5G NEW RADIO

FUNDAMENTALS, PROCEDURES,
TESTING ASPECTS

Reiner Stuhlfauth

Technology manager wireless

REVIEW OF 5G USE CASES eMBB – the known playground
ı Established ecosystem (operators, manufacturers,
certification of devices)
ı Evolution from existing technologies and revolutionary
Massive IoT enhanced Mobile additions (cm- / mm-wave)
ı A diverse ecosystem Broadband ı It’s all about data (speed and capacity)
(operators, manufacturers, ı Realizing and facing the challenges of cm-wave
local authorities, certification eMBB spectrum and OTA testing; 3.5GHz is important!
only for some technologies)
ı Mix of technologies
(GSM, Lora, Zigbee, WLAN, URLLC
Bluetooth, Cat M, NB-IoT,…) ı A significantly enhanced and
ı It’s all about cost efficiency diverse ecosystem (operators (?),
and massive connectivity manufacturers, verticals,
ı 3GPP: No NR based solution; mMTC URLLC certification not existing (yet))
will be addressed by evolving ı Principal support with high SCS
LTE-M (eMTC) and NB-IoT and self-contained slots
Massive Machine Ultra reliable &
ı It’s all about reliability and security
Type Communication low latency
communication (data and capacity)

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… THE URLLC POTENTIAL IS THE FUTURE!
5G – A PROBLEM SOLVER
Source: Ericsson report
► Ericsson conducted a survey of large
companies (with a minimum of 1,000
employees) across 10 key industries
during October and November 2017.
► Each of the 10 industries identified
key areas that could be resolved
through business process
transformation with respect to 5G.
► The survey revealed that, across
all sectors, 5G technology will
improve issues that center around
data security, connectivity issues,
and automating processes.

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5G VERTICALS – STATUS IN SPECIFICATION AND INDUSTRY
TWO MAJOR VERTICALS DRIVE INDUSTRY ALLIANCES AND
SPECIFICATION WORK
Data rate Capacity Automotive Industry 4.0 / Robots

Mobility Low latency

Secure & reliable

eMBB

3GPP work items Rel-16: 3GPP work items Rel-16:

NR V2X NR Industrial IoT /
mIoT URLLC Non-Public Networks (NPN)

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EXPECTED 5G COMMERCIAL LAUNCH DATES (MOBILE OR FWA)

Source: GSA report: Evolution from LTE to 5G: Global Market Status, January 2019

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3GPP RAN NR STANDARDIZATION OVERVIEW NR:
SA:
NSA:
New Radio
Standalone
Non Standalone

COMPLETION STATUS AFTER 3GPP RAN #84 (JUNE 2019)

eMBB: Enhanced Mobile Broadband
URLLC: Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication
mMTC: Massive Machine Type Communication

2017 2018 2019 2020

Rel-15 NR Phase 1: Focus on early NSA / SA Now

LTE Adv deployment scenarios for eMBB/URLLC use cases Rel-16 NR Phase 2: Further NR use cases (V2X, Unlicensed, NTN)
Pro Rel-15 LTE Advanced Pro evolution (V2X, IoT, …) Rel-16 LTE Advanced Pro evolution (IoT, broadcast, …)

Rel-14 Release 15 Rel-15 “Late Drop” Release 16 Rel-17

RAN #82
Rel-15 June 2019 / RAN #84 (“Late Drop”)
Milestones Dec 2018 L3 specs (ASN.1) for option 4 & 7
Dec 2017 / RAN #78 ASN.1 Update completed
L1/L2 specification for June 2018 / RAN #80
NSA option 3 / eMBB L1/L2 specs. for SA option March 2019 / RAN #83 (“Late Drop”)
completed 2 & 5 / URLLC completed L1/L2 specs for option 4 & 7 incl. June 2020 / RAN #88
Mar 2018 / RAN #79 NR-NR-DC completed Rel-16 ASN.1 L3
Sep 2018 / RAN #81
L3 specs. (ASN.1) specification frozen
L3 specs (ASN.1) for
for option 3 / eMBB March 2020 / RAN #87
option 2 & 5 completed
completed Rel-16 PHY specification
frozen
Note: This timeline depicts 3GPP RAN RAN1 –
RAN3 core specification schedule, RAN4 – RAN5
Rel-16
test specification completion is after core spec Milestones Study-Item / Work-Item phase ongoing
milestones

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 3GPP RAN NR STANDARDIZATION OVERVIEW
REL-15 … REL-17 TIMELINE
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
RAN #80 RAN #84 RAN #86
June 2018 June 2019 Dec 2019

Rel-15 Rel-15 test specifications completed

Rel-15 NSA Option 3 Late-Drop Rel-15 core specs
SA Option 2 & 5 for Option 4, 7 completed
RAN #80 RAN #87 RAN #88
June 2018 March 2020 June 2020

Rel-16 Rel-16 core specifications completed

Study-Item / Work-Item phase
PHY specs frozen ASN.1 specs frozen
RAN #84 RAN #85 RAN #86
June 2019 Sep 2019 Dec 2019 June 2021 Sep 2021
Rel-17
Rel-17 core
Study-Item / Work-Item phase specs
Rel-17 Kick-Off Approval of compl’d
Workshop E-mail discussion PHY specs frozen
Rel-17 Study-Items /
of work areas ASN.1 specs frozen
Source: RP-190563 Work-Items

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5G NETWORK ARCHITECTURE VOCABULARY
LTE Core = EPC 5G Core = 5GC
MME SGW AMF UPF Data
EPC 5GC Control
MME = Mobility Management Entity
S-GW = Serving Gateway AMF = Access and Mobility Management Function
UPF = User Plane Function

