3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.

0 (2017-12)
Technical Report

3rd Generation Partnership Project;

Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network;
Study on 3D channel model for LTE
(Release 12)

The present document has been developed within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP TM) and may be further elaborated for the purposes of 3GPP.
The present document has not been subject to any approval process by the 3GPP Organizational Partners and shall not be implemented.
This Report is provided for future development work within 3GPP only. The Organizational Partners accept no liability for any use of this Specification.
Specifications and Reports for implementation of the 3GPP TM system should be obtained via the 3GPP Organizational Partners' Publications Offices.
Release 12 2 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Keywords
<LTE, radio, model>

3GPP

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Release 12 3 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Contents
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................. 4
1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
2 References ................................................................................................................................................ 5
3 Definitions and abbreviations................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Definitions ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Abbreviations..................................................................................................................................................... 6
4 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 7
5 General ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.1 Coordinate system ............................................................................................................................................. 7
5.1.1 Definition ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.1.2 Local and global coordinate systems............................................................................................................ 7
5.1.3 Transformation from a LCS to a GCS .......................................................................................................... 8
5.1.4 Transformation from an LCS to a GCS for downtilt angle only ................................................................ 11
6 Scenarios for UE specific elevation beamforming and FD-MIMO ....................................................... 13
7 3GPP evaluation methodology needed for Elevation Beamforming and FD-MIMO evaluation .......... 17
7.1 Antenna modelling........................................................................................................................................... 17
7.1.1 Modelling polarized antennas .................................................................................................................... 19
7.2 Pathloss, LOS probability and penetration modelling ..................................................................................... 20
7.2.1 Pathloss models .......................................................................................................................................... 20
7.2.2 LOS probability .......................................................................................................................................... 23
7.2.3 O2I penetration loss ................................................................................................................................... 24
7.2.4 Autocorrelation of shadow fading .............................................................................................................. 24
7.3 Fast fading model ............................................................................................................................................ 24
8 Simulations ............................................................................................................................................. 38
8.1 RSRP calculation formula ............................................................................................................................... 38
8.2 Simulation results ............................................................................................................................................ 39
8.2.1 Phase-1 calibration ..................................................................................................................................... 39
8.2.2 Phase-2 calibration ..................................................................................................................................... 41
8.2.3 Baseline calibration .................................................................................................................................... 45

Annex A: Change history ...................................................................................................................... 47

Release 12 4 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Foreword
This Technical Report has been produced by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

The contents of the present document are subject to continuing work within the TSG and may change following formal
TSG approval. Should the TSG modify the contents of the present document, it will be re-released by the TSG with an
identifying change of release date and an increase in version number as follows:

Version x.y.z

where:

x the first digit:

1 presented to TSG for information;

2 presented to TSG for approval;

3 or greater indicates TSG approved document under change control.

y the second digit is incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections, updates,
etc.

z the third digit is incremented when editorial only changes have been incorporated in the document.
Release 12 5 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

1 Scope
The present document captures the findings of the study item "Study on 3D-channel model for Elevation Beamforming
and FD-MIMO studies for LTE" [3] and aims to help TSG RAN WG1 to properly model and evaluate the performance
of physical layer techniques using 3D channel models.

This document relates to the 3GPP evaluation methodology and covers the modelling of the physical layer of both
Mobile Equipment (ME) and Access Network (AN) of 3GPP systems.

It intends to capture the scenarios relevant to 3D channel models and the modifications to the 3GPP evaluation
methodology needed to support 3D channel modelling.

2 References
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present
document.

- References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or
non-specific.

- For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.

- For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. In the case of a reference to a 3GPP document (including
a GSM document), a non-specific reference implicitly refers to the latest version of that document in the same
Release as the present document.

[1] 3GPP TR 21.905: "Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications".

[2] RP-122034: Work Item Description for "Study on 3D-channel model for Elevation Beamforming
and FD-MIMO studies for LTE".

[3] RP-130811: Revised Work Item Description for "Study on 3D-channel model for Elevation
Beamforming and FD-MIMO studies for LTE".

[4] 3GPP TR 36.814 (V9.0.0): "Further Advancements for E-UTRA, Physical Layer Aspects".

[5] ITU-R Rec. P.1816: "The prediction of the time and the spatial profile for broadband land mobile
services using UHF and SHF bands"

[6] R1-140765: "Polarized antenna modelling" Ericsson, RAN1#76, Feb 2014.

[7] R1-140842: "Discussions on Wrapping Methodology" Ericsson, RAN1#76, Feb 2014.

[8] R1-140843: "Summary of Phase-1 and Phase-2 calibration results from [75-29]", NSN, Nokia,
RAN1#76, Feb 2014.

[9] 3GPP TR 25.996: "Spatial channel model for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
simulations".

[10] R1-143469: "Summary of 3D channel model calibration results", Nokia Networks, Nokia
Corporation, RAN1#78, Aug 2014.

[11] R1-140972: "WF on Channel Modeling for High Rise Scenario", Alcatel-Lucent, Alcatel-Lucent
Shanghai Bell, CATR, CATT, CHTTL, CMCC, Huawei, HiSilicon, Hitachi, INTEL, LGE, NEC,
NTT DoCoMo, Samsung, ZTE, RAN1#76, Feb 2014.

[12] R1-140600: "Measurement and Discussions on Small Scale Parameters for High Rise Scenario",
CMCC, RAN1#76, Feb 2014.

[13] R1-140284: "Discussion on channel model for high rise scenario", ZTE, RAN1#76, Feb 2014.

[14] R1-140204: "Details of channel modeling for high rise scenario", Huawei, HiSilicon, RAN1#76,
Feb 2014.
Release 12 6 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

[15] R1-140770: "Modelling Considerations for the High-Rise Scenario", Ericsson, RAN1#76, Feb
2014.

[16] IST-WINNER II Deliverable 1.1.2 v.1.2, "WINNER II Channel Models", IST-WINNER2, Tech.
Rep., 2007 (http://www.ist-winner.org/deliverables.html).

3 Definitions and abbreviations

3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the terms and definitions given in TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply.
A term defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same term, if any, in TR 21.905 [1].

3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply.
An abbreviation defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same abbreviation, if any,
in TR 21.905 [1].

FD-MIMO Full Dimension MIMO

GCS Global Coordinate System
LCS Local Coordinate System
Release 12 7 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

4 Introduction
At 3GPP TSG RAN #58 meeting the Study Item Description on "Study on 3D-channel model for Elevation
Beamforming and FD-MIMO studies for LTE" was approved [2], which was subsequently revised at RAN#60 [3].

This study item covers the identification of scenarios applicable to 3D beamforming, FD-MIMO and the evaluation
methodology needed for modelling and evaluation of such techniques. This TR documents the modified evaluation
methodology including 3D channel models needed for studying the above techniques.

5 General
5.1 Coordinate system
5.1.1 Definition
A coordinate system is defined by the x, y, z axes, the spherical angles and the spherical unit vectors as shown in Figure
5.1.1.
Figure 5.1.1 defines the zenith angle θ and the azimuth angle φ in a Cartesian coordinate system.
Note that θ = 0 points to the zenith and θ = 90 0 points to the horizon.
The field component in the direction of θˆ is given by Fθ and the field component in the direction of φˆ is given by Fφ .

θ
φˆ
n̂

θˆ
y
φ

x
Figure 5.1.1:Definition of spherical angles and spherical unit vectors in a Cartesian coordinate
system, where n̂ is the given direction, θˆ and φˆ are the spherical basis vectors

5.1.2 Local and global coordinate systems

A Global Coordinate System (GCS) is defined for a system comprising of multiple BSs and UTs. An antenna array for a
BS or a UT can be defined in a Local Coordinate System (LCS). An LCS is used as a reference to define the vector far-
field that is pattern and polarization, of each antenna element in an array. It is assumed that the far-field is known in the
LCS by formulae. The placement of an array within the GCS is defined by the translation between the GCS and a LCS.
The orientation of the array with respect to the GCS is defined in general by a sequence of rotations (described in clause
5.1.3). Since this orientation is in general different from the GCS orientation, it is necessary to map the vector fields of
the array elements from the LCS to the GCS. This mapping depends only on the orientation of the array and is given by
Release 12 8 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

the equations in clause 5.13.

Note that any arbitrary mechanical orientation of the array can be achieved by rotating the LCS with respect to the GCS.

5.1.3 Transformation from a LCS to a GCS

A GCS with coordinates (x, y, z, θ , φ ) and unit vectors ( θˆ , φˆ ) and an LCS with "primed" coordinates (x', y', z', θ ' , φ ' )
and "primed" unit vectors ( θˆ' , φˆ' ) are defined with a common origins in Figures 5.1.3-1 and 5.1.3-2. Figure 5.1.3-1
illustrates the sequence of rotations that relate the GCS (gray) and the LCS (blue).
Figure 5.1.3-2 shows the coordinate direction and unit vectors of the GCS (gray) and the LCS (blue).
Note that the vector fields of the antenna array elements are defined in the LCS. In Figure 5.1.3-1 we consider an
arbitrary 3D-rotation of the LCS with respect to the GCS given by the angles α, β, γ. The set of angles α, β, γ can also
be termed as the orientation of the antenna array with respect to the GCS.
Note that the transformation from a LCS to a GCS depends only on the angles α, β, γ. The angle α is called the bearing
angle, β is called the downtilt angle and γ is called the slant angle.

Figure 5.1.3-1: Orienting the LCS (blue) with Figure 5.1.3-2: Definition of spherical
respect to the GCS (gray) by a sequence of 3 coordinates and unit vectors in both the GCS
rotations: α, β, γ. and LCS.

Let A' (θ ' , φ ' ) denote an antenna element pattern in the LCS and A(θ , φ ) denote the same antenna element pattern in the
GCS. Then the two are related simply by

A(θ ,φ ) = A' (θ ' ,φ ' ) (5.1-1)

with θ ' and φ ' given by (5.1-7) and (5.1-8).

Let us denote the polarized field components in the LCS by Fθ ' (θ ' , φ ' ) , Fφ ' (θ ' , φ ' ) and in the GCS by Fθ (θ , φ ) ,
Fφ (θ , φ ) . Then they are related by equation (5.1-11).

Any arbitrary 3-D rotation can be specified by at most 3 elemental rotations, and following the framework of
Figure 5.1.3-1, a series of rotations about the z, y and x axes are assumed here, in that order.
The dotted and double-dotted marks indicate that the rotations are intrinsic, which means that they are the result of one
(⋅) or two (⋅⋅) intermediate rotations. In other words, the y axis is the original y axis after the first rotation about z, and
the x axis is the original x axis after the first rotation about z and the second rotation about y .
A first rotation of α about z sets the antenna bearing angle (i.e. the sector pointing direction for a BS antenna element).
Release 12 9 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

The second rotation of β about y sets the antenna downtilt angle.

Finally, the third rotation of γ about x sets the antenna slant angle.
The orientation of the x, y and z axes after all three rotations can be denoted as x , y and z
.
These triple-dotted axes represents the final orientation of the LCS, and for notational purposes denoted as the x', y' and
z' axes (local or "primed" coordinate system).

In order to establish the equations for transformation of the coordinate system and the polarized antenna field patterns
between the GCS and the LCS, it is necessary to determine the composite rotation matrix that describes the
transformation of point (x, y, z) in the GCS into point (x', y', z') in the LCS.
This rotation matrix is computed as the product of three elemental rotation matrices.
The matrix to describe rotations about the z, y and x axes by the angles α, β and γ respectively and in that order is
defined in equation (5.1-2).

 + cos α − sin α 0  + cos β 0 + sin β  1 0 0 

   
R = RZ (α )RY (β )RX (γ ) =  + sin α + cos α 0  0 1 0  0 + cos γ − sin γ 
 0 0 1  − sin β 0 + cos β  0 + sin γ + cos γ 
 (5.1-2)

The reverse transformation is given by the inverse of R, which is also equal to the transpose of R since it is orthogonal.

R −1 = R X (− γ )RY (− β )RZ (− α ) = R T (5.1-3)

The simplified forward and reverse composite rotation matrices are given in equations (5.1-4) and (5.1-5).

 cos α cos β cos α sin β sin γ − sin α cos γ cos α sin β cos γ + sin α sin γ 
 
R =  sin α cos β sin α sin β sin γ + cos α cos γ sin α sin β cos γ − cos α sin γ 
 − sin β cos β sin γ cos β cos γ 
  (5.1-4)

 cos α cos β sin α cos β − sin β 

 
R −1 =  cos α sin β sin γ − sin α cos γ sin α sin β sin γ + cos α cos γ cos β sin γ 
 cos α sin β cos γ + sin α sin γ sin α sin β cos γ − cos α sin γ cos β cos γ 
 (5.1-5)

These transformations can be used to derive the angular and polarization relationships between the two coordinate
systems.

