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Lecture Slide SDS

The document discusses space-division switching techniques for circuit switching networks. It describes crossbar switches and their limitations, including costly scaling and inefficient utilization. To address these issues, the document introduces multistage space-division switches, which reduce the number of required crosspoints by splitting the switch into smaller stages connected in series. However, multistage switches can experience internal blocking and require more complex control.

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yohannes Nakachew Zewodie
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© © All Rights Reserved
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58 views16 pages

Lecture Slide SDS

The document discusses space-division switching techniques for circuit switching networks. It describes crossbar switches and their limitations, including costly scaling and inefficient utilization. To address these issues, the document introduces multistage space-division switches, which reduce the number of required crosspoints by splitting the switch into smaller stages connected in series. However, multistage switches can experience internal blocking and require more complex control.

Uploaded by

yohannes Nakachew Zewodie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Switching and Intelligent

Networks
Space-Division Switching
AAU, AAiT
3 May, 2017
Addis Ababa University
Semister 1, 2016/17

5th year, Communication Stream


Semester II, 2016/17 1
Space-Division Switching
 Circuit switching uses 3 technologies:
 Space-division switches,
 Time-division switches or
 Combination of both.

 Space-Division Switch
 Crossbar
 Multi-stage

Addis Ababa University


Semister 1, 2016/17

5th year, Communication Stream


Semester II, 2016/17 2
Space-Division Switching
 Crossbar Switch
 Metallic crosspoint or semiconductor gate
 Enabled or disabled by a control unit

Addis Ababa University


Semister 1, 2016/17

5th year, Communication Stream


Semester II, 2016/17 3
Crossbar Switch
 Each crosspoint has 2 states:
 Bar State
 Cross State

Bar State Cross State

Addis Ababa University


Semister 1, 2016/17

5th year, Communication Stream


Semester II, 2016/17 4
Space Division Switches

Addis Ababa University


Semister 1, 2016/17

5th year, Communication Stream


Semester II, 2016/17 5
Space-Division Switch
 A basic switch matrix at a typical instant in time

Outgoing
Circuits

Incoming
Circuits Inactive switch crosspoint
Active switch crosspoint

Addis Ababa University


Semister 1, 2016/17

5th year, Communication Stream


Semester II, 2016/17 6
Space-Division Switch
 The same switch matrix a few moments later

Outgoing
Circuits

Incoming
Circuits
Inactive switch crosspoint
Active switch crosspoint

Addis Ababa University


Semister 1, 2016/17

5th year, Communication Stream


Semester II, 2016/17 7
Two-/Four-Wire Switches

Addis Ababa University


Semister 1, 2016/17

5th year, Communication Stream


Semester II, 2016/17 8
Four-Wire Switches
 Switching a four-wire connection
Rx
Circuit 5
Tx

Transmit P - wires
(Tx) pair
Circuit A
Receive
(Rx) pair
P - wires
Crosspoints
Addis Ababa University
connected in
Semister 1, 2016/17 unison

5th year, Communication Stream


Semester II, 2016/17 9
Two-/Four-Wire Switches

Addis Ababa University


Semister 1, 2016/17

5th year, Communication Stream


Semester II, 2016/17 10
Improving Utilization: Folding

Addis Ababa University


Semister 1, 2016/17

5th year, Communication Stream


Semester II, 2016/17 11
Crossbar Switches - Limitations
 Limitations
 The number of crosspoints grows with the square of the number of attached
stations.

 Costly for a large switch.


 The failure of a crosspoint prevents connection between the two devices whose
lines intersect at that crosspoint.

 The crosspoints are inefficiently utilized.


 Only a small fraction of crosspoints are engaged even if all of the attached devices
are active.

Addis Ababa University


Semister 1, 2016/17

5th year, Communication Stream


Semester II, 2016/17 12
Multistage crossbar
 How can we solve problems in crossbar switching ?
 use multistage space division switches

 In a crossbar, during each switching time, only one crosspoint per row or
column is active.

 How can we save crosspoints?


 Attach a crosspoint to more than one input line.

 This can be done in a multistage crossbar.


 By splitting the crossbar switch into smaller units and interconnecting them, it is
possible to build multistage switches with fewer crosspoints.

Addis Ababa University


Semister 1, 2016/17

5th year, Communication Stream


Semester II, 2016/17 13
Multistage crossbar

A three-stage space division switch

 The number of crosspoints needed goes down from 64 to 40.

 Addis Ababa
There is more than one path University
through the network to connect two endpoints,
Semister 1, 2016/17
 increases reliability

 Multistage switches may lead to blocking

5th year, Communication Stream


Semester II, 2016/17 14
Multistage crossbar

Blocking nature of the switch

 The blocking feature illustrated: after setting up connections for 1-to-3 and 2-to-4,
the switch cannot establish connections for 3-to-6 and 4-to-5.

 The blocking problemAddis


canAbaba tackled by increasing the number or size of the
be University
Semister 1, 2016/17
intermediate switches,
 increases the cost.

5th year, Communication Stream


Semester II, 2016/17 15
Multistage crossbar
 Advantage:
 Reduction of crosspoints(Number of crosspoints < N2)
 Try to make usage of crosspoints “more efficient”
 Use one crosspoint for several internal paths

 Robustness: Have several path for one input / output pair

 Issues
 Can suffer internal blocking unless sufficient number of second-level stages
 Finding a path from input to output requires a depth-first-search
 Scales better than crossbar, but still not too well
Addis Ababa University
 Tradeoff: Increased control
Semister complexity
1, 2016/17

 At minimum three stages necessary to avoid internal blocking

5th year, Communication Stream


Semester II, 2016/17 16

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