LTE BS = eNB
(connected to EPC)
5G BS = gNB A base station in a DC (= Dual
Connectivity) connection with the
LTE BS = NG-eNB
(connected to 5GC) UE may have different roles:
MN = Master Node
or
SN = Secondary Node

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 Data
ARCHITECTURE OPTIONS Control
OPTION 3 IS PRIORITY 1 IN 3GPP, FOLLOWED BY OPTION 2
Option 3: Option 2:
DC EN: E-UTRA-NR Standalone

eNB is the
Master Node

eNB gNB gNB

MME SGW AMF UPF

EPC 5GC

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 ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION – OPTION 3
OPTION 3 DATA FLOW DETAILS SCG Bearer
(Option 3A)
► Remember all control MCG
information through LTE Bearer
connection MCG SCG
(Option 3)
► MCG split bearer (= 3) Split Bearer Split Bearer
(Option 3) (Option 3X)
 User data routed via
eNB or gNB – decision Xn
in eNB
E-UTRA or NR PDCP NR PDCP
► SCG split bearer (= 3X) NR PDCP NR PDCP
 User data routed via E-UTRA E-UTRA E-UTRA
eNB or gNB – decision RLC RLC RLC NR RLC NR RLC NR RLC

in gNB E-UTRA MAC/PHY NR MAC/PHY

► SCG bearer (= 3A)
eNB (MN) gNB (SN)
 User data routed via
gNB
► Majority of NWOP favor
option 3X
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 Data
ARCHITECTURE OPTIONS Control
ADDITIONAL OPTIONS ARE SPECIFIED
Option 4 Option 5 Option 7
DC NE: NR-E-UTRA DC NGEN: NG-RAN E-UTRA-NR

NG-gNB is the
gNB is the Master Node
Master Node

NG-eNB gNB NG-eNB NG-eNB gNB

AMF UPF AMF UPF AMF UPF

5GC 5GC 5GC

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FUNCTION SPLIT BETWEEN NG-RAN AND 5GC
► AMF = Access and Mobility
Management Function
► UPF = User Plane Function
► SMF = Session Management
function

► No change regarding base

station functions
► Mobility anchoring and IP
address allocation maintained
► EPS bearer control (4G)
develops to PDU session
control

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ENABLING QOS DIFFERENTIATION
► Per packet QoS ID allows differentiating services inside a single session
► SDAP (Service Data Application Protocol) maps the QoS flows onto appropriate radio bearers
on the radio protocol side

Packets Data radio bearer

Marking
from with QoS
applications flow IDs

5G-RAN
UPF
Mapping to
data radio
QoS flow 2 PDU bearers
QoS flow 1 session

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5G NR: QUALITY OF SERVICE FLOW
NG-RAN 5GC

UE NB UPF

PDU Session
Radio Bearer NG-U Tunnel
QoS Flow

QoS Flow

Radio Bearer
QoS Flow

Radio N3

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 5G NR DATA RATE CALCULATION
10 3
Ts 
14  2 
Source: 3GPP TS 38.306 V15.2.0 (2018-06)

FR1 example for single layer 15kHz SCS in DL with 256QAM:

Number of Carriers “J” Sub carrier per RB
Bits per Symbol from modulation scheme “Qm” Numerology “μ“

Data rate = 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 * 1 * 1 * 8 * 1 * (948/1024) * (270 * 12) * (14 * 𝟐𝟎 ) / 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 * (1 - 0.14) = 288.9 Mbps

Number of Layers “v” Max. coderate “Rmax” Average OFDM symbol duration “Ts”
Adjustment to Mbps Scaling factor “f” Max. number of RBs “N” Overhead “OH”
values 1, 0.8, 0.75, 0.4 270 for FR1 with 15kHz SCS 0.14 for DL frequency range FR1
signaled per band 273 for FR1 with 30kHz SCS 0.18 for DL frequency range FR2
135 for FR1 with 60kHz SCS 0.08 for UL frequency range FR1
264 for FR2 with 60kHz SCS 0.10 for UL frequency range FR2
264 for FR2 with 120kHz SCS

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MAXIMUM 5G NR DATA RATE PER LAYER

Frequency SCS Bandwidth DL UL Efficiency Efficiency

Range DL UL
FR1 15 kHz 50 MHz 288.9 Mbps 309.1 Mbps 5.78 bps/Hz 6.18 bps/Hz

FR1 30 kHz 100 MHz 584.3 Mbps 625 Mbps 5.84 bps/Hz 6.25 bps/Hz

FR1 60 kHz 100 MHz 577.8 Mbps 618.1 Mbps 5.78 bps/Hz 6.18 bps/Hz

FR2 60 kHz 200 MHz 1.08 Gbps 1.18 Gbps 5.40 bps/Hz 5.90 bps/Hz

FR2 120 kHz 400 MHz 2.15 Gbps 2.37 Gbps 5.38 bps/Hz 5.93 bps/Hz

Compare 15 kHz 20 MHz 100 Mbps 100 Mbps 5.00 bps/Hz 5.00 bps/Hz
to LTE

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5G will become reality, if we can make it secure
Customers will
expect high level of
eMBB privacy and security

Challenged by huge
# of connected
Extreme security
devices with limited
needs for mission
capabilities
and business critical
applications

mMTC URLLC

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects 17

Main security aspect covered by 3GPP standardization in Rel.15
New authentication framework Service based architecture Secure interworking between
based for 3GPP/ non-3GPP leveraging Ipsec and OAuth2.0 VPLMN & HPLMN on network
access (EPA-AKA/5G-AKA) & application layer

