Tribhuvan University

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

Master of Arts in Sociology

Courses of Study 2014

Tribhuvan University
CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY/ANTHROPOLOGY
Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: 01-4331-852

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 Master of Arts in Sociology
The course Sociology offers altogether 18 papers and a compulsory thesis in fourth semester.
Out of them there are 14 compulsory papers from first to fourth semester. The student may opt
for three optional courses in the third and one in the fourth semester.
Objectives
The objective of these courses is to impart up-to-date knowledge of the theories and methods of
sociology to the students along with training in field-work and secondary data analysis. The
second objective is to provide skilled human resource for Nepal development needs. The third
objective is to inculcate in the students the spirit of human rights and social justice. Thus the
overall objective is to develop professional skill, in both theory and research, in sociology in the
students of this discipline at a par with those of other countries.
Admission Criteria
A student holding a Bachelor degree in any of the following subjects recognized by Tribhuvan
University is considered eligible to apply for admission.
 Sociology; Anthropology; Social Work; Nepalese History, Culture and Archaeology;
Psychology; history; Home Science; Geography; Economics; and Political Science
 Any discipline from faculty of education, management and law
 Any discipline from institute of medicine, engineering, forestry, agriculture and animal
science
An applicant seeking admission to M.A. Sociology must appear in an Entrance Examination of
one hour’s duration conducted by the Office of the Dean, Faculty of Humanities and Social
Sciences, Tribhuvan University. The applicant who fails to appear in the Entrance Examination
or to obtain a minimum qualifying score will not be given admission. Admission of the students
will be based strictly on the merit list and on the enrollment capacity of the Central Department
of Sociology/Campus.
Duration of the Course and Examinations
The duration of the course is of two years with four semesters. There is an university
examination, in each six months, at the end of each semester. Eighty percent of the attendance in
the class is compulsory.

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 Distribution of Courses by Semester
First Semester
Paper Code Title of Course Credit hr Remarks
No.
1. So561 Introduction to Sociology 3
2. So562 Qualitative Research Methods in 3 Required
Sociology
3. So563 Structural-functional Approach 3
4. So564 Caste and Class 3
5. So565 Theories of Social Change and 3
Development

Second Semester
Paper Code Title of Course Credit hrs Remarks
No.
1. So571 Marxist Perspective 3
2. So572 Quantitative Research Methods in 3 Required
Sociology
3. So573 Practice of Social Change and 3 *Optional any
Development in Asia three
4. So574 Politics and Society: Interface between 3
Nation, State and the Globe
5. So575 Sociology of Health 3
6. So576 Household and Family in Transition 3

Third Semester
Paper Code Title of Course Credit hrs Remarks
No.
1. So581 World-System Perspective 3
2. So582 Basic Statistics in Sociological 3 Required
Research**
3. So583 Sociology of Gender 3
4. So584 Identity, Inequality and Intersectionality 3 *Optional
5. So585 Migration, Social Network, Remittance 3 any three
and Development

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 6. So586 Sociology of Ageing and Disability 3
7. So587 Power Leadership, Governmentality, 3
and Development
8. So588 Urban Sociology 3
9. So589 Sociology of Disaster 3

Fourth Semester
Paper Code Title of Course Credit Remarks
No. hrs
1. So 591 Agency/Micro versus Structure/Macro 3
Perspectives Required
2. So 592 Survey Research and Computer Data 3
Analysis (Practical)**
3. So 593 Thesis 6
4. So 594 Gender, Power and Sexuality 3
5. So 595 Changing Livelihoods 3 *Optional
6. So 596 Market and Society 3 any one
7. So597 Sociology of Education 3
8. So598 Sociology of Tourism 3
9. So599 Research Design and Writing 3
*Optional courses will be offered on the basis of availability of teaching faculty and number of
students.
** This course may require additional teaching faculty and teaching hours as per the number of
group of students formed for the purpose of group work in theory class and computer practice for
practical class.
Evaluation
Evaluation will be on the basis of 40 percent internal and 60 percent external. Forty percent
internal evaluation will be done by the department/faculty on the basis of the following criteria:
A. Class attendance 10 marks
B. Class participation, discussion and presentation with précis 10 marks
C. Term paper writing 10 marks
D. Class test (writing) 10 marks
The 60 percent external evaluation will be done by the Dean’s office on the basis of final written
examination. However, in case of practical courses 60 percent external will also be done
practically in computer lab.

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 (First Semester)

So561: Introduction to Sociology

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Objectives:
The objectives of this course are the following:
A. Create a definite learning expectation among students and as enhance the level of
commitment of students for learning.
B. Generate a sharp and distinctive outline of the sociological vantage point and emphasize
the intellectual significance of such a vantage point.
C. Identify the core and subsidiary areas of Sociology.
D. Sketch the history of Sociology from the angle not of who said what but from angle of
linking the nature of sociological engagement and its output with the historical and social
context, i.e. from the angle of sociology of knowledge.
E. Sketch the growth and development of Sociology in Nepal.

Unit I. Colloquium: What does the future hold for students of Sociology
(3 hrs)

A. Why are the students pursuing Sociology at the Master’s level? What do students expect
from teachers? What are students prepared to do themselves?
B. What do teachers expect from Master’s level Sociology students?
C. Where have some students found jobs given the tight labor market for post graduates?
What kind of a student is more likely to find a job?
D. Sketch of what can be learned in next two years? How can the next two years best be
utilized?
E. What have sociologists in Nepal mostly written about?

Unit II. Sociology of knowledge (12 hours)

A. Reductionism and non-reductionism: Biological, psychological, ‘natural,’ supernatural,
etc. versus sociological explanation of society and social change
 Emile Durkheim. The Rules of Sociological Method: 97-112.
 W Laurence Neumann (WLN). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches: 169-71
 Jonathan Turner (JT). The Structure of Sociological Theory: 251-55
B. Knowledge and society: Hegel, Marx, Durkheim, Mannheim, Merton, Foucault, Frank
 Lewis Coser (LC). Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social
Context: 53-5, 72, 139-40, 429-37,
 Robert Tucker (RT). The Marx-Engels Reader: 163-75
 Robert Merton (RM). Social Theory and Social Structure: 510-21.

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  Bert N Adams and RA Sydie (AS). Sociological Theory: 27-8, 576-80
 Andre Gunder Frank: ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age: 1-20
C. Science and scientific temperament
 WLN: 1-21
D. Significance of perspective/metatheory and theory
 Ruth A Wallace and Alison Wolf (WW). Contemporary Sociological Theory:
Expanding the Classical Tradition: 2-6
 JT: 1-37
 RM: 39-72
 WLN: 49-77
 Hubert M Blalock: Theory Construction: From Verbal to Mathematical
Formulations: 10-26
Unit III. The sociological vantage point (6 hours)
A. Making Research Sociological
 Chaitanya Mishra
B. The sociological imagination
 C Wright Mills

Unit IV. The core and core+ of Sociology (9 hours)

A. Social diversity and differentiation
 Tim Curry, Robert Jiobu and Kent Schwirian (CJS). Sociology for the Twenty-First
Century: 2-3
 Richard T Schaefer (RTS). Sociology: A Brief Introduction: 68-75
B. Nature of social interaction/relationship, social institution and social structure
 CJS: 141-2
 RTS: 115-22
C. Hierarchy
 CJS: 172-75, 191-97, 231-236, 208-10, 244-49, 259-62
D. History and social change
 CJS: 53-74
 Anthony Giddens: 32-70
E. Levels of society, i.e. micro and macro
 GR: 537-42
F. Agency and Structure
 George Ritzer (GR): Sociological Theory: 567-88
G. Discussion: Core+ of Sociology (‘Core+’ denotes ‘sociologies’ of diverse aspects of life
and society, e.g. sociologies of conflict, health and medicine, education, agriculture,
forestry, industry, market, politics, aging, labor and trade unions, governance,
bureaucracy, ‘social problems,’ rural and urban life, and so on.)

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Unit V. Historical context of the rise and transition in Sociology
(3 hours)
A. Economic, political, religious, and intellectual change and the rise and transitions in
Sociology
 GR: 1-40
B. Discussion: Was there Sociology before 1850s Europe? (In essence, this asks whether or
not large scale social transitions took place in diverse regions of the pre-capitalist world,
e.g. in Europe, North Africa, West Asia, East Asia, South Asia, and whether or not these
transitions intensified description and explanation of the demise of the old society and the
rise of a new society.)

Unit VI. Sketch of classical Sociology (9 hours)

A. Auguste Comte: Method of social inquiry and the idea of human progress
 LC: 3-8
B. Karl Marx: Overall doctrine
 LC: 43-47
C. Emile Durkheim: General approach, division of labor, suicide, individual and society,
religion
 LC: 129-39
D. Max Weber: Types of authority, and the Protestant ethic and the rise of capitalism
 LC: 226-30
E. Charles Cooley: The ‘looking-glass self’ and the history and nature of human groups
 LC: 305-10
F. Talcott Parsons: Voluntaristic frame of social action in Structure of Social Action
 JT: 58-62

Unit VII. Sketch of Sociology in Nepal (6 hours)

A. Bhattachan, Krishna B. and James F. Fisher. (1994). “Contemporary

Sociology in Nepal”. In International Handbook of Contemporary Developments in
Sociology. Raj P. Mohan and Arther S. Wilke, eds., 731-742. Westport, CT: Greenwood
Press.
B. Chaitanya Mishra. ‘Sociology in Nepal: Underdevelopment amidst growth’
C. Chaitanya Mishra. ‘Sociology and Anthropology in Nepal: Suggestions for improvement’

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 So562: Qualitative Research Methods in Sociology

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Objectives:
The objectives of this course are the following:
a) Enable students to comprehend with sociological research and its fundamental
components
b) Enable students to design research framework
c) Familiarize students with basic techniques of qualitative research in sociology
d) Develop skill of linking theory and research
Unit I. Social Research and Making Research Sociological (9 hrs)
A. Social research and its basic components
 The initial research idea and topic and its justification
 Literature review, i.e. what have others said about this research topic? Linking
literature review to research problem
 The research problem and research questions; empirical, social and theoretical
justification of research problem or significance; research objectives
Readings:
W. Lawrence Neuman. Social Research Methods. Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches. Chapter 1, pp. 1-22 & Chapter 5, pp. 110-146.
Ranjit Kumar (RK). Research Methodology. Chapter 2, 3 & 4.
B. Making research sociological
Readings:
Chaitanya Mishra. 2009. Making Research Sociological. In Dhaulagiri Journal of
Sociology/Anthropology, Vol. III, pp. 1-18.
C. Sociological Research Trends in Nepal
Readings:
Chaitanya Mishra. 2007.Sociology in Nepal: Underdevelopment Amidst Growth. Essays
on the Sociology of Nepal. Pp. 267-321.
Unit II. Metatheory and Research (6 hrs)
A. Metatheory and Research
Readings:
W. Lawrence Neuman. Theory and Research. Chapter 3, pp. 49-78.

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 B. Interrelationship between metatheory and research agenda: Positivist, interpretivist,
critical, feminist and post-modern meta-theories and corresponding research protocols
W. Lawrence Neuman. The Meaning of Methodology. Chapter 5, pp. 79-122.
Unit III. Qualitative Research (6 hrs)
A. Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research
Denzin and Lincoln, pp. 1-32
B. Locating the field
Denzin and Lincoln, pp.33-42
Unit IV. Qualitative Data Collection Techniques (12 hrs)
A. Strategies of inquiry: Qualitative case studies
Stake, Robert E., 2005, in Denzin and Lincoln (Eds.), pp. 443-466.
B. Methods of collecting qualitative data
1. Interview
The interview: from neutral stance to political involvement
Fontana and Frey, 2005, in Denzin and Lincoln (Eds.), pp. 695-728.
Marvasti, Amir B. Interviews. Chapter 2, pp. 14-33.
2. Observation
Recontextualizing observation: Ethnography, pedagogy, and the Prospects for a
Progressive Political agenda
3. Focus group Discussion
Focus Groups: Strategic Articulations of Pedagogy, Politics and Inquiry
Kamberelis and Dimitriadis, 2005, in Denzin and Lincoln (Eds.), pp. 887-908.
C. Practicum
Students will be divided into small groups, 5-10 students each, and will be
instructed to collect data using appropriate data collection techniques.
Guidelines:
Ranjit Kumar. Chapter 13: How to write a research proposal. In Research Methodology.
Pp. 217-236.
Unit V. Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques (15 hrs)
A. Methods of analyzing qualitative data
Readings:
The art and practice of interpretation, evaluation and presentation
Marvasti, Amir B. Data Analysis. Chapter 5, pp. 81-118.
B. Ethics and research

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Readings:
Christians, Clifford G. Ethics and Politics in Qualitative Research. In Denzin and
Lincoln, pp. 139-164.
Marvasti, Amir B. Ethics In Qualitative Research. In Qualitative Research in Sociology.
Chapter 7, pp. 133-144.
Dooley, David. 1995. Social Research Methods. Chapter 2, Ethics: Protecting human
subjects and research integrity. Pp. 16-36.
C. Practicum
Based on collected data in practicum of unit IV, each group will prepared a brief research
report and present in the class.
Guidelines:
Ranjit Kumar. Chapter 17: Writing a research report. In Research Methodology. Pp. 311-
321.

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 So563: Structural-Functional Perspective

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Objectives:
The objectives of this course are the following:
A. Learn to interpret forms of consciousness and ideas, including Sociology and the structural-
functional perspective, as products of definite historical and social structures and processes.
B. Learn the defining features of the structural-functional perspective. In addition, identify the
logics of ‘implementing’ or ‘applying’ structural-functionalism to comprehend a variety of
social institutions and processes.
C. Identify the key variants of the structural-functional outlook, including the Durkheimian,
Parsonian, and Luhmannian ones.
D. Assess the historical validity and current relevance of structural-functional vantage point.
E. Identify fundamental features of the structural-functional thoughts and specific platforms for
comprehending society in Nepal.

Unit I: Historical context (6 hours)

 George Ritzer (GR). Sociological Theory: 209-10, 230-35
 Ruth A Wallace and Alison Wolf (WW). Contemporary Sociological Theory: Expanding
the Classical Tradition: 15-44
 Jonathan Turner (JT): The Structure of Sociological Theory: 37-56

Unit II: Key arguments (9 hours)

A. Whole, parts and systemic relationships
B. Consensus, stability, order versus conflict, instability, disorder and change
C. Functional prerequisites or imperatives
D. Merton’s reformulation of assumptions of functional unity, universality and
indispensability
E. Manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions
F. Protocols of functional analysis
 Robert Merton (RM). Social Theory and Social Structure: 73-108,
 GR: 230-62

Unit III: Variants (6 hours)

A. Durkheim
 WW: 18-24
B. Parsons
 WW: 25-44

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 C. Luhmann
 WW: 61-4
 Bert N Adams and RA Sydie (BS). Sociological Theory: 369-83

Unit IV: Criticism (3 hours)

 TB Bottomore: Sociology as Social Criticism: 11-29
 John Holmwood’s ‘Functionalism and Its Critics’ in Austin Harrington (ed.) Modern
Social Theory: 87-109.

Unit V: Application (6 hours)

A. Stratification
 Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E Moore’s ‘Some principles of stratification: The
functionalist position’ in Dipankar Gupta (ed.) Social Stratification: 441-53
 GR: 235-7
B. Deviance
 Tim Curry, Robert Jiobu and Kent Schwirian (CJS). Sociology for the Twenty-First
Century: 119-24
 RM: 185-211
C. Religion
 CJS: 403-12

Unit VI: Colloquium on Nepal (12 hours)

A. GS Nepali: The Newars. Table of Contents page and Chapters 6 and 9 (Pp. 146-90, 232-
62)
B. Gerard Toffin. Newar Society: City Village and Periphery. Introduction. Pp. 1-21. This
text should be read largely as a critique of GS Nepali’s book.
C. Dor Bahadur Bista’s ‘The process of Nepalization’ in Dor Bahadur Bista, Shuigeru
Iijima, Hiroshi Iishi, Yashuhiko Nagano and Yoshio Nishi’s Anthropological and
Linguistic Studies of the Gandaki Area in Nepal. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign
Studies, 1982.
D. Prayag Raj Sharma: Chapters 1 (Pp. 3-33) and 6 (Pp. 127-49) of the State and Society in
Nepal: Historical Foundations and Contemporary Trends.
E. Youba Raj Luintel. Bhramansheel Raute. The Nomadic Raute: A Sociological
Study, Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy, 1998.
F. Lynn Bennett. Dangerous Wives and Sacred Sisters: Social and symbolic Roles of High-
Caste Women in Nepal. Preface and Chapters 1-3.

Unit VII: Colloquium: Reflecting back on the perspective and variants

(3 hours)
This unit is utilized to summarize the juxtaposition of the structural-functional perspective and
its variants on the one hand and the ‘Nepal texts’ on the other. It is intended as an exercise in
linkaging the theoretical and the empirical and to cultivate a habit of theoretical thinking. It is

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expected that colloquium will be summarized, documented, shared, and utilized as a learning
device during subsequent semesters in Kirtipur and other campuses.

Unit VIII: Action Plan: Outlining a research plan implicating elements of the perspective
(3 hours)
This unit is utilized to promote group work intended to develop tentative ideas which link up the
structural-functional perspective and its variants with group research agendas. It is expected that
the ‘linkaging’ carried out in the preceding unit will provide valuable inputs for the preparation
of group research agendas.

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 So564: Caste and Class
Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48

Objectives:
This course intends to introduce the students with the fact that society is a stratified structure of
relationship among different groups of human population. The social categories which contribute
to form these strata are sometimes identified in terms of nominal variations of their social and
cultural attributes and at others in terms of hierarchical ordering of these variations. Caste and
class are those social categories which classify the population in terms of the order of these
hierarchies. While the hierarchies formed under the conception of class are manifested under the
social perception of variations in ritual status that under class are formed in terms of differentials
in access to economic resources and political power. This course aims to familiarize the students
with the social space of these hierarchical divisions of society as they appear under the
framework of caste and class based categories. The structure of learning and evaluation on this
course will follow a modality including instruction, class room discussion of students on related
themes and written tests on both terminal and final examinations.

Unit I: Introduction (6 hours)

Distinction between hierarchy and difference, Social categories differentiated in terms of
nominal variation, Social categories that assume the feature of hierarchical ordering of the
population.
Unit II: Concept of caste and theoretical variations on understanding of caste based
division of society (9 hours)
Concept and features of caste (Ghurye), Theories of caste: (a) Caste as an ideology of hierarchy
(Dumont), (b) Caste as an experience of material differences (Berreman, Gupta ), (c) caste of
mind, Caste and economic frontiers (bailey)
Unit III Caste in Nepal (9 hours)
The structure of caste system in Nepal (Hoffer) and its empirical/regional variations (Nepali,
CBS), The debates on caste based inequality in Nepal and its implication (Gunaratne)

Unit IV: Change in Caste System (6 hours)

Unit V. Class: concept and theories (12 hours)

Concept of Class; Nominal, gradational and relational meaning of class based inequality and
related variation in its structure; Marxist, Neo-Marxist, Weberian and Neo-Weberian Approaches
to class analysis, Class in micro and macro level social setting, Class as a distributive category

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vs class as a force of social change, Class alliance and political role of classes, relationship
between class and the state.
Unit VI. Class and cross sections of society in Nepal (6 hours)
Debates on class and class based division of the population, Discussion on structure of class in
Nepal, Political and economic role of class

Readings
Unit I. Introduction
1. Gupta, D 2000. "Hierarchy and Difference: An introduction" in D. Gupta (ed) Social
Stratification. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Unit II: Concept of Caste a Theoretical Variations on Understanding of Caste Based
Division of Society
1. Ghurye, G.H. 1950. Caste and Class in India. Part 1. Bombay: Popular Prakashan.
2. Madan, T.N. 2000. "Dumont on the nature of Caste in India" in D. Gupta (ed) Social
Stratification. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
3.. Berreman, G.D. 2000. "The Brahmanical View of Caste " in D. Gupta (ed) Social
Stratification. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
4. Bailey, F. G. 1957. Caste and the economic frontier: a village in highland Orissa.
Manchester: Manchester University Press.
5. Dirks, N.B. 2001 "Introduction: The Modernity of Caste" in Castes of Mind Colonialism and
Making of Modern India Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Unit III Caste in Nepal
1. Höfer, Andras, 2004. The Caste Hierarchy and the State in Nepal: A Study of Muluki Ain
1854. Himal Books: Lalitpur.
2. Nepali, G. S. 1965. The Newars. Chapter on Caste. Bombey: Asia Publishing House.
3. Gunaratne, Arjun (ed) 2010. Dalits of Nepal: Towards Dignity, Citizenship, and Justice.
Kathmandu: Himal Books.
Unit IV: Change in Caste System
Subedi, Madhusudan. 2013. Some Theoretical Considerations on Caste. Dhaulagiri Journal of
Sociology and Anthropology.
Subedi, Madhusudan. 2014. Changing Livelihood and Caste Relations in Nepal. Himalayan
Journal of Sociology and Anthropology.
Luitel, Youba Raj and Madhusudan Subedi (??)

