LAB MANUAL CUM RECORD NOTE BOOK

18ECC305JL

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LABORATORY

VI – Semester B.E. – Electronics and Communication Engineering

M.KUMARASAMY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)

KARUR- 639113

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 M.KUMARASAMY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)

KARUR – 639 113

CERTIFICATE

Register Number: 18BEC4152

Certified that this is the Bonafide record of work done by Selvan / Selvi

SHANMATHI M of the Sixth semester B.E. – Electronics and Communication

Engineering branch during the year 2020 - 2021 in the 18ECC305JL-Microwave Engineering

Laboratory.

Staff in-charge Head of the Department

Submitted for the End Semester Practical Examination on ………………..

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 Contents

Ex. Marks
Name of the Experiment Page No.
No.

Vision, Mission, PEO’s, PO’s and PSO’s 4

Instructions to Students 7

List of Experiments 8

1 Characteristics of Reflex Klystron Oscillator 9

2 Characteristics of Gunn diode Oscillator 13

3 Study of Power Distribution in Directional Coupler 17

Study of Power Distribution in E / H -Plane Tee, Magic

4 21
Tee

VSWR Measurements – Determination of terminated

5 25
impedance

6 Radiation Pattern of Horn antenna 29

Determination of guided wavelength, frequency

7 35
measurement

Measurement of VSWR & load impedance using

8 25
slotted line method and calculate using smith chart

9 Characteristics of Circulator and Isolator 38

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 Vision and Mission of the Institute

Vision

To emerge as a leader among the top institutions in the field of technical education.

Mission

1. Produce smart technocrats with empirical knowledge who can surmount the global challenges.

2. Create a diverse, fully-engaged, learner-centric campus environment to provide quality

education to the students.

3. Maintain mutually beneficial partnerships with our alumni, industry and professional

associations.

Vision and Mission of the Department

Vision

To empower the Electronics and Communication Engineering students with emerging

technologies, professionalism, innovative research and social responsibility.

Mission

1. Attain the academic excellence through innovative teaching learning process, research areas &

laboratories and Consultancy projects.

2. Inculcate the students in problem solving and lifelong learning ability.

3. Provide entrepreneurial skills and leadership qualities.

4. Render the technical knowledge and industrial skills of faculties.

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 Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO1:

Graduates will have a successful career in academia or industry associated with electronics and
communication engineering

PEO 2:

Graduates will provide feasible solutions for the challenging problems through comprehensive
research and innovation in the allied areas of electronics and communication engineering.

PEO 3:

Graduates will contribute to the social needs through lifelong learning, practicing professional
ethics and leadership quality

Program Outcomes (POs)

PO 1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

PO 2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO 3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and

design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

PO 4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO 5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.

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PO 6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.

PO 7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.

PO 8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of the engineering practice.

PO 9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO 10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.

PO 11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader
in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO 12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO1:

Applying knowledge in various areas, like Electronics, Communications, Signal

processing, VLSI, Embedded systems etc., in the design and implementation of Engineering
application.

PSO2:

Able to solve complex problems in Electronics and Communication Engineering with

analytical and managerial skills either independently or in team using latest hardware and software tools
to fulfil the industrial expectations.
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 Instructions to Students

1. Do not handle any equipment without reading the instructions /Instruction manuals.

2. Observe type of sockets of equipment power to avoid mechanical damage.

3. Do not insert connectors forcefully in the sockets.

4. Strictly observe the instructions given by the Teacher/ Lab Instructor.

5. After the experiment is over, the students must hand over the Bread board, Trainer kits, wires,
CRO probes and other components to the lab assistant/teacher.

6. It is mandatory to come to lab in a formal dress (Shirts, Trousers, ID card, and Shoes for
boys). Strictly no Jeans for both Girls and Boys.

7. It is mandatory to come with observation book and lab record in which previous experiment
should be written in Record and the present lab’s experiment in Observation book.

8. Observation book of the present lab experiment should be get corrected on the same day and
Record should be corrected on the next scheduled lab session.

9. Mobile Phones should be Switched OFF in the lab session.

10. Students have to come to lab in-time. Late comers are not allowed to enter the lab.

11. Prepare for the viva questions. At the end of the experiment, the lab faculty will ask the viva
questions and marks are allotted accordingly.

12. Bring all the required stationery like graph sheets, pencil & eraser, different color pens etc. for the
lab class.
13. While shorting 2 or more wires for common connections like grounding, do not twist wires.
Use shorting link on the bread board.

