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Primary Settlement (Consolidation) (S)

1. Primary (consolidation) settlement of clay is calculated using equations that consider consolidation index, initial void ratio, thickness, overburden pressure, and stress increase. 2. For a circular foundation on normally consolidated clay, primary settlement is calculated using the given parameters and equations, resulting in a settlement of 52.4mm. 3. Secondary (creep) settlement occurs after primary consolidation and is estimated using the void ratio after primary consolidation, start and end times, and compression index Cα, which varies for different clay types.

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Mohamed Muayid
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150 views3 pages

Primary Settlement (Consolidation) (S)

1. Primary (consolidation) settlement of clay is calculated using equations that consider consolidation index, initial void ratio, thickness, overburden pressure, and stress increase. 2. For a circular foundation on normally consolidated clay, primary settlement is calculated using the given parameters and equations, resulting in a settlement of 52.4mm. 3. Secondary (creep) settlement occurs after primary consolidation and is estimated using the void ratio after primary consolidation, start and end times, and compression index Cα, which varies for different clay types.

Uploaded by

Mohamed Muayid
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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4th Year – Civil Eng. Dept.

Foundation Settlement

Consolidation Settlement

2. Primary Settlement (Consolidation) (Sc)


As mentioned before, the consolidation settlement is the process of water
expulsion from the voids of saturated clay with time. But here, we want to
calculate total primary consolidation settlement (i.e. @ t = ∞ ) using the following
equations:
1. For normally consolidated clay:
 c
For Normally consolidated clay → OCR = =1
 o

Where
Sc = primary consolidation settlement
Cc = compression index ( Cc  0.009( L.L  10) ) , L.L= Liquid limit
H = thickness of the clay layer
eo = initial void ratio of the clay layer
 o = present effective overburden pressure (at the middle of clay layer).
 av = average effective stress increase for clay layer.
2. For Overconsolidated clay
 c
For Overconsolidated clay → OCR = >1
 o

There are two cases:


Case One (σ′c ≥ σ′o + ∆σ′av):

Cs = swelling index

Prepared by: JAWAD K. Thajeel, Civil Eng. Dept., Coll. of Eng., University of Thiqar

1
4th Year – Civil Eng. Dept. Foundation Settlement

Case Two (σ′c < σ′o + ∆σ′av):

 c = preconsolidation pressure
If the stress at the base of the foundation is decreased with depth, we can calculate
the value of ∆σ′av by Simpson’s rule as following:

Example : A circular foundation 2m in diameter is shown in the figure below. A


normally consolidated clay layer 5m thick is located below the foundation.
Determine the consolidation settlement of the clay.

Solution :
At the center of clay: σ′o = 1.5(17) + 0.5(19-9.81) + 2.5(18.5-9.81)= 51.82 kN/m2
For circular loaded area, the increase of stress below the center is given by:

Prepared by: JAWAD K. Thajeel, Civil Eng. Dept., Coll. of Eng., University of Thiqar

2
4th Year – Civil Eng. Dept. Foundation Settlement

′At mid-depth of the clay layer: z = 3.5m;


 
 1 
  150 1  3/ 2   16.66kN / m 2
 1 / 3.5 2  1 
   

 o   av 51.82  16.66


e  C c log  0.16 log  0.0194
 o 51.82
e 0.0194
Sc  H  (5)(1000)  52.4mm
1  eo 1  0.85
3. Secondary Settlement (Creep) (Ss)
At the end of primary consolidation (after complete dissipation of pore water
pressure), some settlement is observed that is due to the plastic adjustment of
soil fabrics. This stage of consolidation is called secondary consolidation.

ep = void ratio at the end of primary consolidation stage .


t1 = time at the end of primary consolidation settlement (start secondary
consolidation settlement (.
t2 =any time after beginning secondary consolidation settlement .
the value of Cα is depend on type of clay (N.C.Clay or O.C.Clay or Organic
clay) and there is a typical values for each type. (see Table (1))
Table (1): Values of Cα for some typical soils.
Type of clay Cα
Normally consolidated clay 0.005-0.02
Plastic or organic soil ≥ 0.03
Hard clay or overconsolidated clay with O.C.R > 2 0.001 - 0.0001

Prepared by: JAWAD K. Thajeel, Civil Eng. Dept., Coll. of Eng., University of Thiqar

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