Visited PLMN Home PLMN

N3IF NF-1 NF-x SEPP SEPP UDM

AMF SMF AUSF

SEAF
UPF DN
gNB

protection of privacy (SUPI is Integrity and security Security for dual connectivity,
always protected by a public protection of signaling and private networks, slicing, etc.
key) user plane

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects 18

5G NR SECURITY MECHANISMS
5G NR applies independent security functions for UP and CP:
• Authentication
• Encryption
• Integrity protection

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 Trust model in 5G
Symmetric authentication

UICC/ optional
UE
USIM Non 3GPP
access
AMF SEAF SEPP SEPP AUSF SIDF UDM/ARPF
gNB-DU gNB-CU Serving Network Home Network
5G RAN

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects 20

 Privacy model in 5G: SUPI and SUCI
International mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) 15 digits

Mobile country code Mobile network code Mobile subscriber identity number
(MCC) (MNC) (MSIN)

Subscription permanent identity (SUPI)

Home
Either IMSI or network address ID (NAI)
network
AUSF
MCC + MNC
as plain text HPLMN defined public and
private key protection scheme

SUPI Home network Routing info Protection scheme ID

Home network public
type ID (MCC + (AUSF (HPLMN defined or Scheme output
key
(IMSI, NAI) MNC) address) NULL)

UE calculates SUCI based on SUPI & operator specific keys Subscription concealed identity (SUCI)
Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects 21
Initiation of primary authentication using concealed SUPI (SUCI)

Security Authentication Repository &

USIM-ME SUCI [SUPI + K] Anchor SUCI, SN Name Server Processing

N3IF
AMF SEAF SEPP SEPP AUSF SIDF ARPF
gNB-DU gNB-CU Serving Network Home Network

Provisioning of SUPI after

succesful authentication

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Subscription identity query procedure

AMF AUSF
Serving Network Home Network

Identity request
UE calculates
[possible ID to be requested:
new SUCI
SUCI, 5G-GUTI, IMEI or 5G-S-TMSI]
based on
HPLMN key
Identity response
[fresh SUCI or requested IDs]
Request subscriber ID
HPLMN de-
conceals SUCI
Permanent subscriber ID
SUPI

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects 23

Key generation hierarchy in 5G

SUPI (IMSI) KN3IWF KAUSF SUPI

K (shared key) CK’, IK’  KAUSF (EPA-AKA) K (shared key)
KAUSF , KSEAF,.. KAUSF  KSEAF K  CK, IK
CK, IK  KAUSF (5G-AKA)
N3IF
AMF SEAF SEPP SEPP AUSF SIDF ARPF
gNB-DU gNB-CU Serving Network Home Network

KgNB KAMF
KgNB  KRCCint, KRCCenc KAMF  KNASint, KNASenc KSEAF
KgNB  KUPint, KUPenc KAMF  KN3IWF, KgNB KSEAF  KAMF

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects 24

Network equipment security assurance for mobile networks
Network Equipment defines Audit team Accreditation Security Assurance
Security Assurance body Specification
Scheme (NESAS) (SCAS)
accredits accredits
Network Audit Test laboratory defines
Report
product vendor
builds evaluates

• Vendor Development and Product • TR 33.916 Security Assurance

Lifecycle Requirements and Evaluation Methodology (SCAS) for 3GPP
Accreditation Process (2016) Network Report network products
• Security Test Laboratory builds equipment • TS 33.117 Catalogue of general
Accreditation (2016) security assurance requirements
• Dispute Resolution Process (2016) • TS 33.116 SCAS for the MME
Network • TS 33.216 SCAS for the eNodeB
• TS 33.250 SCAS for PGW
Operator
Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects 25
5G KEY TECHNOLOGY COMPONENTS
NR BUILDS ON FOUR MAIN PILLARS
New Spectrum Massive MIMO & Beamforming

ı < 1GHz ı Hybrid beamforming

ı ~ 3.5 GHz ı > 6GHz also UE is expected
ı ~ 26/28/39 GHz to apply beam steering

Multi-Connectivity Network flexibility - virtualization

Initially based on ı Flexible physical layer
Dual Connectivity numerology
eNB gNB with E-UTRA as
ı Network Slicing
MCG MCG split SCG split SCG
master ı NFV/SDN

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5G NR – PHYSICAL LAYER ASPECTS

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 Europe

FREQUENCY TRENDS FOR 5G

700 MHz
3.4 - 3.8 GHz
24.25 - 27.5 GHz
China
2.5 – 2.6 GHz
3.3 - 3.6 GHz
4.8 - 5.0 GHz
24.75 - 27.5GHz (study)
37 - 43.5 GHz (study)
0.7 / 3.6 / 26GHz US
3.5 / 5 / 26 / 43.5 GHz 600 MHz
600 MHz / 2.5/ (3.5) / 24 /
28 / 39GHz 2.4 GHz
3.5 / 4.6 / 28 GHz
[CBRS band (3.5GHz)]
27.5 - 28.35 GHz
NR frequency range 1 NR frequency range 2 37.0 - 40 GHz
reserved numbers 65-256 Reserved numbers 257-512 Australia
Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink 3.6 GHz
26 GHz
… … … n257 26.5 – 29.5 GHz 26.5 – 29.5 GHz
3.6 / 26 GHz Korea
n77 3.3 – 4.2 GHz 3.3 – 4.2 GHz n258 24.25 – 27.5 GHz 24.25 – 27.5 GHz 3.42 - 3.7 GHz
n78 3.3 – 3.8 GHz 3.3 – 3.8 GHz n259 n/a n/a
26.5 – 28.9 GHz
Japan
n79 4.4 – 5.0 GHz 4.4 – 5.0 GHz n260 37 – 40 GHz 37 – 40 GHz 4.4 - 4.9 GHz
… … …
28 GHz

