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Chapter-6 Applications of Vector Algebra

1. The document discusses scalar triple products and their properties. A scalar triple product is the dot product of one vector with the cross product of two other vectors. 2. It presents theorems about how scalar triple products preserve addition and scalar multiplication and are equal to zero if the three vectors are coplanar. 3. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating scalar triple products, determining if vectors are coplanar, and finding the volume of parallelepipeds using scalar triple products.

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Kiran Surya SU
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90 views13 pages

Chapter-6 Applications of Vector Algebra

1. The document discusses scalar triple products and their properties. A scalar triple product is the dot product of one vector with the cross product of two other vectors. 2. It presents theorems about how scalar triple products preserve addition and scalar multiplication and are equal to zero if the three vectors are coplanar. 3. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating scalar triple products, determining if vectors are coplanar, and finding the volume of parallelepipeds using scalar triple products.

Uploaded by

Kiran Surya SU
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER-6

APPLICATIONS OF VECTOR
ALGEBRA
Scalar triple product:
For a given set of three vectors 𝑎, 𝑏,and 𝑐 the scalar (𝑎×𝑏).𝑐 is called a
scalar triple product of 𝑎, 𝑏,and 𝑐.
The following are scalar triple products:
(𝑎×𝑏).𝑐, (𝑏×𝑐).𝑎, (𝑐×𝑎).𝑏, 𝑎.(𝑏×𝑐), 𝑏.(𝑐×𝑎), 𝑏.(𝑎×𝑐)
Geometrical interpretation of scalar triple product:
Geometrically, the absolute value of the scalar triple product ( 𝑎×𝑏).𝑐 is
the volume of the parallelepiped formed by using the three vectors 𝑎,
𝑏,and 𝑐 as coterminous edges.
Theorem 6.1: If 𝑎=𝑎1 𝑖+𝑎2 𝑗+𝑎3 𝑘, 𝑏=𝑏1 𝑖+𝑏2 𝑗+𝑏3 𝑘 and 𝑐=𝑐1 𝑖+𝑐2 𝑗+𝑐3 𝑘,
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
then (𝑎×𝑏).𝑐= 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 .
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
Properties of the scalar triple product:
1.For any three vectors 𝑎, 𝑏,and 𝑐, (𝑎×𝑏).𝑐=𝑎.(𝑏×𝑐)
2.For any three vectors 𝑎, 𝑏,and 𝑐 the scalar triple product (𝑎×𝑏).𝑐 is
denoted by 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 . A scalar triple product is also called a box
product.
3.[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]=[𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑎]=[𝑐, 𝑎, 𝑏]
4.[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]=[𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑎]=[𝑐, 𝑎, 𝑏]=-[𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑏]=-[𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎]=-[𝑏, 𝑎, 𝑐]
Theorem 6.3
The scalar triple product preserves addition and scalar multiplication.
[(𝑎 + 𝑏), 𝑐, 𝑑]=[𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑑]+[𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑]
[λ𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]=λ[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐], λ∈R
[𝑎, (𝑏+𝑐), 𝑑]=[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑑]+[𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑑]
[𝑎, λ𝑏, 𝑐]=λ[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐], λ∈R
[𝑎, 𝑏, (𝑐+𝑑)]=[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]+[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑑]
[𝑎, 𝑏, λ𝑐]=λ[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐], λ∈R
Theorem 6.4:
The scalar triple product of three product of three non-zero vectors is
zero if and only if the three vectors are coplanar.
Theorem 6.5:
Three vectors 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are coplanar if and only if there exist scalars
r,s,t∈R such that r𝑎+s𝑏+t𝑐=0
Theorem 6.6: If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 are any two systems of three