Unit V. Class: concept and theories

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1. Giddens, Anthony. 2006. Essentials of Sociology. Chapter 9. "Stratification and Class". USA:
Polity Press.
2. Wright, Eric O. 2005. Approaches to Class Analysis, Chapter 1. "Foundation of a Neo-Marxist
Class Analysis" and Chapter 2. " Foundation of a Neo-Weberian Class Analysis"
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Poulantzas, Nicos 1975. Classes in Contemporary Capitalism "Introduction: Social Classes
and Their Extended Reproduction." London: NLB
Unit VI. Class and cross sections of society in Nepal
1. Seddon, D. et al. 1979. Chapter 1 and 2 in Peasans and Workers in Nepal, New Delhi: Vikas
Publications.
2. Pandey, Tulsi R. "Theoretical Debates on the Structure of Class"
3. Pandey , Tulsi R. 2010. "Class as a Missing Component in the Debases on inclusive
Development in Nepal" in Anthropology and Sociology in Nepal" Kathmandu: Central
Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tribhuvan University

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 So565: Theories of Social Change and Development

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48

Objectives:
This module has been designed to have a balanced introduction to key debate in sociology in
understanding and analysing social change. Social change is the result of complex social process
whose effects are multi-faceted and not always entirely predictable. Sociologists have long
sought to understand the dynamics of social change and have provided critiques of various
explanations. Linking the classical as well as contemporary sociological debates on social
change, and drawing arguments from other social sciences, this module critically examines the
conceptual and theoretical underpinnings of the shifting development debates. By the end of the
module students should have acquired an understanding of key theoretical and policy debates
and the main competing approaches in the sub-field of sociology of social change and
development.
Unit I: Key concepts (6 hrs)
A. What is social change?
B. Is it progress; social transformation; modernity; structural societal change?
Readings:
Sztompka, Piotr (1993a) The Sociology of Social Change. Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell
[Read Chapter 2, pp. 24-40].
Sztompka, Piotr (1993b) The Sociology of Social Change. Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell
[Read Chapter 5, pp. 69-85].
Castles, Stephen (2001) 'Studying social transformation,' International Political Science Review,
22(1), pp. 13-32.
Elias, Norbert (1994) The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners and State Formation and
Civilization. First English edition, Oxford: Blackwell (originally published as Uber den
Prozess der Zivilisation as two separate volumes in 1939 by Haus zum Falker, Basel)
[Read Appendix 1, pp 181-215].
Unit II: Classical sociological interpretation of social change
(12 hrs)
A. Socio-cultural evolutionism and the idea of progress (Comte, Spencer, Morgan, Durkheim,
Tonnies, Lester Ward)
B. The idea of social differentiation, reintegration and adaptation (Durkheim, Weber, Parsons,
Smelser)
C. The idea of mode of production and the corresponding social change (Marx, Engels)
Readings:

17
Sztompka, Piotr (1993c) The Sociology of Social Change. Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell
[Read Chapter 7, "Classical evolutionism," pp. 99-112].
Smith, Anthony D. (1973) The Concept Social Change: A Critique of the Functionalist Theory of
Social Change. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. [Read Chapter 1, "Functionalism
and social change," pp. 1-13, and Chapter 2, "Neo-evolutionary revival," pp. 14-25].
Parsons, Talcott (1953) 'Some comments on the state of the general theory of action,' American
Sociological Review, 18(6), pp. 618-631.
Noble, Trevor (2000a) Social Theory and Social Change. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. [Read
Chapter 4, "Theories of revolutionary change: Marx and contradiction," pp. 71-100].
Unit III: Classical and critical theoretical debates
(12 hrs)
A. Modernization theory
 Parsonian pattern variables (Parsons)
 The stage theory of development (Rostow)
 Main premises and critique
B. Dependency theory
 The structuralist approach to dependency (Cardoso)
 The neo-Marxist approach to dependency (Frank, Amin, Dos Santos)
 Main premises and critique
C. The world-system theory
Readings:
Noble, Trevor (2000b) Social Theory and Social Change. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. [Read
the section entitled "Parsons and social system," pp. 176-187].
Rostow, W. W. (1991) The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [Read chapter 2, "The five stages-of-growth -A
summary", pp. 4-16].
Eisenstadt, S. N. (1974) 'Studies of modernization and sociological theory,' History and Theory,
13(3), pp. 225-252.
Portes, Alejandro (1973) 'Modernity and development: A critique,' Studies in Comparative
International Development, 8(3), pp. 247-279.
Dos Santos, Theotonio (1971) 'The structure of dependence,' American Economic Review, 60,
pp. 231-236.
Frank, Andre Gunder (1966) 'The development of underdevelopment,' Monthly Review, 18(4),
pp. 17-31.
Unit IV: Contemporary theoretical debates
(18 hrs)
A. Neoliberalism and development approach
 The theoretical and ideological underpinning of neoliberalism

18
  The main thrusts of structural adjustment policy
 The debates over “Washington consensus” and the “post-Washington consensus”
 From Washington consensus to the MDGs
 Main premises and critique
B. Human development approach
 Difference between growth theory and human development paradigm
 Four pillars of human development – enlarging people’s choices
 Four pillars of enlarging people’s choices
 The capability approach and human development paradigm
 Main premises and critique
C. Post-development and agency-centred debates
 Development as the discourse of Western hegemony
 A critique on post-development assertion: Is it turning from methodology to ideology?
 Agency-structure debate in development sociology
 The salience of gender and class in development
Readings:
Brohman, John (1996) Popular Development: Rethinking the Theory and Practice of
Development. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers [Read Chapter 4, "The South (1): Neoliberal
policy and strategy," pp. 132-197].
Williamson, John (2004) The Washington Consensus as Policy Prescription for Development. A
lecture in the series of "Practitioners of development" delivered at the World Bank on 13
January 2004. Institute for International Economics (Available at
http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/williamson0204.pdf..
Stiglitz, Joseph E. (1999) 'More instruments and broader goals: Moving toward the post-
Washington consensus,' Revista de Economia Politica, 19(1), pp. 94-120.
Maxwell, Simon (2005) The Washington Consensus is Dead! Long Live the Meta-Narrative!
Working Paper No. 243. London: Overseas Development Institute (ODI).
Portes, Alejandro (1997) 'Neoliberalism and the sociology of development: Emerging trends and
unanticipated facts,' Population and Development Review, 23(2), pp. 229-259.
Haq, Mahbub ul (1995) Reflections on Human Development. New York: Oxford University
Press [Read chapter 2, "Human development paradigm," pp. 13-23].
Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko (2003) 'The human development paradigm: Operationalizing Sen's ideas on
capabilities,' Feminist Economics, 9(2-3), pp. 301-317.
Kuonqui, Christopher (2006) Is Human Development a New Paradigm for Development?
Capabilities approach, neoliberalism and paradigm Shifts. Paper presented at the
International Conference on "Freedom and Justice" of the Human Development
Capability Association, Groningen, Netherlands, August 2006.
Escobar, Arturo (1997) 'The making and unmaking of the Third World through development', in
Rahnema, M. and Bawtree, V. (ed.), The Post-Development Reader. London: Zed Books,
pp. 85-93.
19
Esteva, Gustevo (1992) 'Development', in Sachs, W. (ed.), The Development Dictionary: A
Guide to Knowledge as Power. London: Zed Books, pp. 6-25.
Pieterse, Jan Nederveen (2000) 'After post-development,' Third World Quarterly, 21(2), pp. 175-
191.
Fuchs, Stephan (2001) 'Beyond agency,' Sociological Theory, 19(1), pp. 24-40.
Sen, Gita and Grown, Caren (1987) Development, Crises and Alternative Visions. New York:
Monthly Review Press [Read chapter 1, "Gender and class in development experience,"
pp. 23-49].

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 (Second Semester)

So571: Marxist Perspective

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48

Objectives:
The objectives of this course are the following:
A. Learn to interpret forms of consciousness and ideas, including Sociology and the Marxist
perspective, as products of definite historical and social structures and processes.
B. Emphasize the two key facets Marxism: (a) The key meta-theoretical or methodological
vantage points of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, and (b) the key
features of specific modes of production and organization of social relationships and
society in general and capitalism in particular. In addition, emphasis will be given to
illustrate how the Marxist perspective can be utilized or ‘applied’ to comprehend a
variety of social structures and processes.
C. Identify the key variants of the Marxist outlook, including, structural Marxism, Critical
theory, Leninism and Maoism.
D. Assess the historical validity and current relevance of Marx’s thoughts.
E. Identify fundamental features of the ‘Marxist’ thoughts and political platforms in Nepal
such that students can engage with ‘live Marxism’.

Unit I: The historical context of the rise of Karl Marx (3 hours)

 Lewis Coser (LC). Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social
Context: 68-87.
 EC Cuff, WW Sharrock and DW Francis (CSF). Perspectives in Sociology: 68-76

Unit II: Key themes (12 hours)

A. Historical and dialectical materialism, history, mode of production and revolution
 KM: 136-63, 522-24 and (Engels) 760-5
B. Historical specificity and capitalism as a specific historical category
 LC: 43-7
 Karl Marx in Robert Tucker (KM): The Marx-Engels Reader: 3-6, 222-6
C. Key features of capitalist economy, polity and society
 KM 302-12, 319-29
 Chaitanya Mishra (CM). ‘Punjibad’ in Mary Des Chene and Pratoyush Onta (eds),
Nepalko Sandarbhama Samajshastriya Chintan: 125-54.
 Antonio Palumbo and Alan Scott’s ‘Classical social theory II: Karl Marx and Emile
Durkheim’ in Austin Harrington (ed.) Modern Social Theory: An Introduction: 40-50
D. Class and class struggle
 KM: 469-93

21
Unit III: Variants of Marxism (6 hours)
A. Structural Marxism
 George Ritzer (GR). Sociological Theory: 293-304
B. Critical theory
 Jonathan Turner (JT). The Structure of Sociological Theory: 184-212
 Ruth A. Wallace and Alison Wolf (WW). Contemporary Sociological Theory: Expanding
the Classical Tradition: 99-101
C. Lenin
 Bert N Adams and RA Sydie (AS). Sociological Theory: 146-57
D. Mao Zedong
 Mao Ze-dong. Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung, vol. IV: 411-24

Unit IV: Critique (3 hours)

 AS: 141-3
 CSF: 95-7
 WW: 99-101

Unit V: Application (6 hours)

A. Consciousness
 KM: 3-6, 163-75
 LC: 53-5
B. Religion
 CSF: 94-5
 KM: 148-55
C. Marriage
 CM: ‘Bibahako artha-rajaniti’. Mulyankan.

Unit VI: Colloquium on Nepal (12 hours)

A. Piers Blaikie, John Cameron, and David Seddon’s Peasants and Workers in Nepal:
Chapters 1 and 2 (Pp. 1-23, 24-58)
B. Baburam Bhattarai: ‘Ajako Marxbad.’ Rato Jhilko, vol 1, No. 1: 1-12
C. CM: ‘Kun itihas, kun Marxbad, kun kranti.’ Rato Jhilko, vol 1, No. 1: 19-34
D. CM: Punjibad: 13-22, 71-126.
E. Ian Carlos Fitzpatrick. Cardamom and Class: A Limbu Village and its Extension in
East Nepal. xxiii-26, 271-77.
F. Jagannath Adhikari. Changing Livelihoods: Essays on Nepal’s Development since
1990: 17-40.
G. Youba Raj Luintel. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Rural Nepal: Market
Relations, Inequality and Social Change in ‘Mahesh Khola’ (PhD thesis, 2010), Chapters 1
and 2 (Pp. 2-22, 23-62).

22
Unit VII: Colloquium on linkaging the ‘Nepal texts’ to the Marxist perspective and its
variants (3 hours)

This unit is utilized to summarize the juxtaposition of the Marxist perspectives and its variants
on the one hand and the ‘Nepal texts’ on the other. It is intended as an exercise in linkaging the
theoretical and the empirical and in cultivating a habit of theoretical thinking. It is expected that
the colloquium will be summarized, documented, shared, and utilized as a learning device during
subsequent semesters in Kirtipur and other campuses.

Unit VIII: Action Plan: Outlining a research plan implicating elements of the perspective
(3 hours)

This unit is utilized to promote group work intended to develop tentative ideas which link up the
Marxist perspective and its variants with group research agendas. It is expected that the
‘linkaging’ carried out in the preceding unit will provide valuable inputs for the preparation of
group research agendas.

23
 So572: Quantitative Research Methods in Sociology

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48

Objectives:
The objectives of this course are the following:
A. Enable students to identify and interpret fundamental aspects of concepts, categorization,
and relationship between variables
B. Enable them to design survey research through selecting appropriate survey tools and
techniques
C. To familiarize students with various national level surveys of Nepal and survey tools
D. To enable them to learn the importance of survey data available so far.

Unit I. Measurements and Relationships (12 hrs)

A. Concepts: types and difficulties in defining concept, what is a good concept?
B. Variable: qualitative and quantitative; independent and dependent; indicators
C. Measurement: postulates and levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval and
ratio)
D. Reliability: test and improvement of reliability.
E. Validity: content, construct and criterion validity and validation
F. Relationship: causal and correlational; symmetrical, asymmetrical and reciprocal
relationship; spurious interpretation
G. Control: notion and significance; techniques for controlling for variable(s)
Readings:
Goode and Hatt. 2006. Basic Elements of Scientific Methods: Concepts. Methods in Social
Research. Chapter 5, pp. 41-55.
Chaitanya Mishra. 2014. History, structure and conceptualization and
categorization in Sociology. A keynote speech delivered at SASON International
Conference, 2013.
Baker, Therese L., Doing Social Research, New Delhi: McGraw Hill. 1998 ( Pp. 101 -132;
383 - 392 ).
Mueller, John H. and Karl F. Schuessler. 1969. Statistical Reasoning in Sociology. New
Delhi: Oxford and IBH. (Chapters 2, pp. 1-28)
Rosenberg, Morris1968. The Logic of Survey Analysis. New York: Basic Books Inc.
Publishers (Chapter 1on The Meaning of Relationships pp 3-22).

24
 Simon, H. A. Spurious Correlation: A Causal Interpretation. In H. M. Blalock (ed.) Causal
Models in Social Sciences. Pp. 5-17.

Unit II: Sampling Method (12 hrs)

A. Rationale
B. Population and sample
C. Theoretical sampling, saturation and sorting
D. Rationale of probability and non-probability sampling designs
E. Procedures, uses and limitations of specific sampling techniques
F. Determination of sample size
G. Sampling error
Readings:
Therese L. Baker. Doing Social Research. Pp. 133 -166.
Kothari, C.R. Research Methodology: Methodology and Techniques. Third edition. Pp. 55-
68, 152 -183. New Delhi: Bishwa Prakashan.
Kumar, Ranjit. Research Methodology. Pp.163-183. London: SAGE Publication.
Charmaz, Cathy. 2006. Theoretical sampling, saturation and sorting. In
Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Practical Analysis. Chapter 5, pp.
96-122.
Bernard, H. Russle. Research Methodology in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches. Pp. 71-101.New Delhi: Altamira/Sage Publications.
W. Lawrence Neuman, Pp. 201-226.

Unit III: Survey Research (18 hrs)

A. Rationale and features
B. Census and sample survey; reconnaissance, pilot and main survey; household survey;
attitude survey/opinion poll; questionnaire, interview and telephone survey
C. Planning, preparation and execution of survey research
D. Survey instruments: construction and standardization of questionnaire and interview
schedule
E. Limitations of survey research
F. Causality in survey data: symmetrical, asymmetrical and reciprocal relationships;
conditional relationships; spurious relationships/interpretations; test factors

25
 G. History of survey practices in Nepal
Readings:
W. Lawrence Neuman. Survey Research. Chapter 10, Pp. 272-319.
Singleton, Royce A. Jr. and Bruce C. Straits. 2010. Methods of Data Collection: Survey
Instrumentation. In Approaches to Social Research (5th Ed.), pp. 309–353. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Morris, Rosenberg. The Logic of Survey Analysis. Chapter 1, 8, & 9.
Mishra, Chaitanya (2010). Introduction. In Use and Misuse of Social Science Research in
Nepal.

Unit IV. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs (3 hrs)

A. Triangulation
B. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Orientation
C. QualQuan approaches
Readings:
W. Lawrence Neuman. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods. Chapter 6
Creswell John W. Mixed Method Procedures. In Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed
Methods. Pp. 203-226.
Unit V: Survey Instrumentation and Its Practices in Major Surveys in Nepal (3 hrs)
A. NLSS and NDHS (Discussion on the structure, theme, nature and administration of
questionnaire)

26
 So573: Practice of Social Change and Development in Asia

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Objectives:
Sociologists have long sought to understand the dynamics of social change and have provided
critiques of various explanations of development. Linking the classical as well as contemporary
sociological debates on change and development, and drawing arguments from other social
sciences, this module critically examines the conceptual and theoretical underpinnings of the
shifting development debates from interdisciplinary perspectives. It then attempts to
contextualize those debates in the development experience of Asia in general and Nepal in
particular.
By the end of the module students should have acquired an understanding of key theoretical and
policy debates and of the main competing approaches in the sociology of development. They
should also develop an understanding of the practice of development in Asia in general, and
Nepal in particular.

Unit I: Key concepts (4 hrs)

A. What is development? Quality of life? Growth? Development as freedom and functioning?
Development as the practice of liberal capitalism?
B. Why development studies? Linking sociology, applied sociology, and development studies

Readings:
Soubbotina, Tatyana P. (2004) Beyond Economic Growth: An Introduction to Sustainable
Development. Second edition Washington, D.C.: The World Bank [Read Chapter 1,
"What is development?" pp. 7-11].
Sen, Amartya (1999) Development as Freedom. New York: Alfred A. Knopf [Read
"Introduction: Development as freedom," pp. 3-12].
Thomas, Alan (2000b) 'Development as practice in a liberal capitalist world,' Journal of
International Development, 12, pp. 773-787.
Cowen, M. P. and Shenton, R. W. (1996) Doctrines of Development. London: Routledge [Read
Chapter 1, "The invention of development," pp. 3-59].
Thomas, Alan (2000b) 'Development as practice in a liberal capitalist world,' Journal of
International Development, 12, pp. 773-787.
Hulme, David and Turner, Mark (1990a) Sociology and Development: Theories, Policies and
Practices. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf [Read Chapter "Sociological aspects of
change in developing countries," pp. 68-98].