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5G NR BASICS
► Two basic frequency ranges (FR1 and FR2) are used in 3GPP specifications
 FR1: 410 MHz to 7.125 GHz, FR 2: 24.25 to 52.6 GHz for 3GPP Release 15
► Note that requirements throughout the RF specifications are in many cases defined separately
for these different frequency ranges.
► RAN4 definition for reference frequencies (channel raster, synchronization raster):
frequency-band specific FREF = FREF-Offs + ΔFGlobal (NREF – NREF-Offs)
(equal or greater than ΔFGlobal)
NR-ARFCN
Frequency range FGlobal FREF-Offs NREF-Offs Range of NREF

0 – 3000 MHz 5 kHz 0 MHz 0 0 – 599999

3000 – 24250 MHz 15 kHz 3000 MHz 600000 600000 – 2016666

24250 – 100000 MHz 60 kHz 24250.08 MHz 2016667 2016667 - 3279165

Source: TS 38.104

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5G NR SPECTRUM: OPERATING BANDS IN FR1 (<24GHZ)
NR Uplink (UL) operating band Downlink (DL) operating band Duplex
Operating BS receive BS transmit Mode
Band UE transmit UE receive
FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high
n1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD
n2 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz FDD
n3 1710 MHz – 1785 MHz 1805 MHz – 1880 MHz FDD
n5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894MHz FDD
n7 2500 MHz – 2570 MHz 2620 MHz – 2690 MHz FDD
n8 880 MHz – 915 MHz 925 MHz – 960 MHz FDD
n20 832 MHz – 862 MHz 791 MHz – 821 MHz FDD
n28 703 MHz – 748 MHz 758 MHz – 803 MHz FDD
n38 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz TDD
n41 2496 MHz – 2690 MHz 2496 MHz – 2690 MHz TDD
n50 1432 MHz – 1517 MHz 1432 MHz – 1517 MHz TDD
n51 1427 MHz – 1432 MHz 1427 MHz – 1432 MHz TDD
n66 1710 MHz – 1780 MHz 2110 MHz – 2200 MHz FDD
n70 1695 MHz – 1710 MHz 1995 MHz – 2020 MHz FDD
n71 663 MHz – 698 MHz 617 MHz – 652 MHz FDD
n74 1427 MHz – 1470 MHz 1475 MHz – 1518 MHz FDD
n75 N/A 1432 MHz – 1517 MHz SDL
n76 N/A 1427 MHz – 1432 MHz SDL
n78 3300 MHz – 3800 MHz 3300 MHz – 3800 MHz TDD
n77 3300 MHz – 4200 MHz 3300 MHz – 4200 MHz TDD
n79 4400 MHz – 5000 MHz 4400 MHz – 5000 MHz TDD
n80 1710 MHz – 1785 MHz N/A SUL
n81 880 MHz – 915 MHz N/A SUL
n82 832 MHz – 862 MHz N/A SUL
n83 703 MHz – 748 MHz N/A SUL
n84 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz N/A SUL

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5G NR SPECTRUM: OPERATING BANDS IN FR2 (>24GHZ)

NR Operating Uplink (UL) operating band Downlink (DL) operating band Duplex Mode
Band BS receive BS transmit
UE transmit UE receive

FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high

n257 26500 MHz – 29500 MHz 26500 MHz – 29500 MHz TDD

n258 24250 MHz – 27500 MHz 24250 MHz – 27500 MHz TDD

n260 37000 MHz – 40000 MHz 37000 MHz – 40000 MHz TDD

n261 27500 MHz - 28350 MHz 27500 MHz - 28350 MHz TDD

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5G NR – PHYSICAL LAYER ASPECTS, F-OFDMA – GENERAL IDEA

5G NR physical layer simplified:

Use OFDMA, but make OFDMA more flexible!
• Subcarrier spacing not constant.
• Cyclic prefix length not constant.
• Symbol duration not constant.

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5G NR F-OFDMA FEATURES FLEXIBLE NUMEROLOGIES
Subcarrier spacing (kHz) 15 30 60 120 240

Symbol duration (µs) 66.7 33.3 16.7 8.33 4.17

CP duration (µs) 4.7 2.3 1.2 (normal) 0.59 0.29

4.13 (extended)
Max. nominal bandwidth (MHz) 50 100 100 for FR1 400 400
200 for FR2
Max. FFT size 4096 4096 4096 4096 4096

Symbols per slot 14 14 14 14 14

12 (extended CP)
Slots per subframe 1 2 4 8 16

Slots per frame 10 20 40 80 160

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5G NR F-OFDMA FLEXIBILITY IN SPECTRUM, BANDWIDTH PARTS

5G NR idea:
Channel bandwidth
Using different BWP
and numerologies to
enable QoS on layer1

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BANDWIDTH PART SCENARIOS

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5G NR – RESOURCE GRID DETAILS