In order to establish the angular relationships, consider a point (x, y, z) on the unit sphere defined by the spherical
coordinates (ρ=1, θ, φ), where ρ is the unit radius, θ is the zenith angle measured from the +z-axis, and φ is the azimuth
angle measured from the +x-axis in the x-y plane. The Cartesian representation of that point is given by

 x   sin θ cos φ 
   
ρˆ =  y  =  sin θ sin φ 
 z   cos θ 
    (5.1-6)

The zenith angle is computed as arccos(ρˆ ⋅ ẑ ) and the azimuth angle as arg( xˆ ⋅ ρˆ + j yˆ ⋅ ρˆ ) , where x̂ , ŷ and ẑ
are the Cartesian unit vectors. If this point represents a location in the GCS defined by θ and φ, the corresponding
position in the LCS is given by R −1 ρ̂ , from which local angles θ' and φ' can be computed. The results are given in
equations (5.1-7) and (5.1-8).

 0  T 
 
 
θ ' (α , β , γ ; θ , φ ) = arccos 0 R ρˆ  = acos(cos β cos γ cos θ + (sin β cos γ cos(φ − α ) − sin γ sin (φ − α )) sin θ )
−1

 
 1  
  (5.1-7)
Release 12 10 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

 1 T 
   (cos β sin θ cos(φ − α ) − sin β cos θ ) +  (5.1-8)
 
φ ' (α , β , γ ; θ , φ ) = arg  j  R ρˆ  = arg
−1


 0

  j (cos β sin γ cos θ + (sin β sin γ cos (φ − α ) + cos γ sin (φ − α )) sin θ ) 
 

These formulae relate the spherical angles (θ, φ) of the GCS to the spherical angles (θ', φ') of the LCS given the rotation
operation defined by the angles (α, β, γ).

Let us denote the polarized field components Fθ (θ , φ ) , Fφ (θ , φ ) in the GCS and Fθ ' (θ ' , φ ' ) , Fφ ' (θ ' , φ ' ) in the LCS.
Then they can be related by

 Fθ (θ , φ ) θˆ(θ , φ )T Rθˆ′(θ ′, φ ′) θˆ(θ , φ )T Rφˆ′(θ ′, φ ′) Fθ ′ (θ ′, φ ′)

    
 F (θ , φ ) =  φˆ(θ , φ )T Rθˆ′(θ ′, φ ′) φˆ(θ , φ )T Rφˆ′(θ ′, φ ′) F ′ (θ ′, φ ′)
 φ    φ  (5.1-9)

In this equation, θˆ and φˆ represent the spherical unit vectors of the GCS, and θˆ′ and φˆ′ are the representations in the
LCS. The forward rotation matrix R transforms the LCS unit vectors into the GCS frame of reference.
These pairs of unit vectors are orthogonal and can be represented as shown in Figure 5.1.3-3.

Figure 5.1.3-3: Rotation of the spherical basis vectors by an angle ψ due to the orientation of the LCS
with respect to the GCS

Assuming an angular displacement of ψ between the two pairs of unit vectors, the rotation matrix of equation (5.1-9)
can be further simplified as:

θˆ(θ ,φ )T Rθˆ′(θ ′,φ ′) θˆ(θ ,φ )T Rφˆ′(θ ′,φ ′)  cosψ cos(π 2 +ψ )  + cosψ − sinψ 
 
 φˆ(θ ,φ )T Rθˆ′(θ ′,φ ′) φˆ(θ ,φ )T Rφˆ′(θ ′,φ ′) =  cos(π 2 −ψ ) cosψ
 =  
+ cosψ 
     + sinψ (5.1-10)

and equation (5.1-9) can be written as:

 Fθ (θ , φ )  + cosψ − sinψ  Fθ ′ (θ ′, φ ′)

   
 F (θ , φ ) =  + sinψ + cosψ  Fφ ′ (θ ′, φ ′)
(5.1-11)
 φ  
The angle ψ can be computed in numerous ways from equation (5.1-10), with one such way approach being

(
ψ = arg θˆ(θ , φ )T Rθˆ′(θ ′, φ ′) + j φˆ(θ , φ )T Rθˆ′(θ ′, φ ′) ) (5.1-12)
Release 12 11 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

The dot products are readily computed using the Cartesian representation of the spherical unit vectors.
The general expressions for these unit vectors are given by

 cos θ cos φ 
 
θˆ =  cos θ sin φ 
 − sin θ 
  (5.1-13)

and

 − sin φ 
 
φˆ =  + cos φ 
 
 0  (5.1-14)

The angle ψ can be expressed as a function of mechanical orientation (α, β, γ) and spherical position (θ, φ), and is given
by

 (sin γ cos θ sin (φ − α ) + cos γ (cos β sin θ − sin β cos θ cos(φ − α ))) + 
ψ = arg  (5.1-15)
 j (sin γ cos(φ − α ) + sin β cos γ sin (φ − α )) 
It can be shown that cosψ and sin ψ can be expressed as:

cos β cos γ sin θ − (sin β cos γ cos(φ − α ) − sin γ sin (φ − α )) cos θ

cosψ = (5.1-16)
1 − (cos β cos γ cos θ + (sin β cos γ cos(φ − α ) − sin γ sin (φ − α )) sin θ )
2

sin β cos γ sin (φ − α ) + sin γ cos(φ − α )

sinψ = (5.1-17)
1 − (cos β cos γ cos θ + (sin β cos γ cos(φ − α ) − sin γ sin (φ − α )) sin θ )
2

5.1.4 Transformation from an LCS to a GCS for downtilt angle only

In this clause equations are provided for the transformation from LCS to GCS assuming that the orientation of the LCS
(with respect to the GCS) is such that the bearing angle α=0, the downtilt angle β is non-zero and the slant angle γ=0. In
other words the y'-axis of the LCS is parallel to the y-axis of the GCS. Considering a BS antenna element the x-axis of
the GCS is aligned with the pointing direction of the sector. Mechanical downtilt is modelled as a rotation of the LCS
around the y-axis. For zero mechanical downtilt the LCS coincides with the GCS.

This transformation relates the spherical angles ( θ , φ ) in the global coordinate system to spherical angles ( θ ' , φ ' ) in
the local (antenna-fixed) coordinate system and is defined as follows:

θ '= arccos( cos φ sin θ sin β + cos θ cos β ), (5.1-18)

φ '= arg( cos φ sin θ cos β − cos θ sin β + j sin φ sin θ ), (5.1-19)

where β is the mechanical tilt angle around the y-axis as defined in Figure 5.1.4.
Note that the equations (5.1-7), (5.1-8) reduce to equations (5.1-18), (5.1-19) if both α and γ are zero.

The antenna element pattern A(θ , φ ) in the GCS is related to the antenna element pattern A' (θ ' , φ ' ) in the LCS by the
relation

A(θ ,φ ) = A' (θ ' ,φ ' ) (5.1-20)

with θ ' and φ ' given by (5.1-18) and (5.1-19).

Release 12 12 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

z
z'
β

θ' n̂
φˆ' φˆ
φˆ' φˆ
n̂
θˆ'
θˆ'
y'
φ' θˆ
y

x
β
θˆ ψ
x'
Figure 5.1.4: Definition of angles and unit vectors when
the LCS has been rotated an angle β around the y-axis of the GCS

For a mechanical tilt angle β , the global coordinate system field components Fθ (θ , φ ) and Fφ (θ , φ ) , are calculated
from the field components Fθ ' (θ ' , φ ' ) and Fφ ' (θ ' , φ ' ) of the radiation pattern in the local (antenna-fixed) coordinate
system as:

Fθ (θ , φ ) = Fθ ' (θ ' , φ ' ) cosψ − Fφ ' (θ ' , φ ' ) sinψ (5.1-21)

Fφ (θ , φ ) = Fθ ' (θ ' , φ ' ) sinψ + Fφ ' (θ ' , φ ' ) cosψ (5.1-22)

where θ ' and φ ' are defined as in (5.1-18) and (5.1-19), and ψ is defined as:

ψ = arg(sin θ cos β − cos φ cos θ sin β + j sin φ sin β ) . (5.1-23)

Note that the equation (5.1-15) is reduced to equation (5.1-23) if both α and γ are zero.

As an example, in the horizontal cut, i.e., for θ = 90 , equations (5.1-18), (5.1-19) and (5.1-23) become
θ '= arccos( cos φ sin β ), (5.1-24)

φ '= arg( cos φ cos β + j sin φ ), (5.1-25)

ψ = arg(cos β + j sin φ sin β ) . (5.1-26)

Release 12 13 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

6 Scenarios for UE specific elevation beamforming and

FD-MIMO
Editor's note: Intended to identify the typical usage scenarios of UE-specific elevation beamforming and FD- MIMO

Scenario 3D-UMi: Urban Micro cell with high (outdoor/indoor) UE density

- Base Station (BS) is below surrounding buildings.

Scenario 3D-UMa: Urban Macro cell with high (outdoor/indoor) UE density

- BS is above surrounding buildings.

Scenario 3D-UMa-H: Urban Macro cell with one high-rise per sector and 300m ISD

- Density of high rise buildings is one per sector.

Scenario 3D-InH: Indoor Hotspot cell with high (indoor) UE density

- Base Station (BS) is mounted below the ceiling. The indoor test environment focuses on small cells and high
user throughput inside of buildings. The key characteristics of this test environment are high user throughput and
indoor coverage.
Release 12 14 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Table 6-1: 3D-UMi and 3D-UMa scenario descriptions

Urban Micro cell Urban Macro cell Urban Macro cell with
with high UE density with high UE density one high-rise per sector and 300m ISD
(3D-UMi) (3D-UMa) (3D-UMa-H)
Clause-1
Hexagonal grid, 19 micro sites,3 Hexagonal grid, 19 macro sites,3 Hexagonal grid, 19 macro sites,3 sectors
Layout
sectors per site sectors per site per site
UE mobility (movement in
3km/h 3km/h 3kmph
horizontal plane)
BS antenna height 10m 25m 25m
Total BS Tx Power 41/44 dBm for 10/20MHz 46/49 dBm for 10/20MHz 46/49 dBm for 10/20MHz
Carrier frequency 2 GHz 2 GHz 2 GHz
Min. UE-eNB 2D distance (note 1) 10m [other values are not precluded] 35m 35m
general
hUT=3(nfl – 1) + 1.5 hUT=3(nfl – 1) + 1.5 hUT=3(nfl – 1) + 1.5
equation
nfl for outdoor
UE height (hUT) in meters 1 1 1
UEs
nfl for indoor nfl ~ uniform(1,Nfl) where nfl ~ uniform(1,Nfl) where
nfl ~ uniform(1,Nfl)3)
UEs Nfl ~ uniform(4,8) Nfl ~ uniform(4,8)
Indoor UE fraction 80% 80% 80%
Clause-2 (note 2)
Outdoor UEs uniform in cell uniform in cell uniform in cell excluding high-rise building
50% of indoor UEs within 25m radius of the
UE distribution (in x-y plane)
Indoor UEs uniform in cell uniform in cell high-rise building center, rest are outside
the 25m radius.
ISD 200m 500m (not precluded option: 200m) 300m

NOTE 1: Refers to d2D for outdoor UEs and d2D-out for indoor UEs as defined in Figure 3 and Figure 4 respectively.
NOTE 2: Assumptions in Clause-2 are for calibration purposes only in this SI.
Assumptions in Clause-2 are to be revisited for evaluating relative performance
of proposed solutions in future SIs
NOTE 3: 50% of indoor UEs in a macro cell area are assumed to be inside a high-rise building and are associated with the same value of Nfl. The height of a high-rise given by Nfl ~
uniform(20,30). 50% of indoor UEs in a macro cell area are assumed to be outside the high-rise building and the associated Nfl for each UE ~ uniform(4,8).
NOTE 4: The channel modeling of 3D-UMa-H was discussed in RAN1#74, RAN1#74b, RAN1#75, RAN1#76. Example of modeling discussions can be found in [11-15] and
references within.
Release 12 15 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Table 6-2: 3D-InH scenario description

Layout Indoor floor plan given below

UE mobility (movement in
3km/h
horizontal plane)
BS antenna height 3/6 m
Total BS Tx Power 24dBm
Carrier frequency 2, 4 GHz
Min. UE-eNB 2D distance [3]m

UE height (hUT) in meters hUT=1.5

UE distribution (in x-y plane) Randomly and uniformly distributed over floorplan area
2-site: 60m
3-site: 40m
ISD
6-site Case A: 20m
6-site Case B: 40m in horizontal, 20m in vertical

The layouts of indoor hotspot are listed as below:

50 50

40 40

30 30
m

20 20

10 10

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
m m

Figure 6-1: Indoor hotspot 2-site and 3-site deployment.

