4.

- Transmission line parameters

EE24564
Power Transmission and Distribution
1
5.9 Line Compensation
➢ We have noted that T.L loaded to its SIL has NO net reactive power flow into or
out of the line and will have approximately a flat voltage profile along its length.
➢ On long transmission lines, light loads appreciably less than SIL result in a rise
of voltage at the receiving end, and heavy loads appreciably greater than SIL will
produce a large dip in voltage.
➢ Shunt reactors are widely used to reduce high voltages under light load or open
line conditions.
➢ If the transmission system is heavily loaded, shunt capacitors, static var control,
and synchronous condensers are used to improve voltage, increase power transfer,
and improve the system stability.
2
5.9.1 Shunt Reactors
➢ Shunt reactors are applied to compensate for the undesirable voltage effects associated with line capacitance.
➢ The amount of reactor compensation required on a transmission line to maintain the receiving end voltage at
a specified value can be obtained as follows.

➢ Consider a reactor of reactance 𝑋𝐿𝑠ℎ , connected at the receiving end of a long transmission line as shown in
the figure. The receiving end current is:

𝑉𝑅
𝐼𝑅 =
𝑗𝑋𝐿𝑠ℎ

3
5.9.1 Shunt Reactors
➢ Substituting 𝐼𝑅 into 𝑉𝑆 = cos 𝛽𝑙 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑗𝑍𝐶 sin 𝛽𝑙 𝐼𝑅
➢ Results in:

𝑍𝐶
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑅 (cos 𝛽𝑙 + sin 𝛽𝑙)
𝑋𝐿𝑠ℎ
➢ Note that 𝑉𝑆 and 𝑉𝑅 are in phase, which is consistent with the fact that NO real power is being transmitted over the line.
➢ Solving for 𝑋𝐿𝑠ℎ yields:

sin 𝛽𝑙
𝑋𝐿𝑠ℎ = 𝑍𝐶
𝑉𝑆
− cos 𝛽𝑙
𝑉𝑅
➢ For 𝑽𝑺 = 𝑽𝑹 , the required inductor reactance is:

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷𝒍
𝑿𝑳𝒔𝒉 = 𝒁
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷𝒍 𝑪

4
 5.9.1 Shunt Reactors
➢ To find the relation between 𝐼𝑆 and 𝐼𝑅 , we substitute for 𝑉𝑅 from:

𝑉𝑅
𝐼𝑅 =
𝑗𝑋𝐿𝑠ℎ
➢ Into:

1
𝐼𝑆 = 𝑗 sin 𝛽𝑙 𝑉𝑅 + cos 𝛽𝑙 𝐼𝑅
𝑍𝐶
➢ Results:

1
𝐼𝑆 = − sin 𝛽𝑙 𝑋𝐿𝑠ℎ + cos 𝛽𝑙 𝐼𝑅
𝑍𝐶
➢ Substituting for 𝑋𝐿𝑠ℎ from:

sin 𝛽𝑙
𝑋𝐿𝑠ℎ = 𝑍
1 − cos 𝛽𝑙 𝐶
➢ For the case when 𝑽𝑺 = 𝑽𝑹 , results in:
𝐼𝑆 = −𝐼𝑅
5
5.9.1 Shunt Reactors
➢ With one reactor only at the receiving end, the voltage profile will NOT be uniform, and the maximum rise
occurs at the midspan.
➢ It is left as an exercise to show that for 𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑅 , the voltage at the midspan is given by:

𝑉𝑅
𝑉𝑚 =
𝛽𝑙
cos 2

➢ Also, the current at the midspan is zero.

➢ Installing reactors at both ends of the line will improve the voltage profile and reduce the tension at midspan.

➢ The function openline(ABCD) is used to:

i. Find the receiving end voltage of an open line.

ii. To determine the Mvar of the reactor required to maintain the no-load receiving end voltage at a specified value.

6
Example 5.7
❑ For a transmission line of Example 5.5:
“A three-phase, 60 Hz, 500-kV TL is 300 km long. The line inductance is 0.97 mH/km per phase and its
capacitance is 0.0115 𝝁𝑭/𝒌𝒎 per phase. Assume a lossless line.”
(a) Calculate the receiving end voltage when line is terminated in an open circuit and is energized with 500 kV
at the sending end.
(b) Determine the reactance and the Mvar of a three-phase shunt reactor to be installed at the receiving end to
keep the no-load receiving end voltage at the rated value.

7
Example 5.7 … (solution)…
❑ Solution:
(a) The line is energized with 500 kV at the sending end. The sending end voltage per phase is:
500∠0°
𝑉𝑆 = = 𝟐𝟖𝟖. 𝟔𝟕𝟓 𝐾𝑉
3

▪ From example 5.5, 𝑍𝐶 = 290.43 and 𝛽𝑙 = 21.641° .

