JUST REMEMBER.....

THOSE THINGS
BASIC MATHS FOR STUDENTS APPEARING FOR SSLC EXAM 2022

GOPIKRISHNAN.VK
HST MATHS
GHS MUDAPPALLUR
PH: 9847992778
 MASTERING BASIC CONCEPTS
BASIC MATHEMATICS FOR SSLC 2022
Arithmetics
Number system:
● One method of measuring a set of things is counting them. Counting numbers are used for
that purpose. 1,2,3,4,.........are called natural numbers or counting numbers.
● 0 is used when there are no object to count. Including 0 the new set of numbers
0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4,..... are called Whole numbers.
● Negative numbers. We know that 1+2 = 3. What about 1-2 ? Normally it seems impossible
to subtract a bigger number from smaller one. For that we use a symbol called negative
symbol (-) . Using it we write 1 – 2 = -1 . It means there will be a shortage of 1 when we try
to subtract 2 from 1. These -ve numbers are numbers whose value is less than 0.
Eg: 0-1 = -1 , 0-2 = -2 , 0-3 = -3 , 0 – ½ = - ½
● Natural numbers , their negatives , and 0 together is called Integers.
Eg: . . . . - 4 , -3 , -2 , -1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . .

● Fractions: When an object is divided into equal

parts , we use fractions to count one part of it. A
fraction is the count of “part of a full”. For example
when an apple is divided in to two equal parts , one
part is called half an apple . It is represented by the
fraction ½ . More example for fractions : ¾ , ⅔
1
● In the fraction , 1 is called numerator and 2 is
2
called denominator.
● In a fraction normally the numerator is less than the denominator. It is a number between 0
and 1.

p
● Rational numbers: Numbers of the form , q≠0 are called rational
q
numbers.

3 7
Eg: ,
5 2

● Decimal forms : Fractions with denominator a power of 10 can be represented in a way

called decimal forms . For example

1 3 2 123 123
=0.1 , =0.03 , =0.002 , =12.3 , =1.23
10 100 1000 10 100

Factors and prime numbers:

● The factor of a natural number is a natural number , by which the former can be divided
without a remainder. For example Factors of 6 are 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 .

● In other words if a natural number can be written as a product of two other natural
numbers , then they are called factors. Eg: 6 = 2x3 , 6 = 1x6 . Hence 1 , 6 , 2 , 3 are
factors of 6

● If a natural number has only two factors , say , 1 and the number itself , then it is called a
prime number. For example 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 29 are the first 10 prime
numbers.

GOPIKRISHNAN.VK , GHS MUDAPPALLUR

 MASTERING BASIC CONCEPTS
BASIC MATHEMATICS FOR SSLC 2022

Basic arithmetic operations :

● There are 4 basic operations with numbers , Addition , Subtraction , Multiplication ,
Division.
● Two numbers with same sign can be added to get a number of same sign.
3+4 = 7 -3 + -4 = -7
● when we add two numbers of opposite sign just subtract and put the sign of bigger number
-3+4 = +1
Just try these
● when ever a bigger number is subtracted from smaller , subtract
1. 5+2 =
smaller from bigger and put a negative sign.
2. 5-2 =
3 – 4 = -1 3. 2-5 =
4. -2 -5 =
● negative of a negative number is positive(+)
5. -5+2 =
- (-1) = +1 6. -2+2 =

● When two numbers of same sign is multiplied , the product is always positive

2 x 3 = 6 , -2 x -3 = 6

● When two numbers of different signs are multiplied , multiply and put negative sign.

2 x -3 = - 6 , -2 x 3 = -6

● When we divide two numbers , the rule of sign is same as multiplication.

6 / 3 =2 , -6 / -3 = 2 6 / -3 = - 2 , -6 / 3 = -2

Multiplication and division of decimal forms :

Mulitiplication by 10 moves the decimal point one place right.

Division by 10 moves the decimal point one place left.