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BANDWIDTH PART SWITCHING

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 5G NEW RADIO (NR) OFFERS A FLEXIBLE AIR INTERFACE
SUMMARY OF KEY PARAMETERS
Parameter FR1 (410 MHz – 7.125 GHz) FR2 (24.25 – 52.6 GHz)
Carrier aggregation Up to 16 carriers
Bandwidth per carrier 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90, 100MHz 50, 100, 200, 400 MHz
Subcarrier spacing 15, 30, 60 kHz 60, 120, 240 (not for data) kHz
Max. number of subcarriers 3300 (FFT4096 mandatory)
Modulation scheme QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM; uplink also supports π/2-BPSK (only DFT-s-OFDM)
Radio frame length 10ms
Subframe duration 1 ms (alignment at symbol boundaries every 1 ms)
MIMO scheme Max. 2 codewords mapped to max 8 layers in downlink and to max 4 layers in uplink
Duplex mode TDD, FDD TDD
Access scheme DL: CP-OFDM; UL: CP-OFDM, DFT-s-OFDM

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5G NR – PHYSICAL LAYER RESOURCES
5G NR uses similar terms as LTE:
Subcarrier, resource element,
resource block, subframe etc.

1 resource block is defined only in

the frequency domain!
12 subcarriers = 1 resource block

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5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
5G NR – FRAME STRUCTURE

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5G NR – FRAME STRUCTURE, INTERWORKING NUMEROLOGIES

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5G AIR INTERFACE : BEAM SWEEPING FOR INITIAL ACCESS
traditional approach:
omnidirection TX of
BCCH for cell detection

Friis equation
γ
𝑃𝑅𝑥 𝑐
= 𝐺𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎
𝑃𝑇𝑥 4𝜋𝒇𝑑
At higher frequencies: Free space path loss is Beam sweeping procedure for power
high -> beamforming with high gain efficiency and cell detection

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5G AIR INTERFACE: BEAM REPORTING, GENERAL ASPECTS

„the received power

level on the specific
beam is …. (define
RSRP based on
beams)“

Various beams have to

be distinguished. Idea of
beam specific reference
UE reports the beam status via CSI reports signals

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5G NR AIR INTERFACE : BEAM SWITCHING PROCEDURE

Beam switch to strongest

Beam_A beam RSRP indicated by UE
in previous report

CSI report. Strongest beam

will be new beam index

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5G AIR INTERFACE : BEAM REFERENCE AND REFINEMENT

Beam forming
reference signals to
identify beam and
sent feedback

CSI based on beam_RSRP

DCI scheduling requests

CSI reports. Network can
optimize Tx within a beam
based on CSI feedback

CSI based on beam_RSRP

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SS/PBCH BLOCKS
SS/PBCH block
► In the time domain, an SS/PBCH block
consists of 4 OFDM symbols, numbered in
increasing order from 0 to 3 within the
SS/PBCH block, where PSS, SSS, and
PBCH with associated DM-RS occupy
different symbols
► In the frequency domain, an SS/PBCH
block consists of 240 contiguous
subcarriers with the subcarriers numbered
in increasing order from 0 to 239 within the
SS/PBCH block.
► Two SS/PBCH block types: ı Like in LTE the Cell ID can be determined
 Type A (15kHz and 30kHz) from the used PSS/SSS sequences
 Type B (120 and 240 kHz)

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SS/PBCH BLOCKS
OCCURRENCE IN THE FRAME DEPENDS ON SCS
slot SC spacing fc < 3GHz 3GHz < fc < 6GHz fc > 6GHz
OFDM symbol (Lmax = 4) (Lmax = 8) (Lmax = 64)
Case A: 15 kHz 2,8,16,22 2,8,16,22,30,38,44,50 N/A

Case B: 30 kHz 4,8,16,20 4,8,16,20,32,36,44,48 N/A

Case C: 30 kHz fc<2.4GHz: fc>2.4GHz: N/A

1 1 1 1 TDD 2,8,16,22 2,8,16,22,30,38,44,50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 Case C: 30 kHz fc<3GHz: fc>3GHz: N/A
FDD 2,8,16,22 2,8,16,22,30,38,44,50
Case D: 120 kHz N/A N/A 4,8,16,20, …,
508,512,520,524

Case E: 240 kHz N/A N/A 8,12,16,20,…,

Start symbol of SSB depends 480,484,488,492
on SC spacing

May 2019 5G - A Test&Measurement perspective 47

Rohde & Schwarz
SS/PBCH BLOCKS
OCCURRENCE IN THE FRAME: CASE A, B AND C
Case A (15kHz) 5ms 5ms

f  3GHz (L=4) …
3.6MHz
3  f  6GHz (L=8) …

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Block index 0…Lmax-1

Case B (30kHz) …
f  3GHz (L=4)
…
3  f  6GHz (L=8)
7.2MHz
Case C (30kHz) …
f  3GHz (L=4)
…
3  f  6GHz (L=8)

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

48 Rohde & Schwarz
 239

SS/PBCH BLOCKS DETAILS

RESOURCES PSS, SSS, PBCH, AND DM-RS FOR PBCH
. . . . . .

192

ı The sequence used for DM-RS in PBCH depends on the cell ID, . . . . .

the number of the half frame the PBCH is transmitted in the frame 182

and the SS/PBCH index (details in TS38.213, section 4.1)

ı This essentially allows to transmit Lmax different “common” beams . . . . .

Channel or signal OFDM symbol number l Subcarrier number k

56
relative to the start of an relative to the start of an
SS/PBCH block SS/PBCH block . . . . .
PSS 0 56, 57, …, 182
47
SSS 2 56, 57, …, 182

0 0, 1, …, 55, 183, 184, …, 236 . . . . .