27
Kothari, Uma (2005) 'A radical history of development studies: Individuals, institutions and
ideologies', in Kothari, U. (ed.), A Radical History of Development Studies: Individuals,
Institutions and Ideologies. London: Zed Books, pp. 1-13.

Unit II: Substantive development issues (14 hrs)

A. Poverty, inequality and development
B. Empowerment, social inclusion and development
C. Livelihood diversification and rural peasants
D. Migration (labour/urban/overseas), remittance and development
E. Markets, social change and development
F. Globalization, social change and development

Readings:
Sen, Amartya (1992) Inequality Reexamined. Cambridge: Harvard University Press [Read
Chapter 7, "Poverty and affluence," pp. 102-116].
Estivill, Jordi (2003) Concepts and Strategies for Combating Social Exclusion: An Overview.
Geneva: International Labour Office [Read Chapter 1, " Social exclusion: The concept
and the reality," pp. 5-34, and Chapter 2, "The manifestations of exclusion," pp. 35-60].
Batliwala, Srilatha (2007) 'Taking the power out of empowerment - an experiential account,'
Development in Practice, 17(4), pp. 557-565.
Ellis, Frank (1998) 'Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification,' Journal of
Development Studies, 35(1), pp. 1-38.
Ratha, Dilip, Mohapatra, Sanket and Silwal, Anil (2009) Migration and Remittance Trends 2009.
Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-
1110315015165/MigrationAndDevelopmentBrief11.pdf (Accessed: 4 January 2010
[Keep yourself updated from "Migration and Development Brief" series published by the
World Bank and available in the website mentioned]).
Haas, Hein de (2007) Remittances, Migration and Social Development: A Conceptual Review of
the Literature. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
(UNRISD).
Fligstein, Neil and Dauter, Luke (2007) 'The sociology of markets,' Annual Review of Sociology,
33(1), pp. 105-128.
McMichael, Philip (2004) Development and Change: A Global Perspective. Thousand Oaks:
Sage Publications, Inc. [Read Chapter, "On development and globalization," pp. xxiii-
xxxiv].
Castells, Manuel (1999) The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. Cambridge, MA:
Blackwell [Read chapter 1, "Prologue: The net and the self," pp.1-27].

28
Unit III: Does Asia show the way? Review of Asian development “models”
(15 hrs)
A. The East Asian model
 From “Asian tigers” and the East Asian “miracle”
 Neoliberal critique of the miracle
 What lessons can be learned?
B. The Kerala model
 Aspects of social equality in Kerala
 Mass science education and local planning
 Does Kerala show an alternative model of sustainable development?
C. The Grameen Bank model
 Understanding micro-credit and micro-finance: What is it for?
 Method of “Grameen Bank action” (From 16 decisions, 10 indicators, and credit delivery
to breaking the vicious cycle of poverty)
 A critical look at micro-credit financing
(i) The mobilization-organization-finance nexus
(ii) The sociology of peer group lending
 How empowering are micro-credit programmes?
D. Chinese growth model
 China’s take off and its economic transformation
 Implications of Chinese success
E. Going beyond Eurocentrism? Is Asia rising?

Readings:
The World Bank (1993) The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy. New
York: Oxford University Press [Read Chapter 1, "Growth, equity, and economic change,"
pp. 27-59].
Krugman, Paul (1994) 'The myth of Asia's miracle,' Foreign Affairs, 73(6), pp. 62-78.
Park, Jong H. (2002) 'The East Asian model of economic development and developing
countries,' Journal of Developing Societies, 18(4), pp. 330-353.
Parayil, Govindan (1996) 'The 'Kerala model' of development: Development and sustainability in
the Third World,' Third World Quarterly, 17(5), pp. 941-957.
Isaac, T. M. Thomas, Franke, Richard E. and Parameswaran, M. P. (1997) 'From anti-feudalism
to sustainable development: The Kerala peoples science movement,' Bulletin of
Concerned Asian Scholars, 29(3), pp. 34-44.
Veron, Rene (2001) 'The "new" Kerala model: Lessons for sustainable development,' World
Development, 29(4), pp. 601-617.

29
Yunus, Muhammad (2009) What is micro-credit? Available at: http://www.grameen-
info.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=108 (Accessed: 10
January 2010).
Elahi, Khandakar Qudrat- I. and Rahman, M. Lutfor (2006) 'Micro-credit and micro-finance:
Functional and conceptual differences,' Development in Practice, 16(5), pp. 476-483.
Grameen Bank (2010) Grameen Bank Methodology. Available at: http://www.grameen-
info.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=6&Itemid=169
(Accessed: 10 January 2010).
Dale, Reidar (2001) 'People's development with people's money: The mobilization-organization-
finance nexus,' Development in Practice, 11(5), pp. 606-621.
Anthony, Denise (2005) 'Cooperation in microcredit borrowing groups: Identity, sanctions, and
reciprocity in the production of collective goods,' American Sociological Review, 70(3),
pp. 496-515.
Mahmud, Simeen (2003) 'Actually how empowering is microcredit?,' Development and Change,
34(4), pp. 577-605.
Huang, Yasheng (2012) “How did China take off?” The Journal of Economic Perspectives,
26(4), pp. 147-170.
Brandt, Loren and Rawski, Thomas (2008) “China’s great economic transformation,” China’s
Great Economic Transformation, Cambridge: CUP, pp. 1-25.
Basu, Kaushik (2009) “China and India: Idiosyncratic paths to high growth,” Economic and
Political Weekly, 44(38), pp. 43-49.
Frank, Andre Gunder (1998) ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age. Berkeley: University
of California Press [Read Chapter 1, "Introduction to real world history vs. Eurocentric
social theory," pp. 1-51].

Unit IV: Nepal’s experience of development after the 1960s

(15 hrs)
A. Population, resources and social change in West Nepal
B. Road building, market development and peripheralization of West-Central Nepal
C. Caste, ethnic and gender dynamics and contemporary social change
D. Global-local articulation and social change in peri-urban Nepal
E. Modernism, consumerism and the expanding middle class in Kathmandu

Readings:
Macfarlane, Alan (2001) 'Sliding down hill: Some reflections on thirty years of change in a
Himalayan village,' European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, 20-21 (Double issue), pp.
105-124 [Read this paper together with Macfarlane's (1976) Resources and Population: A
Study of the Gurungs of Nepal. Cambridge: CUP].

30
Blaikie, Piers, Cameron, John and Seddon, David (2002) 'Understanding 20 years of change in
west-central Nepal: Continuity and change in lives and ideas,' World Development, 30(7),
pp. 1255-1270 [Read this paper together with Blaikie, Cameron and Seddon (1980) Nepal
in Crisis. Delhi: OUP].
Cameron, Mary M. (1995) 'Transformations of gender and caste divisions of labour in rural
Nepal: Land, hierarchy, and the case of untouchable women,' Journal of Anthropological
Research, 51, pp. 215-246.
Gellner, David N. (2007) 'Caste, ethnicity and inequality in Nepal,' Economic and Political
Weekly, 42(20), pp. 1823-1828.
Rankin, Katharine Neilson (2004) The Cultural Politics of Markets: Economic Liberalization in
Nepal and Social Change. London: Pluto Press. [Read Chapter 6, "Global-local
articulation...," pp. 164-186].
Liechty, Mark (2008) Suitably Modern: Making Middle-Class Culture in a New Consumer
Society. Kathmandu: Martin Choutari (originally published by Princeton University Press
in 2002) [Read Chapter 4, "Consumer culture in Kathmandu," pp. 87-116].

31
 So574: Politics and Society: Interface between Nation, State and the Globe

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Course Description and Objectives:
Politics and power has remained one of the central experience and concern of the human
condition throughout the ages. The structure and process of use of power in any society also
affect the process of its development. Drawing from a wide range of sources from the social
sciences and the humanities, the primary objective of this course is to familiarize the students
with the foundational issues of political power and authority and its linkages with state,
governance, and development. In this process it begins with introducing the students about the
conceptual and theoretical issues that can help to explain the relationship between political
structures and society and their transitional situations. This course is designed as a text-based
exploration and will thus require the students to immerse into original texts to develop their
comprehension, analytic, and writing skills. While the list of texts offers a wide intellectual and
historical sweep, the teaching and reading will focus on the core issues listed on each Unit. The
structure of learning and evaluation on this course will follow a modality including instruction,
class room discussion of students on related themes and written tests on both terminal and final
examinations.

Unit I: Concept of Power and Its Social Role (9 hours)

Concept of power, Social base of power, Power in rulemaking and rule breaking processes;
Changing definitions of politics and power; Politics and social structure: Marx, Weber and
Parsons
Unit II: Democracy, Liberal Democracy and Its Critique (12 hours)
Models of democracy, Liberal democracy and its features: Political pluralism, Diffusion of
power in multiple power centers and notion of representative government, Mills' notion of
democracy and development of virtue; Critiques of liberal democracy: Structural constraints on
proper representation, Marxist and Neo-Marxist theories on structural bases of state, power and
power relations.
Unit III: Nation, Nationalism and Political Processes (9 hours)
Nation in comparative perspective: (a) Constructivist conception of nation or nation as an
imagined community, (b) Structural conception of nation or nation as a shared culture and
identity of belonging in a nation state, Politics of identity: ethnicity-old and new.

Unit IV: Relationship Between State and Society (9 hours)

Relationship between State Power and Social Forces, Weak State, Strong State and Politics of
Survival, State failure: Causes and Consequences
Unit V: Globalization and Governance (9 hours)

32
Governance in a Globalizing World: Dimensions of globalization, Developmental effect of
globalization in developing world, Politics of aid in international development.

Readings
Unit I: The concept of Power and its Social Roles
Kate Nash. 2010. "Changing Definitions of Politics and Power" in Contemporary Political
Sociology: Globalization, Politics, and Power .Second Edition. New York: John Wiley &
Sons.
Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward. 2005. "Rulemaking, Rulebreaking, and Power." in
Janoski, Thomas et al (ed.). The Handbook of Political Sociology: States, Civil Societies,
and Globalization. Cambridge: University Press.
Alexander M. Hicks, Thomas Janoski, and Mildred A. Schwart. 2005. "Political Sociology in the
New Millenium" in Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalization, Politics, and
Power .Second Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Unit II: Democracy, Liberal Democracy and Its Critique
Held, David 1996. "Introduction" Models of Democracy. California: Stanford University Press
Herbert Kitschelt. 2004. "Parties and political Intermediation". Chapter 14. In Kate Nash and
Alan Scott (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology. MA: Blackwell
Publishers.
Francisco J. Granados and David Knoke, 2005. Chapter 15. "Organized Interest Groups and
Policy Networks". In Janoski, Thomas et al (eds.). The Handbook of Political Sociology:
States, Civil Societies, and Globalization. Cambridge: University Press.
Alexander Hicks and Frank J. Lechner. "Neopluralism and Neofunctionalism in Political
Sociology". Chapter 1. In Janoski, Thomas et al (ed.). The Handbook of Political
Sociology: States, Civil Societies, and Globalization. Cambridge: University Press.

Chan, Sylvia 2002. "The Question: Is liberal Democracy Good for Development" in Liberalism
Democracy and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Axel van den Berg and Thomas Janoski. 2005. "Conflict Theories in Political Sociology". In
Janoski, Thomas et al (ed.). The Handbook of Political Sociology: States, Civil Societies, and
Globalization. Cambridge: University Press.
Bob Jessop. 2004 "Developments in Marxist Theory". In Kate Nash and Alan Scott (eds.). The
Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology. MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Veltmeyer, Henry and James Petras 2008. "Peasants in an Era of Neoliberal Globalization:Latin
America on the move"
Unit III: Nation, Nationalism and Political Processes
Liah Greenfeld and Jonathan Eastwood. 2005."Nationalism in Comparative Perspective" in
Janoski, Thomas et al (ed.). The Handbook of Political Sociology: States, Civil Societies,
and Globalization. Cambridge: University Press.

33
Aletta J. Norval. 2004. "The politics of Ethnicity and Identity". In Kate Nash and Alan Scott
(eds.). The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology. MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Alan Finlayson. 2004. "Imagined Community". Chapter 25. In Kate Nash and Alan Scott (eds.).
The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology. MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Unit IV: Relationship Between State and Society
Migdal, Joel S. 2001. "State in Society: Studying How States and Societies Transform and
Constitute One Another". Strong States, Weak States: Power and Accommodation, Pp.
58-96. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Joel S. Migdal, Atul Kohli and Vivienne Shue (eds.) 1994. "State Power and Social Forces: on
Political Contention and Accommodation in the Third World" State Power and Social Forces:
Domination and Transformation in the Third World. Chapter 11,. Pp. 294 – 325,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Migdal, Joel S. 1988. "The Politics of Survival: Why Weak States Cannot Overcome Strong
Societies and What Happens to Them as a Result". Chapter 6: Strong Societies and Weak States:
State – Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Pp. 206 – 237, New
Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Susan Rose-Ackerman (2001). When States Fail: Causes and Consequences. Establishing the
Rule of Law, Pp. 182-221. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Unit V: Globalization and Governance
Keohane, Robert O. and Jpsheph S. Nye Jr. 2000. "Introduction," pp.1-39 in Joseph S. Nye Jr
and John D. Donahue (eds) Governance in a Globalizing World. Washington, D.C.:
Brookings Institute Press.
Grindle, Merilee S. 2000. Ready or Not: The Developing World and Globalization" Pp. 178-207
in Joseph S. Nye Jr and John D. Donahue (eds) Governance in a Globalizing World.
Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute Press.
Kamarck, Elaine Ciulla 2000. 'Globalization Public Administration Reform,' Pp. 229-252 in
Joseph S. Nye Jr and John D. Donahue (eds) Governance in a Globalizing World.
Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute Press.
Escobar, Arturo 1995. "Economics and the Space of Development: Tales of Growth and Capital"
in Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton:
Princeton University Press.

34
 So575: Sociology of Health
Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Objectives:
By the end of this course, students will be able to:
o Understand and employ a range of concepts, terms, principles and
definitions used in medical sociology;
o Utilize these concepts and perspectives with reference to particular
population health issues in specific contexts;
o Demonstrate the relevance of sociological investigation and analysis to the
formulation of appropriate population health interventions, and
o Critically evaluate epidemiological and medical approaches in population
health from sociological perspective.
Unit I: Colloquium (3 hrs)
A. By almost any measure, the world is better than it was ever been. Extreme poverty rates
have been cut in half in the past 25 years. People are living longer, healthier lives. Child
mortality and maternal mortality are plunging, and life expectancy at birth has
substantially increased. What are the causes for such changes?
B. What is health? What are the risk factors for illhealth? What are the connection between
social factors and disease patterns?
C. Are there evidences linking social conditions to disease?
Readings:
Marmot, Michael (2005). Social Determinants of Health Inequalities, Lancet, 365:1099-
1104.
Link, Bruce G. and Jo Phelan (1995). Social Conditions As Fundamental Causes of
Disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35:80-94
Unit I: Introduction (3hrs)
A. Link between Medical Sociology and Sociological Theory
B. Social Construction and Health
- The cultural meanings of illness
- What is normal and abnormal?
- Illness responses embedded in cultural context
- Social construction of medical knowledge
C. Social Epidemiology

35
Required Readings
For A:
Cockerham, William C.2005.'Medical Sociology and Sociological Theory'. In William
C. Cockerham (ed.) The Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology. Blackwell
Publishing Ltd, pp. 3-22.
Cockerham, William C. 2013. The Rise of Theory in Medical Sociology', In William
C. Cockerhm (ed.) Medical Sociology on the Move: New Directions in Theory. New
York: Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg, Pp 1-10
For B:
Olafsdottir, Sigrun. 2013. 'Social Construction and Health', In William C. Cockerhm
(ed.) Medical Sociology on the Move: New Directions in Theory. New York: Springer
Dordrecht Heidelberg, Pp 41-60.
White, Kevin. 2002. An Introduction to the Sociology of Health and Illness. Chapter2:
The
Social Construction of Medical Knowledge. London: SAGE Publications, Pp14-31
For C:
Krieger, Nancy. 2002. A Glossary for Social Epidemiology. Epidemiological Bulletin
Vol 23, No1.
Krieger, Nancy. 2002. A Glossary for Social Epidemiology. Epidemiological Bulletin
Vol 23, No2.
Unit II: Theoretical Perspectives (12 hrs)
A. Parsonian perspective and sick role
 Characteristics of the medical profession
 Sick role
B. Symbolic interaction theory and health
 The illness experience
 Lines of inquiry
 Embodied selves in health and illness
 Critique
C. Political Economy and Marxist
 Class, health and social change
 Health inequality
D. Foucault and the Sociology of Medical Knowledge
 Foucault's sociology of health
 Power-knowledge discourse

36
  History of medicine
 View of the body
E. Gender and Health
 Gender specific health problem
 Gender inequality on health
 Feminism and medicine
 Intersectionality
Required Readings
For A:
White, Kevin. 2002. An Introduction to the Sociology of Health and Illness. [Chapter 6-
Parsons, American Sociology of Medicine and the Sick Role].London: SAGE Publications,
pp 104-116
For B:
Charmaz, Kathy and Linda Liska Belgrave. 2013. 'Chapter 2: Modern Symbolic
Interaction Theory and Health', In William C. Cockerhm (ed.) Medical Sociology on
the Move: New Directions in Theory. New York: Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg, Pp 11-
40.
For C:
White, Kevin. 2002. An Introduction to the Sociology of Health and Illness [Chapter 5 -
Materialist Approaches to Sociology of Health]. London: SAGE Publications, pp 79-103.
Scambler, Graham and Sasha Scambler. 2013. 'Chapter 5: Marx, Critical Realism and
Health Inequalities', In William C. Cockerham (ed.) Medical Sociology on the Move:
New Directions in Theory. New York: Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg, Pp 83-103.
For D:
White, Kevin. 2002. An Introduction to the Sociology of Health and Illness. [Chapter 7-
Foucault and the Sociology of Medical Knowledge].London: SAGE Publications, pp 117-
129.
For E:
Lupton, Deborah. 2003. Medicine as Culture [Chapter6: Feminisms and
Medicines].London:
SAGE Publications, pp. 142-174.
Annandale, Ellen.2013. ' Chapter 8: Gender Theory and Health', In William C.
Cockerhm (ed.) Medical Sociology on the Move: New Directions in Theory. New York:
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg, 155-172.
Unit III: Disability, Stigma and Discrimination (9 hrs)
A. Biomedical and social models of disability

37
 B. Definition and classification of Disability in Nepal
C. Challenges to measure and compare disability
D. Social stigma and discrimination
E. Disability, poverty and global challenges
F. Social inclusion and disability policy
Required Readings
For A:
Harris, John (2000). Is there a coherent social conception of disability? Journal of
Medical Ethics, 26:95-100.
Shakespeare, Tom (2006). ‘The Social Model of Disability’, in Lennard J. Davis (ed.)
The Disability Studies Reader. NY: Rutledge, Pp 197-204.
Thomas, Carol (2004). How is Disability Understood? An examination of sociological
approaches. Disability & Society, 19(6): 569-583.
For B:
GoN (2006). Definition and Classification of Disability in Nepal. Kathmandu: GoN.
For C:
Subedi, Madhusudan (2012). Challenges to Measure and Compare Disability: A
Methodological Concern. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 6:1-24.
For D:
Link, Bruce J. and Jo C. Phelan (2001). Conceptualizing Stigma. Annual Review of
Sociology, 27:263-285.
Goffman, Erving (1999). On Face-Work. In Charles Lemert (ed.) Social Theory: The
Multicultural and Classic Readings [pp 330-334]. Colorado: Worldview Press.
For E:
Jenkins, Richard (1991). Disability and Social Stratification. The British Journal of
Sociology, 42(4):557-580.
For F:
WHO and World Bank (2011). World Report on Disability. Geneva: WHO. PP 7-23.
CBS.2014. Population Monograph of Nepal [Chapter: Disability]
Unit IV: Health Care Issues in Access and Delivery (12 hrs)
A. Health as a Fundamental Right
B. Primary Health Care (Alma Ata Declaration)
C. Ottawa Charter
D. Second Long-term Health Plan of Nepal (1997) and Critique
E. Free Health Care Policy of Nepal

38
Required Readings
For A:
WHO.1998. World Health Report 1998 [Chapter 5: Achieving Health for All]. WHO:
Geneva, Pp 139-144.
WHO.2002. 25 Questions and Answers on Health and Human Rights. WHO: Health
and Human Rights Publication Series Issue I.
For B:
WHO. 1980. International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR 6-12
set 1978. Geneva: WHO
For C:
WHO. 1986. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Geneva: WHO
For D:
MoHP.1999.Nepal Second Long Term Health Plan. 1997-2017. Kathmandu:
MoHP
Mishra, Chaitanya. 2067BS. Badalido Nepali Samaj [Kasima bisbarse
swastha niti, 168-185]. Kathmandu: Fine Prints.
For E:
Witter, Sophie Witter, Sunil Khadka, Hom Nath and Suresh Tiwari. 2011. The national
free delivery policy in Nepal: early evidence of its effects on health facilities. Health
Policy and Planning, 26:84-91.
Unit VI: Health-Related Research in Nepal (9hrs)
A. Medicalization
B. Health Politics
C. Women and Health
D. Development Discourse
Required Readings
For A:
Furr, L. Allen. 2004. Medicalization in Nepal: A Study of the Influence of
Westernization on Defining Deviant and Illness Behavior in a Developing Country.
International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 45(1-2):131-142.
Beine, Dave (2012). 'The Medical Hall: The New Shaman? Examining a New Trend
and its Implication in Health Seeking Behavior in Nepal', in Readings in
Anthropology and Sociology of Nepal. Kathmandu: SASON. Pp 2-19.
For B:

39
Subedi, Madhusudan (2009). ‘Trade in Health Service: Unfair Competition of
Pharmaceutical Products in Nepal’. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 3:
123-140.
For C:
Subedi, Madhusudan (2010). Uterine Prolapse, Mobile Health Camp Approach and Body
Politics in Nepal. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 4: 21-40.
For D
Harper, Ian. 2003. Capsular Promise as Public Health: A Critique of Nepali National
Vitamin A Programme. Studies in Nepali History and Society 7(1): 137–173.