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 SYLLABUS

List of Experiments:

1. Characteristics of Reflex Klystron Oscillator

2. Characteristics of Gunn diode Oscillator

3. Study of Power Distribution in Directional Coupler

4. Study of Power Distribution in E / H -Plane Tee, Magic Tee

5. VSWR Measurements – Determination of terminated impedance

6. Radiation Pattern of Horn antenna

7. Determination of guided wavelength, frequency measurement

8. Measurement of VSWR & load impedance using slotted line method and calculate using smith

chart

9. Characteristics of Circulator and Isolator

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 Ex. No.1
17/02/2021 Characteristics of Reflex Klystron Oscillator

Aim: To verify the mode characteristics of Reflex Klystron Oscillator.

Apparatus Required:
1. Klystron Power Supply. 2. Reflex Klystron with waveguide mount. 3. Isolator 4. Frequency meter. 5. Detector
Mount. 6. CRO. 7. Probe. 8. Power Meter

Theory:
Reflex Klystron is a low power, low frequency, microwave oscillator. It uses only a single cavity resonator
or simply cavity resonator. The main parts are 1). Electron Gun. 2). Cavity resonator or simply, resonator. 3)
Repeller. The electron gun emits electron and pass through the cavity and gets interacted with radio frequency field.
It travels in the repeller region and the electrons bunch is formed. The repeller electrode is at a negative potential
and reflects the partially bunched electron beam to the resonator cavity. This provides a positive feedback
mechanism, which supports oscillator.

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Block diagram for the characteristics of Reflex Klystron

Klystron CRO /
power Reflex Isolator Frequency Detector Power
supply klystron meter Mount Meter

NOTE: If klystron is used it must be provided with cooling arrangement.

Tabulation

Frequency of the
Volt in Volts Relative Power
Oscillator
Output
GHz

-242 0.42 9.35

-180 1.4 9.32

-150 0.7 9.31

-135 0.5 9.33

-120 0.1 9.32

-80 0.9 9.3

-65 0.8 9.34

Expected Graph

Relative

Power

Output

Frequency Repeller voltage in volts

of

Oscillation

in GHz

Repeller voltage in volts 10

Graph:

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Procedure:

1. The connections are made as shown in the block diagram.

2. Before switching on the power supply it should be ensured that all the knobs in the supply is at minimum position.

3. The beam voltage of klystron is set at 230V (current should not exceed 20 mV).

4. The repeller voltage is varied and the corresponding frequency of oscillator is measured from frequency meter*
and the relative power output is obtained from the CRO.

5. The same procedure is repeated for different modes.

6. The graph is drawn for variation of relative power output and frequency of oscillator for various repeller voltage.

*The frequency meter should be detuned each time while measuring power.

RESULT:
Thus the mode characteristics of Reflex Klystron have been verified.

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 Ex. No.2
Characteristics of Gunn Oscillator
24/02/2021

Aim:
To verify the VI-Characteristics of Gunn Oscillator.

Apparatus Required:
1. Gunn Power supply. 2. Gunn oscillator. 3. Isolator / Attenuator. 4. Pin modulator
5. Frequency meter 6. Detector Mount 7. CRO. 8. Probe.

Theory:
Gunn diode is operated by the transferred electron mechanism. This is a semiconductor device and used as
microwave oscillator. In the transferred electron mechanism, the conduction electron of some semiconductor are
shifted from a higher state of mobility to lower state of mobility, by the influence of a strong electric field, hence the
name transferred electron devices. This results in negative conductance region in the diode. These devices are
called diodes, since they are two terminal devices. No PN junction is involved, however, Gunn effect and related
devices utilize bulk instabilities, which do not require junctions. This is useful to generate microwave energy.