50 50

40 40

30 30
m
m

20 20

10 10

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
m m

Case A Case B

Figure 6-2: Indoor hotspot 6-site deployment.

Release 12 16 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Figure 6-3: Indoor hotspot 12-site deployment.

Other typical usage scenaros of UE-specific elevation beamforming and FD- MIMO are noted below:

Heterogeneous Networks

- Channel models developed for Urban Micro cell with high UE density and Urban Macro cell with high UE
density scenarios shall support heterogeneous deployment scenarios.

- It is assumed that for heterogeneous deployment scenarios the macro BS height is at 25m and the lower-
power node is at 10m height.

- The carrier frequency(s) for a macro can be 2 or 3.5 GHz or both if multiple carriers are used.
The carrier frequency(s) for a low power node can be 2 or 3.5 GHz or both if multiple carriers are used.

- The transmission power of a low power node can be 30/33 dBm for 10/20 MHz.

Urban micro/macro homogeneous networks with high UE density (similar to 3D-UMi/3D-UMa) using higher than
2 GHz carrier frequency

- The carrier frequency can be 3.5 GHz.

Release 12 17 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

7 3GPP evaluation methodology needed for Elevation

Beamforming and FD-MIMO evaluation
Editor's note: The study will consider as a starting point the ITU channel model as described by the combination of
A2.1.6 and Annex B in 36.814 [4] and determine the additions that are needed to properly model the
elevation dimension of the channel to fit the elevation beamforming and FD-MIMO purposes]

The applicable range of the 3D channel model is at least for 2-3.5 GHz.

7.1 Antenna modelling

- 2D planar antenna array structure is the baseline, i.e., antenna elements are placed in the vertical and horizontal
direction as below, where N is the number of columns, M is the number of antenna elements with the same
polarization in each column. Antenna numbering below assumes observation of the antenna array from the front
(with x-axis pointing towards broad-side and increasing y-coordinate for increasing column number).

- Antenna elements are uniformly spaced in the horizontal direction with a spacing of dH and in the vertical
direction with a spacing of dV.

…… ……
(M-1,0) (M-1,1) (M-1,N-1) (M-1,0) (M-1,1) (M-1,N-1)
……
……

……

……

……
……

……

……
…… ……
(1,0) (1,1) (1,N-1) (1,0) (1,1) (1,N-1)

…… ……

(0,0) (0,1) (0,N-1) (0,0) (0,1) (0,N-1)

Figure 7.1-1: 2D planar antenna structure Figure 7.1-2: 2D planar antenna structure
where each column is a cross-polarized array where each column is a uniform linear array
Release 12 18 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)
Table 7.1-1: Antenna modelling parameters

Parameter Applicability Values

Clause-1
cross-pol 2, 4, 8
Number of horizontal antenna elements
co-pol 1, 2, 4, 8
cross-pol +/- 450
Polarization slant angle
co-pol 00
Horizontal antenna element spacing dH 0.5λ baseline (other values are not precluded)
  θ ′′ − 90°  2 
Antenna element vertical radiation pattern (dB) AE ,V (θ ′′) = − min 12  , SLAV ,θ 3dB = 65°, SLAV = 30 dB
  θ 3dB  
  φ ′′  2 
3D-UMa, 3D-UMi,
LPN deployments
AE ,H (φ ′′) = − min 12  , Am , φ3dB = 65°, Am = 30 dB
Antenna element horizontal radiation pattern (dB)   φ3dB  
3D-UMi, LPN Not precluded option: AE , H (φ ′′) = 0
deployments
Combining method for 3D antenna element pattern (dB) A′′(θ ′′, φ ′′) = − min{− [AE ,V (θ ′′) + AE , H (φ ′′)], Am }
Maximum directional gain of an antenna element GE,max 8 dBi
Clause-2 (note)
Vertical antenna element spacing dV 0.5λ, 0.8λ
Number of antenna elements with the same polarization in each
10 baseline, other values are not precluded
column M
1  2π
wm = exp − j (m − 1)dV cos θetilt 
K  λ 
Complex weight for antenna element m in elevation
where m=1,…,K. θ etilt is the
electrical vertical steering angle defined between 00 and 1800
(900 represents perpendicular to the array). K = 1, M.

NOTE: Assumptions in clause-2 are for calibration of channel modelling

Release 12 19 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

7.1.1 Modelling polarized antennas

Model-1:

In case of polarized antenna elements assume ζ is the polarization slant angle where ζ = 0 degrees corresponds to a
purely vertically polarized antenna element and ζ = + /− 45 degrees correspond to a pair of cross polarized antenna
elements. Then the antenna element field components in the elevation and azimuth polarization directions are given by

 Fθ ′ (θ ′, φ ′)  + cosψ − sin ψ  Fθ ′′ (θ ′′, φ ′′)

   
 F ′ (θ ′, φ ′) =  + sin ψ + cosψ  Fφ ′′ (θ ′′, φ ′′)
(7.1-1)
 φ  

cos ζ sin θ ′ + sin ζ sin φ ′ cos θ ′ sin ζ cos φ ′

where cosψ = , sinψ = .
1 − (cos ζ cos θ ′ − sin ζ sin φ ′ sin θ ′) 1 − (cos ζ cos θ ′ − sin ζ sin φ ′ sin θ ′)
2 2

Note that the zenith and the azimuth field components Fθ ′ (θ ′, φ ′) , Fφ ′ (θ ′, φ ′) , Fφ ′′ (θ ′′, φ ′′) and Fφ ′′ (θ ′′, φ ′′) are defined
in terms of the spherical basis vectors of an LCS as defined in clause 5.1.2. The difference between the single-primed
and the double-primed components is that the single-primed field components account for the polarization slant and the
double-primed field components do not. For a single polarized antenna (purely vertically polarized antenna) we can
write Fθ ′′ (θ ′′, φ ′′) = A′′(θ ′′, φ ′′) and Fφ ′′ (θ ′′, φ ′′) = 0 where A′′(θ ′′, φ ′′) is the 3D antenna element gain pattern as a
function of azimuth angle φ ′′ and zenith angle θ ′′ in the LCS. The 3D antenna element gain pattern A′′(θ ′′, φ ′′) is
defined in Table 7.1-1.

Model-2:

In case of polarized antennas, the polarization is modelled as angle-independent in both azimuth and elevation, in an
LCS. For a linearly polarized antenna, the antenna element field pattern, in the vertical polarization and in the horizontal
polarization, are given by

Fθ ′ (θ ′, φ ′) = A′(θ ′, φ ′ ) cos(ζ ) (7.1-2)

and

Fφ ′ (θ ′, φ ′) = A′(θ ′, φ ′ ) sin (ζ ) , (7.1-3)

respectively, where ζ is the polarization slant angle and A′(θ ′, φ ′) is the 3D antenna element gain pattern as a
function of azimuth angle, φ ′ and elevation angle, θ ′ in the LCS. Note that ζ = 0 degrees correspond to a purely
vertically polarized antenna element. The vertical and horizontal field directions are defined in terms of the spherical
basis vectors, θˆ′ and φˆ′ respectively in the LCS as defined in clause 5.1.2. Also A′(θ ′, φ ′) = A′′(θ ′′, φ ′′) , θ ′ =
θ ′′ and φ ′ = φ ′′ as defined in Table 7.1-1.

Typical antennas have polarization parallelity that is lower than the polarization parallelity of dipoles and, in addition,
typical antennas have polarization parallelity close to zero in the main beam.
This observation is made from slide 5 in R1-140765 [6].
Release 12 20 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

7.2 Pathloss, LOS probability and penetration modelling

7.2.1 Pathloss models
The pathloss models can be applied in the frequency range of 2 – 6 GHz and for different antenna heights. The pathloss
models are summarized in Table 7.2-1 and the distance definitions are indicated in Figure 7.2-1 and Figure 7.2-2.
Note that the distribution of the shadow fading is log-normal, and its standard deviation for each scenario is given in
Table 7.2-1.

d3
D-o
ut
d3
D
hBS hBS
d3
D-i
n

hUT hUT

d2D d2D-out d2D-in

Figure7.2-1: Definition of d2D and d3D Figure 7.2-2: Definition of d2D-out, d2D-in and d3D-
for outdoor UEs out, d3D-in for indoor UEs.

Note that

d 3D−out + d 3D−in = (d 2D−out + d 2D−in )2 + (hBS − hUT )2

Release 12 21 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Table 7.2-1: Pathloss models

LOS/NLOS
Scenario

Shadow Applicability range,

Pathloss [dB], fc is in GHz and distance is in meters fading antenna height
std [dB]7) default values

PL = 22.0log10(d3D) + 28.0 + 20log10(fc) σSF = 3 10m < d2D < d'BP1)

d'BP < d2D < 5000m1)
LOS

PL = 40log10(d3D)+28.0+20log10(fc) –9log10((d'BP)2+(hBS - hUT)2) σSF = 3 hBS = 10m1),

1.5m ≦ hUT≦ 22.5m1)
3D-UMi

For hexagonal cell layout: σSF = 4

10 m < d2D < 2000m2)
NLOS

PL = max(PL3D-UMi-NLOS, PL3D-UMi-LOS) hBS = 10m

1.5m ≦ hUT≦ 22.5m
PL3D-UMi-NLOS = 36.7log10(d3D) + 22.7 + 26log10(fc) – 0.3(hUT - 1.5)
PL = 22.0log10(d3D) + 28.0 + 20log10(fc) σSF = 4 10m < d2D < d'BP4)
d'BP < d2D < 5000m4)
LOS

PL = 40log10(d3D)+28.0+20log10(fc) –9log10((d'BP)2+(hBS - hUT)2) σSF = 4 hBS = 25m4),

1.5m ≦ hUT ≦ 22.5m4)
PL = max(PL3D-UMa-NLOS, PL3D-UMa-LOS) σSF = 6 10 m < d2D < 5 000 m
h = avg. building height,
PL3D-UMa-NLOS = 161.04 – 7.1 log10 (W) + 7.5 log10 (h) W = street width
3D-UMa

– (24.37 – 3.7(h/hBS)2) log10 (hBS) hBS = 25 m,

+ (43.42 – 3.1 log10 (hBS)) (log10 (d3D) - 3) + 20 log10(fc) 1.5m ≦ hUT≦ 22.5m,
– (3.2 (log10 (17.625)) 2 - 4.97) – 0.6(hUT - 1.5) W = 20m,
NLOS

h = 20 m
The applicability ranges:
5 m < h < 50 m
5 m < W < 50 m
10 m < hBS < 150 m
1.5 m ≦ hUT ≦ 22.5 m
Explanations: see 6)
PL1 = 20log10(40πd3Dfc /3) + min(0.03h1.72,10)log10(d3D) σSF = 4 10 m < d2D < dBP, 8)
– min(0.044h1.72,14.77) + 0.002log10(h)d3D dBP < d2D < 10 000 m,
hBS = 35 m,
PL2 = PL1 (dBP) + 40 log10(d3D /dBP) σSF = 6 hUT = 1.5 m,
W = 20 m,
h=5m
LOS

h = avg. building height,

W = street width
The applicability ranges:
5 m < h < 50 m
5 m < W < 50 m
10 m < hBS < 150 m
3D-RMa

1 m < hUT < 10 m

PL = 161.04 – 7.1 log10(W) + 7.5 log10(h) σSF = 8 10 m < d2D < 5 000 m,
– (24.37 – 3.7(h/hBS)2) log10(hBS) hBS = 35 m,
+ (43.42 – 3.1 log10(hBS)) (log10(d3D) - 3) + 20 log10(fc) hUT = 1.5 m,
– (3.2 (log10(11.75 hUT))2 - 4.97) W = 20 m,
h=5m
NLOS

h = avg. building height,

W = street width
The applicability ranges:
5 m < h < 50 m
5 m < W < 50 m
10 m < hBS < 150 m
1 m < hUT < 10 m
PL = 16.9 log10(d3D) + 32.8 + 20 log10(fc) σSF = 3 3 m < d2D < 150 m
hBS = 3-6 m
LOS

hUT = 1-2.5 m
3D-InH

PL = 43.3 log10(d3D) + 11.5 + 20 log10(fc) σSF = 4 10 m < d2D < 150 m

NLOS

hBS = 3-6 m
hUT = 1-2.5 m
Release 12 22 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

NOTE 1: Break point distance d'BP = 4 h'BS h'UT fc/c, where fc is the centre frequency in Hz, c = 3.0×108 m/s is the
propagation velocity in free space, and h'BS and h'UT are the effective antenna heights at the BS and the UT,
respectively. In 3D-UMi scenario the effective antenna heights h'BS and h'UT are computed as follows: h'BS =
hBS – 1.0 m, h'UT = hUT – 1.0 m, where hBS and hUT are the actual antenna heights, and the effective
environment height is assumed to be equal to 1.0 m.