40
 So576: Household and Family in Transition
Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Objective of the Course
Household and family are two basic institutions of society. They recruit its individual members,
transmit existing values of society to those members, and nurture them through engagement in
economic activities. Theoretically, these two institutions have some differences. These
differences are established in terms of variations in some of their social features. The social
forces which have contributed to bring change in the structure of larger society have produced
changes on composition of these institution and the rolesplayed by them and their members. This
course aims to introduce students the features and roles of these institutions and the changes
experienced by them.

Unit 1. Definition, Function and Social Significance of

Household and Family 9 Hours

Definition of household, definition of family, relationship between family and household,
functions of household and .family, theoretical significance of household and family,
Development cycle of domestic group.
Readings
1. Goode, William J. 1962. "The Theoretical Importance of the Family." In The Family.
Englewood: The Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp, 1-14.
2. Wilk, Richard R and Robert Netting. 1984. " Households: Changing Forms and
Functions" in Netting, R., Richard Wilk and Eric Arnould (eds.). Households:
Comparative and Historical Studies of the Domestic Group. London: Los Angeles. Pp. 1-
28.
3. Sylvia Junko, Yanagisako. 1979. "Family and Household: The Analysis of Domestic
Groups." In Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 8, pp. 161-205.

Unit 2. Structure of Household and Family and Its Change 15

Historical overview of changes in the structure and formation of household and family,
Dynamics of the production and reproduction process of the domestic unit, Reasons for change
in the structure and formation of household and family, comparing household and family
structure and its change across societies, understanding changes in the structure and formation of
household and family in Nepal.
Readings
1. Goode, William J. 1963. "World Changes in Family patterns" in World Revolution and
Family Pattern. New York: The Free Press, pp. 1-26.
2. Cherlin, Andrew. 1983. " Changing Family and Household: Contemporary Lessons from
Historical Research." In Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 9, pp. 51-66. Wall, Richard.
1997 "Comparing Household and Family Structures across Europe: Problems and
Perspectives." In Population: An English Selection, Vol. 9, pp. 101-122.

41
 3. "Comparing Household and Family Structures across Europe: Problems and
Perspectives." Wall, Richard, 1997. In Population: An English Selection, Vol. 9, pp.
101-122.
4. Glick, Paul C. 1984. "American Household Structure in Transition." In Family Planning
Perspectives, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 205-211.
5. Mishra, Chaitanya. 2014. Pathways to

Unit 3. Household Economy and the International System 9

The economic function of household, the influence of world economy on economic function of
household: such as on its earning opportunities, labor process, gender division of labor, and use
of income and resources
Readings
1. Bossen, Laurel. 1981. "The Household as Economic Agent." In Urban Anthropology,
Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 287-303.
2. Wallerstein, Immanuel and Joan Smith. 1992. "Households as an institution of the world-
economy." In Smith, John et al (eds.). InCreating and Transforming Households: The
constraints of the world-economy. Cambridge: Cambridge university press.
3. Shelley, Feldman. 2007. "Households, Labor, and Global Capitalism: A Close Encounter
with Joan Smith." Review, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp.243-260.

Unit 4. The Empty Nest Household 6

Effect of change on composition of household, The empty nest and the position of elderly,
Various experiences of empty nest in composition of family

Readings

1. Gratton, Brian and Myron P. Gutmann, 2010. "Emptying the Nest: Older Men in the
United States, 1880–2000." Population and Development Review, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp.
331-356.
2. Schnaiberg ,Allan and Sheldon Goldenberg. 1989."From Empty Nest to Crowded Nest:
The Dynamics of Incompletely-Launched Young Adults."Social Problems,Vol. 36, No.
3, pp. 251-269.

Unit. 5 Intra-household Relationship and Change 9

Patterns and changes in intergenerational linkages among family members: Solidarity,
cooperative conflict and life course transition. Changing gender practices within household.
1 George Linda K and Deborah T. Gold. 1991. "Intergenerational solidarity in Families:
Understanding Ties That Bind." InPfeifer, Susan P. and Marvin B. Sussman (eds),
Families: Generational and Inter-general Connections. New York: the Haworth Press,
pp. 11-39.
2 George Linda K and Deborah T. Gold. 1991. "Life Course Perspective on
Intergenerational and Generational Connection." InPfeifer, Susan P. and Marvin B.

42
 Sussman (eds), Families: Generational and Inter-general Connections. New York: the
Haworth Press, pp. 67-88.
3. Sen, Amartya. K. 1989. "Cooperation, Inequality, and the Family."Population and
Development Review, Vol. 15, pp. 61-76.

4. Sullivan, Oriel. 2004. "Changing Gender Practices within the Household: A Theoretical
Perspective" In Gender and Society, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 207-222.

43
 (Third Semester)
So581: The World-System Perspective

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Objectives:
The objectives of this course are the following:
A. Learn to think in large scale and long run and to think successively beyond the apparent and
under the surface
B. Learn the scale and depth of world/global-scale social change that has been taking place for
at least last 500 years which, according to accepted wisdom, is when capitalism started to
evolve.
C. Learn what the evolution of capitalism has implied for the world and for the different
regions, states and peoples in the core and the periphery.
D. Learn about the variant formulations and critiques of the world system, some of which
undercut the very notion of capitalism and the notion that capitalism originated in Europe.
E. Learn how the world-system perspective can be utilized to comprehend contemporary society
and life in Nepal.

I. The historical context (6 hours)

 Immanuel Wallerstein (IW). ‘On the study of social change.’ Pp. 3-11 in The Modern
World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy
in the Sixteenth Century. Pp. 3-11
 William I Robinson. ‘Globalization and the sociology of Immanuel Wallerstein: A
critical Appraisal.’ International Sociology. 2011. Pp. 1-23
 IW: ‘The rise and future demise of the world capitalist system: Concepts for comparative
analysis.’ Comparative Studies in Society and History. Sep. 1974. Pp 387-415.
 IW: ‘The rise and future demise of world-systems analysis.’ Paper delivered at the 1996
meeting of the American Sociological Association. p. 8

II. Key themes (12 hours)

A. ‘The modern world-system as a capitalist world economy: Production, surplus value and
polarization’
 IW: Chapter 2 of World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction (WSA). Pp. 22-41
B. ‘The rise of the states-system: Sovereign nation-states, colonies and the interstate system’
 IW: Chapter 3 of WSA: Pp. 42-59
C. ‘The modern world-system in crisis: Bifurcation, chaos and choices’
 IW: Chapter 5 of WSA: Pp. 77-90
 Frank Elwell: ‘Wallerstein’s crisis of capitalism.’ P. 5
 Christopher Chase-Dunn. ‘Five linked crises in the contemporary world system.’
Journal of World-Systems Research. Vol 19, No. 2, 175-80

44
III. Variants/Critiques (12 hours)
A. Theda Skocpol. ‘Wallerstein’s world capitalist system: A theoretical and historical
critique’. American Journal of Sociology. Vol 82, No 5 (March 1977). Pp. 1075-89
B. ‘Debates’ on the scale and time-depth of capitalist world system
 Andre Gunder Frank. ‘Immanuel and me with-out hyphen.’ Journal of World Systems
Research. Vol. 6, No 2 (Summer/Fall 2000). Pp. 216-231.
 Barry Gills. ‘The continuity thesis on world development.’ In Sing C Chew and
Robert A. Denemark (eds.), The Development of Underdevelopment. Pp. 226-45
 Christopher Chase-Dunn. ‘World-systems: Similarities and differences.’ In Sing C
Chew and Robert A Denemark (eds.). The Development of Underdevelopment. Pp.
246-58
 Optional reading. Andre Gunder Frank. The Five Thousand Year World System.
Humboldt Journal of Social Relations. Vol. 18, No 2. Pp. 1-41
C. World-systems and dependency theories
 James Petras. ‘Dependency and world-system theory: A critiques and new directions.’
Latin American Perspectives. Vol 8, No ¾. (Late Summer/Autumn). Pp. 148-155

IV. Colloquium on Nepal (12 hours)

A. Piers Blaikie, John Cameron and David Seddon’s Nepal in Crisis: Growth and
Stagnation in the Periphery. Chapter 2. Pp.24-58.
B. Chaitanya Mishra: ‘Development and underdevelopment in Nepal: A preliminary
sociological perspective.’ 1987. In Chaitanya Mishra, Essays on the Sociology of Nepal.
Pp. 47-80
C. Chaitanya Mishra: ‘Nepal: Long term and lar Colloquium on linkaging the ‘Nepal
texts’ to the ge scale: History and theory.’ Pp. 18
D. Chaitanya Mishra: ‘Samrajyabad ra Nepalko bhawisys.’ Kantipur. Feb 20, 2013 (Fagun
9, 2069). P. 7.
E. Ian Carlos Fitzpatrick. Cardamom and Class: A Limbu Village and its Extensions in East
Nepal. Pp. 1-26, 183-228, 271-78
F. Bandita Sijapati and Amrita Limbu. Governing Labor Migration in Nepal: An Analysis of
Existing Policies and Institutional Mechanisms. Chapter 1. Pp.1-24

V. Reflecting back on the perspective and variants (3 hours)

This unit is utilized to summarize the juxtaposition of the world-system/world system
perspectives and its variants on the one hand and the ‘Nepal texts’ on the other. It is intended as
an exercise in linkaging the theoretical and the empirical and in cultivating a habit of theoretical
thinking. It is expected that the colloquium will be summarized, documented, shared, and utilized
as a learning device during subsequent semesters in Kirtipur and other campuses.

VI. Action Plan: Outlining a research plan implicating elements of the perspective
(3 hours)

45
This unit is utilized to promote group work intended to develop tentative ideas which link up the
world-system perspective and its variants with group research agendas. It is expected that the
‘linkaging’ carried out in the preceding unit will provide valuable inputs for the preparation of
group research agendas.

46
 So582: Basic Statistics in Sociological Research

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Objectives:
This course basically aims to develop skills of students in basic statistical techniques of data
analysis through developing clear understanding of data measured in four major types; nominal,
ordinal, interval and ratio scales. Specifically, it aims to:
a) Enable students to categorize and organize data,
b) Enable students to identify nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scale data
c) Develop skills of analyzing nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scale data

Unit I: Key Statistical Concepts (6 hrs)

A. Grouping and Organizing data
B. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate data and frequency distribution
C. Cross-sectional, cohort and panel data
D. Summarizing data: measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode) and measures
of dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation).
Readings:
Mueller, John H. and Karl F. Schuessler. 1969. Statistical Reasoning in Sociology. New
Delhi: Oxford and IBH. (Chapters 3, pp. 29-78)
Levin and Fox. Elementary Statistics in Social Research. Chapter 2, Chapter 3 and Chapter 4.
T.L. Baker. Doing Social Research. Levels of measurement. Pp. 119- 125.
Time Frame in Which the Study is Carried Out:Cross-sectional or Longidudinal. Pp. 91-95.
Unit II. Analysis of Nominal-scale Data (12 hrs)
A. Rationale
B. Univariate data analysis: one way frequency table
C. Bivariate data analysis: two way frequency table, chi-square test
D. Level of significance (measures of strength of relationship)
E. Interpretation
F. Inference
Readings:
Blalock, H.M. Nominal Scales: Proportions, Percentages, and Ratios. Chapter 3, pp. 31-40.
Blalock, H.M. Nominal Scales: Contingency problems. Chapter 15, pp. 275-316.

47
Unit III. Analysis of Ordinal-scale Data (12 hrs)
A. Rationale
B. Univariate data analysis: one way frequency table,
C. Bivariate data analysis: two way frequency table, Spearman rho, chi-square test of
independence
D. Interpretation
E. Inference
Readings:
Muller, Schuessler and Costner. Statistical Reasoning in Sociology. The association of
ordinal variables. Chapter 10, pp. 267-294.
Blalock, H.M. Ordinary Scales: Two samples parametric tests. Chapter 14, pp. 275-316.
Levin and Fox. Non-parametric test of significance. Chapter 9, pp. 309-332.
Unit IV. Analysis of Interval- and Ratio-scale Data (15 hrs)
A. Rationale
B. Univariate data analysis: one sample z, t, F
C. Bivariate data analysis: two way frequency table, scatter diagram, correlation coefficient,
simple linear regression, two sample Z, t and F tests, significance tests of correlation and
regression coefficients
D. Interpretation
E. Inference
Readings:
Blalock, H.M. Interval Scales: Frequency distribution and graphic presentation. Chapter 4,
pp. 41-54.
Blalock, H.M. Interval Scales: Measures of Central Tendency. Chapter 5, pp. 55-76
Blalock, H.M. Two Samples Test: Difference of Means and Proportions. Chapter 13, pp.
219-242.
Levin and Fox. Chapter 7: Testing Differences between Means. Pp. 235-268.
Blalock, H.M. Correlation and regression. Chapter 17, pp. 361-396.
Levin and Fox. Correlation and Regression Analysis. Chapter 10 and 11, pp. 345-392.
Unit V. Analysis of Variance (3 hrs)
A. The logic of analysis of variance
B. Analysis of variance
C. Multiple comparison of means

48
Readings:
Levin and Fox. Analysis of Variance. Chapter 8, pp. 283-308.
Blalock, H.M. Analysis of variance. Chapter 16, pp. 317-360.

49
 So583: Sociology of Gender
Full marks: 100
Teaching hrs: 48
Credit hrs: 3

Course Objectives

Sociology of Gender has received a wider attention during the last two decades or so in
sociology and other social sciences. This paper aims to provide basic knowledge on conceptual,
theoretical and methodological aspects of gender and feminism from sociological vantage point.
It enables students to understand many of the perspectives needed to analyze gender relations in
the Nepalese society as sociologist and as development practitioners. This course starts from
issues of social construction of gender and feminist theories, and delves into debates on
patriarchy and associated bargaining approach, followed by feminist methodology, and finally
problematizes gender based violence in Nepal as a case.

Unit I: Social Construction of Gender 8 hrs

 Sex, and social construction of gender
 Gender as routine accomplishment in everyday interaction
 Gender as social structure
 Sex roles and gender division of labour

Required readings
Little, William and Ron McGivern (2013) "The difference between sex and gender,"
Introduction to Sociology – 1st Canadian Edition, British Columbia: OpenStax College,
Chapter 12.
West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987) "Doing gender," Gender & Society, 1(2), 125–151.
Lorber, Judith (1994) " 'Night to his day': the social construction of gender," Paradoxes or
Gender, Yale University Press pp. 13-36.
Marini, Margaret Mooney (1990) "Sex and gender: what do we know?" Sociological Forum, vol.
5(1), pp. 95-120.

Unit II: Feminist Theories 10 hrs

 Liberal feminism (Simone de Beauvoir)
 Socialist feminism (Maria Mies)
 Third-wave feminism (Chandra Talpade Mohanty)
 Radical feminism (Kate Millett)
 Variants of feminist interpretations on women's subordination

Required readings
de Beauvoir, S. (1949) “The data on biology,” The second Sex, Chapter 1, Penguin Modern
Classics, pp. 33 -64.
Mies, Maria (1981) The social origins of the sexual division of labour, Occasional Paper No. 85,
The Hague: Institute of Social Studies.
Mohanty, C. T. (2002) "'Under Western eyes' revisited: feminist solidarity through anticapitalist
struggles," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 28(2), pp. 499-535.

50
Millett, Kate (1969) "Theory of sexual politics," Sexual Politics, Chapter 2, Granada Publishing.
Luintel, Youba Raj (2006) Gendered analysis of women’s subordination, a draft manuscript,
Kathmandu: Tribhuvan University.

Unit III. Patriarchy and Beyond 8 hrs

 Origins of patriarchy
 Capitalist patriarchy
 Comparing variants of feminist interpretation on patriarchy
 Patriarchy in everyday life: household and intra-household bargaining

Required readings
Lerner, Gerda (1986) "Origins," The Creation of Patriarchy, Chapter 1, Oxford: OUP, pp. 15-35.
Eisenstein, Zillah (1999) "Constructing a theory of capitalist patriarchy and socialist feminism,"
Critical Sociology, vol. 25(2/3), pp. 196-217.
Beechey, Veronica (1979) "On patriarchy," Feminist Review, vol. 3, pp. 66–82.
Kandiyoti, Deniz (1988) "Bargaining with patriarchy," Gender and Society, vol. 2(3), Special
Issue to Honor Jessie Bernard, pp. 274-290.
Agarwal, Bina (1997) “Bargaining and gender relations: within and beyond the household,”
Feminist Economics, vol. 3(1): pp. 1-51.
Additional reading
Bhasin, Kamala (1993) What is Patriarchy? New Delhi: Kali for Women.

Unit IV: Sociological Debate on Power and Empowerment 6 hrs

 Sociological understanding on 'power': Bourdieu, Foucault and Baudrillard
 Feminist understanding on power
 Gendered debate on power and empowerment

Required readings
Geèienë, Ingrida (2002) "The notion of power in the theories of Bourdieu, Foucault and
Baudrillard," Sociologija, vol. 2, pp. 116-124.
Allen, Amy (2014) "Feminist perspectives on power," The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(Summer 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
<http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/feminist-power/>.
Batliwala, Srilatha (2007) "Taking the power out of empowerment - an experiential account,"
Development in Practice, vol. 17(4), pp. 557-565.
March, Candida, Ines Smyth and Maietrayee Mukhapadhyah (1999) "Women's empowerment
(Longwe) framework," in A Guide to Gender Analysis Framework, Oxford: Oxfam GB, pp.
92-100.