12.34 x 10 = 123.4 , 12.34 x 100 = 1234 , 12.34 x 1000 = 12340 , 12.34 x 10000 = 123400

12.34 / 10 = 1.234 , 12.34 / 100 = 0.1234 , 12.34 / 1000 = 0.01234 , 12.34 / 10000 = 0.001234

1.2 x 34 = 44.2 , 1.2 x 3.4 = 4.42 , 1.2 x 0.34 = 0.442 , 0.12 x 0.34 = 0.0422

1.2 / 3 = 0.4 , 0.12 / 3 = 0.04 , 12 / 0.3 = 120 / 3 = 40 , 1.2 / 0.3 = 12 / 3 = 4

Just try these
1) 0.56 x 1000
2) 5.6/100
3) 4.8 / 8
4) 4.8 / 1.6
5) 4.8 / 0.12
6) .01 / .001

GOPIKRISHNAN.VK , GHS MUDAPPALLUR

 MASTERING BASIC CONCEPTS
BASIC MATHEMATICS FOR SSLC 2022
More about fractions:

Equal fractions
If we multiply the numerator and denominator of a fraction by a same number
we get an equal fraction
2 2 x2 4 2 2 x 5 10
Eg: = = = =
3 3 x2 6 3 3 x 5 15
An interesting property
a c 2 4
If = , thenad=bc Eg: = , 2x6 =12 , 4x3 = 12
b d 3 6
We may use this to compare fractions. .
2 3
Eg: Are the fractions , equal ? Or else which one is bigger ?
3 4
●
Ansവ്യത്യസ്ഥ
: a x d =ചേ 2 ദമുള്ള
x 4 = ഭിന്നങ്ങളെ
8 , b x c =കൂട്ടുകചേ
3 x 3 = ോ9 കുറക്കുകചേ ോ ളെequal.
they are not യ്യുന്നതിന് 8 < 9 3 isഅവയുളെ
Sinceമുന്‍പ് bigger
4

Addition and Subtraction: To add or subtract two fractions ,

a b a+ b their denominators should be same a b a−b
+ = − =
c c c c c c

3 1 4 3 1 2
Eg: + = − =
5 5 5 5 5 5

4 1 8 3 11
Eg: + = + = (Here both the denominators are made 12)
6 4 12 12 12

a c ad +bc Direct method for addition and subtraction

a c ad−bc
+ = (Here both the denominators are made bd) − =
b d bd b d bd

Eg: 4 1 4 x 4+1 x 6 22 11 3 2 3 x 5−4 x 2 7

+ = = = − = =
6 4 6x4 24 12 4 5 4x5 20

To multiply two fractions , it is enough to multiply a c ac

the numerators and denominators separately. × =
b d bd

2 4 8
Eg: × =
3 5 15

To divide a fraction by another fraction , it is enough to multiply the first fraction with the
reciprocal of second.
a c a d ad Reciprocal of c / d is d / c
÷ = × =
b d b c bc

2 4 2 5 10
Eg: ÷ = × =
3 5 3 4 12

GOPIKRISHNAN.VK , GHS MUDAPPALLUR

 MASTERING BASIC CONCEPTS
BASIC MATHEMATICS FOR SSLC 2022
Just try these :
24 36
1. , Are they equal ?
36 54

13 12
2. , Which is the smallest of these ?
25 26

3 5 5 3 3
3. Find the sums: a) + b) + c) +7
8 8 8 4 5

7 5 11 8 3
4. Find these differences : a) − b) − c) 6−
13 13 17 15 5

3 2 6
5. Find these products : a) × b) ×4
5 7 8

3 2 6 1
6. Divide as directed a) ÷ b) ÷4 c) 3÷
5 7 8 3

2
7. Find the half , double , and square of the fraction.
3

2 2 1
8. What is the final result ? 3×( ) −2× −1
3 6

Squares and square roots

2
We know that 3 = 3x3 = 9. Here 9 is called the square of 3. The first 10 perfect squares are
12 , 22 , 32 ,, 42 , 52 , 62 , 72 , 82 , 92 , 102 they are 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 , 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 , 100.

Square of 5 = 25 means square root of 25 = 5

Symbolically writing we see , 52 =25 and √25 = 5
Note : we have (-5)2 = 25. Hence we may write √25 = 5 and -5

Only the square roots of perfect squares are integers. For example , 4 is a perfect square , as a
result , √4 = 2 and -2 are integers. But 2 is not a perfect square. Hence √2 is not an integer.
Actually it is an irrational number( A number which can’t be written in the fractional form)
Similarly √2 , √3 , √5 , √6 , √7 , √8 , √10 . . . etc are irrational numbers.