NOTE 2: PL3D-UMi-LOS = Pathloss of 3D-UMi LOS outdoor scenario.

NOTE 4: Break point distance d'BP = 4 h'BS h'UT fc/c, where fc is the centre frequency in Hz, c = 3.0×108 m/s is the
propagation velocity in free space, and h'BS and h'UT are the effective antenna heights at the BS and the UT,
respectively. In 3D-UMa scenario the effective antenna heights h'BS and h'UT are computed as follows: h'BS =
hBS – hE, h'UT = hUT – hE, where hBS and hUT are the actual antenna heights, and the effective environment
height hE is a function of the link between a BS and a UT. In the event that the link is determined to be LOS,
hE=1m with a probability equal to 1/(1+C(d2D, hUT)) and chosen from a discrete uniform distribution
uniform(12,15,…,(hUT-1.5)) otherwise. The function C(d2D, hUT) is defined in Table 7.2-2. Note that hE depends
on d2D and hUT and thus needs to be independently determined for every link between BS sites and UTs. A BS
site may be a single BS or multiple co-located BSs.

NOTE 6: PL3D-UMa-LOS = Pathloss of 3D-UMa LOS outdoor scenario.

NOTE 7: The shadow fading values are reused from [4] for simplicity.

NOTE 8: Break point distance dBP = 2π hBS hUT fc/c, where fc is the centre frequency in Hz, c = 3.0×108 m/s is the
propagation velocity in free space, and hBS and hUT are the antenna heights at the BS and the UT,
respectively.
Release 12 23 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

7.2.2 LOS probability

The Line-Of-Sight (LOS) probabilities are given in the following table.

Table 7.2-2: LOS probabilities

Scenario LOS probability (distance is in meters)
3D-UMi  1 , d 2D -out ≤ 18m

PrLOS =  18  d 2D -out  18 
+ exp − 1 −  ,18m < d 2D -out
 d 2D -out
  36  d 2D -out 
3D-UMa  1 , d 2D -out ≤ 18m
   3

PrLOS =  18  d 2D -out  18   5  d 2D -out   d 
 d 2D -out
+ exp−  1
 − 
  +1 C ′(h )   exp − 2D -out  ,18m < d 2D -out
 
UT
 63  d 2D -out  4  100   150


where
0 , hUT ≤ 13m
 1.5
C ′(hUT ) =   hUT − 13 

  10   ,13m < hUT ≤ 23m

3D-RMa  1 , d 2D -out ≤ 10m
 d − 10
PrLOS =  
exp − 2D -out  ,10m < d 2D -out
  1000 

3D-InH For 2 sites, 3 sites, and 6 sites Case A

1 , d 2D-in ≤ 18m
  d 2D-in − 18 
PrLOS = exp −  ,18m < d 2D-in < 37 m
  27 
0.5 ,37 m ≤ d 2D-in

For 6 sites Case B and 12 sites



1 , d 2D -in ≤ 5m
  d 2D -in − 5 
PrLOS = exp −  ,5m < d 2D -in ≤ 49m
  70.8 
  d 2D -in − 49 
exp − 211.7  ⋅ 0.54 ,49m < d 2D -in
  
Release 12 24 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

7.2.3 O2I penetration loss

10m < d2D-out + d2D-in < 1000m

PL = PLb + PLtw + PLin
0m < d2D-in < 25m
For hexagonal cell layout:
hBS = 10m,
3D-UMi O2I PLb = PL3D-UMi (d3D-out + d3D-in) σSF =7
hUT=3(nfl – 1) + 1.5,
PLtw = 20
nfl = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
PLin = 0.5d2D-in
Explanations: see 3)
NOTE 3: PLb = basic path-loss, PL 3D-UMi = Loss of 3D-UMi outdoor scenario, PLtw = Loss through wall, PLin = Loss
inside, d2D-in is assumed uniformly distributed between 0 and 25 m.

10m < d2D-out + d2D-in < 1000m

PL = PLb + PLtw + PLin
0m < d2D-in < 25m
For hexagonal cell layout:
hBS = 25m,
3D-UMa O2I PLb = PL3D-UMa(d3D-out + d3D-in) σSF =7
hUT=3(nfl – 1) + 1.5,
PLtw = 20
nfl = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
PLin = 0.5d2D-in
Explanations: see 5)
NOTE 5: PLb = basic path-loss, PL 3D-UMa = Loss of 3D-UMa outdoor scenario, PLtw = Loss through wall, PLin = Loss
inside, d2D-in is assumed uniformly distributed between 0 and 25 m.

7.2.4 Autocorrelation of shadow fading

The long-term (log-normal) fading in the logarithmic scale around the mean path loss PL (dB) is characterized by a
Gaussian distribution with zero mean and standard deviation. Due to the slow fading process versus distance ∆x
(∆x is in the horizontal plane), adjacent fading values are correlated. Its normalized autocorrelation function R(∆x) can
be described with sufficient accuracy by the exponential function ITU-R Rec. P.1816 [5]
∆x
−
R(∆x )=e d cor
(7.2-1)

with the correlation length dcor being dependent on the environment, see the correlation parameters for shadowing and
other large scale parameters in Table 7.3-6 (Channel model parameters for 3D-UMi and 3D-UMa), Table 7.3-6a
(Channel model parameters for 3D-InH) and Table 7.3-6b (Channel model parameters for 3D-RMa).

7.3 Fast fading model

The radio channels are created using the parameters listed in Table 7.3-6. The channel realizations are obtained by a
step-wise procedure illustrated in Figure 7.3-1 and described below. It has to be noted that the geometric description
covers arrival angles from the last bounce scatterers and respectively departure angles to the first scatterers interacted
from the transmitting side. The propagation between the first and the last interaction is not defined. Thus, this approach
can model also multiple interactions with the scattering media. This indicates also that e.g., the delay of a multipath
component cannot be determined by the geometry. In the following steps, downlink is assumed. For uplink, arrival and
departure parameters have to be swapped. Note that channel coefficient generation (steps 4 to 11) for LOS O2I case
follow the same method as the NLOS case.
Release 12 25 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

General parameters:

Set scenario, Assign propagation Generate correlated

network layout and condition (NLOS/ large scale
Calculate pathloss
antenna parameters LOS) parameters (DS,
AS, SF, K)

Small scale parameters:

Perform random Generate arrival & Generate cluster

Generate XPRs Generate delays
coupling of rays departure angles powers

Coefficient generation:

Draw random initial Generate channel Apply pathloss and

phases coefficient shadowing

Figure 7.3-1: Channel coefficient generation procedure

θ
φˆ
n̂

θˆ
y
φ

x
Figure 7.3-2: Definition of a global coordinate system showing the zenith angle θ and the azimuth
angle ϕ. θ=00 points to zenith and θ=+900 points to the horizon.
The spherical basis vectors θˆ and φˆ shown above are defined based on the direction of
propagation n̂ .
Release 12 26 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Table 7.3-1: Notations in the global coordinate system (GCS)

Parameter Notation Comments

LOS AOD ϕLOS,AOD defined by ϕ
LOS AOA ϕLOS,AOA defined by ϕ
LOS ZOD θLOS,ZOD defined by θ
LOS ZOA θLOS,ZOA defined by θ
AOA for cluster n ϕn,AOA defined by ϕ
AOD for cluster n ϕn,AOD defined by ϕ
AOA for ray m in cluster n ϕn,m,AOA defined by ϕ
AOD for ray m in cluster n ϕn,m,AOD defined by ϕ
ZOA for cluster n θn,ZOA defined by θ
ZOD for cluster n θn,ZOD defined by θ
ZOA for ray m in cluster n θn,m,ZOA defined by θ
ZOD for ray m in cluster n θn,m,ZOD defined by θ
ˆ Frx,u,θ
Receive antenna element u field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector θ
ˆ Frx,u,ϕ
Receive antenna element u field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector φ
ˆ Ftx,s,θ
Transmit antenna element s field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector θ
ˆ Frx,s,ϕ
Transmit antenna element s field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector φ

General parameters:

Step 1: Set environment, network layout, and antenna array parameters

a) Choose one of the scenarios (3D-UMa, 3D-UMi, 3D-Rma, 3D-InH). Choose a global coordinate system and
define zenith angle θ, azimuth angle ϕ, and spherical basis vectors θˆ , φˆ as shown in Figure 7.3-2.

b) Give number of BS and UT

c) Give 3D locations of BS and UT, and LOS AOD (ϕLOS,AOD), LOS ZOD (θLOS,ZOD), LOS AOA (ϕLOS,AOA), LOS
ZOA (θLOS,ZOA) of each BS and UT in the global coordinate system

d) Give BS and UT antenna field patterns Frx and Ftx in the global coordinate system and array geometries

e) Give BS and UT array orientations with respect to the global coordinate system. BS array orientation is defined
by three angles ΩBS,α (BS bearing angle), ΩBS,β (BS downtilt angle) and ΩBS,γ (BS slant angle). UT array
orientation is defined by three angles ΩUT,α (UT bearing angle), ΩUT,β (UT downtilt angle) and ΩUT,γ (UT slant
angle).

f) Give speed and direction of motion of UT in the global coordinate system

g) Give system centre frequency

Large scale parameters:

Step 2: Assign propagation condition (LOS/NLOS) according to Table 7.2-2.

Step 3: Calculate pathloss with formulas of Table 7.2-1 for each BS-UT link to be modelled.

Step 4: Generate large scale parameters e.g. delay spread (DS), angular spreads (ASA, ASD, ZSA, ZSD), Ricean
K factor (K) and shadow fading (SF) taking into account cross correlation according to Table 7.3-6 and using the
procedure described in subclause 3.3.1 of [16] with the square root matrix C MxM (0) being generated using the
Cholesky decomposition and the following order of the large scale parameter vector: sM = [sSF, sK, sDS, sASD, sASA, sZSD,
sZSA]T. Limit random RMS azimuth arrival and azimuth departure spread values to 104 degrees, i.e., ASA = min(ASA,
Release 12 27 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

104°), ASD = min(ASD, 104°). Limit random RMS zenith arrival and zenith departure spread values to 52 degrees, i.e.,
ZSA = min(ZSA, 52°), ZSD = min(ZSD, 52°).

Small scale parameters:

Step 5: Generate cluster delays τn .

Delays are drawn randomly from the delay distribution defined in Table 7.3-6. With exponential delay distribution
calculate

τ n′ = −rτ DS ln( X n ) , (7.3-1)

Where rτ is the delay distribution proportionality factor, Xn ~ uniform(0,1), and cluster index n = 1,…,N. With uniform
delay distribution the delay values τn' are drawn from the corresponding range. Normalise the delays by subtracting the
minimum delay and sort the normalised delays to ascending order:

τ n = sort (τ n′ − min (τ n′ )) . (7.3-2)

In the case of LOS condition, additional scaling of delays is required to compensate for the effect of LOS peak addition
to the delay spread. The heuristically determined Ricean K-factor dependent scaling constant is

Cτ = 0.7705 − 0.0433K + 0.0002 K 2 + 0.000017 K 3 , (7.3-3)

where K [dB] is the Ricean K-factor as generated in Step 4. The scaled delays

τ nLOS = τ n / Cτ , (7.3-4)

are not to be used in cluster power generation.

Step 6: Generate cluster powers Pn .

Cluster powers are calculated assuming a single slope exponential power delay profile. Power assignment depends on
the delay distribution defined in Table 7.3-1. With exponential delay distribution the cluster powers are determined by
− Ζn
 rτ − 1 
Pn′ = exp − τ n  ⋅ 10
10
(7.3-5)
 rτ DS 

where (
Z n ~ N 0, ζ 2
) is the per cluster shadowing term in [dB]. Normalize the cluster powers so that the sum of all
cluster powers is equal to one, i.e.,

Pn′
Pn = (7.3-6)
∑
N
P′
n =1 n

In the case of LoS condition an additional specular component is added to the first cluster. Power of the single LoS ray
is:

KR
P1, LOS = (7.3-7)
KR + 1

and the cluster powers are not as in equation (7.3-6), but:

1 Pn′
Pn = + δ (n − 1)P1,LOS (7.3-8)
K R + 1 ∑N Pn′
n =1
Release 12 28 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

where δ(.) is Dirac's delta function and KR is the Ricean K-factor as generated in Step 4 converted to linear scale. These
power values are used only in equations (7.3-9) and (7.3-14), but not in equation (7.3-22).