Unit V: Feminist Methodology 8 hrs

 Feminist critique of positivism and the value for reflexivity and social change
 Emerging approaches in feminism-sensitive research
 Double consciousness and feminist standpoint epistemology

Required readings

51
Naples, Nancy A. (2007) "Feminist methodology." Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. Ritzer,
George (ed). Blackwell Publishing, Blackwell Reference Online, 1 September 2010,
available at:
http://www.blackwellreference.com/subscriber/tocnode?id=g9781405124331_chunk_g978
140512433112_ss1-42, last retrieved on 20 June 2015.
Wambui, Jane (2013) An introduction to feminist research, available online at
http://www.researchgate.net/publictopics.PublicPostFileLoader.html?id=54946308d5a3f2e
0038b4698&key=fb9f096d-d0bd-4e24-87b5-61520a3ed3c0.
Harding, Sandra (1993) "Rethinking standpoint epistemology: what is 'strong objectivity'? in
Linda Alcoff, Elizabeth Potter (eds.) Feminist Epistemologies, Routledge, pp. 49-82.
Brooks, Abigail (2007) "Feminist standpoint epistemology: building knowledge and
empowerment through women's lived experience," in Sharlene Nagy Hesse-Biber &
Patricia Lina Leavy (eds.) Feminist Research Practice, Chapter 3, Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage Publications, pp. 53-82.

Unit VI: Gender Based Violence (GBV) and Policy Response (Nepal) 8 hrs
 Sociological approach to understand violence against women
 GBV in Nepal
 Policy response

Required readings
Toffanin, Angela Maria (2012) "Research on violence against women: a sociological perspective,"
Interdisciplinary Journal of Family Studies, vol. 17(1), pp. 15-30.
OPM and CoM (2012) A Study on Gender-Based Violence Conducted in Selected Rural Districts of
Nepal, Executive Summary, Kathmandu: Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers,
pp. VI-XXI.
Saathi, The Asia Foundation, and DFID (2010) Nepal: Preliminary Mapping of Gender Based Violence,
Kathmandu: Saathi, pp. 1-21.
Policy response
Nepal Law Commission (2009) Domestic Violence (Offence and Punishment) Act, 2066 (2009),
Kathmandu.
Nepal Law Commission (2007) Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act, 2064
(2007), Kathmandu.
OPM and CoM (2012), Ending Gender Based Violence and Gender Empowerment: National Strategy
and Action Plan, 2012, Kathmandu: Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers (text in
Nepali).
Additional reading
MoHP, New ERA, and ICF International Inc. (2012) Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011.
Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health and Population, New ERA, and ICF International,
Calverton, Maryland, Chapter 14.

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 So584: Identity, Inequality and Intersectionality

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Course objectives:
This course aims to foster critical examination of how structures of inequality and bases of
identity intersect in multicultural social context, and how they get changed across the space and
over the time. Particularly it aims to delve into the contemporary debates of how categories of
social structures (like class, caste, ethnicity and gender) interact on multiple levels, resulting in
societal diversity and inequality. The course primarily focuses on two dimensions: (a) the
construction of social identity and inequality, and (b) the way these structures interplay and
mutually constitute (and, thus, intersect) one another in a dynamic way. After completing the
course the students will be able to:
a) comprehend intersectionality from conceptual and theoretical perspectives,
b) identify categories of social groups whose identity and inequality can be meaningfully
observed and analysed in their dynamic intersection, and
c) develop an ability of critically analyzing inequality from the perspective of
intersectionality.
Course contents

Unit I: The notion and the assumptions 6 hrs.

 The term intersectionality: history and practice
 Essentialism and social constructivism
 Standpoint epistemology
 Matrix of domination/oppression

Unit II: Understanding and critiquing intersectionality 10 hrs.

 Mapping the margins
 Mainstreaming intersectionality
 Intersectionality, sociology and feminist scholarship
 Feminist and Marxist critiques

Unit III: Ethnicity, identity and intersectionality 6 hrs.

 The making and unmaking of ethnic boundaries
 Constructivist theory of ethnicity and identity

53
  Ethnicity and identity in multicultural society

Unit IV: The prism of intersectionality and everyday social reality 10 hrs.
 Gender and intersectionality
 Gender and caste intersectionality
 Class and intersectionality
 Family and intersectionality

Unit V: Methods of intersectional analysis 8 hrs.

 Intersectionality and sociological research
 Complexities of intersectionality
 Level of analysis
 Tuning survey research with intersectionality

Unit VI: Recognizing intersectionality: diversity and fluidity of identity and inequality in
Nepal 8 hrs
 Identifying DAGs in development targeting
 Fluidity, ethnicity and identity
 Caste, state and ethnicity
 Intersectional examination of regional, class, caste/ethnic and gendered terrain of
employment

List of required readings:

Unit I: The notion and the assumptions

Luintel, Youba R. (2015) The notion and practice of intersectional analysis in social science: a
review article, an unpublished paper, Kathmandu: Tribhuvan University.
Walby, Sylvia, Jo Armstrong and Sofia Strid (2012) "Intersectionality: multiple inequalities in
social theory," Sociology, vol. 46(2), pp. 224–240.

Unit II: Understanding and critiquing intersectionality

54
Crenshaw, Kimberle W. (1989) "Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and
violence against women of color," originally published in Stanford Law Review, vol. 43.
Dhamoon, Rita Kaur (2011) "Considerations on mainstreaming intersectionality," Political
Research Quarterly, vol. 64(1), pp. 230-243.
Kathy Davis (2008) "Intersectionality as buzzword: A sociology of science perspective on what
makes a feminist theory successful, Feminist Theory, vol. 9(1): 67–85.
Nash, Jennifer C. (2008) "Re-thinking intersectionality," Feminist Review, No. 89, pp. 1-15.
Mitchell, Eve (2013) "I am a woman and a human: a Marxist-Feminist critique of
intersectionality theory." An article originally posted in the webpage of Unity and Struggle,
http://unityandstruggle.org/2013/09/12/i-am-a-woman-and-a-human-a-marxist-feminist-
critique-of-intersectionality-theory/ (accessed at 24 February 2015).

Unit III: Ethnicity, identity and intersectionality

Wimmer, Andreas (2008) "The making and unmaking of ethnic boundaries: a multilevel process
theory," American Journal of Sociology, vol. 113(4), pp. 970-1022.
Nagel, Joane (1994) "Constructing ethnicity: creating and recreating ethnic identity and culture,"
Social Problems, vol. 41(1), Special Issue on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in America,
pp. 152-176.
Chandra, Kanchan (2012) "Introduction," Chapter 1 in Kanchan Chandra (ed.) Constructivist
Theories of Ethnic Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1-49.
Nederveen Pieterse, Jan (2004) "Ethnicities and multiculturalisms: politics of boundaries" in
Stephen May, Tariq Modood and Judith Squires (eds.) Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Minority
Rights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 27-49.

Unit IV: The prism of intersectionality and everyday social reality

Anthias, Floya (2012) "Hierarchies of social location, class and intersectionality: towards a
translocational frame," International Sociology, vol. 28(1), pp. 121–138.
Shields, Stephanie A. (2008) "Gender: an intersectionality perspective," Sex Roles, vol. 59, pp.
301–311.
Anne, Mrudula, Jamie Callahan and Hyounju Kang (2013) "Gender and caste intersectionality in
the Indian context," Conference archive of the University Forum for Human Resource
Development, http://www.ufhrd.co.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Mrudula-
Callahan-Kang-full-paper.pdf (accessed at 24 February 2015).
Hill Collins, Patricia (1998) "It's all in the family: intersections of gender, race, and nation,"
Hypatia, vol. 13(3), Border Crossings: Multicultural and Postcolonial Feminist Challenges
to Philosophy, pp. 62-82.

55
Unit V: Methods of intersectional analysis
Choo, Hae Yeon and Myra Marx Ferree (2010) "Practicing intersectionality in sociological
research: a critical analysis of inclusions, interactions and institutions in the study of
inequalities" Sociological Theory, vol. 28(2), pp. 129-149.
McCall, Leslie (2005) "The complexity of intersectionality,' Signs, vol. 30(3), pp. 1771-1800.
Anthias, Floya (2012) "Intersectional what? Social divisions, intersectionality and levels of
analysis," Ethnicities, vol. 13(1), pp. 3-19
Winker, Gabriele and Nina Degele (2011) "Intersectionality as multi-level analysis: Dealing with
social inequality," European Journal of Women’s Studies, vol. 18(1), pp. 51–66.
Steinbugler, Amy C., Julie E. Press and Janice Johnson Dias (2006) "Gender, race, and
affirmative action: operationalizing intersectionality in survey research," Gender and
Society, vol. 20(6), pp. 805-825.

Unit VI: Recognizing intersectionality: diversity and fluidity of identity and inequality in
Nepal
Mishra, Chaitanya (2011) “Nepalma jatiya ubhar ra sanghiyakaranko sandarbha (Ethnic
Upsurge in Nepal: Implications for Federalization),” text in Nepali, translated by Tika Ram
Gautam and edited by Dilliram Subedi. In Bichar Bishesh, Year 2, Number (5-6), pp. 41-
71, Shrawan-Poush, 2068. Kathmandu: Public Policy Pathashala.
Fisher, James F. (2012) "Reification and plasticity in Nepalese ethnicity" C. Mishra and O.
Gurung (eds.) Ethnicity and Federalization in Nepal, Kathmandu: Central Department of
Sociology/Anthropology, Tribhuvan University, pp. 116-123.
Gubhaju, Bina (1999) "The fluidity of ethnicity: The case of Nepali and Newar identity in the
United States," Contributions to Nepalese Studies, vol. 26(1), pp. 135-149.
Levine, Nancy E. (1987) "Caste, state, and ethnic boundaries in Nepal," The Journal of Asian
Studies, vol. 46(1), pp. 71-88.
SDC Nepal (2013) "Approach for targeting of disadvantaged groups (DAGs)," a SDC Nepal
working document, Kathmandu: Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation (SDC) in
Nepal.
Gautam, Tika Ram (2015) Intersectionality: Employment across region, class, caste/ethnicity and
gender in Nepal, an unpublished paper, Kathmandu: Tribhuvan University.

56
 So585: Migration, Social Network, Remittance and Development

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Course Description and Objectives:
Migration is a fundamental feature of human society since very beginning. As one of the
important aspects of social demography migration plays an important role in shaping different
aspects of human social life including social relationship and social change. People migrate from
place of origin to the place of destination for a number of reasons which is often shaped by
historical and structural dynamics of society. All types of migration; internal, immigration and
emigration including reactive migration, are continuously growing in number day by day. Thus
migration has become one of the core areas of Sociology today. The main objective of this
course is to familiarize the students with the basic notion of migration, its types, theories,
methods and other important dimensions such as social network, social capital, remittance, state
policies and development. This course, therefore, posits migration in historical context with its
major types, theories, methods, current trends, different forms of consequences/effects. It also
further discusses the role of social network and social capital in migration.
Unit I. Introduction 9hrs
a. Understanding migration: internal; international: immigration; emigration; and reactive
migration
b. History and current trend of migration in the world in general and Asia and Nepal in
particular
c. Migration and social inequality
d. Migration as a challenge to sociology and sociology of migration

Required Readings:
Bailey, Rayna. 2010. Introduction. In Immigration and Migration. Chapter 1, pp. 3-24. New
Delhi: Viva Books.
Richmond, Anthony H. N.d. Reactive Migration: Sociological Perspectives on Refugee
Movements. Centre for Refugee Studies, York University, Toronto.
Gurung, Harka. 2001. Migration. In Nepal Social Demography and Expressions. Chapter II,
pp.14-34. Kathmandu: New ERA.
Castles, Stephen. 2008. Understanding Global Migration: A Social Transformative Perspective.
A Draft Paper Presented on Conference on Theories of Migration and Social Change at St
Anne’s College, Woodstock Road, Oxford.
Startup, Richard. 1971. A Sociology of Migration? The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 2
(Spring, 1971), pp. 177-190.
Uris Library. 1980. Labour Migration Under Capitalism: The Puetro Rican Experience. Monthly
Review Press, New York and London.

57
Lewin-Epstein, Noah and Semyonov, Moshe. 2000. Migration, Ethnicity, and Inequality:
Homeownership in Israel. Social Problems, Vol. 47, No. 3 (Aug., 2000), pp. 425-444.
Castle, Stephen. 2007. Twenty-First-Century Migration as a Challenge to Sociology. Journal of
Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 33, No. 3, April 2007, pp. 351-371.

Unit II. Migration Theories: Critical Analysis and New Paradigm

(12 hrs)
a. Neoclassical theories (Lee, Ravenstein, Todaro)
b. World-system theory (Wallerstein)
c. Network concepts-perpetuation of migration
d. Critical review of theories , approaches and sociology

Required Readings:
Lee, Everett S. 1966. A Theory of Migration. Demography, Vol. 3, No. 1 (1996), pp. 47-57.
King, Russell. Theories and Typologies of Migration: An Overview and a Primer. Willy Brandt
Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations 3/12.
Massey, Douglas S., Arango, Joaquin, Hugo, Graeme, Kouaouci, Ali, Pellegrino, Adela and
Taylor, Edward. Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal. Population and
Development Review, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Sep. 1993), pp. 431-466.
Sandra Ma, Ai-hsuan. N. d. Rethinking Migration Decision Making in Contemporary Migration
Theories. Pp. 145-188. Department of Sociology, National Chengchi University.
Richmond, Anthony H. N. d. Sociological Theories of International Migration: The Case of
Refugees.
Bakewell, Oliver. 2010. Some Reflections on Structure and Agency in Migration Theory.
Journal of Ethnic & Migration Studies, 36 (10).
Boswell, Christina. 2008. Combining Economics and Sociology in Migration Theory. Journal of
Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34:4, 549-566.
Additional Readings:
Kurekova, Lucia. 2009. Theories of Migration: Critical Review in the Context of the EU EAST-
WEST Flows. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. European University Institute.
Stahl, Charles W. 1995. Theories of International Labour Migration: An Overview. Asian and
Pacific Migration Journal, Vol. 4, No. 2-3. University of Newcastle.
Bijak, Jakub. 2006. Forecasting International Migration: Selected Theories, Models, and
Methods. CEFMR Working Paper 4/2006. Chapter 1 & 2, pp. 3-18. Central European Forum for
Migration Research (CEFMR).
Unit III. Social Network, Migration and Social Change (9hrs)
a. Migration and social network
b. Migrant network and labour migration

58
 c. Migration, urbanization and social change
d. Migration, family and risk diversification
e. Fragmentation of migration and social deviance and crime

Required Readings:
Alexandra Winkels. 2012. Migration, Social Networks and Risk: The Case of Rural-Rural
Migration in Vietnam. Journal of Vietnamese Studies, Vol. 7, No. 4.
Zhao, Yaohui. 2003. The Role of Migrant Networks in Labour Migration: The Case of China.
Contemporary Economic Policy, Vol. 21, No. 4 (October 2003).
Vertovec, Steven. 2002. Transnational Networks and Skilled Labour Migration. WPTC-0202. A
paper given to the conference: Ladenburger Diskurs “Migration” Gottlieb Daimler- und Karl
Benz-Stiftung, Ladengurg, 14-15 February 2002.
Portes, Alejandro. 2008. Migration and Social Change: Some Conceptual Reflections. A Key
Note Speech on ‘Theorizing Key Migration Debates”. Oxgord University, July 1, 2008.
Kong-Pin Chen, Shin-Hwan Chiang, and Siu Fai Leung. 2003. Migration, Family, and Risk
Diversification. Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 21, No. 2 (April 2003), pp. 353-380.
Honglin ZHANG, Kevin and SONG, Shungeng. 2003. Rural-urban migration and urbanization
in China: Evidence from time-series and cross-section analyses. China Economic Review, 14
(2003), pp. 386-400.
Additional Readings:
Caroline S. Archambault. 2010. Women Left Behind? Migration, Spousal Separation, and the
Autonomy of Rural Women in Ugweno, Tanza. Signs, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Summer 2010), pp. 919-
952.
G. Edward Stephen and Lucky M. Tedrow. 1977. A Theory of Time-Minimization: The
Relationship between Urban Area and Population. The Pacific Sociological Review, Vol. 20, No.
1 (Jan, 197), pp. 105-112.
Emilio A. Parrado and Chenoa A. Flippen. 2014. Migration, Social Organization, and the Sexual
Partners of Mexican Men. Social Problems, Vol. 61, No. 3 (August 2014), pp. 380-401.
Godfried, Engberson, Joanne van der Leun, and Jan de Boom. 2007. The Fragmentation of
Migration and Crime in the Netherlands. Crime and Justice, Vol. 35, No. 1.

Unit IV. Migration, Remittance, State policies and development (9hrs)

a. Migration, remittance, development and development policies
b. Migration, social capital and development
c. Migrants, livelihoods and rights
d. Migration and citizenship issues

59
Required Readings:
Appleyard, Reginald T. 1989. Migration and Development: Myths and Reality. International
Migration Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, Special Silver Anniversary Issue: International Migration an
Assessment for the 90’s (Autumn, 1989), pp. 486-499.
Wise, Raul Delgado and Covarrubias, Humberto Marquez. 2009. Understanding the Relationship
between Migration and Development. Toward a New Theoretical Approach. Social Analysis,
Volume 53, Issue 3, Winter 2009, 85-105.
Haas, Hein De. 2005. International Migration, Remittances and Development: myths and facts.
Third World Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 8, pp. 1269-1284. Routledge.
Haas, Hein de. 2007. Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective. Paper presented at
the conference on ‘Transnationalisation and Development (s): Towards a North-South
Perspective’, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Bielefeld, Germany, May 31-June 01, 2007.
Haan, Arjan de. 2000. Migrants, Livelihoods, and Rights: The Relevance of Migration in
Development Policies. Social Development Working Paper No. 4. Social Development
Department.
Koopmans, Ruud, Michalowski, Ines and Waibel, Stine. 2012. Citizenship Rights for Immigrants
National Political Processes and Cross-National Convergence in Western Europe, 1960-2008.
American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 117, No. 4 (January 2012), pp. 1202-1245.
Additional Readings:
Gustafson, Per. 2005. International Migration and National Belonging in the Swedish Debate on
Dual Citizenship. Acta Sociologica 2005 48:5. Nordic Sociological Association.
Brubakar, William Rogers. 2008. Immigration, Citizenship, and the Nation-state in France and
Germany: A Comparative Historical Analysis. International Sociology,Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 379-
407.

Unit V. Migration, Remittance Economy, and Social Change in Nepal (9 hrs)

1. Migration and remittance economy of Nepal
2. Review of Foreign Employment Act and rules-regulations
3. Migration and social problems in Nepal

Required Readings:
Seddon, David; Gurung, Ganesh; and Adhikari, Jagannath. 1998. Foreign Labour Migration and
the Remittance Economy of Nepal. Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and
Himalayan Studies: Vol. 18: No. 2, Article 7.
Mishra Chaitanya, Uprety Laya Prasad and Pandey Tulsi Ram. 2000. Seasonal Agricultural
Labour Migration from India to the Nepal Tarai. (Chapter 2 The Context: Political Economy of
the Tarai). A Research Report Submitted to Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu.