Negative numbers doesn’t have a square root . Hence √-4 is not possible

Multiplication and Division

● Multiplication and Division can be done directly

.
√a = a
√ a× √ b=√ ab
√b b √
Eg: √ 6× √ 2= √ 12 √6 = √3
√2
GOPIKRISHNAN.VK , GHS MUDAPPALLUR
 MASTERING BASIC CONCEPTS
BASIC MATHEMATICS FOR SSLC 2022
Addition and Subtraction :

● Addition and subtraction can't be done directly.

√ a+ √ b≠√ a+b Eg: √ a− √b≠√ a−b

√ 6+ √ 2≠√ 8 Eg: √ 6− √2≠ √ 4

How to add and subtract ?

√8 = √(4x2) = √4 x √2 = 2x√2 = 2√2 , √18 = √(9x2) = √9 x √2 = 3√2

√8 + √18 = 2√2 +3√2 = 5√2

√18 - √8 = 3√2 - 2 √2 = √2

How to Multiply and Divide ?

√18 x √8 = √(18x8) = √144 = 12

3√2 x 2 √2 = 3 x 2 x √2 x √2 = 6 x 2 = 12

√18 / √8 = √(18/8) = √(9/4) = 3/2

√ 18 = 18 = 9 = 3 6 6×√ 2 6 √ 2
√8 √ √
8 4 2
= =
√ 2 √ 2×√ 2 2
=3 √ 2

Just try these :

1. √48 + √12

2. √48 - √12

3. √48 x √12

4. √48 / √12

5 . (√3)2

6. 2√3 x 3√2 x √6

7. 6 / √3

8. What is the length of one side of a square of area 8cm2 ?. What is the length of its diagonal ?

9. Find the perimeter of a square of diagonal 6cm.

10. Which of the following numbers is bigger ? 5√2 , 4√3 ?

GOPIKRISHNAN.VK , GHS MUDAPPALLUR

 MASTERING BASIC CONCEPTS
BASIC MATHEMATICS FOR SSLC 2022
Ratios :
● We know that in the construction of a house , sand and cement are used. They are mixed in
specific quantities. For example to plaster the wall let us assume that sand and cement are
mixed in the order 5 for 1. It means that for 5 cup of sand , 1 cup of cement is added.

● To express these type of relations we use the concept of ratios. According to it we write
Sand : cement = 5 : 1. It is read as 5 is to 1.

Sand : Cement = 5:1 means , Sand = 5/6 part , and Cement = 1/6 part of the total

● It also mean that what ever be the quantity of cement , quantity of sand will be 5 times of it.
If quantity of cement is x , that of sand will be 5x.

Sand : Cement = 5 : 1 means Sand = 5x , Cement = x

Generally if a : b = 2:3 , then we can write a = 2x , and b = 3x

● It is clear that 5cup sand need 1cup cement means 10cup sand needs 2 cup cement , 15cup
sand needs 3cup cement. In other words when we multiply the ratio by a number, the
concept doesn't change. Hence 5 :1 = 10 : 2 = 15 : 3 , all are equal ratios. Similar is the
case when we divide.

3:2 = 6:4 = 9:6 = ........= 3k:2k

Eg: Assume that to plaster the wall of a house sand and cement are taken in the ratio 7 : 2.
In all 63 packet were used. How many packets of sand and cement were used ?
7 2
Method 1: Sand : Cement = 7 : 2 , then sand = ×63=49 packets. Cement = ×63=14
9 9

Method 2: Sand = 7x , cement = 2x , Total = 9x , Hence 9x = 63 , x = 7.

Hence Sand = 7x = 49 packets , cement = 2x = 14 packets.

Special relation : If x : y = 2 : 3 then

x 2 x y
= = 3 x=2 y
y 3 2 3

Just try these :

1. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4 . Find those measures.