▪ When the line is open 𝐼𝑅 = 0 and from:
𝑉𝑆 = cos 𝛽𝑙 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑗𝑍𝐶 sin 𝛽𝑙 𝐼𝑅
▪ The no-load receiving end voltage is given by:

𝑉𝑆 288.675
𝑉𝑅(𝑛𝑙) = = = 𝟑𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟕 𝐾𝑉
cos 𝛽𝑙 0.9295
▪ The no-load receiving end line-to-line voltage is:
𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿)(𝑛𝑙) = 3𝑉𝑅(𝑛𝑙) = 𝟓𝟑𝟕. 𝟗 𝐾𝑉
8
Example 5.7 … (solution)…
(b) For 𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑅 , the required inductor reactance given by:
sin 𝛽𝑙 sin 21.641°
𝑋𝐿𝑠ℎ = 𝑍 = 290.43 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟗. 𝟓 Ω
1 − cos 𝛽𝑙 𝐶 1 − cos 21.641°
▪ The three-phase shunt reactor rating is:
(𝐾𝑉𝐿𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 )2 (500)2
𝑄3−𝑝ℎ = = = 𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝟑 𝑀𝑣𝑎𝑟
𝑋𝐿𝑠ℎ 1519.5

9
5.9.2 Shunt Capacitor Compensation
➢ Shunt capacitors are used for lagging power factor circuits created by heavy
loads.
➢ The effect is to supply the requisite reactive power to maintain the receiving end
voltage at a satisfactory level.
➢ Capacitors are connected either directly to a bus bar or to the tertiary winding of a
main transformer and are disposed along the route to minimize the losses and
voltage drops.

10
5.9.2 Shunt Capacitor Compensation
➢ Given 𝑉𝑆 and 𝑉𝑅 , then:
2
𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿) 𝐴 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿)
𝑃𝑅(3−𝑝ℎ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝐵 − 𝛿 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝐵 − 𝜃𝐴
𝐵 𝐵
2
𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿) 𝐴 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿)
𝑄𝑅(3−𝑝ℎ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐵 − 𝛿 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝐵 − 𝜃𝐴
𝐵 𝐵
➢ Can be used conveniently to compute the required capacitor Mvar at the receiving end for a specified load.

➢ A function called shntcomp(ABCD) is developed for this purpose, and its use is demonstrated in example
5.9(f).

11
5.9.3 Series Capacitor Compensation
➢Series capacitors are connected in series with the line, usually located at the
midpoint, and are used to reduce the series reactance between the load and the
supply point.
➢This results in:
✓Improved transient and steady-state stability.
✓More economical loading.
✓Minimum voltage dip on load buses.

12
5.9.3 Series Capacitor Compensation
➢ Series capacitors have the good characteristics that their reactive power production varies concurrently with
the line loading.
➢ Studies have shown that the addition of series capacitors on EHV transmission lines can more double the
transient stability and limit of long lines at a fraction of the cost of a new transmission line.

➢ The power transfer over the line for a lossless line:

𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿)
𝑃(3−𝑝ℎ) = sin 𝛿
𝑋ሖ
13
5.9.3 Series Capacitor Compensation
➢The power transfer over the line for a lossless line becomes with the series
capacitor switched on:

𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿)
𝑃(3−𝑝ℎ) = sin 𝛿
ሖ
𝑋 − 𝑋𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑟
➢ Where 𝑋𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑟 is the series capacitor reactance.
𝑋𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑟
➢ The ratio expressed as a percentage is usually referred to as the percentage
𝑋ሖ
compensation.
➢ The percentage compensation is in the range of 25 to 70 percent.

14
5.9.3 Series Capacitor Compensation
➢One major drawback with series capacitor compensation is the special
protective devices are required to protect the capacitors and bypass the high
current produced when short circuit occurs.
➢Also, inclusion of series capacitors establishes a resonant circuit that can
oscillate at a frequency below the normal synchronous frequency when
simulated by a disturbance.
➢This phenomenon is referred to as subsynchronous resonance (SSR).
➢If the synchronous frequency minus the electrical resonance frequency
approached the frequency of one of the turbine-generator natural torsional
modes, considerable damage to the turbine-generator may result.

15
5.9.3 Series Capacitor Compensation
➢ If 𝐿ሖ is the lumped line inductance corrected for the effect of distribution and 𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑟 is the capacitance of the
series capacitor, and the subsynchronous resonant frequency is:

1
𝑓𝑟 = 𝑓𝑠
ሖ
𝐿𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑟

➢ Where 𝑓𝑠 is the synchronous frequency.

➢ The function sercomp(ABCD) can be used to obtain the line performance for a specified percentage
compensation.
➢ Finally, when line is compensated with both series and shunt capacitors, for the specified terminal voltages,
the function srshcomp(ABCD) is used to obtain the line performance and the required shunt capacitor. These
compensations are also demonstrated in example 5.9(f).