60
Gautam, Tika Ram. 2008. "Migration and the Problem of old age people in Nepal"Dhaulagiri
Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.2 | 145 146.
Bhatta, Madhabi. 2012. "Maping Negative and Positive Effect of Social Network among South
Asian Workers in Korea" PhD ThesisEwhaWomansUniveristy. (Chapter 5 & 6)
Bhadra, Chandra. 2007. "International Labor Migration of Nepalese Women: The Impact of
Their Remittances on Poverty Reduction. Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on
TradeWorking Paper Series, No 44

61
 So586: Sociology of Ageing and Disability

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Course objectives
This introductory course on ageing and disability studies aims to impart basic concepts and
theories on ageing and disability. The changing population dynamic shows that ageing is a global
concern. The course enables students to understand basic concepts and perspective on ageing.
Imparting the international and national policies on ageing, course enables students to undertake
research on emerging issues on ageing. Similarly, the course enables students to understand
theories and concepts of disability including gender dimension of disability.
Unit I. Understanding Ageing 12 hrs
A. Population dynamics and global and national trend(1950 – 2050) : Political, Economic
and Social implications
B. Varied definition and application of ageing, active ageing and its determinants
C. History of Gerontology and Geriatrics
D. Theoretical perspectives on sociology of Ageing
Unit I. Understanding Ageing
A.
Population Reference Bureau (2011). 2011 World Population Data Sheet. Population Reference
Bureau.
Chalise, H. N. (2006). Demographic situation of population ageing in Nepal. Retrieved from
http://imsear.hellis.org/handle/123456789/46569
CBS. (2011). Preliminary report-census 2011. Center Bureau of Statistics, Nepal. Retrieved
from http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Population-Census-Prelliminary-Report-
2011.pdf
B.
WHO | Definition of an older or elderly person. (n.d.). WHO. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from
http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/
WHO. (2012.). Active ageing: a policy framework. WHO. Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/ageing/publications/active_ageing/en/ pp. 12-30
C.
Bengtson, V. L., Burgess, E. O., & Parrott, T. M. (1997). Theory, explanation, and a third
generation of theoretical development in social gerontology. The Journals of Gerontology Series
B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52(2), S72–S88.
Gautam, M. K (n.d) Basic Concept of Gerontology and Geriatrics, unpublished manuscript.
D.

62
Marshall, V. W., & Bengtson, V. L. (2011). Theoretical perspectives on the sociology of aging.
In Handbook of sociology of aging (pp. 17–33). Springer.
Bengston, V.L et al (1999). Handbook of Theories of Aging. Springer Publishing Company.
Unit II. Legal frameworks and implementations 12 hrs
A. International conferences and legal frameworks
 First World Assembly on Ageing, Vienna 1982
 United Nations Principles for Older Persons ( 1991)
 Year of Older Persons ( 1999)
 Second World Assembly on Ageing ( 2002), MIPAA (Madrid International Plan of Action
on Ageing ) 2002
 UN Resolution on Rights of Older People ( 2011)
 Review of MIPAA 2012
B. National Plans and Acts on ageing
 National Action Plan for Senior Citizens (2006)
 Senior Citizens Act 2007, Senior Citizens Regulation 2009
C. Status of Older people in Nepal
D. Social perception of ageing in Nepal
Unit II. Legal frameworks and implementations
A.
UN. (1982). Report of the world assembly on ageing, Vienna, 26 July to 6 August 1982
UN General Assembly Proclamation on Ageing, 42nd Plenary meeting, 16 October 1992
UN. ( 2002). Political declaration and Madrid International Plan of Action and Ageing, Second
World Assembly on Ageing, Madrid, Spain, 8-12 April 2002
UN Resolution on Rights of Older People (2011)
HelpAge International and UNFPA . (2011. Ageing in twenty first century: a celebration and a
challenge, Chapter 1,3
Relevant UN documents
B.
Parker, S., & Pant, B. (2011). Longevity in Nepal: Health, policy and service provision
challenges. International Journal of Society Systems Science, 3(4), 333–345.
C.
Ageing Nepal and CDPS .(2012). Health and Social Care Needs Assessment of Elderly:

63
The Context of Piloting Service Developments and Care of Elderly in Pharping, Kathmandu,
Nepal, A joint study undertaken by Ageing Nepal and Central Department of Population Studies,
Tribhuvan University for United Nations Population Fund ( UNFPA), pp. 21-74
Uprety, L.P .( 2010). A Final report on the effectiveness of non-contributory social pension in
Nepal, Nepal Participatory Action Network (NEPAN) HelpAge International, pp. 20-30
Beall, C. M., & Goldstein, M. C. (1982). Work, aging and dependency in a Sherpa population in
Nepal. Social Science & Medicine, 16(2), 141–147.
Jonas, C. M. (1992). The meaning of being an elder in Nepal. Nursing Science Quarterly, 5(4),
171–175.
Acharya, Pradeep. (2008). Senior Citizens and the Elderly Homes: A Survey from Kathmandu.
Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, Vol. II. Pp. 211-226.
Unit III. Emerging issues and challenges of Ageing 6 hrs
A. Challenges of an ageing population
B. Abuse and violence against old people
C. New research agendas on ageing
Unit III. Emerging issues and challenges of Ageing
A.
WHO. (2012.). Active ageing: a policy framework. WHO. Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/ageing/publications/active_ageing/en/ pp. 33-43
Parker, S., & Pant, B. (2009). Ageing in Nepal: Emerging Issues and Challenges. Ageing in Asia,
89–108.
B.
Geriatric Centre Nepal .(2010). A Baseline Study on Reported Cases of Elder Abuse in Nepali
Press, National Human Rights Commission Nepal
Ageing Nepal .(2011). Cases of Elder Abuse & Neglect 2009-2011, Ageing Nepal
C.
UN programme on ageing .(2007). Research Agenda on ageing for the 21 st century, A joint
project of the United Nations Programme on Ageing and the International Association of
Gerontology and Geriatrics
Unit IV. Understanding disability 9 hrs
A. Beyond Medical and Social model of disability
B. International and national legal frameworks
a. UNCRPD ( 2006)
b. Disabled People's Welfare and Protection Act and Regulation
C. Feminist disability theory
A.

64
 Crow, L. (1996). Including all of our lives: Renewing the social model of disability. Exploring
the Divide, 55, 58.

Shakespeare, T., & Watson, N. (2001). The social model of disability: an outdated ideology?
Research in Social Science and Disability, 2, 9–28.
Taleporos, G., & McCabe, M. P. (2002). Body image and physical disability—personal
perspectives. Social Science & Medicine, 54(6), 971–980.
B.
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. (2006). Retrieved February 17, 2014,
from http://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?navid=12&pid=150
UNICEF. (2001). A situation analysis of disability in Nepal. UNICEF, pp. 167-183
C.
Garland-Thomson, R. (2002). Integrating Disability, Transforming Feminist Theory. NWSA
Journal, 14(3), 1–32.
Garland-Thomson, R. (2001). Reshaping, Re-thinking, Re-defining: Feminist Disability Studies.
Center for women policy studies.
Unit V. Gender dimension of disability 9 hrs
A. Experience of women with disability
B. Violence against women with disability
C. Disability and sexuality
A.
Ghai, A. (2002). Disabled women: An excluded agenda of Indian feminism. Hypatia, 17(3), 49–66.
Dhungana, B. M (2006). The lives of disabled women in Nepal: vulnerability without support.
Disability & Society, 21(2), 133–146.
B.
Chenoweth, L. (1996). Violence and Women With Disabilities Silence and Paradox. Violence
Against Women, 2(4), 391–411. doi:10.1177/1077801296002004004
Mays, J. M. (2006). Feminist disability theory: Domestic violence against women with a disability.
Disability & Society, 21(2), 147–158.
CREA .( 2011). Count me In Research report "violence against disabled, lesbian and sex working
women in Bangladesh, India and Nepal", CREA
C.
Shakespeare, T. (2000). Disabled sexuality: toward rights and recognition. Sexuality and Disability,
18(3), 159–166.
Shildrick, M. (2007). Contested pleasures: The sociopolitical economy of disability and sexuality.
Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 4(1), 53–66.

65
Khanal, A. N. ( 2012). Experience of motherhood of disabled women, Occasional Papers in
Sociology/Anthropology, Journal of Central Department of Sociology/Anthropology, Volume 12

66
 So587: Power, Leadership, State and Development

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Course Description and Objectives
Politics and power has remained one of the central experience and concern of the
human condition throughout the ages. The structure and process of use of power in any society
also affects the structure of relationship between the state and its citizens, form of leadership and
its role and patterns of relationship between state and market and development. The relations and
roles played by different kinds of these actors in political processes are however the dynamic
processes which remain changed through changes in social other social processes. Drawing from
a wide range of sources from the social sciences and the humanities, the primary objective of this
course is to familiarize the students with the structure and processes of these relations and their
change. This course is designed as a text-based exploration and will thus require the students to
immerse into original texts to develop their comprehension, analytic, and writing skills. While
the list of texts offers a wide intellectual and historical sweep, the teaching and reading will
focus on the core issues listed on each Unit. The structure of learning and evaluation on this
course will follow a modality including instruction, class room discussion of students on related
themes and written tests on both terminal and final examinations.

Unit. I. Nation State and Citizenship 12 hrs

Citizenship: definitions, theoretical traditions, citizenship rights, Citizenship and the nation-state,
Globalization and post-national citizenship

Unit II. Leadership and Development 9 hrs

Leadership: definition, Features: autocratic and democratic leadership, Functions of leadership

and its role in development.

Unit III. State, Market and Development 9 hrs

State as promoter of development; The developmental state: its features; State and predation,
Market and state: the politics of neoliberalism.

Unit IV. Discourses and Critique

9 hrs
Governmentality: governance as a changing process, Paradigm shifts in developmental
discourse, Incongruence between state planning and empirical situation.

67
Unit V. Social and Political Movements, Transition and Change 9 hrs

Definition of Movements, Variants of social/political movements: Structural, populist or new

social movement. Transition and consolidation of democratic process

Readings

Unit. I. Nation State and Citizenship

Marshall, T. (1950). Chapter 1 in Citizenship and Social Class. Concord, MA: Pluto Press.

Shafir, G. 1998. "Introduction" in The Citizenship Debates: A Reader, Minnesota: University of

Minnesota Press

Janoski, Thomas 1998. "Introduction to citizenship" and "The Framing of Citizenship Rights" in
Citizenship and Society: A Framework of Rights and Obligations in Liberal, Traditional
and Social Democratic Regimes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1-33.

Soysal, YaseminNuhoglu 2004. "Post national Citizenship: Reconfigurating the Familiar

Terrain". In Kate Nash and Alan Scott (eds.). The Blackwell Companion to Political
Sociology. MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Unit II. Leadership and Development

Gastill, John 1994. "A Definition and Illustration of Democratic Leadership" inHuman
Relations. VoL 47. No. 8, pp. 953-975.

Masciulli, Joseph, Mikhail A. Molchanov and W. Andy Knight 2010. "Political Leadership in
Context." UK: Auguste Research Ltd.

Brady, David and Michael Spence2010. "Leadership and Politics: A Perspective from the
Commission on Growth and Development" inDavid Brady and Michael Spence (eds.).
Leadership and Growth.Washington: The International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development /The World Bank

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UNIT III. State, Market and Development

Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Peter B. Evans. 1985. "The State and Economic Transformation:
Toward an Analysis of the Conditions Underlying Effective Intervention" Chapter 2.
In Peter B Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, et al. (1985). Bringing the state back in.
Cambridge University Press.

Leftwich, A. (1995). "Bringing Politics Back in: Towards a Model of the Development state."
Journal of Development Studies31(3): 400.

Leftwich, A. 1993. "Governance, Democracy and Development in the Third World." Third
World Quarterly 14(3): 605-624.

Fran Tonkiss Markets against States: Neo-liberalism". Chapter 1. In Kate Nash and Alan Scott
(eds.). The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology. MA: Blackwell Publishers.

Unit IV. Discourses and Critique of Power, State Governmentality and Development

Michael Foucault 199 2000. " The Subject and Power" in Power Edited byFaubion,James D.
New York: the New Press.

Michael Foucault 1991. "Governmentality", in Graham Burchell et al (eds.). Foucault Effect,

Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Gupta, Akhilesh 1998. "Agrarian Populism in the Development of a Modern Nation" in

Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India.Durham : Duke
University Press.

Scott, James C. 1998. "State Projects of Legibility and Simplification" in Seeing Like a State:
How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale
University Press

V. Political Movements, Transition and Change

Diani, Mario. 1992. “The Concept of Social Movement” in TheSociological Review, Vol. 40, pp.
1-25

69
Calhoun, Craig 1993. “New Social Movements of the Early Nineteenth Century” in Social
Science History, Vol. 17. No. 3, pp. 385-428.
Skocpol, Theda, 1979. " Explaining Social Revolutions: Alternatives to Existing Theories" in
States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and
China.New York: Cambridge Press.
Linz, Juan J. and Alfred Stepan1996. "Theoretical Overview",Problems of Democratic
Transition andConsolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist
Europe.Part I: Pp. 3-37, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.

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 So588: Urban Sociology

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Course Objectives
The objective of this course is to familiarize the students with the patterns and process of urban
growth and the features of social relations as they appear in urban society. Through the study of
this course the students are expected to gain knowledge specifically on issues related to the (a)
concept of urbanism, and features of urban life and urban social relations (b) Theoretical
discussions of urban social relations (c) Problems of urban areas and urban planning processes,
and (e) Patterns and processes of urban growth in Nepal

Unit I. Introduction: Concept and Trend of Urbanization 6 hrs

Concept of urbanization, Global trends of urbanization, challenges of studying urbanization,

Trends of urban growth in Nepal

Unit II: Classical Conceptions of Evolution and Growth of Urbanism 9hrs

The context: sociology as a critique and response to the emergence of secular urban industrial
order; From status to contract: Changing basis of social solidarity (H. Maine); From
Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft (F. Tonnies), From mechanical to organic solidarity (E.
Durkheim), Industrial order of capitalism and the evolution of secular classes (Karl Marx),
Capitalism and the rational order of urban life (Max Weber).

Unit III: Experiencing the Urban/City Life 12hrs

City life as a world of strangers; Establishing relations with the strangers; Information and risks
in stranger interaction; Stimulus overload and adaptation strategies; Mini-max hypothesis of
urban relations: minimize interaction and maximize social order; Strategies for protecting self
identity and construction of public life in urban setting; Lifestyle diversity in the cities and the
ways for maintaining tolerance; Public and private world of city life.

Unit IV: Analyzing Urban Societies 12hrs

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Urbanization as modernization and its problem;Neoliberalizing the urban life styles; Marx and
modern cities; Neo-Marxist approach to urban Analysis; Urbanization and urban development;
Other theories of urbanization.Wiberian framework and middle class construction in Kathmandu
.
Unit V Urban Problems 3hrs

Megacities at risk; Problems of urbanization in developing societies.

Unit VI. Rural Urban Differences and Integration 6hrs

Realities and fallacies in the of the conceptions of rural urban integration

Readings

Unit I. Introduction: Concept and Trend of Urbanization

1. Concept of urbanization (ND?)

2. Lefebvre, Henry. 1970. The Urban Revolution. Chap. 1. pp 1-22. Minnesota: University
of Minnesota Press.

3. World Urbanization Trends 2014: Key Facts, New York: United Nations.

4. Barney Cohen. 2006. Urbanization in developing countries: Current trends,future

projections, and key challenges for sustainability. Committee on Population, National
Research Council, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001, USA.

5. Data from population census of Nepal

Unit II: Classical Conceptions of Evolution and Growth of Urbanism

1. Karp, David A., Gregory P. Stone and William C. Yoels. 1991. Being Urban. Chapters 1
and 2. New York: Praeger. Pp. 1-47.

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Unit III: Experiencing the Urban/City Life

1. Karp, David A., Gregory P. Stone and William C. Yoels. 1991. Being Urban. Chapters 4
and 5. New York: Praeger. Pp. 77-132.

2. Fischer, Claude S. 1981. The Public and Private Worlds of City Life. American
Sociological Review, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Jun., 1981), pp. 306-316.

Unit IV: Analyzing Urban Societies

1. Ham,Euiyoung. 1973, Urbanization and Asian Lifestyles. Annals of the American

Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 405, pp. 104-113.

2. Banerjee-Guha, Swapna. 2009. Neoliberalising the 'Urban': New Geographies of Power

and Injustice in Indian Cities. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 44, No. 22 (May 30 -
Jun. 5, 2009), pp. 95-107.

3. Ellison,Charles E. 1983. Marx and the Modern City: Public Life and the Problem of
Personality. The Review of Politics, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Jul., 1983), pp. 393-420.

4. Jaret,Charles. 1983. Neo-Marxist Urban Analysis. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 9

(1983), pp. 499-525.

5. Bradshaw, York W. 1987. Urbanization and Underdevelopment: A Global Study of

Modernization, Urban Bias, and Economic Dependency. American Sociological Review,
Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 224-239.

6. Orum, Anthony. 2004. Urbanization. Encyclopedia of Social Theory. Sage Publication.

7. Liechty, Mark. 2003. Suitably Modern: Making Middle Class Culture in Kathmandu.
Kathmandu: Martin Chautari.

Unit V Urban Problems

1. Horlick-Jones, Tom. 1995. Urban Disasters and Megacities in a Risk Society. Geo-
Journal, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp.329-334.

73
 2. Kadi, A.S., Halingali, B.I. &Ravishankar, P. 2004. Problems of Urbanization in
Developing Countries: A Case Study of India. International Journal of science and
Nature. VOL. 3(1) 2012: 93-104.

Unit VI. Rural Urban Differences and Integration

1. Funnell, D.C. 1988.Urban-Rural Linkages: Research Themes and Directions.

GeografiskaAnnaler. Series B, Human Geography, Vol. 70, No. 2. pp. 267-274.

2. Uzzell, Douglas. 1977. Conceptual Fallacies in the Rural-Urban Dichotomy. Urban

Anthropology, Vol. 8, No. 3/4, pp. 333-350.

3. Anthony, Leeds. 1979. Forms of Urban Integration: "Social Urbanization" in

Comparative Perspective. Urban Anthropology, Vol. 8, No. 3/4, pp. 227-247.

74
 So589: Sociology of Disaster

Credit hrs. : 3
Teaching hrs.: 48

Description and Objectives of the Course

Natural events like earthquake, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, landslides, floods and epidemics
as well as human made conditions like wars,atomic eruptions, etc.,exert a number of disastrous
effects on human population. The immediate expressions of these effects can be observed in the
form of damage oftheir life and properties. They also introduce a number of human responses as
well. At occasions, these responses can be found in the form ofrise of helping hands from a
number of groups and institutions. Part of them also appear in the form of growth of terror and
violent situations.This paper aims to introduce students about these disastrous conditions and
enable them to understand and analyze the social effects generated by them. Much of
thediscussions in this process will focus on issues associated with disasters generated from
natural events.
Unit I: Introduction (Cr 6hrs)
Meaning of Disaster. Disasters made by human being, Disasters made by natural forces, Types
of natural disaster, Comparison between natural disasters and other complex humanitarian
emergencies.
Unit II:Natural Disaster: Crises, Vulnerabilities and Responses (Cr 9hrs)
Social and human vulnerability of natural disaster, Changing conception of disaster and
vulnerability, Alternative approaches to defining and responding vulnerabilities of natural
disaster: the role of community, civilian, governmental and international responses to disaster
crisis and vulnerability, Disaster and resilience of society, Organizational framework of disaster
management in Nepal..
Unit III Society and Natural Disasters (Cr 18hrs)
Relationship between social structure and disaster:Role of social network in support of disaster
victim families, Role of community and kinsin disaster response, Gender and disaster, class,
economic order,political power and disaster, Politics of disaster and disaster management,
Conflict and terror in disaster.