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Block diagram for the study of characteristics of Gunn diode oscillator

Gunn & Gunn Isolator Pin Frequency Detector C

pin power oscillator modulator meter Mount R
supply O

Model Graph:

VI Characteristic of Gunn diode

O/P

C
U
R
R
E
N
T

in
mA
VP or VT VV

Gunn bias in volts

Tabulation:

Gunn bias Gunn

in Volts current
in mA
3.29 0.173

3.89 0.166
6.31 0.132
8.75 0.116

9.02 0.114

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Graph:

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Procedure :

V-I Characteristics:

i) Connections are made as shown in the block diagram.

ii) Before switching on the power supply it is ensured that all the knobs in the power supply is at minimum position.
iii) Keeping the meter selector knob in the Gunn voltage position, the Gunn bias is then set at 0.5 Volt.
iv)The meter selector knob is changed to current mode and the Gunn current is noted.
v) By changing the meter selector knob in the Gunn voltage position, the Gunn bias is increased to 1V and the Gunn
current is noted. The current increases with the increase in voltage.
vi) The same procedure is repeated by varying the Gunn bias voltage in steps of 0.5V till the Gunn current starts
decreasing.
vii) Readings are noted and the graph is drawn between Gunn voltage versus Gunn current. The threshold voltage
is found using the graph.

RESULT:

The V-I characteristics of Gunn diode oscillator was verified.

Threshold voltage of Gunn diode = 3.29 V

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 Ex. No.3
Study of Power Distribution in Directional Coupler
03/03/2021

Aim:
To study the characteristics of directional coupler and to calculate the insertion loss, coupling factor and
directivity.

Apparatus Required:
1. Klystron Power Supply. 2. Reflex Klystron with Wave guide mount. 3. Isolator / Attenuator. 4. Directional
coupler. 5. Detector Mount. 6. Matched termination. 7. CRO. 8. Probe.

Theory:
It is a four port microwave device. A directional coupler is a hybrid waveguide joint which couples power in
an auxiliary wave guide from main guide in one direction. Normally one port of the directional coupler is matched
terminated. There are different types of directional coupler. But the forward directional coupler is normally in use.
When the power is applied to port 1, the power is coupled to ports 2 and 3 (i.e. in the forward direction), but not in
port 4. Similarly if the power is applied to port 2 the output is obtained in ports 1 and 4 but not in 3. Same thing
applies to other ports.
Insertion (I) = 10 log (Pm /Pi)
Coupling coefficient (C) = 10 log (Pi /Pa)
Directivity ( D) = 10 log (Pa /Pa’)
Where
Pm – Relative power output from main arm in the forward direction
Pi – Relative power input to main arm (input to directional coupler)
Pa – Relative power output from auxiliary arm in the forward direction
Pa’ –– Relative power output from auxiliary arm in the reverse direction

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Block diagram to measure the relative power input to directional coupler

Klystron Reflex Isolator Detector CRO

power klystron Mount
supply

Block diagram to measure the relative power output from the directional coupler

Klystron Reflex Isolator Directional Detector CRO

power klystron coupler Mount
supply

Matched
termination

Port 3

Matched termination
Port 4

Port 2

Port 1
Before Reversing After Reversing

O/P, Pa O/P, Pa’

I/P O/P, Pm I/P

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Tabulation:
Relative power input to the directional coupler = Pi =0.23

Relative Relative power output

power
Position of Directional output
Coupler From From auxiliary From auxiliary
main arm arm before arm after
reversing reversing
Pm Pa Pa
’
Before Reversing 1.6 1.4 -

After Reversing 1.6 - 0.8

Calculation:

Insuction loss = log(Pm/Pi) = 10log(1.6/0.25) = 7.56Db

Coupling coefficient = 10log(Pi/Pa) = 10log(0.23/4) =6.9dB

Directivity coupler = 10log(Pa/Pi) = 10log(1.4/0.28) = 2.43dB

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Procedure:
1. The connections are made as shown in the block diagram 1.
2. Make the klystron to operate in the maximum point of any one of its mode, so as to get considerable amount of
output in the output device.
3. Note down this output. This is Pi. That is the relative input power to the directional coupler.(This reading is to be
taken without connecting the directional coupler)
4. Now connect the directional coupler in between the isolator and diode detector as shown in the block diagram 2
in the forward direction.
5. Take the output from main guide & note it as Pm.
6. Take the output from auxiliary Gunn and note it as Pa.
7. Now reverse the directional coupler and connect again between isolator and diode detector. Again measure the
output from the auxiliary guide and note it as Pa’.
8. Calculate the insertion loss, coupling factor & directivity of the directional coupler from the equations.

RESULT:
Thus the characteristic of a Directional Coupler was studied and its insertion loss, coupling factor and directivity were
calculated.

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 Ex. No.4 Study of Power Distribution In E/H – Plane Tee, Magic Tee
31/03/2021

Aim:
To study power distribution in different types of Tees

Apparatus required:
1. Klystron Power Supply. 2. Reflex Klystron with Wave guide mount. 3. Isolator / Attenuator 4. Pin modulator
5. Matched termination. 6. Detector Mount. 7. CRO. 8. Probe.