16
Example 5.8
❑The transmission line in example 5.5 supplies a load of 1000 MVA, 0.8 power
factor lagging at 500 kV.

(a)Determine the Mvar and the capacitance of the shunt capacitors to be installed at
the receiving end to keep the receiving end voltage at 500 kV when the line is
energized with 500 kV at the sending end.
(b)Only series capacitors are installed at the midpoint of the line providing 40
percent compensation. Find the sending end voltage and voltage regulation.

17
Example 5.7 … (solution)…
❑ Solution:
(a) From example 5.5, 𝒁𝑪 = 𝟐𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟑 and 𝜷𝒍 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟏°. thus, the equivalent line reactance for a lossless line
is given by:
𝑋ሖ = 𝑍𝐶 sin 𝛽𝑙 = 290.43 sin 21.641° = 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟏𝟏 Ω
▪ The receiving end power is:

𝑆𝑅(3−𝑝ℎ) = 1000∠𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 + 𝒋𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑀𝑉𝐴

▪ For the above operating condition, the power angle 𝛿 is obtained from:

𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿)
𝑃(3−𝑝ℎ) = sin 𝛿
𝑋ሖ

18
Example 5.7 … (solution)…
➢ Hence:

(500)(500)
800 = sin 𝛿
107.11
➢ Which results in 𝜹 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒°. using the approximate relation given by:
2
𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿) 𝑉𝑅 𝐿−𝐿
𝑄(3−𝑝ℎ) = cos 𝛿 − cos 𝛽𝑙
𝑋ሖ 𝑋ሖ
➢ The net reactive power at the receiving end is:

(500)(500) °
500 2
𝑄(3−𝑝ℎ) = cos 20.044 − cos 21.641° = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 𝑀𝑣𝑎𝑟
107.11 107.11

19
Example 5.7 … (solution)…
➢ Thus, the required capacitor Mvar is 𝑆𝐶 = 𝑗23.15 − 𝑗600 = −𝒋𝟓𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟓
➢ The capacitive reactance is given by:

𝑉𝐿 2 500 2
𝑋𝐶 = = = −𝒋𝟒𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟖 Ω
𝑆𝐶 ∗ 𝑗576.85
➢ OR

106
C= = 𝟔. 𝟏 𝜇𝐹
2𝜋 (60)(433.38)
➢ The shunt compensation for the above transmission line including the line resistance is obtained in example
5.9(f) using linepref program. The exact solution results in 613.8 Mvar for capacitor reactive power as
compared to 576.85 Mvar obtained from approximate formula for the lossless line.
➢ This represents approximately an error of 6%.
20
Example 5.7 … (solution)…
(b) For 40% compensation, the series capacitor reactance per phase is:

𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 0.4𝑋ሖ = 0.4 107.1 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟖𝟒 Ω

▪ The new equivalent 𝝅 circuit parameters are given by:

𝑍ሖ = 𝑗 𝑋ሖ − 𝑋𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 𝑗 107.1 − 42.84 = 𝒋𝟔𝟒. 𝟐𝟔 Ω

2 𝛽𝑙 2 21.641°
𝑌ሖ = 𝑗 tan =𝑗 tan = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟔 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
𝑍𝐶 2 290.43 2

21
Example 5.7 … (solution)…
▪ The new B constant is 𝑩 = 𝒋𝟔𝟒. 𝟐𝟔 and new A constant is given by:

𝑍ሖ 𝑌ሖ (𝑗64.26 )(𝑗0.001316)
𝐴 = 1+ =1+ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟕𝟕
2 2
▪ The receiving end current is:

𝑆𝑅(3−𝑝ℎ) ∗ 1000∠ −36.87°

𝐼𝑅 = ∗ = °
= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟕∠ −𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟕° 𝐾𝐴
3𝑉𝑅 3 ∗ 288.675∠0
▪ Thus, the sending end voltage is:
𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴𝑉𝑅 + 𝐵𝐼𝑅 = 0.9577 ∗ 288.675 + 𝑗64.26 ∗ 1.1547∠−36.87° = 𝟑𝟐𝟔. 𝟒∠𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟕° 𝐾𝑉

22
Example 5.7 … (solution)…
▪ And the line-to-line voltage magnitude is:

𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) = 3𝑉𝑆 = 𝟓𝟔𝟓. 𝟒 𝐾𝑉

▪ Voltage regulation is:

565.4
− 500
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑅 = 0.958 ∗ 100% = 𝟏𝟖%
500
▪ The exact solution obtained in example 5.9(f) results in 𝑽𝑺(𝑳−𝑳) = 𝟓𝟕𝟏. 𝟗 𝑲𝑽. This represents an error of
1.0%.

23