IV. Sociological Contributions and Research Trends in Disaster Studies: 15

Disaster research at the crossroad, Weberian, World-system and other approaches to
understanding disaster, Disaster Myth and Media, Disaster, social citizenship and welfare,
Nature, nation and ambiguities of Disaster.

Readings
Unit I: Introduction 6

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 1. Redmond, Anthony D. 2005. "Abc of Conflict And Disaster: Natural Disasters." British
Medical Journal, Vol. 330, No. 7502, pp. 1259-1261.
2. Degg, Martin 2009. "Natural Disasters: Recent Trends and Future Prospects" Geography,
Vol. 77, No. 3, pp 198-209.
3. Albala-Bertrand, J. M. 2002. "Responses to Complex Humanitarian Emergencies and
Natural Disasters: An Analytical Comparison." Third World Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 2,
pp. 215-227.

Unit II: Natural Disaster: Risks, Vulnerabilities and Responses. 9

1. Furedi, Frank. 2007."The Changing Meaning of Disaster." Area, Vol. 39, No. 4 pp. 482-
489.
2. Cutter,Susan L., Bryan J. Boruff and W. Lynn Shirley. 2003."Social Vulnerability to
Environmental Hazards." Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 242-261.
3. Zahir-ud-Din. 2005. "South Asia Earthquake: Civilian and Government Responses."
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 40, No. 44/45 (Oct. 29 - Nov. 4), pp. 4666-4667.
4. Hutchinson , John F. "Disasters and the International Order. II: The International Relief
Union." The International History Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 253-298.
5. Keck, Markus and Patrick Sakdapolrak. 2013. "What is Social Resilience? Lessons and
Ways Forward." Erdkunde, Bd. 67, H. 1, pp. 5-19.
6. Adger, W. Neil, Terry P. Hughes, Carl Folke, Stephen R. Carpenter and Johan
Rockström. 2005."Social-Ecological Resilience to Coastal Disasters." Science, New
Series, Vol. 309, No. 5737, pp. 1036-1039.
7. Chhetri, Meen B. 2001. "A Practitioner's View of Disaster Management in Nepal:
Organisation, System, Problems and Prospects." Risk Management, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 63-
72

Unit III Society and Natural Disasters 18

1. Kreps, Gary A. 1985. "Disaster and the Social Order." Sociological Theory, Vol. 3, No.
1, pp. 49-64.
2. Unger, Donald G. and Powell, Douglas R. 1980. "Supporting Families under Stress: The
Role of Social Networks" Family Relations, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 566-574.
3. Drabek, Thomas E., William H. Key, Patricia E. Erickson and Juanita L. Crowe. 1975.
"The Impact of Disaster in Kin Relationship." Journal of Marriage and Family. Vol.
37,No.3, pp 481-494.
4. Henderson, Andrea. 2006. "The Human Geography of Catastrophe: Family Bonds,
Community Ties, and Disaster Relief After the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire."
Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. 37-70.
5. Patterson, Olivia, Frederick Weil and Kavita Patel. 2010. "The Role of Community in
Disaster Response: Conceptual Models." Population Research and Policy Review, Vol.
29, No. 2, pp. 127-141.
6. Always, Joan and Kenneth J. Smith. 1998."Back to Normal: Gender and Disaster"
Symbolic Interaction, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 175-195.
7. Bose, B.P.C. 1996. "The Politics of Disaster." The Indian Journal of Political Science,
Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 119-134.

76
 8. Fatton, Robert Jr. 2011. "Haiti in the Aftermath of Earthquake: The Politics of
catastrophe." Journal of Black Studies. Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 158-185.
9. Nel, Philip and MarjoleinRigharts. 2008. "Natural Disasters and the Risk of Violent Civil
Conflict." International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 159-185.
10. Berrebi, Claude and Jordan Ostwald. 2011. "Earthquakes, Hurricanes, and Terrorism: Do
Natural Disasters Incite Terror?" Public Choice, Vol. 149, No. 3/4, pp. 383-403.
11. Col, Jeanne-Marie. 2007. "Managing Disasters: The Role of Local Government." Public
Administration Review, Vol. 67, pp. 114-124.
12. Simpson, Edward. 2007. "State of Play Six Years after Gujarat Earthquake." Economic
and Political Weekly, Vol. 42, No. 11, pp. 932-937.

IV. Sociological Contributions and Research Trends in Disaster Studies: 15

1 Tierney, Kathleen J. 2007. "From the Margins to the Mainstream? Disaster Research at
the Crossroad." Annual Review of Sociology. Vol. 33, pp. 503-525.
2 Stallings, Robert A. 2002. "Weberian Political Sociology and Sociological Disaster
Studies." Sociological Forum, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 281-305.
3 Letukas, Lynn and John Barnshaw. 2008. A World-System Approach to Post-Catastrophe
International Relief." Social Forces, Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 1063-1087.
4 Tierney, Kathleen, Christine Bevc and Erica Kuligowski. 2006. "Metaphors Matter:
Disaster Myths, Media Frames, and Their Consequences in Hurricane Katrina." Annals
of American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol 604, pp. 57- 81.
5 Varda, Danielle M. Rich Forgette, David Banks and Noshir Contractor. 2009. "Social
Network Methodology in the Study of Disasters: Issues and Insights Prompted by Post-
Katrina Research." Population Research and Policy Review, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 11-29.
6 Kreps, G. A. 1984. "Sociological Inquiry and Disaster Research." Annual Review of
Sociology, Vol. 10, pp. 309-330.
7 Baker, Stacey Menzel. 2009. ”Vulnerability and Resilience in Natural Disasters: A
Marketing and Public Policy Perspective." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, Vol.
28, No. 1, pp. 114-123.
8 Patterson, Olivia, Frederick Weil and Kavita Patel. 2010."The Role of Community in
Disaster Response: Conceptual Models." Population Research and Policy Review, Vol.
29, No. 2, pp. 127-141.
9 Kasinitz, Philip. 2006. "Tragedies, Memories, and the Sociology of 9/11." Sociological
Forum. Vol.21, No. 2 pp. 287-290.
10 Clancey, Gregory. 2006. "The MejiEarthquake:Nature Nations and Ambiguities of
Catastrophe." Modern Asian Studies. Vol 40, No.4, pp. 909-951.
11 Kale-Lostuvalt, Elif. 2007. "Negotiating State Provisions: State-Citizen Encounters in the
Aftermath of the Izmit Earthquake." The Sociological Quarterly. Vol. 48, pp. 745-767.

77
 (Fourth Semester)
So591: Agency/Micro versus Structure/Macro Perspectives

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Objectives:
The objectives of this course are the following:
F. Learn to think and take positions on the nature of relationship between an individual and a
society and about how definite social structures historically come into being and how they
are transcended.
G. As an elaboration of the preceding, learn how definite structures and individuals are created
and how the structures and individuals unmake and reshape the structure.
H. Learn variant and distinctive formulations of agency/micro and structure/macro, as also the
variant and distinctive formulations which seek to resolve the seeming contradictions
between the two polar formulations.
I. Learn to interface the global literature on agency/micro and structure/macro with more
concrete investigations of life and society in Nepal.

Unit I: Colloquium: The age-old debate in Philosophy and Sociology

(3 hours)
Is individual primary or is it society? Do individuals make their own lives or are individual lives
‘manufactured’ by society and social processes? If it is society that sets the rules, can we really
speak of individual freedom? (3 hours)
 George Ritzer (GR). Sociological Theory. Third edition. Pp. 537-9, 567-9
 Bert N Adams and RA Sydie (AS). Sociological Theory. Pp. 487-9

Unit II: Sociological stances which prioritize agency

(12 hours)
Classical Stances
A. George Herbert Mead
 Ruth A Wallace and Alison Wolf (WW). Contemporary Sociological Theory:
Expanding the Classical Tradition. Pp. 197-213
B. Herbert Blumer
 WW. Pp. 213-35
C. Erving Goffman
 WW. Pp. 235-47
D. Harold Garfinkel
 WW, Pp. 261-84
More Recent Stances

78
 George Homans. ‘Bringing man back in.’ American Sociological Review, Vol 29, No 6
(December 1964): 809-18
James Coleman. Microfoundations and microsociological behavior.’ In Jeffrey C. Alexander,
Bernhard Giesen, Richard Munch and Neil J Smelser (eds.), The Micro-Macro Link. Pp. 153-
73
Randall Collins. ‘On the microfoundations of macrosociology.’ American Journal of
Sociology, Vol 86, No 5 (March 1981): 984-1014

Unit III: Sociological stances which prioritize structure (6 hours)

A. Emile Durkheim
 AS: Pp. 90-118
 Lewis Coser (LC). Pp 129-39
B. Peter Blau
 WW. 338-62
C. Later Talcott Parsons
 AS. Pp. 345-59
 WW. 25-45
D. Historical social theory
 Austin Harrington (AH). Pp. 133-53

Unit IV: Sociological stances which prioritize ‘integration’

(15 hours)
A. Karl Marx and Frederik Engels
 LC. Pp. 43-50, 55-7, 72
 GR. Pp. 44-54
 Marx in Robert C .Tucker (RT) (ed.) The Marx-Engels Reader. Second Edition. Pp.
3-7, 148-55
 Engels in RT: Pp. 760-5
B. Jurgen Habermas
 WW. Pp. 180-3
 Jonathan Turner (JT). Pp. 205-8
 GR. 582-88
C. Pierre Bourdieu
 Pierre Bourdieu. The Logic of Practice. Book I. Chapter 3. ‘Structures, habitus,
practices.’ Pp. 52-65
 GR. 577-82
 WW. 180-3
D. Anthony Giddens
 Anthony Giddens. The Constitution of Society: Outline of a Theory of Structuration.
Chapter 1. ‘Elements of the theory of structuration.’ Pp. 1-40
 GR. 569-74
 AS. 383-5
 WW. 186-90
79
 E. Stephen Fuchs. ‘Beyond agency.’ Sociological Theory. Vol 19, No 1 (March 2001): 24-
40
F. David Gary Shaw. ‘Happy in our chains? Agency and language in the postmodern age.’
History and Theory. Vol 40, N0 4 (December 2001): 1-9
G. Brad S Gregory. ‘Review: Is small beautiful? Microhistory and the history of everyday
life.’ History and Theory. Vol 38, No 1 (February 1999): 100-10

Unit V: Colloquium on Nepal

(6 hours)
 Thomas Cox. Langtang Tibetans and Hindu Norms as Political Language: A Critical
Perspective on Sanskritization Theory. Contribution to Nepalese Studies. CNAS,
Tribhuvan University, Nepal. Vol. 16, No. 1, January 1989.
 Youba Raj Luintel, Agency, autonomy and the shared sexuality: gender relations in
polyandry in Nepal Himalaya,” Contributions to Nepalese Studies, Vol. 31(1), pp. 43-83,
2004.
 Mark Liechty: Suitably Modern: Making Middle-Class Culture in Kathmandu. Chapter 3,
‘Middle–class consciousness: “hanging between the high and the low,”’ Pp. 61-86 and
Chapter 8, ‘Constructing the modern youth,’ Pp. 209-31.
 Chaitanya Mishra: ‘Maoists at the crossroads: Postponing new democracy or sensing the
limits of agency’? Paper presented to seminars at Kyoto University, Japan and South
Asian University, New Delhi.
 Saubhagya Shah. Revolution and reaction in the Himalayas: Cultural resistance and
the Maoist “new regime” in western Nepal. American Ethnologist, Vol. 35, Issue 3,
pages 481-499. August, 2008.
Unit V: Reflecting back on the perspective and variants
(3 hours)
This unit is utilized to summarize the juxtaposition of the agency/micro and structure/macro
perspectives on the one hand and the ‘Nepal texts’ on the other. It is intended as an exercise in
linkaging the theoretical and the empirical and in cultivating a habit of theoretical thinking. It is
expected that the colloquium will be summarized, documented, shared, and utilized as a learning
device during subsequent semesters in Kirtipur and other campuses.

Unit VI: Outlining a research plan implicating elements of the perspective

(3 hours)
This unit is utilized to promote group work intended to develop tentative ideas which link up the
agency/micro and structure/macro perspectives and its variants with group research agendas. It is
expected that the ‘linkaging’ carried out in the preceding unit will provide valuable inputs for the
preparation of group research agendas. It would be useful to divide student groups in two or
more opposing camps based on their current predilection and invited to come up with research
plans suitable to their thinking.

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 So592: Survey Research and Computer Data Analysis (Practical)

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Objectives:
The primary objective of this course is to develop hand in skill of students to handle various
survey data in computer and enable them to analyze any kind of survey data using appropriate
statistical package such as SPSS. It also aims to enable students to interpret the results correctly
based on sociological perspective.
Unit I: Types of Variables and Measurement Scales (3 hrs)
A. Types of variables
B. Scales of measurement
C. Measurement and Relationships
D. Cross-sectional, cohort and panel data
E. Summarizing data: measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode) and
measures of dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation).
Unit II. Analysis of Nominal-scale Data (12 hrs)
A. Univariate data analysis: one way frequency table
B. Bivariate data analysis: two way frequency table, chi-square test
C. Level of significance (measures of strength of relationship)
D. Interpretation
Unit III. Analysis of Ordinal-scale Data (12 hrs)
A. Univariate data analysis: one way frequency table,
B. Bivariate data analysis: two way frequency table, Spearman rho, chi-square test of
independence
C. Interpretation
Unit IV. Analysis of Interval- and Ratio-scale Data (15 hrs)
A. Univariate data analysis: one sample z, t, F
B. Bivariate data analysis: two way frequency table, scatter diagram, correlation
coefficient, simple linear regression, two sample Z, t and F tests, significance tests of
correlation and regression coefficients
C. Interpretation
Unit V. Analysis of Variance (6 hrs)
A. The logic of analysis of variance

81
 B. Calculation of one-way analysis of variance
C. ANOVA and Post HOC test
Readings:
Hinton, Brownlow, McMurry and Cozens. 2004. Spss Explained. London and New York:
Routledge Tylors and Francis Groups. (Selected Chapters)
Moore, Davis S. 2007. The Basic Practice of Statistics. Fourth Edition. New York: W.H.
Freeman and Company. (Selected Chapters)
Blalock H. M. 1972. Social Statistics. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. (Selected
Chapters)
Mueller, Schuessler and Costner. 1970. Statistical Reasoning in Sociology. (Selected Chapters)
Levin, Jack and Fox, James Alan. 2012. Elementary Statistics in Social Research. (Selected
Chapters)

Note: This course is entirely based on computer skill. The students will be divided into groups
based on availability of computer lab in the department. Therefore number of teaching hours
may exceed as per the number of groups formed for the regular class of this paper.

82
So593: Thesis (Required)

Credit hours: 6
Teaching Hrs: 96 hrs.

83
 594: Gender, Power and Sexuality

Credit Hrs: 3
Teaching Hrs. 48

Course Objectives:
This paper aims to provide basic knowledge on conceptual, theoretical and methodological
aspects of gender, power, sexuality and feminist methodology. It enables students to understand
many of the perspectives needed to analyze gender relations in the Nepalese society as
sociologist and as development practitioner.

Unit I. Perspectives on Masculinity 9 Hrs

A. Theorizing masculinity
B. Masculinity and power
C. Research in masculinity

Unit II: Gender and Sexuality 9 Hrs

A. Social construction of sexuality
B. Sexuality and power
C. Homosexuality and heterosexuality

Unit III: Gender and Feminist Methodology 15 hrs

A. Feminist epistemology
B. Principles of feminist research methods
C. Ethics in feminist research
D. Household and intra-household debate in gender analysis
E. Gender analysis frameworks: Social Relation Approach, Empowerment Approach, and
Harvard Analytical Framework

Unit IV: Studies on Gender Relations in Nepal 15 hrs

A. Gender and caste
B. Gender, marriage and sexuality
C. Gender dimension of conflict during Maoist insurgency

84
D. Gender and social change

Required readings

Unit I. Perspectives on Masculinity

A. Theorizing masculinity
Connell, R. W., and Messerschmidt, J. W. 2005. “Hegemonic masculinity rethinking the
concept,” Gender & society, 19(6), pp. 829–859.
Cornwall, A., & White, S. C. 2000 . Men, Masculinities and Development Politics, Policies and
Practice. IDS Bulletin, 31(2), 1–6.

B. Masculinity and power

Lorentzen, J. 2011. Masculinity,power and change. NORA—Nordic Journal of Women’s Studies,
06(2), 110–123.
Hayward, R. F. (1997). Needed: A new model of masculinity to stop violence against girls and
women. UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia.

C. Research in masculinity
Curato, N. 2011. Addressing the absence of masculine-sensitive research methods: reflections
from interviewing military men. Philippine Social Sciences Review, 62(2). (Retrieved from
http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pssr/article/view/2103)

Unit II: Gender and Sexuality

A. Social construction of sexuality
Seidman, S. 2003. The social construction of sexuality, New York: Norton. (Retrieved from
http://www.old.li.suu.edu/library/circulation/Gurung/soc2370sgSocialConstrCh2Fall10.pdf
Anne Fausto-Sterling. 2000. “The five sexes, revisited,” The Sciences, pp 19-23.

B. Sexuality and power

Foucault, M. 1978. “The history of sexuality,” Vol. 1: An Introduction (trans. by Robert Hurley),
New York: Vintage, pp. 3-13, 103-114.
Poudel, M. 2013. "Understanding sexuality in Nepalese context", paper presented at Ashmita
conference for Identity, Power and Transformation, organized by Ashmita Publishing
house, October 2-3, 2013, Kathmandu, Nepal.

85
C. Homosexuality and Heterosexuality
Katz, J. N. 2003. “The invention of heterosexuality,” Privilege: A Reader, Michael L. Kimmel
and Abby L. Ferber (eds.), 83–98.
Tamang, S. 2003. Patriarchy and the production of homo-erotic behaviour in Nepal. Studies in
Nepali History and Society, 8(2), 225–258.

Unit III: Gender and Feminist Methodology

A. Feminist Epistemology
Nochlin, L. 1971. Why have there been no great women artists? The Feminism and Visual
Culture Reader, pp.229–233.
Aziz, B. N. 2001. Heir to a Silent Song: Two Rebel Women of Nepal. Centre for Nepal and Asian
Studies, Tribhuvan University. pp. xxv-xxxx, 33-71
Harding, Sandra. 1987. “Introduction: Is there a Feminist Method?” In Sandra Harding (ed.) Feminism
and Methodology: Social Science Issues. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Chapters 1 and
12.

B. Principles of Feminist Methodology

Reinharz, Shulamit. 1992. Feminist Methods in Social Research. Oxford University Press, pp.
240-269.
Anandhi, S., & Velayudhan, M. 2010. Rethinking Feminist Methodologies. Economic &
Political Weekly, 45(44), 39.
Ahearn, L. M. 2001. Invitations to Love: Literacy, Love letters, and Social Change in Nepal.
Chapter two, "Juggling roles: daughter, development worker, and anthropologist",
University of Michigan Press, pp. 67-87.

C. Ethics in Feminist Research

Edwards, R. & Mauthner, M. 2002. “Ethics and feminist research: theory and practice,” Ethics in
Qualitative Research, pp. 14–31.
Bhadra, C. 2002. Doing Research with Women in Nepal. The Journal of Home Science and Women
Development. Vol. 1. March 2002. Kathmandu: Home Science and Women Development
Association, Nepal (HSWDAN).

D. Household and intra-household debate in gender analysis

Sen, A. 1987. Gender and cooperative conflicts. World Institute for Development Economics
Research Helsinki (retrieved from http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-
papers/previous/en_GB/wp-18/_files/82530817554384479/default/WP18.pdf).