Theory:
Wave-guide junctions play an important role in microwave techniques. Most commonly used are E- plane,
H plane and combination of the two, i.e. hybrid or magic Tee. These junctions are used to split the line power into
two or combine the power form the two lines with proper considerations of phase. The E plane Tee is also called as
series tee, because form the equivalent circuit, side arm is in series with the two ports of the main arm. The H –
plane Tee is called as shunt tee. If the input power is given to side or auxiliary arm of H – tee, it is divide in equal
magnitude & same phase in two ports of the main arm. If the input is given to side or auxiliary arm of E – tee the
output is divided in equal magnitude and opposite phase in the ports of the main arm, if the input is given to E – arm
of the magic tee, the output is divided equal in magnitude in two ports of the main arm, but opposite in phase. There
is no output in the H – arm and vice versa.

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 Block diagram to measure the relative power input to Tees

Klystron Reflex Isolator Detector CRO

Pin Mount
power klystron modulator
supply

Block diagram to measure the relative power output from E or H-Plane Tee

Klystron Reflex Isolator Pin E or H Detector C

power klystron modulator plane Mount R
supply Tee O

Matched
termination

Block diagram to measure the relative power output from EH- Plane Tee

Matched
termination

Klystron Reflex Isolator Magic Detector C

Pin
power klystron plane Mount R
modulat
supply or Tee O

Matched
termination

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Rough sketch of E Plane, H Plane and EH Plane Tees

aux. or side arm

Port 3

Main arm Port 2

Port 2

Port 1 Port 1
Main arm aux. or side arm

Port 3

Port 3 (for i/p in H-arm) aux. or side arm

Main arm Port 2

Port 1
aux. or side arm Port 3 (for i/p in E-arm)

Tabulation :

Relative Power input to Tees = 7mv

Relative Power Output

Tees In main arm 1 In main arm 2
E – Plane 0.9*5mv = 4.5mv 0.5*5mv = 2.5mv
Tee
H – Plane 1*5mv = 5mv 0.8*5mv = 4mv
Tee
Relative Power Output
Magic Tee
In arm 1 In arm 2 In arm 3
E – arm 0.4*5mv = 2mv - 1.2*5mv = 6mv
H – arm 0.4*5mv = 2mv 1.4*5mv = 7mv -

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Procedure:

1. The connections are given as shown in block diagram 1.

2. The Gunn diode is set to oscillate in the negative resistance region (that is slightly above the threshold
voltage.
3. The output is noted from the CRO. It is taken as relative power input to Tees.
4. Now connect H – plane tee, as shown in block diagram 2. Give the input to sidearm.
5. Note down the output in any one main arm by matched terminating the other. Note down this value
(output power is noted).
6. Now find the output from the other main arm by matched terminating the previous arm and note down
this value.
7. Repeat the same procedure from 4 to 6 by just replacing the H – plane Tee by E – plane Tee.
8. Now connect the EH – plane Tee. First give the input to H – arm of EH – Tee and matched terminate
any two ports and note down the output from remaining port (output power is noted).
9. Without changing the input port change the matched termination and diode detector in such a way that
the output can be measured in other two ports.
10. The same procedure from 8 to 9 is repeated by giving the input to E – arm of EH –Tee, and the output
powers are tabulated.

RESULT:

Thus the distributions of the power in the various types of tees were successfully verified.

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 Ex. No.5,8 Measurement of VSWR of an unknown load and its Impedance
07/04/2021

Aim:
To measure the VSWR of an unknown load and determine its impedance using a smith chart.

Apparatus required:
1. Klystron Power Supply. 2. Reflex Klystron with waveguide mount. 3. Isolator / Attenuator.
4. VSWR meter. 5. Diode detector. 6. Slotted line section. 7. Movable short. 8. Unknown load.
9. CRO. 10. Probe

Theory:
The impedance of a load consists of two components, one the resistance part which absorbs power, another
the reactive part which does not absorbs the power. If the waveguide has a characteristic impedance of Z 0 and an
unknown impedance is Zx then the reflection co – efficient is given by
 = (Zx – Z0) / (Zx + Z0)
or
I  I = (VSWR – 1) / (VSWR + 1)