Assign the power of each ray within a cluster as Pn / M, where M is the number of rays per cluster.

Remove clusters with less than -25 dB power compared to the maximum cluster power. The scaling factors need not be
changed after cluster elimination.

Step 7: Generate arrival angles and departure angles for both azimuth and elevation.

The composite PAS in azimuth of all clusters is modelled as wrapped Gaussian, except for the indoor hotspot scenario
(3D-InH) which is modelled by a wrapped Laplacian distribution. For the other scenarios the AOAs are determined by
applying the inverse Gaussian function (7.3-9) with input parameters Pn and RMS angle spread ASA

2(ASA / 1.4) − ln (Pn max(Pn ))

φn′, AOA = (7.3-9)
Cφ

while the following inverse Laplacian function is used for the 3D-InH scenario

− ASA ln (Pn max(Pn ))

φn′, AOA = . (7.3-9a)
Cφ

In case of 3D-UMa and 3D-UMi Cφ is given by

Cφ
NLOS

Cφ =  NLOS
(
⋅ 1.1035 − 0.028 K − 0.002 K 2 + 0.0001K 3 ) , for LOS
, (7.3-10)
Cφ , for NLOS

while in case of 3D-InH it is given by

Cφ =  φNLOS
(
C NLOS ⋅ 0.9275 + 0.0439 K − 0.0071K 2 + 0.0002 K 3 ) , for LOS
, (7.3-10a)
Cφ , for NLOS

where CφNLOS is defined as a scaling factor related to the total number of clusters N and is given in the following table.

Table 7.3-2: Scaling factors for AOA, AOD generation

scenario 3D-UMa, 3D-UMi, 3D-RMa 3D-InH

N 4 5 8 10 11 12 14 15 16 19 20 15 19
CφNLOS 0.779 0.860 1.018 1.090 1.123 1.146 1.190 1.211 1.226 1.273 1.289 1.434 1.501

In the LOS case, Cφ is dependent also on the Ricean K-factor K in [dB], as generated in Step 4. Additional scaling of
the angles is required to compensate for the effect of LOS peak addition to the angle spread.

Assign positive or negative sign to the angles by multiplying with a random variable Xn with uniform distribution to the
discrete set of {1,–1}, and add component (
Yn ~ N 0, (ASA 7 )
2
) to introduce random variation
φ n , AOA = X nφ n′, AOA + Yn + φ LOS , AOA , (7.3-11)

where ϕLOS,AOA is the LOS direction defined in the network layout description, see Step1c.

In the LOS case, substitute (7.3-11) by (7.3-12) to enforce the first cluster to the LOS direction ϕLOS, AOA

φ n , AOA = (X nφ n′, AOA + Yn ) − (X 1φ1′, AOA + Y1 − φ LOS , AOA ) . (7.3-12)

Release 12 29 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Finally add offset angles αm from Table 7.3-3 to the cluster angles

φn ,m, AOA = φn , AOA + cASAα m , (7.3-13)

where cASA is the cluster-wise rms azimuth spread of arrival angles (cluster ASA) in Table 7.3-6 and Table 7.3-6a.

Table 7.3-3: Ray offset angles within a cluster, given for 1 rms angle spread

Ray number m Basis vector of offset angles αm

1,2 ± 0.0447
3,4 ± 0.1413
5,6 ± 0.2492
7,8 ± 0.3715
9,10 ± 0.5129
11,12 ± 0.6797
13,14 ± 0.8844
15,16 ± 1.1481
17,18 ± 1.5195
19,20 ± 2.1551

The generation of AOD (ϕn,m,AOD) follows a procedure similar to AOA as described above.

The generation of ZOA assumes that the composite PAS in the zenith dimension of all clusters is Laplacian. The ZOAs
are determined by applying the inverse Laplacian function

− ZSA ln (Pn max(Pn ))

θ n′,ZOA = (7.3-14)
Cθ

with input parameters Pn , RMS angle spread ZSA, while

Cθ is defined as

Cθ =  θNLOS
(
C NLOS ⋅ 1.35 + 0.0202 K − 0.0077 K 2 + 0.0002 K 3 ) , for LOS
(7.3-15)
Cθ , for NLOS

where CθNLOS is a scaling factor related to the total number of clusters and is given in the following table.

Table 7.3-4: Scaling factors for ZOA, ZOD generation

scenario 3D-UMa, 3D-UMi, 3D-InH, 3D-RMa

N 10 11 12 15 19 20
NLOS
Cθ 0.9854 1.013 1.04 1.1088 1.1764 1.1918

In the LOS case, Cθ is dependent also on the Ricean K-factor K in [dB], as generated in Step 4. Additional scaling of
the angles is required to compensate for the effect of LOS peak addition to the angle spread.

Assign positive or negative sign to the angles by multiplying with a random variable Xn with uniform distribution to the
discrete set of {1,–1}, and add component (
Yn ~ N 0, (ZSA 7 )
2
) to introduce random variation
θ n , ZOA = X nθ n′, ZOA + Yn + θ ZOA , (7.3-16)

where θ ZOA = 90 0 if the UT is located indoors and θ ZOA = θ LOS ,ZOA if the UT is located outdoors. The LOS direction
is defined in the network layout description, see Step1c.
Release 12 30 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

In the LOS case, substitute (7.3-16) by (7.3-17) to enforce the first cluster to the LOS direction θLOS,ZOA

θ n , ZOA = (X nθ n′, ZOA + Yn ) − (X 1θ1′, ZOA + Y1 − θ LOS , ZOA ) . (7.3-17)

Finally add offset angles αm from Table 7.3-3 to the cluster angles

θ n ,m ,ZOA = θ n ,ZOA + cZSAα m , (7.3-18)

where c ZSA is the cluster-wise rms zenith spread of arrival (cluster ZSA) in Tables 7.3-6 and 7.3-6a. Assuming that
θ n ,m , ZOA is wrapped within [0,3600], if θ n,m,ZOA ∈ [1800 ,3600 ] , then θ n,m,ZOA is set to (3600 − θ n ,m ,ZOA ) .
The generation of ZOD follows the same procedure as ZOA described above except equation (7.3-16) is replaced by

θ n , ZOD = X nθ n′, ZOD + Yn + θ LOS , ZOD + µ offset , ZOD , (7.3-19)

where variable Xn is with uniform distribution to the discrete set of {1,–1}, ( )

Yn ~ N 0, (ZSD 7 ) , µ offset , ZOD is given
2

in Tables 7.3-7, 7.3-8 and equation (7.3-18) is replaced by

µlgZSD
θ n ,m,ZOD = θ n ,ZOD + (3 / 8)(10 )α m (7.3-20)

where µ lgZSD is the mean of the ZSD log-normal distribution.

In the LOS case, the generation of ZOD follows the same procedure as ZOA described above using equation (7.3-17).

Step 8: Coupling of rays within a cluster for both azimuth and elevation

Couple randomly AOD angles φn,m,AOD to AOA angles φn,m,AOA within a cluster n, or within a sub-cluster in the case of
two strongest clusters (see Step 11 and Table 7.3-3). Couple randomly ZOD angles θ n ,m , ZOD with ZOA angles
θ n ,m ,ZOA using the same procedure. Couple randomly AOD angles φn,m,AOD with ZOD angles θ n ,m ,ZOD within a cluster n
or within a sub-cluster in the case of two strongest clusters.

Step 9: Generate XPRs

Generate the cross polarization power ratios (XPR) κ for each ray m of each cluster n. XPR is log-Normal distributed.
Draw XPR values as
X n ,m / 10
κ n , m = 10 , (7.3-21)

where X n , m ~ N ( µ XPR , σ XPR

2
) is Gaussian distributed with σ XPR and µXPR from Tables 7.3-6 and 7.3-6a. Note:
X n ,m is independently drawn for each ray and each cluster.

Coefficient generation:

Step 10: Draw initial random phases

Draw random initial phase Φ θθ{ θφ φθ φφ

}
n , m , Φ n , m , Φ n , m , Φ n , m for each ray m of each cluster n and for four different polarisation

combinations (θθ, θϕ, ϕθ, ϕϕ). The distribution for initial phases is uniform within (-π,π).

In the LOS case, draw also a random initial phase Φ LOS for both θθ and ϕϕ polarisations.
Release 12 31 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Step 11: Generate channel coefficients for each cluster n and each receiver and transmitter element pair u, s.

For the N – 2 weakest clusters, say n = 3, 4,…, N, the channel coefficients are given by:

H u ,s ,n (t ) = Pn M ∑ 
 Frx ,u ,θ (θ n ,m ,ZOA , φn ,m , AOA )
M
T


(
exp jΦθθ
n ,m ) κ n ,m −1 exp( jΦθφ
n ,m )



m =1  Frx ,u ,φ (θ n ,m , ZOA , φn ,m , AOA )


 κ n ,m exp jΦφθ

−1
(
n ,m ) (
exp jΦφφ
n ,m ) 
 (7.3-22)
 Ftx ,s ,θ (θ n ,m ,ZOD , φn ,m , AOD )
 F (θ , φ ) ( −1 T
( )) (
−1 T
( ))
 exp j 2πλ0 rˆrx ,n ,m .d rx ,u exp j 2πλ0 rˆtx ,n ,m .d tx ,s exp( j 2πvn ,mt )
 tx ,s ,φ n ,m ,ZOD n ,m , AOD 

where Frx,u,θ and Frx,u,ϕ are the receive antenna element u field patterns in the direction of the spherical basis vectors, θˆ
and φˆ respectively, Ftx,s,θ and Ftx,s,ϕ are the transmit antenna element s field patterns in the direction of the spherical
basis vectors, θˆ and φˆ respectively. rˆrx , n , m is the spherical unit vector with azimuth arrival angle ϕn,m,AOA and elevation
arrival angle θn,m,ZOA, given by

sin θ n ,m ,ZOA cos φn ,m , AOA 

 
rˆrx ,n ,m =  sin θ n ,m ,ZOA sin φn ,m , AOA  , (7.3-23)
 cos θ n ,m ,ZOA 

where n denotes a cluster and m denotes a ray within cluster n. rˆtx , n , m is the spherical unit vector with azimuth departure
angle ϕn,m,AOD and elevation departure angle θn,m,ZOD, given by

sin θ n ,m ,ZOD cos φn ,m , AOD 

 
rˆtx ,n ,m =  sin θ n ,m ,ZOD sin φn ,m , AOD  , (7.3-24)
 cos θ n ,m ,ZOD 

where n denotes a cluster and m denotes a ray within cluster n. Also, d rx ,u is the location vector of receive antenna
element u and d tx ,s is the location vector of transmit antenna element s, κn,m is the cross polarisation power ratio in
linear scale, and λ0 is the wavelength of the carrier frequency. If polarisation is not considered, the 2x2 polarisation
( )
matrix can be replaced by the scalar exp jΦ n ,m and only vertically polarised field patterns are applied.

The Doppler frequency component vn,m is calculated from the arrival angles (AOA, ZOA), UT velocity vector v with
speed v, travel azimuth angle ϕv, elevation angle θv and is given by

rˆrxT ,n ,m .v
, where v = v.[sin θ v cos φv cos θ v ] ,
T
vn , m = sin θ v sin φv (7.3-25)
λ0
For the two strongest clusters, say n = 1 and 2, rays are spread in delay to three sub-clusters (per cluster), with fixed
delay offset {0,5,10 ns} (see Table 7.3-5). The delays of the sub-clusters are

τ n ,1 = τ n + 0 ns
τ n , 2 = τ n + 5 ns (7.3-26)
τ n ,3 = τ n + 10 ns
Twenty rays of a cluster are mapped to sub-clusters as presented in Table 7.3-5 below. The corresponding offset angles
are taken from Table 7.3-3 with mapping of Table 7.3-5.
Release 12 32 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Table 7.3-5: Sub-cluster information for intra cluster delay spread clusters

sub-cluster # mapping to rays power delay offset

1 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,19,20 10/20 0 ns
2 9,10,11,12,17,18 6/20 5 ns
3 13,14,15,16 4/20 10 ns

In the LOS case, define H u′ , s , n = H u , s , n and determine the channel coefficients by adding a single line-of-sight ray and
scaling down the other channel coefficients generated by (7.3-22). The channel coefficients are given by:

1
H u ,s ,n (t ) = H u′ ,s ,n (t )
KR +1

K R  Frx ,u ,θ (θ LOS ,ZOA , φ LOS , AOA ) exp( jΦ LOS )

T
0 
+ δ (n − 1) (7.3-
K R + 1  Frx ,u ,φ (θ LOS ,ZOA , φ LOS , AOA )
  
 0 − exp( jΦ LOS )
 Ftx ,s ,θ (θ LOS ,ZOD , φ LOS , AOD )  rˆrxT ,LOS .d rx ,u   rˆT .d   rˆT .v 
 F (θ 
. exp j 2π . exp j 2π tx ,LOS tx ,s . exp j 2π rx ,LOS t 
 tx ,s ,φ LOS ,ZOD , φ LOS , AOD ) λ0   λ0   λ0 
     
27)

where δ(.) is the Dirac's delta function and KR is the Ricean K-factor as generated in Step 4 converted to linear scale.