2. If 24 : y = 3 : 5 , What is the value of y ?

3. If 4x = 5y , what is x : y ?

4. Are the ratios 24 : 36 and 50 : 150 same ?

GOPIKRISHNAN.VK , GHS MUDAPPALLUR

 MASTERING BASIC CONCEPTS
BASIC MATHEMATICS FOR SSLC 2022
Algebra
Algebraic expressions :
Observe the following situations in day to day life.

1) When 3 is added with twice of a number we get 7.

2) When two consecutive odd numbers where multiplied we get 15
3) When the sides of a square is increased by 2 , Its area becomes 25 cm2.
4) 2 pen and 3 pencils cost Rs. 20
● All these are verbal statements . They can be converted in to algebraic expressions using
variables( a,b,c,d,........z) and mathematical symbols as follows.

1) 2x+3 = 7 (x is that number )

2)y(y+2) = 15 (Let y be the first of those numbers , then y+2 is the next )
3) (a+2)2 = 25 (Let a be the length of the side of the square)
4) 2p+3q = 20 (Let p be the cost of one pen , q be the cost of one pencil)
● Since these contain the equality symbol (=) we can call them equations.

Solutions of Equations:
● The value assumed by the variable of an equation is called its solution , if it satisfy the
equation.
● For example y(y+2) = 15 has a solution y=3 , because 3(3+2) = 3x5 = 15.
But x = 3 is not a solution of 2x+3 = 7 , because 2x3+3 = 9

Basic operations and solutions of simple equations :

Consider the equations involving the 4 arithmetic operations ( + , - , × , ÷ ) and their solutions.
Method of inverse operations are used here to find the solutions.
( The inverse operation of , addition is subtraction , subtraction is addition , multiplication is
division and that of division is multiplication)

Operation Inverse operation

1) x+2 = 6 x=6-2=4 x−3 2
=
x +6 5
2) x – 2 = 6 , x=6+2=8 According to equal fractions

3) 2x = 6 x=6/2=3 5(x-3) = 2(x+6)

4) x / 2 = 3 x=3x2=6 5x – 15 = 2x + 12

5x – 2x = 12 + 15
x2 = 9 gives x = √9 = 3 3x = 27
√x = 3 gives x = 32 = 9 x=9

When 4 is added to a natural number and squared , we get 225 . What is that number ?

Ans: (x+4)2 = 225 gives x+4 = √225 = 15 gives x = 15 – 4 = 11.

GOPIKRISHNAN.VK , GHS MUDAPPALLUR

 MASTERING BASIC CONCEPTS
BASIC MATHEMATICS FOR SSLC 2022
Pairs of equations and their solutions:
A number is 3 more than the other. Sum of the first number and twice the
first gives 12. This idea can be converted to two equations. Solving this
pair of equations we can find the two numbers.

● Assume that the numbers are x, y . According to above , y = x+3

we get two equations y = x+3 , x + 2y = 12. x+2y = 12
● From first we have y = x+3. Hence x+3 can be used in place x + 2(x+3) = 12
of y in the second equation. x + 2x + 6 = 12
● Solving this we get the value of x. 3x + 6 = 12
● Substituting the value of x in the second equation , we get 3x = 12 – 6 = 6
the value of y also. x = 6 /3 = 2
y = x+3 = 2+3 = 5

The sum of two numbers is 13 , their difference is 7. Form a pair of equations and solve.

x + y = 13
● Let the numbers be x , y. Hence we get two equations x-y = 7
x + y = 13 , x-y = 7. ____________
● Adding the equations term by term , we see that the y variable 2x +0 = 20
gets cancelled. Hence the value of x can be easily found. x = 10
● Substituting the value of x in any one of the two equations , x+y = 13
we get the value of y also. 10 + y = 13
y = 13 -10 = 3

2 tables and 3 chairs cost Rs. 3500. 1 table and 2 chair cost Rs. 2000. Find the cost of each one.