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Block diagram to measure the VSWR and Impedance of the unknown load
CRO

Klystron Reflex Isolator Slotted Movable

power klystron Line slot
supply section

VSWR
Meter

Tabulation :

VSWR d1 in cm d2 in cm d3 in cm λg = 2 (d2 ~ d3) S = d1/ λg

1.8 8.8 11 13.3 4.6 1.80

Normalized impedance from Smith chart = Z = ----0.024+j0.013-----

Actual impedance = The Normalized impedance x Characteristic impedance
= (0.024+j0.013)x 50 ohm
= 1.2+j0.6

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Graph:

27
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in the block diagram
2. Klystron is fired to oscillate in any one of its mode to get maximum output in the CRO.
3. Connect the unknown load after the slotted line section and by adjusting the probe penetration, position
of probe, repeller voltage for maximum output in the CRO.
4. Now replace CRO by VSWR meter at 30 or 40 db position and by varying the gain control of VSWR
meter or variable attenuator, find maximum deflection that is zero db or ‘1’ of SWR scale.
5. Move the probe of slotted line section to get first minimum position in the CRO and note it down as d 1.
Keeping at this position connect VSWR meter and find VSWR value of the unknown load and note it
down.
6. To find the impedance replace the unknown load by movable short and find the next minimum point and
note it down as d2.
7. Find the consecutive minimum and note it down on d3, the difference between d2 and d3 will give g. [g
= 2 (d2 ~ d3)]
8. A Smith chart is taken and a circle is drawn for the radius of VSWR value, by keeping ‘1’ as center.
9. Then find S from the equation S = d1 / g and find the point on smith chart for S, towards the load, join
this point and center point of the smith chart “1”.
10. Now this line will intersect the circle at one point.
11. From this intersection point the impedance (reactance and resistance) can be found with the
characteristic impedance.
12. The actual impedance of the load can be found by multiplying the
normalized impedance with the characteristic impedance.

RESULT:
Thus the VSWR and the impedance of the unknown load were found.

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 Ex. No.6 Gain and Radiation pattern of Horn Antenna
21/04/2021

Aim:
To find the gain of the horn antenna and to draw the H – plane radiation pattern of the horn antenna.

Apparatus required:
1. Klystron Power Supply. 2. Reflex Klystron with waveguide mount. 3. Isolator / Attenuator. 4.
Frequency meter. 5. Detector Mount. 6. Horn antenna two numbers 7. CRO. 8. Probe

Theory:
In microwave communication, the transmission and reception of microwave power to and from space is a
primary necessity. The process is effected by an impedance transformer between the space and source, known as
antenna. The basic characteristics of an antenna are expressed in terms of Radiation pattern, gain, directivity and
bandwidth. Horn antenna is a one formed by tapping or flaring out one end of the transmission line in such a manner
that fields of the propagating EM wave expand and making mismatch between guide and free space a minimum. It
is called antenna and it is having shapes like horns, hence it is called as horn antenna. There are different shapes
of horn antenna is possible. The radiation pattern is a field around the antenna in the space around it. It is a
distribution of the field strength or power intensity as a function of angle at a constant distance from the antenna.
The gain is the ratio of the maximum radiation intensity of a antenna with the same power input.
Formula:
Pr/Pt = g202/4 (rmin)2

g =  ( Pr/Pt) * 4 (rmin) / 0

Where g = Gain of the horn antenna

Pt = Relative power transmitted
Pr = Relative power received
0 = wave length of the signal = c / fo
dmin = Minimum distance between transmitter and
receiver antenna (cm) = 2d2/0
d = diagonal length of the horn antenna (cm)
(Maximum dimension of the horn antenna)
f0 = transmitted frequency (GHz)
c = Velocity of light, 3x108 m/s

29
 Block diagram (1) to measure the relative power input to Horn antenna or transmitted power and frequency

Klystron Reflex Isolator Frequency Detect

power klystron meter or CRO
Mount
supply

Block diagram (2) to measure the relative power Received

Rxer Horn
Txer Horn
Klystron Reflex Isolator Frequency
power klystron meter
supply
Rmin
Detector
CRO Mount

Block diagram (3) to measure the relative power Received at various angles to draw the radiation pattern of
the Horn
900