vectors, and if 𝑝=𝑥1 𝑎+𝑦1 𝑏+𝑧1 𝑐, 𝑞=𝑥2 𝑎+𝑦2 𝑏+𝑧2 𝑐 and 𝑟=𝑥3 𝑎+𝑦3 𝑏+𝑧3 𝑐,
then
𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑧1
[𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟]= 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2 [𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]
𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑧3
Example 6.12: If 𝑎=-3𝑖-𝑗+5𝑘, 𝑏=𝑖-2𝑗+𝑘, 𝑐=4𝑗-5𝑘, find 𝑎.(𝑏×𝑐)
Solution:
−3 −1 5
𝑎.(𝑏×𝑐)= 1 −2 1
0 4 −5
=-3(10-4)+1(-5-0)+5(4-0)
=-3(6)+1(-5)+5(4)
=-18-5+20
=-3
Example 6.13: Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous
edges are given by the vectors 2𝑖-3𝑗+4𝑘, 𝑖+2𝑗-𝑘 and
3𝑖-𝑗+2𝑘.
Solution:
let 𝑎=2𝑖-3𝑗+4𝑘, 𝑏=𝑖+2𝑗-𝑘, 𝑐=3𝑖-𝑗+2𝑘
Volume of the parallelepiped= [𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]
2 −3 4
[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]= 1 2 −1
3 −1 2
=2(4-1)+3(2+3)+4(-1-6)
=2(3)+3(5)+4(-7)
=6+15-28=-7
volume of the parallelepiped= −7 =7 cu.units
Example 6.14:
Show that the vectors 𝑖+2𝑗-3𝑘, 2𝑖-𝑗+2𝑘 and 3𝑖+𝑗-𝑘 are coplanar.
Solution:
Let 𝑎=𝑖+2𝑗-3𝑘, 𝑏=2𝑖-𝑗+2𝑘 and 𝑐=3𝑖+𝑗-𝑘
Condition for coplanar: [𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]=0
1 2 −3
[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]= 2 −1 2
3 1 −1
=1(1-2)-2(-2-6)-3(2+3)=1(-1)-2(-8)-3(5)
=-1+16-15=16-16=0
∴ The given vectors are coplanar.
Example 6.15: If 2𝑖-𝑗+3𝑘 , 3𝑖+2𝑗+𝑘, 𝑖+m𝑗+4𝑘 are coplanar, find the
value of m.
Solution:
let 𝑎=2𝑖-𝑗+3𝑘, 𝑏=3𝑖+2𝑗+𝑘, 𝑐=𝑖+m𝑗+4𝑘
Given vectors are coplanar
[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]=0
2 −1 3
3 2 1 =0
1 𝑚 4
2(8-m)+1(12-1)+3(3m-2)=0
16-2m+11+9m-6=0 7m+21=0
7m=-21 m=-3
Example 6.16: show that the four points (6,-7,0), (16,-19,-4), (0,3,-6), (2,-
5,10) lie on a same plane.
Solution:
Let A=(6,-7,0), B=(16,-19,-4), C=(0,3,-6), D=(2,-5,10)
𝐴𝐵=𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴=10𝑖-12𝑗-4𝑘
𝐴𝐶=𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐴=-6𝑖+10𝑗-6𝑘
𝐴𝐷=𝑂𝐷 − 𝑂𝐴=-4𝑖+2𝑗+10𝑘
10 −12 −4
[𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶, 𝐴𝐷]= −6 10 −6
−4 2 10
=10(100+12)+12(-60-24)-4(-12+40)
=1120-1008-112=0
∴ The given points are coplanar
Example 6.17: If the vectors 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are coplanar the prove that the
vectors 𝑎+𝑏, 𝑏+𝑐, 𝑐+𝑎 are also coplanar.
Solution:
Given 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are coplanar
∴ [𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]=0----(1)
To prove:𝑎+𝑏, 𝑏+𝑐, 𝑐+𝑎 are coplanar
1 1 0
[𝑎+𝑏, 𝑏+𝑐, 𝑐+𝑎]= 0 1 1 [𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]
1 0 1
={1(1-0)-1(0-1)+0} [𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]={1+1} [𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]
=2 [𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]=2(0)=0 [using(1)]
Hence 𝑎+𝑏, 𝑏+𝑐, 𝑐+𝑎 are coplanar
Example 6.18: If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are three vectors, prove that
[𝑎+𝑐, 𝑎+𝑏, 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐]=[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]
Solution:
1 0 1
[𝑎+𝑐, 𝑎+𝑏, 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐]= 1 1 0 [𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]
1 1 1
={1(1-0)+0+1(1-1)}[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]
=1[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]=[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐]
Hence proved.
Homework
Exercise 6.2
1.If 𝑎=𝑖-2𝑗+3𝑘, 𝑏=2𝑖+𝑗-2𝑘, 𝑐=3𝑖+2𝑗+𝑘, find 𝑎.(𝑏×𝑐)
2.Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are
represented by the vectors -6𝑖+14𝑗+10𝑘, 14𝑖-10𝑗-6𝑘 and 2𝑖+4𝑗-2𝑘.
3.The volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are
7𝑖+λ𝑗-3𝑘, 𝑖+2𝑗-𝑘, -3𝑖+7𝑗+5𝑘 is 90 cubic units. Find the value of λ.
6.Determine whether the three vectors 2𝑖+3𝑗+𝑘, 𝑖-2𝑗+2𝑘 and 3𝑖+𝑗+3𝑘
are coplanar.
7.Let 𝑎=𝑖+𝑗+𝑘, 𝑏=𝑖 and 𝑐=𝑐1 𝑖+𝑐2 𝑗+𝑐3 𝑘. If 𝑐1 =1 and 𝑐2 =2, find 𝑐3 such
that 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are coplanar.

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