● Converting them as equations , we get 2(x+2y=2000)

2x+3y = 3500 , x+2y = 2000 . 2x + 4y = 4000
● Multiply the second equation by 2 and subtract first equation. Hence subtracting
This eliminates x term and gives the value of y variable. 2x+4y = 4000
● Substituting the value of y in any of these equations gives 2x+3y = 3500
the value of x also. ____________
● We can eliminate the y variable also. This can be done by y = 500
multiplying the first equation by 2 and the second equation 2x+4(500) = 4000
by 3 and subtracting the two equations term by term. 2x = 4000 – 2000 = 2000
● Try to do it. x = 1000
Identities : Equations which are true for all values of its variables

3(x+5) = 3x + 15
a(b+c) = ab+ac
(x+2)(y+3) = xy + 3x + 2y + 6
(a+b)(c+d) = ac+ad+bc+bd
(x+2)(y-3) = xy - 3x + 2y - 6
(a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(x+3)2 = x2 + 6x + 9
(a-b) = a – 2ab + b
2 2 2

(x-3)2 = x2 - 6x + 9
(a+b)(a-b) = a - b
2 2

(x+3)(x-3) = x2 - 9

GOPIKRISHNAN.VK , GHS MUDAPPALLUR

 MASTERING BASIC CONCEPTS
BASIC MATHEMATICS FOR SSLC 2022
Polynomials : Algebraic expressions that contain variables and coefficients. Variables
should have only natural number as their exponents(powers) . Eg: x3 + 2x2 - 3x+1
Consider the polynomial p(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 - x+5

● It contains 4 terms namely 2x3 , 3x2 , -x , +5 . The last term is called Constant term
● Exponents of the variables in each terms are called the degree of
those terms. Hence the degrees of the first 3 terms are 3 , 2 , 1
( constant term has degree 0) Term = axb
● The degree of a polynomial is taken as the highest among the Variable = x
degrees of its terms. Here the degree of the polynomial is 3. Coefficient = a
● The numbers by which each variables are multiplied are called Degree = b
the coefficient of the terms. Hence the coefficient of the first 3
terms here are 2 , 3 , -1 ,

Basic polynomial operations: addition , subtraction , multiplication.

Consider the polynomials p(x) = 2x2 +3x-1 , q(x) = x2 -x+2 , r(x) = 2x+1

Addition : (similar terms are to be added)

p(x) + q(x) = 2x2 +3x-1 + x2 -x+2 = (2x2 +x2) + (3x – x) + ( -1+2) = 3x2 +2x +1

Subtraction : (similar terms are to be subtracted)

p(x) - q(x) = 2x2 +3x-1 - ( x2 -x+2) = 2x2 + 3x -1 -x2 +x -2 = x2 +4x -3 a-(b-c) = a - b+c

Multiplication: ( all terms are to be multiplied by each other)

p(x) x q(x) = (2x2 +3x-1)(2x+1) = 2x2 (2x+1) + 3x(2x+1) -1(2x+1) A2 x A = A3
= 4x3 + 2x2 +6x2 +3x -2x -1 = 4x3 + 8x2 +x -1
Value of a polynomial:
● Consider the polynomial p(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 - x+5
Assume that x = 2. substituting 2 for x , we get ,
p(2) = 2(2)3 + 3(2)2 - 2 +5
= 16 + 12 -2 +5 = 31.
● p(2) =31 means , the value of the polynomial is 31 when the variable takes the value 2.

● based on the value of the variable , we get infinite number of values for the polynomial.

Just try these:

1. The length of a rectangle is 2 more than three times the breadth. If the perimeter is 44cm , Find
length and breadth.
2. The denominator of a fraction is 3 more than twice the numerator. At the same time it is equal to
a fraction 2 / 5. Find that fraction.
3. The ratio of two numbers is 4 : 5. At the same time , one number is 3 more than the other. Find
those numbers.
4. Of the two numbers , when second number is added with twice the first, we get 13. At the same
time when first number is added with twice the second , we get 17. What are the numbers?
5. If p(x) = x2 -3x+5 , Find p(0) , p(1) , p(-1) , p(-2) .

6. If p(x) = x2 - ax -6 and p(3) = 0 , what is the value of a ?

7. If p(x) = x2 -3x+5 , q(x) = 2x+1 , Find a) p(x) + q(x) , b) p(x) – q(x) , c) p(x) x q(x)

GOPIKRISHNAN.VK , GHS MUDAPPALLUR