Txer Horn
Frequency Diode
meter detector CRO

900

30
Procedure:
Gain measurement
1. Connections are given as shown in the block diagram 1.
2. Klystron is fired to any one of its modes to get maximum output in the CRO. This is the relative power input
to horn antenna or the power to be transmitted Pt.
3. Tune the frequency meter to get the dip in the CRO. The reading is noted down from the frequency meter.
It is the frequency to be transmitted. Calculate 0 from f0 that is 0 = c/f0.
4. From the diagonal length (d) of the horn antenna rmin is calculated using the formula rmin = 2d2/0.
5. Then the horn antenna of transmitter and receiver are connected as in block diagram 2 with the distance
between the antennas is equal to rmin.
6. Note down the received power from the CRO by keeping the receiving antenna looking exactly the
transmitting antenna. This is Pr.
7. Calculate the gain by substituting Pr, Pt, rmin ,0 in the equation of gain.

Radiation pattern:

1. With the same arrangement of block diagram 2, rotate the receiver horn antenna ( as in block diagram
3 ) horizontally in the left and right side for 900 in steps of 100 and note down the received power form
the CRO. Draw the graph in polar plot. That will give you the H – plane radiation pattern of a horn
antenna.
2. E – plane pattern can also be obtained by varying the receiver antenna vertically, up and down for 90 0
in steps of 100 and drawing it in polar plot.
3. Half power beam width or beam width () can be obtained by finding –3dB value (from max point) and
joining it to origin.

31
 Maximum value
Ha lf power beam width
- 3 dB value

Tabulation:

Gain =10 log

Direction Angle Output Voltage
(V0/Vin) in
db
0 2.5 6.197
Centre

10 2 5.228

Clockwise direction 20 1.6 4.25

30 1 2.218
350 2 5.228

Anti-clockwise 340 1.6 4.25

direction 330 1 2.21

32
Graph:

33
RESULT:
Thus the gain of the horn antenna is found and the radiation pattern of the antenna is drawn.

34
 Ex. No.7
Measurement of guided Wavelength, Frequency
05/05/2021

Aim:
To measure the frequency and wavelength of microwave oscillator and to demonstrate the relationship
between frequency, guide wavelength and frequency space wavelength

Apparatus Requirement:
1. Klystron Power Supply. 2. Reflex Klystron with waveguide mount. 3. Isolator / Attenuator. 4. Pin
modulator 5. Frequency meter. 6. Slotted line section. 7. Detector Mount. 8. CRO. 9. Probe.

Theory:
For the dominant mode (TE10) in wave guide 0, c, g are related by
1/0= 1/2g + 1/2c ,

Where c – cut off wavelength`, g – guide wavelength, 0 = c/f0, c = 2a ,

g = 2 (d1 d2),

Where C – velocity of light, f0 = frequency of oscillation, a – width of the waveguide,

d1 = first minimum, d2 = second minimum.

35
Block diagram for the measurement of frequency and wavelength

Klystron Reflex
Power Isolator Pin Freq. Slotted Movable
Klystron meter
Supply modulat line short
or section

CRO
Tabulation:

λc = 2 a a = 2.3 cm Therefore, λc = 4.6 cm

Freq. of Position λ0’= λgλc

oscillation of λ0 = λg = 2 (d1~ √(λg2+ f0’=c/
in GHz minima
d1 d2 c/f0 in cm d2) in cm λc2) λ0’ in
in in
cm cm cm
in cm

9.24 9 11.2 0.032 4.4 3.18 9.37GHZ

Calculation:

λg = 2 (d1~ d2)

= 2(11.2-9) = 2(2.2) = 4.4

λg’= λgλc/√(λg2+ λc2) = 4.4*4.6/√(4.4)^2+(4.6)^2 = 3.17

f0’=c/ λ0 = 3*10^2/0.032 = 9.37GHZ

36
Procedure :

1. The connections are made as shown in block diagram.

2. The Gunn diode is operated in the negative resistance region. That is slightly above the threshold
voltage.
3. Then the frequency meter is tuned to get a dip in the CRO and the reading from frequency meter is
noted as f0. The frequency meter is detuned after the reading is taken down.
4. The position of the slotted line section is varied to get the minimum point (zero output in the CRO). The
position of the tunable probe is noted for the scale provided in the slotted line section as “d1”.
5. The tunable probe is moved in the same direction as above and the very next minima is found and noted
as “d2”.
6. Note that two consecutive minima readings should be taken.
7. From these reading 0, g, 0’ and f0’ can be calculated using the equation.
8. The same procedure form 3 to 5 can be repeated for various values of frequencies of oscillation.