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Agarwal, Bina. 1997. “Bargaining” and gender relations: within and beyond the household,” Feminist
Economics, Vol. 3(1), pp. 1-51.
Agergaard, J. 1999. The household as a unit of analysis: reflections from migration research in
Nepal. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography, 99(1), 101–111.

E. Gender analysis frameworks

March, C., Smyth, I. A., & Mukhopadhyay, M. 1999. A Guide to Gender Analysis Frameworks.
Oxfam.

Unit IV: Studies on Gender Relations in Nepal

Cameron, Mary. 2005. On the Edge of Auspicious: Gender and Caste in Nepal, Chapter Four " Low
caste women's artisan and domestic work", Mandala Publications, Kathmandu. Pp.119-134.
Luintel, Youba Raj. 2004. “Agency, autonomy and the shared sexuality: gender relations in polyandry in
Nepal Himalaya,” Contributions to Nepalese Studies, Vol. 31(1), pp. 43-83.
Sharma, Mandira, & Prasain, Dinesh. 2004. “Gender dimensions of the People’s War,”
Himalayan People’s War: Nepal’s Maoist Rebellion, Indiana University Press, pp. 152–
165.
Upadhya, S. 1996. The status of women in Nepal–15 years on. Studies in Nepali History and
Society, 1(2), 423–453.

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 So595: Changing Livelihoods

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Objective of the course
The academic and strategic debates on contemporary discourse on development have
provided adequate space for the exploration and analyses of issues involved in livelihood
systems of human population living in different type of social and economic situations.
This course intends to introduce the students with conceptual meaning of livelihood
systems. It also intends to increases their exposure to the patterns, processes, variations
and changes in the engagement of people living in different societies of the world in the
process of making their livings. It is expected that through the study of the course the
students will be able to interpret and analyses these patterns and processes through use of
different type of theoretical lances.

1. Introduction: Concepts of Livelihood and Its Dimensions

9 hrs
Definition of livelihood and livelihood diversification, dimensions of livelihoods,
livelihood assets and activities, hazards and vulnerability in livelihoods, sustainability
and livelihoods.
2. Understanding Livelihood Diversification and Change
6 hrs
Diversification as multicity, diversification as sector change, household specific variation
on livelihood diversification strategies
3. Natural and Institutional Context of Livelihoods
9 hrs
Livelihoods and local natural environment, Livelihood and household, Livelihood and
community, Livelihood and the state, Livelihood and the market.
4. Livelihoods in Perspectives 9 hrs
Livelihood approach and conventional wisdom of development, Liberal, Marxist and
welfare state approaches to livelihood studies. Capitalism and its effect on livelihoods,
other approaches to livelihood studies.
5. Livelihoods and Actions 7 hrs
Action from above: the role of state and non-state institutions; Action from below:
Household response and strategies
6. Empirical Understanding of Changing Livelihoods: Some Examples
8 hrs
Some empirical examples of livelihood strategies, differentiation and diversification
among households in Nepal and other countries
Readings
1. Introduction: Concepts of livelihood and its Dimensions

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 (i) Ian Scoones, 1998, Sustainable Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis, IDS
Working Paper 7.
(ii) Start, Daniel and Craig Johnson, 2004. Livelihood Options? The Political
Economy of Access, Opportunity and Diversification, Working Paper 233,
London: ODI.
(iii) Martin, Prowse 2003. Towards Clearer Understanding of Vulnerability in
Relation to Chronic poverty, Working paper No 24, University of Manchester.

2. Understanding Livelihood Diversification and Change

(i) Start, Daniel and Craig Johnson, 2004. Livelihood Options? The Political
Economy of Access, Opportunity and Diversification, Working Paper 23,
London: ODI.
(ii) Frank Ellis, 1998."Household strategies and Rural livelihood diversification" In
Journal of Development Studies. Vol. 35, No 1. pp 1-38..
(iii) Datta, Soumyendra and Krishna Singh. 2011. "Livelihood Diversification: Case
Study of Some Backward Regions in India". International Journal of Current
Research. Vol. 33, Issue, 2, pp.139-151.
(iv) Mishra, Chaitanya. (2015). Household, Generational, and Fraternal Pathways to
Poverty and Prosperity. Tribhuvan University.

3. Natural and Institutional Context of Livelihoods

(i) Pandey, Tulsi R. 2012. "Towards a Framework for Study of Rural Livelihoods."
Occasional Papers on Sociology and Anthropology, Kathmandu: Tribhuvan
University.
(ii) Bernstein, Henry 1992. "Agrarian Structure and Change: Latin America." Rural
Livelihoods: Crisis and Responses. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(iii) Crehan,Kate. 1992. "Rural Households: Making a Living". In Bernstein, Henry
(ed). Rural Livelihoods: Crisis and Responses. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

4. Livelihoods in Perspectives
(i) Start, Daniel and Craig Johnson, 2004. Livelihood Options? The Political
Economy of Access,Opportunity and Diversification, Working Paper 233,
London: ODI
(ii) Sen, Amartya. 1981. Poverty and Famines: an Essay on Entitlement and
Deprivation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (selected part)
(iii) Pandey, Tulsi R. 2012. "Towards a Framework for Study of Rural Livelihoods."
Occasional Papers on Sociology and Anthropology, Kathmandu: Tribhuvan
University.
(iv) Hart, Gillian. 1986. "Changing Relations between Peasants and the State". In
Power. Labor and Livelihood:Process of change in Rural Java. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
(v) Luintel, Youba R. (2015) "The Market, Livelihoods and Social Change: Toward
an Analytical Framework," a review article, Kathmandu, Tribhuvan University.

5. Rural Livelihoods in Actions

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 (i) Crow. Ben. 1992. "Rural Livelihoods: Action from Above". In Bernstein, Henry
(ed.). Rural Livelihoods: Crisis and Responses. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(ii) Johnson, Hazel. 1992. "Rural Livelihoods: Action from below". In Bernstein,
Henry (ed.). Rural Livelihoods: Crisis and Responses. Oxford: Oxford University
Press

6. Empirical Understanding of Changing Livelihoods: Some Examples

(i) Pandey, Tulsi R. 2014. Livelihood Diversification and Class in the Rural Settings
of Nepal Tarai.
(ii) Adhikari, Jagannath. 2008. "Mobility and Agrarian Change in Central Nepal".
Changing Livelihoods: Essays on Nepal's Development Since 1990. Kathmandu:
Martin Chautari.
(iii) Urrehman, Mujib, Jehanzeb and Mubina F. Rana. 2008. "Livelihood Strategies of
Different Categories of Households in Rural Areas of Abbottabad, Pakistan". In
Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.24, No.4, pp.685-692.
(iv) Subedi, Madhusudan (2014). Changing Livelihood and Caste Relations in Nepal.
Himalayan Journal of Sociology and Anthropology.

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 So596: Market and Society
(To be Developed)

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Objectives:

91
So597: Sociology of Education
(To be Developed)

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48

92
 So598: Sociology of Tourism

Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48

Objectives:

This course aims to familiarize the students with the concepts, theories and methods
including current trends in tourism from sociological perspective. It also aims to develop
research skill in students with practicum based on field research.

Teacher's lecture, class room discussions and presentations, individual and group exercises
will be the regular activities. Excursion/field trip will be organized as a part of practical work
to facilitate the report writing.

Unit I: Introduction [12 hrs]

A. Key concepts: History of Tourism, Hospitality, Leisure and Recreation (2)

B. Perception and Characteristics: Religious Tourism or Pilgrimages, Cultural Tourism,
Sports Tourism, Eco-Tourism, Village Tourism, Agro tourism, Community tourism,
Domestic & International Tourism, Mountaineering and Trekking (4)
C. Sociology of Tourism: Basic Notions, Importance and Historical Development of Tourist
Sciences, Concept and characteristics of Sociology of Tourism, Prime Issue Areas in
Sociology of Tourism (4)
D. Theoretical Contribution made by Dean MacCannell, John Urry, Erik Cohen, Franklin
and Taylor in the field of Sociology of Tourism (3)

Unit II: Institutional Growth in Tourism [8 hrs]

A. Brief Introduction, Activities and Flowchart of Major Tourist Organizations: World

Tourism Organization (WTO), International Centre for Responsible Tourism (ICRT),
UNESCO World Heritage Convention, PATTA, NATTA,
B. Role and Inputs of Other Organization in Tourism Promotion: Integrated Center for
International Mountain Development (ICIMOD), National Trust for Nature Conservation
(NTNC), International Conservation Union (IUCN), Nepal Tourism Board (NTB),
International Mountain Museum (IMM)

Unit III: Tourism in Development Process [12 hrs]

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A. Globalization and Development: As a Cause and Effect of Tourism [ Globalization of
Tourism or Touristification of the Globe]
B. Tourism and Sustainable Development: Dimensions, Characteristics and Aims of
Sustainable Tourism Development (STD) , Principles of Sustainable Tourism Development
(Ecological sustainability, Social and cultural sustainability and Economic sustainability)
C. Tourism and Community Development – Asian Practices
D. Contemporary Debate, Dispute and Conflict in Tourism Sector

Unit IV: Research and Review of Current Policies on Tourism [16]

A. Basic Knowledge: Tourism Research, Impact Assessment, Evaluation of Tourism Project

and Dynamics of Tourism Trends
B. Measuring Tourism Competitiveness: Research, Theory and the WEF Index
C. Tourism Policy: Overview of global Tourism Policy adopted by WTO, SAARC Nations
and Critical Review of Contemporary Policies of Nepal
D. Ethics in Tourism: Local and Global Ethical Issues in Tourism
E. Study Cases (at least 2 cases) on models of Tourist Development in different countries
and continents

1. Practicum: Creative Practical Work will be assigned as Mandatory Group Works to the
Student as part of Final Evaluation Scheme.
a. Identification of current issue articles from magazine, journal and academic
publication through library or internet search.
b. Carrying out a Practical Work in the form of report based upon concept taught in the
subject of sociology of tourism (In order to complete this paper student should carry
out a brief fieldwork at the site of their own interest).
References:
Unit I : Introduction

1. Chambers E (ed) 1997, Tourism & Culture: An Applied Perspective, NY: New Yourk
University Press
2. Cohen E. (1984), The Sociology of Tourism 'approaches, issues and findings' Annual
Review of Sociology Vol. 10 pp 373-92
3. Cohen, E. (1979), Sociology of Tourism in Annals of Tourism Research
4. Franklin Adrian, Tourism as an Ordering Towards a new Ontology of Tourism, SAGE

94
 5. Jonathan Benthall, (1988), The anthropology of Tourism, Anthropology Today, Vol 4,
No. 3 (jan 1988) pp 20 – 22)
6. Margarita Kefalaki and Gregory T Papanikos (2007), Essays on Tourism Research (ed),
ATINER, ISBN: 978-960-6672-24-8
7. Nash D (1981) Tourism as an Anthropological Subject, Current Anthropology Vol 22:
46- 81
8. Nash D (1996), Anthropology of Tourism, New York: Pergaman
9. Notes on Tourism Sociology - Principal Issue Area in the Sociology of Tourism 2009
10. Rudra Prasad Upadhaya (edited), Readings in Rural Tourism" Central Deptt of
Economics, TU
11. Roy C. Buck (1982), On Tourism as an Anthropological Subject in Current
Anthropology, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Jun., 1982), pp. 326-327 Published by The University of
Chicago Press on behalf of Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research
Unit II: Institutional Growth in Tourism Development

Various Publications and websites of: WTO, ICRT, UNESCO, PATTA, NATTA and ICIMOD,
NTNC, IUCN, NTB etc

Charles R Goeldner & J.R. Brent Ritchie (2006), Tourism: Principle, Practices and
Philosophy,(10th ed) John Wiley and Sons Inc

Unit III: Tourism in Development Process

Amanda Stronza (2001) Anthropology of Tourism: Forging New Ground for Ecotourism and
Other Alternatives, Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 30 (2001), pp. 261-283 Published by:
Annual Reviews

Fisher David, Tourism (2001), Culture and Development, Whose culture? Whose development?

Mike Robinson & David Plcard (2006) Tourism, Culture and Sustainable Development,
UNESCO

Mountain Forum, (2004), Conflict Between the Locals and Tourism Service Providers of
Naldum, Nagarkot – www.mtnforum.org

Stronza Amanda(2001), Anthropology of Tourism: Forging New Ground for Ecotourism and
other Alternatives, Annual Review of Anthropology Vol 30 pp 261-283

T.J. Fors;yth (1991) Tourism: Problem or Solution to the Himalayan Crisis? B;lackwell Pub:
Global Ecology & Biogeography letter Vol 1 No 3 pp 65-68

95
The impact of the civil war on tourism and the regional economy (Sri Lanka : Conflict and
Community in Contemporary Sri Lanka Edited by Siri Gamage and I.B. Watson, Sage, 1999,
355 p, ISBN : 81-7036-863-4,

Yiorgos Apostolopoulos,Stella Leivadi & Andrew Yiannakis (Ed. 2005) The Sociology of
Tourism, Routledge :

Unit IV: Research and Review of Current Policies

Annals of Tourism Research Volume 27, Issue 1, January 2000, Pages 164-187

Douglas G Pearce, Richard W Butler (2007), Tourism Research: Critiques and Challenges (ed)
International Academy for the study of Tourism, Routledge ISBN 0-415-08319-2

Tourism as subject of interdisciplinary research by Krzysztof Przeclawski Erik Cohen,(1988)

Traditions in the qualitative sociology of tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 15,
Issue 1, 1988, Pages 29-46

Margarita Kefalaki and Gregory T Papanikos (2007), Essays on Tourism Research (ed),
ATINER, ISBN: 978-960-6672-24-8

Mike-Frank G. Epitropoulos (2007), Issues on Tourism Policy (ed) ATINER, ISBN 978-960-
6672-19-4

Periodic Development Plan of Nepal, National Planning Commission (NPC), Government of

Nepal

Problem of ethics in tourism (2000), World Tourism Organization WTO website Roger W.
Rileya and Lisa L. Love (1999) The state of qualitative tourism research, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, USA (Available online 29 November 1999)

UNESCO, Creative Cities Network, (2006), Towards Sustainable Strategies for Creative
Tourism Discussion Report of the Planning Meeting for 2008 International Conference on
Creative Tourism Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A. October 25-27, 2006

96
 So599: Research Design and Writing
(Practical)
Credit hours: 3
Teaching hours: 48
Objectives and Course Description:
This course aims to develop creative and critical thinking as well as academic writing skills
among the students. In order to develop the academic skill among students overall activities
throughout the contents of this course are expected to do practically. Beginning the courses with
review of related literatures, writing reviews, formulating research problem/questions/
hypothesis, designing research, carry out field work and finally they have to write a scientific
research report/article following ASA style guide at the end of this semester. Their final
evaluation will be based on the presentation and viva-voce on the research report they submit to
the department.
Unit I: Conceptualizing Research Design 12hrs
a) Research in everyday life
Sarah Neal, Sarah. 2015. Researching the Everyday: An Interview with Amanda Wise.
Sociology, 2015, Vol. 49(5) 988–1000. UK: University of Surrey. (sagepub.co.uk/journals
Permissions.nav, DOI:10.1177/0038038515598110, soc.sagepub.com)
b) Social Research and Social Problem
Gold, David. 1979. “Social Research and Social Problems: Toward a Structural Explanation of a
Fuzzy Association”. The Pacific Sociological Review, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Jul., 1979), pp. 275-
283. Published by: University of California Press. [Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1388759. Accessed: 27-11-2015 15:52 UTC]
c) Book Review
Nora, Tia De. 2014. “Making Sense of Reality: Culture and Perception in Everyday Life”.
London: SAGE, 2014, £24.99 pbk (ISBN: 9781446202005), 200 pp. Reviewed by: Dafne
Muntanyola-Saura, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Spain Sociology. 2015, Vol. 49(5)
1001–1007. (sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav, DOI: 10.1177/0038038515601551,
soc.sagepub.com)
d) Article Review
Moore, Lisa Jean. 2015. “A Day at the Beach: Rising Sea Levels, Horseshoe Crabs, and Traffic
Jams”. New York: State University of New York, USA. Sociology, 2015, Vol. 49(5) 886 –
902. (sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav, DOI: 10.1177/0038038515573474.
soc.sagepub.com).
Unit II: Conceptualizing Research Problem 12hrs
a) Formulating Research Problem
Back, Les. 2015. “Why Everyday Life Matters: Class, Community and Making Life Livable
Goldsmiths”. London: University of London, UK. Sociology, 2015, Vol. 49(5) 820–836.
(sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav; DOI: 10.1177/0038038515589292.
soc.sagepub.com)

97
b) Designing Research
Creswell, John W. 2003. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative.and Mixed Methods
Approaches. Second Edition. New Delhi: SAGE Publications. (International Educational and
Professional Publisher Thousand Oaks- London- New Delhi)
c) Making Research Sociological
Chaitanya Mishra. 2009. Making Research Sociological. Dhaulagiri Journal of
Sociology/Anthropology, Vol. III, pp. 1-18.
d) Theory Construction
Markovsky, Barry. 2008. “Graduate Training in Sociological Theory and Theory Construction”.
Sociological Perspectives, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Summer 2008), pp. 423-445. (Sage Publications,
Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/sop.2008.51.2.423. Accessed: 27-11-
2015 16:04 UTC)
e) The Significance of Method
Szmatka, Jacek and Michael J. Lovaglia. 1996. “The Significance of Method”. Sociological
Perspectives, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Autumn, 1996), pp. 393-415. ( Sage Publications, Inc. Stable
URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1389254, Accessed: 28-11-2015 01:29 UTC)
Unit III: Understanding Methodology and Selecting Methods 12hrs
a) Understanding Methodology and Methods
Grix, Jonathan. 2002. “Introducing Students to the Generic Terminology of Social Research”.
Politics, Vol. 22(3), 175–186. (Institute for German Studies University of Birmingham).
b) Choosing Appropriate Methods
Lamont, Michèle and Swidler, Ann. 2014. “Methodological Pluralism and the Possibilities and
Limits of Interviewing”. Qual Sociol. (DOI 10.1007/s11133-014-9274-z, Springer
Science+Business Media New York 2014).
c) Importance of Statistics in Sociology
Ray, John. 1974. “Should Sociology Require Statistics?” The Pacific Sociological Review, Vol.
17, No. 3 (Jul., 1974), pp. 370-376. ( University of California Press Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1388572, Accessed: 25-11-2015 01:38 UTC).
Unit IV: Writing Research Report: Academic and Technical Aspects 12hrs
a) Writing Research Report
Krest, Margie and Carle, Daria O. 1999. “Teaching Scientific Writing: A Model for Integrating
Research, Writing & Critical Thinking”. The American Biology Teacher, Vol. 61, No. 3
(Mar., 1999), pp. 223-227. (Published by: on behalf of the University of California Press
National Association of Biology Teachers, Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4450655,
Accessed: 28-11-2015 15:04 UTC).
Graham, Steve, Harris, Karen R. and Santangelo, Tanya. 2015. “Research-Based Writing
Practices and the Common Core: Meta-analysis and Meta-synthesis”. The Elementary School
Journal, Vol. 115, No. 4 (June 2015), pp. 498-522. (The University of Chicago Press, Stable
URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/681964, Accessed: 24/11/2015 20:30).

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b) Referencing: ASA Style Guide
American Sociological Association. 2010a. ASA Code of Ethics. Washington, DC: American
Sociological Association. Retrieved June 24, 2010 (http:www.asanet.org/about/ethics.efm).
American Sociological Association. 2010b. “The Preparation Checklist for ASA Manuscripts.”
Washington, DC: American Sociological Association. Retrieved June 24, 2010
(http:www.asanet.org/images/journals/docs/pdf/Checklist%20for20ASA% Manuscripts.pdf).

99