rr13 = 3
ics
so we have the final temperature is 1.896 K.
Sol 1.34. the Stephen Boltzmann constant is σ so the earth
is radiating energy is given by E=σT 4 per unit area per unit
time . and the value is E = 5.67 × 10−8 (273 − 18)4 watt
ys

/m2 -k now albedo is the ratio of energy radiated back in

the space by the earth and the incident energy on the earth
hence we have
Ph

2 × 5.67 × 10−8 (273 − 18)4

a= = 0.30
1.37 × 103
Sol 1.35. i) the number of states with in p to p+dp is given
2
by n(k) = V 4πph3
dp
we have E=pc as we are taking photon
. then we can say dE=dp c hence we can say n(K) =
4πV E 2 dE
c3 h3 now photon has two possible state so actually we

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©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Ideal Bose Systems

8πV E 2 dE
have n(K) = c3 h3 so option a is correct. ii) the average
number ∞
8πV E 2 dE
Z
1

ide
n=
0 c3 h3 eβE − 1
where E is the energy of the photon so integrating we get
Z ∞ 2
3 l dl
n∝T
0 el − 1

gu
where the l =βE

so option c is correct.
n ∝ T 3 Γ(3)ζ(3)
ics
Sol 1.36. the photons are bosonic system hence we have
1
f = e( ~wβ)−1 hence the occupancy or you can say that mean
number of photons per state is given by (exp(~wβ) − 1))−1
ys

hence we say that option d is correct.

Ph

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