Set to 0
2 48, 49, …, 55, 183, 184, …, 191

1, 3 0, 1, …, 239

ı  depends on the
9
PBCH
0, 1, …, 47,
2
192, 193, …, 239

1, 3 0+, 4+, 8+, …, 236+ cell ID according to: 5

Example
DM-RS for PBCH 0+, 4+, 8+, …, 44+
2 v cell
N ID mod 4 with  =1
192+, 4+, 196+, …, 236+ 1
0

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

49 Rohde & Schwarz
 SS/PBCH DEMODULATION REFERENCE SIGNALS
Each SS/PBCH block has its own DMRS sequence, depending on cell ID


cinit  211 iSSB  1 N ID
cell
  
4  1  26 iSSB  1  N ID
cell
mod 4 
r ( m) 
1
1  2  c(2m)  j 1
1  2  c(2m  1)  With initials iSSB  4iSSB n hf
2 2
SSB index within half frame will init
Different DMRS sequences sequence generation r (0),..., r (143)

5ms

SSB blocks can 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Block index 0…Lmax-1

be mapped Mapping of SSB onto antenna: beam sweeping

onto antenna
ports
individually Mapping of SSB onto antenna: static beam

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

50 Rohde & Schwarz
ARCHITECTURE OPTIONS, LTE AND 5G NR

Difference between sectorized eNB and SSB-beamformed sectorized gNB cells

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

51 Rohde & Schwarz
SYNCHRONIZATION SIGNAL BURST SET

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

52 Rohde & Schwarz
SYSTEM INFORMATION IN 5G NR
The 23 bits of the MIB are used as follows:

MSB of the system frame number (SFN) (6 bits)

Subcarrier spacing used for SIB1, message 2 and message 4 transmission
(scs15or60, scs30or120) (1 bit)
Subcarrier offset (0 to 15) (4 bits)
Position of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for PDSCH (dmrs-TypeA-
Position: pos2 or pos3) (1 bit)
PDCCH configuration to receive SIB1 (pdcch-ConfigSIB1) (8 bits)
Cell is barred from UE camping on it (cellBarred) (1 bit)
Intra-frequency reselection support (intraFreqReselection) (1 bit)
Spare bit (1 bit)

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

53 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR –SSB POSITION WITHIN RESOURCE GRID

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

54 Rohde & Schwarz
SYSTEM INFORMATION IN 5G NR

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

55 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – PHYSICAL CHANNELS

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

56 Rohde & Schwarz
 5G NR - BASEBAND SIGNAL GENERATION DOWNLINK
Scrambling code
depends on RNTI and
Cell ID

Antenna Mapping
Mapping toto
Modulation Layer
Layer Mapping
Mapping toto
Scrambling Modulation Layer port
Precoding Mapping
Resource
Mapping
Resource toto
Scrambling mapper mapping
Layer Precoding Mapping
Resource
Mapping
Resource toto
mapper mapping
Layer
mapping Precoding
mapping
Precoding Resource
blocks
Resource
Layer
mapping
Layer Precoding
Precoding blocks
Resource
blocks
Resource
mapping
Layer Precoding blocks
blocks
mapping blocks
blocks
mapping
mapping blocks

Mapping on
physical
Max. 2 Avoid QPSK Tx-diversity
resource, i.e.
codewords constant 16 QAM or Beamforming
resource
for MIMO sequences 64 QAM Spatial and selection of
elements not
=> Crest 256 QAM Multiplexing reference signals
used for
factor Up to 8 (=antenna ports)
reference
increase layers
signals

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

57 Rohde & Schwarz
 DL-SCH transport block DL-SCH transport block

CRC attachement CRC attachement

LDPC base graph selection LDPC base graph selection

Code block segmentation + Code block segmentation +

codeblock CRC codeblock CRC

Channel coding (LDPC) Channel coding (LDPC)

Rate matching Rate matching

Codeblock concatenation Codeblock concatenation

Scrambling Scrambling

Modulation Modulation
Layermapping
mapping(up(up to 4 Layermapping
Layer mapping(up
(up to 4
Layer
Layer
Layer mapping(up
mapping (up toto4 4 Layer mapping(up(up toto44
layers)to 4
layers)
Layer mapping
layers) to 4
layers)
layers)
layers) layers)
layers)

Antenna port mapping, up to 8 ports

Resource block mapping

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
58 Rohde & Schwarz
 5G NR - BASEBAND SIGNAL GENERATION UPLINK
Scrambling code DFT-s-OFDM for single layer only!
Depending on RNTI and Goal for coverage limited scenarios
Cell ID
Optional!
Mapping
Mapping toto
Modulation Layer
Layer Transform
Transform Mapping to
Scrambling Layer Transform Precoding
Precoding Mapping
Resource
Resource to
mapper Layer
mapping
mapping Transform
precoding
precoding Precoding Resource
mapping precoding Precoding Resource
blocks
blocks
mapping precoding blocks
blocks

Mapping on
Discrete For closed physical
Avoid (π/2-BPSK) Tx-diversity
Fourier loop-MIMO resource, i.e.
constant QPSK or
Transform: resource
sequences 16 QAM Spatial
CP-OFDM elements not
=> Crest 64 QAM Multiplexing
Or used for
factor 256 QAM Up to 4
DFT-s-OFDM reference
increase layers
signals

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

59 Rohde & Schwarz
 DL-SCH transport block

CRC attachement

LDPC base graph selection

Code block segmentation +

codeblock CRC

Channel coding (LDPC)