RESULT:

Thus frequency and wavelength of the microwave oscillator is measured and the relationship between frequency,
guide wavelength and free space wavelength is measured.

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 Ex. No.9
Characteristics of Circulator and Isolator
12/05/2021

AIM:
To study the isolator and circulator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Microwave source 2.Isolators, 3.Circulators 4.frequency Meter, Variable Attenuator, Slotted Line,
Tunable Probe, Detector Mount, VSWR Meter, Test Isolation, Circulation and Accessories..

THEORY:
ISOLATOR :
An Isolator is a two-port device that transfers energy from input to output with little attenuation and
from output to input with very high attenuation
CIRCULATOR:
The Circulator is defined as a device with ports arranged such that energy entering a port is coupled to
an adjacent port but not coupled to another port. Refer to the fig. A wave incident on port 1 is coupled to
port 2 only, a wave incident at port 2 is coupled port 3 only and so on. Following are the Basic parameter
of Isolator and Circulator for study
A. Insertion Loss

The ratio of power supplied by a source to the input port to the power detected by a detector in the
coupling arm, i.e. output arm with other port terminated in the matched load is defined as Insertion
Loss or forward loss

B. Isolation
It is the ratio of power fed to the Input arm to the power detected at not coupled port with other
port terminated in the matched load.

C. Input VSWR

The input VSWR of an Isolator or circulator is the ratio of voltage maximum to voltage minimum
of the standing wave existing on line when one port of it terminates the line and other have matched
termination.

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Isolator:
Tabulation

Input Output
port port

p1=1v p2=1v

p1=0.1*1.4v
p2=1v =0.14v

Circulator:

Tabulation

Input port Output port Terminated port

p1=1v p2=1v p3

p3=0.08v p2

p2=1v p1=0.140v p3

p3=1v p1

p3=1v p1=1v p2

p2=0.04v p1

Calculation:

Isolator

Insertion loss = 20log10(v1/v2)

= 20log10(1/1) = 0dB

Isolation = 20log10(v2/v1) = 20log10(1/0.140) = 17.07dB

Circulator

Insertion loss = 20log(v1/v2) or 20log(v2/v3) or 20log(v3/v1) = 20log10(1/1) = 0dB

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 Isolation = 20log(v2/v1) or 20log(v3/v2) or 20log(v1/v3)
= 20log10(1/0.14) or 20log(1/0.04) or 20log(1/0.08)
=17.07dB or 27.95dB or 21.93dB

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig.1. Measurement of VSWR of Isolator or Circulator

Fig.2. Setup for Measurement Loss & Isolation of Isolator & Circulator

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Procedure:
A. Input VSWR Measurement
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in the fig with input port of Isolator or Circulator
towards slotted line and matched load on the port of it.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency.
3. With the help of slotted line, probe and VSWR meter. Find the SWR of the isolator or circulator as
described for low and medium SWR measurement.
4. The above procedure can be repeated for the other ports or for the other frequencies.
B. Measurement of Insertion Loss and Isolation
1. Remove the probe and isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect to the detector mount to
the slotted section. The output of the detector mount should be connected to VSWR meter.
2. Energize the microwave source for maximum output for particular frequency of operation. Tune
the detector mount for maximum in the VSWR meter.
3. Set any reference level of power in VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator and gain
control knob of VSWR meter. Let it be P1.
4. Carefully remove the detector mount from the slotted without disturbing the set up. Insert the
Isolator/Circulator between slotted line and detector mount. Keeping input port to slotted line and
detector at its output port. A matched termination should be placed a third port in the case of
circulator.
5. Record the reading in the VSWR meter. If necessary change db range switch to high or lower
position and taking 10db change for one step change of switch position. Let it be P2.
6. Compute insertion loss on P1-P2 in db.
7. For measurement of Isolation, the Isolation or Circulator has to be connected in reverse i.e. output
port to slotted line detector to input port with another port terminated by matched termination (in
case circulator) after setting a reference level without isolator or circulator in the set up as described
in insertion loss measurement. Let same P1 level is set.
8. Record the reading of VSWR meter insert the isolator or circulator as given in step 7. Let it be P3.
9. Compute Isolation as P1-P3 in db.
10. The same experiment can be done for other ports of circulator.
11. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies if required.

RESULT :

Thus the loss and isolation of isolator and circulator was measured.

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