Step 12: Apply pathloss and shadowing for the channel coefficients.

Note that when multi-band simulation is needed, i.e., evaluating different frequencies for a certain BS-UT link at the
same time, additional correlation modelling across different frequencies should be taken into account. To be specific,
the propagation conditions generated in Step 2 (LOS states), the parameters generated in Step 4, the cluster delays and
angles generated in Steps 5-7 are the same for all frequency bands. Other parameters and steps are independent for the
frequency bands. Note that this additional correlation modelling applies for bands below 6GHz.
Release 12 33 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Table 7.3-6: Channel model parameters for 3D-UMi and 3D-UMa

3D-UMi 3D-UMa
Scenarios
LOS NLOS O2I LOS NLOS O2I
Delay spread (DS) µlgDS -7.19 -6.89 -6.62 -7.03 -6.44 -6.62
lgDS=log10(DS/1s) σlgDS 0.40 0.54 0.32 0.66 0.39 0.32
AOD spread (ASD) µlgASD 1.20 1.41 1.25 1.15 1.41 1.25
lgASD=log10(ASD/1°) σlgASD 0.43 0.17 0.42 0.28 0.28 0.42
AOA spread (ASA) µlgASA 1.75 1.84 1.76 1.81 1.87 1.76
lgASA=log10(ASA/1°) σlgASA 0.19 0.15 0.16 0.20 0.11 0.16
ZOA spread (ZSA) µlgZSA 0.60 0.88 1.01 0.95 1.26 1.01
lgZSA=log10(ZSA/1°) σlgZSA 0.16 0.16 0.43 0.16 0.16 0.43
Shadow fading (SF) [dB] σSF 3 4 7 4 6 7
µK 9 N/A N/A 9 N/A N/A
K-factor (K) [dB]
σK 5 N/A N/A 3.5 N/A N/A
ASD vs DS 0.5 0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
ASA vs DS 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.4
ASA vs SF -0.4 -0.4 0 -0.5 0 0
ASD vs SF -0.5 0 0.2 -0.5 -0.6 0.2
DS vs SF -0.4 -0.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.5
ASD vs ASA 0.4 0 0 0 0.4 0
ASD vs K -0.2 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A
ASA vs K -0.3 N/A N/A -0.2 N/A N/A
DS vs K -0.7 N/A N/A -0.4 N/A N/A
SF vs K 0.5 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A
Cross-Correlations ZSD vs SF 0 0 0 0 0 0
ZSA vs SF 0 0 0 -0.8 -0.4 0
ZSD vs K 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A
ZSA vs K 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A
ZSD vs DS 0 -0.5 -0.6 -0.2 -0.5 -0.6
ZSA vs DS 0.2 0 -0.2 0 0 -0.2
ZSD vs ASD 0.5 0.5 -0.2 0.5 0.5 -0.2
ZSA vs ASD 0.3 0.5 0 0 -0.1 0
ZSD vs ASA 0 0 0 -0.3 0 0
ZSA vs ASA 0 0.2 0.5 0.4 0 0.5
ZSD vs ZSA 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.5
Delay distribution Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp
AoD and AoA distribution Wrapped Gaussian Wrapped Gaussian
ZoD and ZoA distribution Laplacian Laplacian
Delay scaling parameter rτ 3.2 3 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.2
µXPR 9 8.0 9 8 7 9
XPR [dB], see note 6
σXPR 3 3 5 4 3 5
Number of clusters N 12 19 12 12 20 12
Number of rays per cluster M 20 20 20 20 20 20

Cluster ASD ( cASD ) in [deg] 3 10 5 5 2 5

Cluster ASA ( cASA ) in [deg] 17 22 8 11 15 8

Cluster ZSA ( c ZSA ) in [deg], see note 4 7 7 3 7 7 3

Per cluster shadowing std ζ [dB] 3 3 4 3 3 4
DS 7 10 10 30 40 10
ASD 8 10 11 18 50 11
ASA 8 9 17 15 50 17
Correlation distance in the horizontal plane [m], see
SF 10 13 7 37 50 7
note 3
K 15 N/A N/A 12 N/A N/A
ZSA 12 10 25 15 50 25
ZSD 12 10 25 15 50 25
Release 12 34 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

NOTE 1: DS = rms delay spread, ASD = rms azimuth spread of departure angles, ASA = rms azimuth spread of arrival angles, ZSD =
rms zenith spread of departure angles, ZSA = rms zenith spread of arrival angles, SF = shadow fading, and K = Ricean K-
factor.
NOTE 2: The sign of the shadow fading is defined so that positive SF means more received power at UT than predicted by the path
loss model.
NOTE 3: The cross correlation values for ZSD, ZSA are based on WINNER+ and field measurements in sources WINNER+, R1-
134221,R1-134222,R1-134795 , R1-131861 ,R1-132543, R1-132544, R1-133525 and adjustment is made to ensure
positive definiteness.
NOTE 4: ZSA and cluster ZSA values are reused from Winner+.
NOTE 5: All large scale parameters are assumed to have no correlation between different floors.
This is assumed for simplicity due to lack of measurement results although it may not represent the reality.
NOTE 6: The value of XPR standard deviation for O2I 3D-UMi and O2I 3D-UMa is changed from 11 dB to 5 dB following the
discussion in R1-150894.
NOTE 7: The following notation for mean (μlgX=mean{log10(X) }) and standard deviation (σlgX=std{log10(X) }) is used for logarithmized
parameters X.
Release 12 35 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Table 7.3-6a: Channel model parameters for 3D-InH

Indoor Hotspot
Scenarios
LOS NLOS
Delay spread (DS) µlgDS –7.70 –7.41
lgDS=log10(DS/1s) σlgDS 0.18 0.14
AOD spread (ASD) µlgASD 1.60 1.62
lgASD=log10(ASD/1°) σlgASD 0.18 0.25
AOA spread (ASA) µlgASA 1.62 1.77
lgASA=log10(ASA/1°) σlgASA 0.22 0.16
ZOA spread (ZSA) µlgZSA 1.22 1.26
lgZSA=log10(ZSA/1°) σlgZSA 0.23 0.67
Shadow fading (SF) [dB] σSF See Table 7.2-1
µK 7 N/A
K-factor (K) [dB]
σK 4 N/A
ASD vs DS 0.6 0.4
ASA vs DS 0.8 0
ASA vs SF –0.5 –0.4
ASD vs SF –0.4 0
DS vs SF –0.8 –0.5
ASD vs ASA 0.4 0
ASD vs K 0 N/A
ASA vs K 0 N/A
DS vs K –0.5 N/A
SF vs K 0.5 N/A
Cross-Correlations ZSD vs SF 0.2 0
ZSA vs SF 0.3 0
ZSD vs K 0 N/A
ZSA vs K 0.1 N/A
ZSD vs DS 0.1 -0.27
ZSA vs DS 0.2 -0.06
ZSD vs ASD 0.5 0.35
ZSA vs ASD 0 0.23
ZSD vs ASA 0 -0.08
ZSA vs ASA 0.5 0.43
ZSD vs ZSA 0 0.42
Delay distribution Exp
AoD and AoA distribution Laplacian
ZoD and ZoA distribution Laplacian
Delay scaling parameter rτ 3.6 3
µXPR 11 10
XPR [dB]
σXPR 3 3
Number of clusters N 15 19

Number of rays per cluster M 20 20

Cluster ASD ( cASD ) in [deg] 5 5

Cluster ASA ( cASA ) in [deg] 8 11

Cluster ZSA ( c ZSA ) in [deg] 9 9

Per cluster shadowing std ζ [dB] 6 3
DS 8 5
ASD 7 3
ASA 5 3
Correlation distance in the
SF 10 6
horizontal plane [m]
K 4 N/A
ZSA 4 4
ZSD 4 4

NOTE 1: DS = rms delay spread, ASD = rms azimuth spread of departure angles, ASA = rms azimuth spread of arrival
angles, ZSD = rms zenith spread of departure angles, ZSA = rms zenith spread of arrival angles, SF = shadow
fading, and K = Ricean K-factor.
NOTE 2: The sign of the shadow fading is defined so that positive SF means more received power at UT than predicted by
the path loss model.
NOTE 3: The following notation for mean (μlgX=mean{log10(X) }) and standard deviation (σlgX=std{log10(X) }) is used for
logarithmized parameters X.
Release 12 36 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Table 7.3-6b: Channel model parameters for 3D-RMa

Rural
Scenarios
LOS NLOS O2I
Delay spread (DS) µlgDS -7.49 -7.43 -7.47
lgDS=log10(DS/1s) σlgDS 0.55 0.48 0.24
AOD spread (ASD) µlgASD 0.90 0.95 0.67
lgASD=log10(ASD/1°) σlgASD 0.38 0.45 0.18
AOA spread (ASA) µlgASA 1.52 1.52 1.66
lgASA=log10(ASA/1°) σlgASA 0.24 0.13 0.21
ZOA spread (ZSA) µlgZSA 0.47 0.58 0.93
lgZSA=log10(ZSA/1°) σlgZSA 0.40 0.37 0.22
Shadow fading (SF) [dB] σSF See Table 7.2-1 8
µK 7 N/A N/A
K-factor (K) [dB]
σK 4 N/A N/A
ASD vs DS 0 -0.4 0
ASA vs DS 0 0 0
ASA vs SF 0 0 0
ASD vs SF 0 0.6 0
DS vs SF -0.5 -0.5 0
Cross-Correlations
ASD vs ASA 0 0 -0.7
ASD vs K 0 N/A N/A
ASA vs K 0 N/A N/A
DS vs K 0 N/A N/A
SF vs K 0 N/A N/A
ZSD vs SF 0.01 -0.04 0
ZSA vs SF -0.17 -0.25 0
ZSD vs K 0 N/A N/A
ZSA vs K -0.02 N/A N/A
ZSD vs DS -0.05 -0.10 0
Cross-Correlations 1) ZSA vs DS 0.27 -0.40 0
ZSD vs ASD 0.73 0.42 0.66
ZSA vs ASD -0.14 -0.27 0.47
ZSD vs ASA -0.20 -0.18 -0.55
ZSA vs ASA 0.24 0.26 -0.22
ZSD vs ZSA -0.07 -0.27 0
Delay distribution Exp
AoD and AoA distribution Wrapped Gaussian
ZoD and ZoA distribution Laplacian
Delay scaling parameter rτ 3.8 1.7 1.7
µXPR 12 7 7
XPR [dB]
σXPR 4 3 3
Number of clusters N 11 10 10

Number of rays per cluster M 20 20 20

2
Cluster ASD ( cASD ) in [deg] 2 2
3
Cluster ASA ( cASA ) in [deg] 3 3
3
Cluster ZSA ( c ZSA ) in [deg] 2 2.5
Per cluster shadowing std ζ [dB] 3 3 3
DS 50 36 36
ASD 25 30 30
Correlation distance in the ASA 35 40 40
horizontal plane [m] SF 37 120 120
XPR [dB] K 40 N/A N/A
ZSA 15 50 50
ZSD 15 50 50
NOTE 1: DS = rms delay spread, ASD = rms azimuth spread of departure angles, ASA = rms azimuth spread of arrival angles,
ZSD = rms zenith spread of departure angles, ZSA = rms zenith spread of arrival angles, SF = shadow fading, and K
= Ricean K-factor.
NOTE 2: The sign of the shadow fading is defined so that positive SF means more received power at UT than predicted by the
path loss model.
NOTE 3: The following notation for mean (μlgX=mean{log10(X) }) and standard deviation (σlgX=std{log10(X) }) is used for
logarithmized parameters X.
Release 12 37 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Table 7.3-7: ZSD and ZoD offset parameters for 3D-UMa

3D-UMa
Scenarios
LOS NLOS
max[-0.5, -2.1(d2D/1000) -0.01 (hUT - max[-0.5, -2.1(d2D/1000) -0.01(hUT -
ZOD spread (ZSD) μlgZSD
1.5)+0.75] 1.5)+0.9]
lgZSD=log10(ZSD/1°)
σlgZSD 0.40 0.49
-10^{-0.62log10(max(10, d2D))+1.93-
ZoD offset µoffset,ZOD 0
0.07(hUT-1.5)}
NOTE 1: The proposed average ESD is smaller than that of Winner+
NOTE 2: The ZSD parameters for O2I links are the same parameters that are used for outdoor links, depending on the
LOS condition of the outdoor link part.