Rate matching

Codeblock concatenation UCI control information

multiplexing

Scrambling

Modulation

Layermapping
Layer mapping(up(up to 4
Layer
Layer mapping(up
mapping (up toto4 4 Transform precoding
layers)to 4
layers) if activated
layers)
layers)

Antenna port mapping, up to 4 ports

Resource block mapping

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
60 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – PHYSICAL UPLINK CONTROL CHANNEL

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

61 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR ASPECTS OF LEAN CHANNEL
Coverage aspects:
Certain control channels need to
be „detectable“ within a certain
coverage area

Beamforming:
Control channels with directivity and
UE specific control channels.
Coreset Carrier bandwidth

self-contained Tx:
Self-decodable bandwidth parts, Idea: „Always on“ => „on request only“!
Control channel on a narrow
bandwidth only

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

62 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – PDCCH AND CONTROL RESOURCE SET (CORESET)

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

63 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – SEARCH SPACE TYPES

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

64 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – PHYSICAL SIGNALS
UL physical signals:
• Demodulation reference signals (DMRS) for PUSCH and PUCCH
• Phase-tracking reference signals (PTRS) for PUSCH
• Sounding reference signal (SRS)

DL physical signals:
• Demodulation reference signals (DMRS) for PDSCH, PDCCH and PBCH
• Phase-tracking reference signals (PTRS) for PDSCH
• Channel-state information reference signal (CSI-RS)
• Tracking reference signals (TRS)
• Primary synchronization signal (PSS)
• Secondary synchronization signal (SSS)

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

65 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR –DEMODULATION REFERENCE SIGNALS (DMRS)

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

66 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR –DEMODULATION REFERENCE SIGNALS (DMRS)

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

67 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR –DEMODULATION REFERENCE SIGNALS (DMRS)

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

68 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR –PHASE TRACKING REFERENCE SIGNALS (PTRS)

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

69 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – WIDER SUBCARRIER SPACING, MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS

Problem:
No perfect fLO

Degradation of EVM

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

70 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR –WIDER SUBCARRIER SPACING. MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS

Phase noise behaves as another impact in

the equalization formula = wider SCS mitigates
the effect

Mathematical model: phase noise

as another “disturbing“ factor

Countermeasures:
• Wider subcarrier spacing
• Additional reference signals (see PTRS)

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

71 Rohde & Schwarz
CHANNEL STATUS INFORMATION REFERENCE SIGNALS (CSI-RS)

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

72 Rohde & Schwarz
 CSI-RS USE CASES
time Serving TRP Neighbour TRP

frequency

Zero power ZP-CSI-RS for rate matching

Zero power CSI-RS (CSI-IM) for interference reporting (serving or neighbour cell)
Non zero power NZP-CSI-RS for channel status reporting (serving or neighbour cell). I.e “best beam“ and rank indicator
Non zero power NZP-CSI-RS for interference reporting (serving or neighbour cell). nzp-CSI-RS-ResourcesForInterference

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

CHANNEL STATUS INFORMATION REFERENCE SIGNALS (CSI-RS)

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

74 Rohde & Schwarz
CSI-RS FOR 1-ANTENNA PORT

Here time domain index: l0 = 5

Row Ports
X
Density

cdm-Type
k , l  CDM group
index j
k l

1 1 3 No CDM 𝑘0 , 𝑙0 , 𝑘0 + 4, 𝑙0 , 𝑘0 + 8, 𝑙0 0,0,0 0 0
2 1 1, 0.5 No CDM 𝑘0 , 𝑙0 , 0 0 0

75 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

CSI-RS FOR 4-ANTENNA PORTS
CSI-RS FOR 4-AP (USING CDM2)

Here time domain index: l0 = 5

Row Ports
X
Density

cdm-Type
k , l  CDM group
index j
k l

1 1 3 No CDM 𝑘0 , 𝑙0 , 𝑘0 + 4, 𝑙0 , 𝑘0 + 8, 𝑙0 0,0,0 0 0
2 1 1, 0.5 No CDM 𝑘0 , 𝑙0 , 0 0 0
3 2 1, 0.5 FD-CDM2 𝑘0 , 𝑙0 , 0 0, 1 0
4 4 1 FD-CDM2 𝑘0 , 𝑙0 , 𝑘0 + 2, 𝑙0 0,1 0, 1 0
5 4 1 FD-CDM2 𝑘0 , 𝑙0 , 𝑘0 , 𝑙0 + 1 0,1 0, 1 0

76 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

CSI-RS FOR 8 APS (CDM4) Example of CSI-RS to
antenna port mapping

CDM length 4 (FD & TD)

77 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

5G NR – TRACKING REFERENCE SIGNALS (TRS)

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

78 Rohde & Schwarz
WHAT ARE ANTENNA PORTS?

► 3GPP TS 38.211(Downlink)
“An antenna port is defined such that the channel over which a symbol on the antenna port is
conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which another symbol on the same antenna
port is conveyed.”

► What does that mean?

► The UE shall demodulate a received signal – which is transmitted over a certain antenna port – based on the
channel estimation performed on the reference signals belonging to this (same) antenna port.

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

79 Rohde & Schwarz
WHAT ARE ANTENNA PORTS?

► Mapping „Antenna Port“ to „Physical Antennas“

Antenna Port Physical Antennas

AP0 1 PA0
AP1 1 W5,0
AP2 1 PA1
W5,1
AP3 1
PA2
AP4 … W5,2

W5,3 PA3
AP5

AP6
…

AP7 …
AP8 …

The way the "logical" antenna ports are mapped to the "physical" TX antennas lies
completely in the responsibility of the base station. There's no need for the base station
to tell the UE.