Table 7.3-8: ZSD and ZoD offset parameters for 3D-UMi

3D-UMi
Scenarios
LOS NLOS
max[-0.5, -2.1(d2D/1000)+0.01|hUT - max[-0.5, -2.1(d2D/1000) +0.01max(hUT -
ZOD spread (ZSD) μlgZSD hBS|+0.75] hBS,0) +0.9]
lgZSD=log10(ZSD/1°) σlgZSD 0.4 0.6
ZoD offset µoffset,ZOD 0 -10^{-0.55log10(max(10, d2D))+1.6}
NOTE 1: The proposed average ESD is smaller than that of Winner+
NOTE 2: The height dependence of ZOD offset observed from the ray-tracing data in R1-135765, R1-135999 and R1-
135588 is not showing a common and strong trend.
NOTE 3: The ZSD parameters for O2I links are the same parameters that are used for outdoor links, depending on the
LOS condition of the outdoor link part.

Table 7.3-9: ZSD and ZoD offset parameters for 3D-RMa

3D-RMa
Scenarios
LOS NLOS O2I
max[-1, -0.17(d2D/1000) max[-1, -0.19(d2D/1000) max[-1, -0.19(d2D/1000)
ZOD spread (ZSD) μlgZSD
-0.01(hUT - 1.5) + 0.22] -0.01(hUT - 1.5) + 0.28] -0.01(hUT - 1.5) + 0.28]
lgZSD=log10(ZSD/1°)
σlgZSD 0.34 0.30 0.30
arctan((35 - 3.5)/d2D) arctan((35 - 3.5)/d2D)
ZoD offset µoffset,ZOD 0
-arctan((35 - 1.5)/d2D) -arctan((35 - 1.5)/d2D)

Table 7.3-10: ZSD and ZoD offset parameters for 3D-InH

3D-InH
Scenarios
LOS NLOS
ZOD spread (ZSD) μlgZSD 1.02 1.08
lgZSD=log10(ZSD/1°) σlgZSD 0.41 0.36
ZoD offset µoffset,ZOD 0 0
Release 12 38 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

8 Simulations
Editor's note:: This clause includes baseline simulation results (corresponding to a number of antenna ports and
transmission scheme supported by Rel-11) with the modified evaluation methodology

8.1 RSRP calculation formula

For channel model calibration and baseline performance evaluation, the following RSRP calculation formula for Tx
antenna port p needed for UE attachment is used (applying KR = 0 for NLOS UE). Note that the TX power is CRS
transmitted power per RE. The notation below is according to equation (7.3-22). ws (s=1, …, S) represents a complex
weight vector used for virtualization of port p and U is the number of receive antenna elements.

 2  TX power
U N M
2
RSRPp = PL ⋅ SF ⋅ ∑  α 0,u , p + ∑∑ α n ,m,u , p  ⋅
u =1  n =1 m=1  U , (8.1-1)

where for NLOS path for n=1, …, N,

α n,m,u , p =
Pn  Frx ,u ,θ (θ n ,m,ZOA , φn ,m, AOA ) 
T


exp jΦθθ(
n ,m ) κ n,m −1 exp( jΦθφ
n ,m )


M (K R + 1)  rx ,u ,φ (θ n ,m,ZOA , φn ,m, AOA )  κ n ,m exp jΦφθ
F 

−1
(
n ,m ) (
exp jΦφφ
n ,m ) 

 Ftx , p ,θ (θ n ,m,ZOD , φn ,m, AOD )
 tx , p ,φ (θ n ,m,ZOD , φn ,m, AOD )
F 
(8.1-2)

and for LOS path

α 0,u , p =
K R  Frx ,u ,θ (θ LOS ,ZOA , φLOS , AOA ) ( )   Ftx , p ,θ (θ LOS ,ZOD , φLOS , AOD )
T
exp jΦ LOS 0
K R + 1  Frx ,u ,φ (θ LOS ,ZOA , φLOS , AOA ) − exp jΦ LOS   Ftx , p ,φ (θ LOS ,ZOD , φLOS , AOD )
( )
    
 0
(8.1-3)

with

( ( ))
Ftx , p ,θ (θ n ,m ,ZOD ,φn ,m , AOD ) = ∑s =1 ws exp j 2πλ−01 rˆtxT,n ,m .d tx ,s Ftx ,s ,θ (θ n ,m ,ZOD ,φn ,m , AOD )
S

(8.1-4)

and

( ( ))
Ftx , p ,φ (θ n,m,ZOD , φn,m , AOD ) = ∑s =1 ws exp j 2πλ0−1 rˆtxT,n,m .d tx ,s Ftx ,s ,φ (θ n ,m ,ZOD , φn ,m , AOD )
S

. (8.1-5)
Release 12 39 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

8.2 Simulation results

Geographical distance based and radio distance based wrapping methods R1-140842 [7] are used for simulations.
A different large scale parameter map (for generating correlated large-scale parameters from Table 7.3-6) is associated
with each site including the wrapping candidate sites, e.g. 19x7=133 LSP maps for radio-distance based wrap or 61 LSP
maps for geographical distance-based wrap can be used for a 19-site wrap-around.

The simulation results in this subclause are according to TR36.873 V12.0.0 – specifically, it is assumed that the XPR
standard deviation in Table 7.3-6 for O2I 3D-UMi and O2I 3D-UMa cases is 11dB.

8.2.1 Phase-1 calibration

Phase-1 calibration results do not consider a fast-fading model.

Table 8.2-1: Simulation assumptions for phase-1 calibration

Parameter Values
Scenarios 3D-UMa, 3D-UMi
Antenna configurations config 1) K=M=10, with 0.5λ vertical antenna spacing
config 2) K=1, M=1
Downtilt 102 degrees electrical tilt for antenna configuration 1
Handover margin (for calibration) 0dB
UE attachment Based on pathloss considering LOS angle
Fast fading channel Fast fading channel is not modelled
Wrapping method 1) Geographical distance based (mandatory)
2) Radio distance based (optional)
Metrics 1) Coupling loss – serving cell (based on LOS pathloss)
2) Geometry (based on LOS pathloss)
3) CDF of LOS EOD – serving cell

100 100

90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60
CDF [%]

CDF [%]

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20
3D-UMi (K=M=1) 3D-UMi (K=M=1)
3D-UMi (K=M=10) 3D-UMi (K=M=10)
10 3D-UMa (K=M=1) 10 3D-UMa (K=M=1)
3D-UMa (K=M=10) 3D-UMa (K=M=10)
0 0
-160 -150 -140 -130 -120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -160 -150 -140 -130 -120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40
Coupling loss (dB) (geographical distance based wrap) Coupling loss (dB) (radio distance based wrap)

Figure 8.2-1: Coupling loss with geographical Figure 8.2-2: Coupling loss with radio distance
distance based wrap averaged over 18 based wrap averaged over 9 sources (see R1-
sources (see R1-140843 [8]) 140843 [8])
Release 12 40 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

100 100

90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60
CDF [%]

CDF [%]
50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20
3D-UMi (K=M=1) 3D-UMi (K=M=1)
3D-UMi (K=M=10) 3D-UMi (K=M=10)
10 3D-UMa (K=M=1) 10 3D-UMa (K=M=1)
3D-UMa (K=M=10) 3D-UMa (K=M=10)
0 0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Geometry (dB) (geographical distance based wrap) Geometry (dB) (radio distance based wrap)

Figure 8.2-3: Geometry with geographical Figure 8.2-4: Geometry with geographical
distance based wrap averaged over 18 distance based wrap averaged over 9 sources
sources (see R1-140843 [8]) (see R1-140843 [8])

100 100

90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60
CDF [%]

CDF [%]

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20
3D-UMi (K=M=1) 3D-UMi (K=M=1)
3D-UMi (K=M=10) 3D-UMi (K=M=10)
10 3D-UMa (K=M=1) 10 3D-UMa (K=M=1)
3D-UMa (K=M=10) 3D-UMa (K=M=10)
0 0
70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
LOS ZOD (deg) (geographical distance based wrap) LOS ZOD (deg) (radio distance based wrap)

Figure 8.2-5: LOS ZOD with geographical Figure 8.2-6: LOS ZOD with geographical
distance based wrap averaged over 18 distance based wrap averaged over 18
sources (see R1-140843 [8]) sources (see R1-140843 [8])
Release 12 41 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

8.2.2 Phase-2 calibration

Table 8.2-2: Simulation assumptions for phase-2 calibration

Parameter Values
Scenarios 3D-UMa, 3D-UMi
BS antenna Config 1: K=1, M=2, N=2, ULA, 0.5λ H/V spacing
configurations Config 2: K=M=10, N=2, X-pol (+/-45), 0.5λ H/V, θetilt = 102 degrees
Config 1: the 4 antenna ports are mapped such that [0, 2; 1, 3]
BS port mapping
Config 2: the 4 antenna ports are mapped such that [0, 2, 1, 3] where 0/1 are -45 degree
MS antenna Config 1: 2 Rx ULA 0.5λ H spacing
configurations Config 2: 2Rx X-pol (0/+90)
System bandwidth 10MHz (50RBs)
UE attachment Based on RSRP (formula) from CRS port 0
Carrier Frequency 2GHz
UE distribution According to Table 6-1
Polarized antenna
Model-1
modelling
UE array orientation ΩUT,α uniformly distributed on [0,360] degree, ΩUT,β = 90 degree, ΩUT,γ = 0 degree
UE antenna pattern Isotropic antenna gain pattern A′′(θ ′′, φ ′′) =1
1) Geographical distance based (mandatory)
Wrapping method
2) Radio distance based (optional)
Cluster elimination step
scaling factor not changed after cluster elimination
6
Handover margin (for
0 dB
calibration)
Wideband SINR before receiver – determined from RSRP (formula) from CRS port 0
CDF of ZSD from the serving cell (according to circular angle spread definition of TR 25.996
[9] – Annex A and assuming an omni antenna pattern for Pn , m determination)
CDF of ZSA from the serving cell (according to circular angle spread definition of TR 25.996
[9] – Annex A and assuming an omni antenna pattern for Pn , m determination)
Metrics
CDF of largest (1st) singular value (serving cell) in PRBs at t=0 plotted in 10*log10 scale
CDF of smallest (2nd) singular value (serving cell) in PRBs at t=0 plotted in 10*log10 scale
CDF of the ratio between the largest singular value and the smallest singular value (serving
cell) in PRBs at t=0 plotted in 10*log10 scale
CDF of coupling loss (serving cell)

100 100

90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60
CDF[%]

CDF[%]

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 3D-UMi (K=1,M=2) 20 3D-UMi (K=1,M=2)

3D-UMi (K=M=10) 3D-UMi (K=M=10)
10 3D-UMa (K=1,M=2) 10 3D-UMa (K=1,M=2)
3D-UMa (K=M=10) 3D-UMa (K=M=10)
0 0
-160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40
Coupling loss (dB) (geographical distance based wrap) Coupling loss (dB) (radio distance based wrap)

Figure 8.2-7: Coupling loss with geographical Figure 8.2-8: Coupling loss with radio distance
distance based wrap, median from 18 sources based wrap, median from 7 sources (see R1-
(see R1-143469 [10]) 143469 [10])
Release 12 42 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

100 100

90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60
CDF[%]

CDF[%]
50 50

40 40

30 30

20 3D-UMi (K=1,M=2) 20 3D-UMi (K=1,M=2)

3D-UMi (K=M=10) 3D-UMi (K=M=10)
10 3D-UMa (K=1,M=2) 10 3D-UMa (K=1,M=2)
3D-UMa (K=M=10) 3D-UMa (K=M=10)
0 0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wideband SINR (dB) (geographical distance based wrap) Wideband SINR (dB) (radio distance based wrap)

Figure 8.2-9: Wideband SINR with Figure 8.2-10: Wideband SINR with radio
geographical distance based wrap, median distance based wrap, median from 7 sources
from 21 sources (see R1-143469 [10]) (see R1-143469 [10])

100 100

90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60
CDF[%]

CDF[%]

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 3D-UMi (K=1,M=2) 20 3D-UMi (K=1,M=2)

3D-UMi (K=M=10) 3D-UMi (K=M=10)
10 3D-UMa (K=1,M=2) 10 3D-UMa (K=1,M=2)
3D-UMa (K=M=10) 3D-UMa (K=M=10)
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
ZSD (degrees) (geographical distance based wrap) ZSD (degrees) (radio distance based wrap)

Figure 8.2-11: ZSD CDF with geographical Figure 8.2-12: ZSD CDF with radio distance
distance based wrap, median from 21 sources based wrap, median from 7 sources (see R1-
(see R1-143469 [10]) 143469 [10])
Release 12 43 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

100 100

90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60
CDF[%]

CDF[%]
50 50

40 40

30 30

20 3D-UMi (K=1,M=2) 20 3D-UMi (K=1,M=2)

3D-UMi (K=M=10) 3D-UMi (K=M=10)
10 3D-UMa (K=1,M=2) 10 3D-UMa (K=1,M=2)
3D-UMa (K=M=10) 3D-UMa (K=M=10)
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
ZSA (degrees) (geographical distance based wrap) ZSA (degrees) (radio distance based wrap)

Figure 8.2-13: ZSA CDF with geographical Figure 8.2-14: ZSA CDF with radio distance
distance based wrap, median from 21 sources based wrap, median from 7 sources (see R1-
(see R1-143469 [10]) 143469 [10])

100 100

90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60
CDF[%]

CDF[%]

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 3D-UMi (K=1,M=2) 20 3D-UMi (K=1,M=2)

3D-UMi (K=M=10) 3D-UMi (K=M=10)
10 3D-UMa (K=1,M=2) 10 3D-UMa (K=1,M=2)
3D-UMa (K=M=10) 3D-UMa (K=M=10)
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Ratio singular value (10log10) (geographical distance based wrap) Ratio singular value (10log10) (radio distance based wrap)

Figure 8.2-15: Ratio of singular values CDF Figure 8.2-16: Ratio of singular values CDF
with geographical distance based wrap, with radio distance based wrap, median from 7
median from 21 sources (see R1-143469 [10]) sources (see R1-143469 [10])
Release 12 44 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

100 100

90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60
CDF[%]

CDF[%]
50 50

40 40

30 30

20 3D-UMi (K=1,M=2) 20 3D-UMi (K=1,M=2)

3D-UMi (K=M=10) 3D-UMi (K=M=10)
10 3D-UMa (K=1,M=2) 10 3D-UMa (K=1,M=2)
3D-UMa (K=M=10) 3D-UMa (K=M=10)
0 0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Largest singular value (10log10) (geographical distance based wrap) Largest singular value (10log10) (radio distance based wrap)

Figure 8.2-17: Largest singular value CDF with Figure 8.2-18: Largest singular value CDF with
geographical distance based wrap, median radio distance based wrap, median from 7
from 21 sources (see R1-143469 [10]) sources (see R1-143469 [10])

100 100

90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60
CDF[%]

CDF[%]

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 3D-UMi (K=1,M=2) 20 3D-UMi (K=1,M=2)

3D-UMi (K=M=10) 3D-UMi (K=M=10)
10 3D-UMa (K=1,M=2) 10 3D-UMa (K=1,M=2)
3D-UMa (K=M=10) 3D-UMa (K=M=10)
0 0
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Smallest singular value (10log10) (geographical distance based wrap) Smallest singular value (10log10) (radio distance based wrap)

Figure 8.2-19: Smallest singular value CDF Figure 8.2-20: Smallest singular value CDF
with geographical distance based wrap, with radio distance based wrap, median from 7
median from 21 sources (see R1-143469 [10]) sources (see R1-143469 [10])
Release 12 45 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

8.2.3 Baseline calibration

Table 8.2-3: Simulation assumptions for baseline

Parameter Values
Scenarios 3D-UMa, 3D-UMi
BS antenna configurations K=M=10, N=2, X-pol (+/-45), 0.5λ H/V, θetilt = 102 degrees
BS port mapping The 4 antenna ports are mapped such that [0, 2, 1, 3] where 0/1 are -45 degree
MS antenna configurations 2Rx X-pol (0/+90)
System bandwidth 10MHz (50RBs)
UE attachment Based on RSRP (formula) from CRS port 0
Carrier Frequency 2GHz
Duplex FDD
Network sync Synchronized
Number of UEs per cell 10
UE distribution According to Table 6-1
UE speed 3km/h
Polarized antenna modelling 1) Model-1
2) Model-2
UE array orientation ΩUT,α uniformly distributed on [0,360] degree, ΩUT,β = 90 degree, ΩUT,γ = 0 degree
UE antenna pattern Isotropic antenna gain pattern A′′(θ ′′, φ ′′) =1
Wrapping method 1) Geographical distance based (mandatory)
2) Radio distance based (optional)
Cluster elimination step 6 scaling factor not changed after cluster elimination
Handover margin (for calibration) 0 dB
Traffic model Full-buffer
Scheduler PF, 1 UE per TTI allocation
Receiver Ideal channel estimation
Ideal interference modelling
MMSE-IRC receiver
Interference model Ideal interference from PDSCH which can be measured from IMR
Hybrid ARQ Maximum 4 transmissions
Feedback PUSCH 3-1
CQI and PMI reporting triggered per 5ms
Feedback delay is 5 ms
Rel-8 4Tx codebook
Overhead 3 symbols for DL CCHs, 4 CRS ports and DM-RS with 12 REs per PRB
Transmission scheme TM10, single CSI process, SU-MIMO with rank adaptation
Interference model Ideal interference from PDSCH, can be measured from IMR
Metrics Cell average SE
5% cell-edge SE
Release 12 46 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Table 8.2-4: Baseline simulation results

R1-143030

R1-142908

R1-142869

R1-140423

R1-142859

R1-142992

R1-143111

R1-142936

R1-143199

R1-142970

R1-143232

R1-143237

R1-140767

R1-143144

R1-143257

R1-143120
Contribution number Mean

3D-UMa - geo-dist, avg SE 2.19 1.87 2.13 1.98 1.81 2.05 2.03 2.03 2.06 2.30 1.89 1.94 2.18 2.23 2.04 2.05
polarization model-1 5% SE 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05
3D-UMa - geo-dist, avg SE 2.20 1.91 2.06 1.95 1.79 1.99 1.97 1.97 2.07 2.28 1.88 2.00 1.94 2.18 2.24 2.04 2.03
polarization model-2 5% SE 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05
3D-UMa - radio-dist, avg SE 1.81 2.09 1.79 2.06 2.08 1.90 2.28 2.00
polarization model-1 5% SE 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.05
3D-UMa - radio-dist, avg SE 1.87 2.06 1.75 1.99 2.09 1.91 2.28 1.99
polarization model-2 5% SE 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.05
3D-UMi - geo-dist, avg SE 2.19 1.87 2.14 1.92 1.72 2.01 2.01 1.95 2.07 2.25 1.83 1.87 2.12 2.13 2.00 2.01
polarization model-1 5% SE 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.05
3D-UMi - geo-dist, avg SE 2.20 1.90 2.09 1.88 1.71 1.96 1.96 1.89 2.08 2.23 1.83 1.92 1.88 2.12 2.15 2.00 1.99
polarization model-2 5% SE 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.05
3D-UMi - radio-dist, avg SE 1.78 2.12 1.70 1.96 2.03 1.78 2.17 1.93
polarization model-1 5% SE 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.05
3D-UMi - radio-dist, avg SE 1.80 2.08 1.66 1.91 2.05 1.79 2.17 1.92
polarization model-2 5% SE 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.05
Release 12 47 3GPP TR 36.873 V12.7.0 (2017-12)

Annex A: Change history

Change history
Date Meeting TDoc CR R Cat Subject/Comment New
ev version
2013-01 RAN1#72 R1-130815 Initial draft 0.1.0
2013-04 RAN1#72 R1-131244 Include agreements in RAN1#72 in clause 6 0.2.0
bis
2013-05 RAN1#73 R1-132311 Include agreements in RAN1#72b in clause 6, 7 0.3.0
2013-08 RAN1#74 R1-134024 Include agreements and working assumptions in RAN1#72b, 1.1.0
RAN1#73, RAN1#74 in clause 7
2013-08 RP-61 RP-131323 - - Submitted to RAN#61 for Information 1.0.0
2013-09 - - - - MCC clean-up 1.0.1
2013-10 RAN1#74 R1-134980 - - Include agreements in RAN1#74 and RAN1#74bis 1.1.1
bis
2013-11 RAN1#75 R1-136084 Include agreements in RAN1#75 1.2.0
2014-02 RAN1#76 R1-141062 Include agreements in RAN1#75 email discussions and RAN1#76 1.3.0
2014-03 RP-63 RP-140272 Submitted v130 to RAN#63 for approval
2014-03 RP-63 RP-140423 MCC clean-up. Submitted v200 to RAN#63 for approval 2.0.0
2014-08 RAN1#78 R1-143663 Include agreements in RAN1#78 2.1.0
2014-09 RP-65 R1-141207 Approved by RAN#65 as Rel-12 version 12.0.0 12.0.0
2015-03 RP-67 R1-150362 0003 - Change of XPR model standard deviation value and correction of 12.1.0
sorting function for normalized delay
2015-06 RP-68 R1-150938 0004 - Proposal on convention for 2D antenna element numbering 12.2.0
2016-12 RAN#74 RP-162370 0005 - D TR36.873_CR_Equation_Numbering 12.3.0
2016-12 RAN#74 RP-162370 0006 1 F TR36.873_CR_Section_7.3 12.3.0
2016-12 RAN#74 RP-162370 0011 - F TR36.873 Section 5.1.3 12.3.0
2017-03 RAN#75 RP-170619 0012 - F CR to TR36.873 on rural channel model 12.4.0
2017-03 RAN#75 RP-170619 0013 - F TR36.873_CR_Scenarios 12.4.0
2017-03 RAN#75 RP-170619 0014 - F TR36.873_CR_Section_7.1 12.4.0
2017-03 RAN#75 RP-170619 0015 - F TR36.873_CR_Section_7.2 12.4.0
2017-03 RAN#75 RP-170619 0016 - F TR36.873_CR_Incorrect_Reference 12.4.0
2017-03 RAN#75 RP-170619 0017 - F TR36.873_CR_Align_LSP_Notation 12.4.0
2017-03 RAN#75 RP-170619 0018 - F TR36.873_CR_Notation_of_Cluster_Angular_Spreads 12.4.0
2017-03 RAN#75 RP-170619 0019 - F TR36.873_CR_Normalize_Cluster_Powers 12.4.0
2017-03 RAN#75 RP-170619 0020 - F TR36.873_CR_Incorrect_Reference_to_LSP_Table 12.4.0
2017-03 RAN#75 RP-170619 0021 - F TR36.873_CR_Adding_3D-InH_Scenario 12.4.0
2017-03 RAN#75 RP-170619 0022 - F CR on TR36.873 InH Scenario 12.4.0
2017-03 RAN#75 RP-170619 0023 - F Correction on multi-band modeling for TR36.873 12.4.0
2017-03 RAN#75 RP-170619 0024 - F Correction on ZSD parameter use in LoS O2I and NLoS O2I for 12.4.0
TR38.873
2017-06 RAN#76 RP-171202 0025 - F Correction on site specific effective height for TR36.873 12.5.0
2017-06 RAN#76 RP-171202 0026 - F TR36.873_CR_Correction_on_Rural_LSP 12.5.0
2017-06 RAN#76 RP-171202 0027 - F TR36.873_CR_Correction_for_LOS_probability 12.5.0
2017-06 RAN#76 RP-171202 0028 - F TR36.873_CR_Scaling_factor_notation 12.5.0
2017-06 RAN#76 RP-171202 0029 - F TR36.873_CR_Notation_of_log- 12.5.0
normal_distributed_random_variables
2017-06 RAN#76 RP-171202 0030 - F TR36.873_CR_Missing_LOS_Doppler 12.5.0
2017-07 MCC: UMa LOS probability in Table 7.2-2 is made fully visible 12.5.1
2017-09 RAN#77 RP-171643 0031 - F Correction on 3D-RMa channel model in TR 36.873 12.6.0
2017-09 RAN#77 RP-171643 0032 - F Correction on large scale parameters for 3D-InH in TR 36.873 12.6.0
2017-09 RAN#77 RP-171643 0033 2 F Correction on cross polarization power ratios in TR 36.873 12.6.0
2017-12 RAN#78 RP-172683 0034 1 F Correction on 3D-InH channel model in TR 36.873 12.7.0