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

80 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – PRECODING FOR BEAMFORMING, SIMPLIFIED
EXAMPLE

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

81 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – PRECODING FOR BEAMFORMING, PRECODING MATRIX

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

82 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – PRECODING FOR BEAMFORMING, GENERAL MODEL

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

83 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – PRECODING, GENERAL MODEL

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

84 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – TDD DUPLEXING OPERATION. REMINDER: TD-LTE

85 Rohde & Schwarz 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Sept 19
5G NR – TDD DUPLEXING OPERATION

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

86 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – TDD DUPLEXING OPERATION

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

87 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – TDD DUPLEXING OPERATION

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

88 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – RANDOM ACCESS PROCEDURE

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

89 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – PHYSICAL RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL (PRACH)

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

90 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR –PRACH, LONG SEQUENCES

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

91 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – PHYSICAL RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL (PRACH),
SHORT SEQUENCES

Format C2

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

92 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – POWER CONTROL ASPECTS

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

93 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – POWER CONTROL ASPECTS

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

94 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – POWER CONTROL ASPECTS

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

95 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR –ACCUMULATIVE PUSCH POWER CONTROL

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

96 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR –ABSOLUTE PUSCH POWER CONTROL

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

97 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – POWER CONTROL ASPECTS. PRACH POWER CONTROL

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

98 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR SA MODE: DATA CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

99 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR NSA MODE DATA CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

100 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR DOWNLINK ASSIGNMENT PRINCIPLE

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

101 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR DOWNLINK ASSIGNMENT PRINCIPLE

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

102 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR PDSCH ALLOCATION IN TIME DOMAIN

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

103 Rohde & Schwarz
PDSCH ALLOCATION IN TIME DOMAIN, MINI-SLOT OPERATION

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

104 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR PDSCH ALLOCATION IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN, TYPE 0

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

105 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR PDSCH ALLOCATION IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN, TYPE 1

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

106 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR HARQ OPERATION – DOWNLINK PRINCIPLE

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

107 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR HARQ OPERATION – UPLINK PRINCIPLE

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

108 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR HARQ OPERATION – TIMING RELATIONS

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

109 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR PROTOCOL STACK AND CHANNELS
5GC
QoS Flow
SDAP
Radio bearer
PDCP
RLC channel
RLC
Logical channel
MAC
Transport channel
PHY
Physical channel

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

110 Rohde & Schwarz
 PROTOCOL STACK Header compression (ROHC)
Transfer of user data
USER PLANE Reordering and duplicate detection
Retransmissions of PDCP SDU
Ciphering, deciphering and integrity
PDCP re-establishment and data recovery
Mapping between a QoS flow and a
data radio bearer
Marking QoS flow ID (QFI) in both DL UE gNB
and UL packets
SDAP SDAP
AM, UM, TM
PDCP PDCP ARQ
(Re-)segmentation
RLC RLC In-sequence delivery
Mapping between logical and transport Duplicate detection
MAC MAC SDU discard
channels
(De)-Multiplexing Re-establishment…
PHY PHY
Scheduling information reporting
HARQ
PDCP = Packet Data Convergence Protocol
Priority handling, dynamic scheduling RLC = Radio Link Control
Padding MAC = Medium Access Control
PHY = Physical Layer
SDU = Service Data Unit
(H)ARQ = (Hybrid) Automatic Repeat Request

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

111 Rohde & Schwarz
PROTOCOL STACK
CONTROL PLANE

Broadcast Authentication
Paging Mobility management
RRC connection establishment, UE gNB AMF Security control
maintenance and release NAS NAS
Security functions including key
RRC RRC
management
Radio Bearer Control PDCP PDCP
Mobility functions
RLC RLC
QoS management
UE measurement control MAC MAC
Detection / Recovery from
PHY PHY
radio link failure
NAS message transfer

RRC = Radio Resource Control

NAS = Non Access Stratum

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

112 Rohde & Schwarz
 5G NR BEAMFORMING ASPECTS

Same PCI, different SSB indices

gNB uses SSBs to be mapped on

„static“ beams. PDSCH & PUSCH will
also follow SSB beam concept

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

113 Rohde & Schwarz
SSB INDEX MAPPING TO BEAMS
Vertical beamforming downtilt of 0°
SSB indices (4-7), (12-15), (20-23) + (28-31)

SSB beamforming: vertical view

SSB beamforming: horizontal view

63

4 5 6 7 12 13 14 15 20 21 22 23 28 29 30 31

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

 BEST SSB BEAM COVERAGE (SSB INDEX OF TOP 1 SSB)

SSB Colors

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

5G NR BEAMFORMING ASPECTS
Same PCI, different SSB indices
+ UE specific CSI-RS for gNB uses SSBs to be mapped on
beamforming support „static“ beams.

PDSCH & PUSCH will be on UE

specific beams. CSI-RS and reporting
needed to support beam adjustment
CRI feedback

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116 Rohde & Schwarz
 5G NR BEAMFORMING ASPECTS
Same PCI, different SSB indices + UE gNB uses SSBs to be mapped on
specific CSI-RS & precoding for „static“ beams.
beamforming support

Layers

 1 Wq1,q ,n ,n , p(1) , p(2) ,i  Wq1 ,q ,n ,n , p(1) , p(2) ,i

1 2 1 2 1 1 2,1,1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2,1,1

2 W (2)

1  1
W
2  q1 ,q2 ,n1 ,n2 , p1 , p1 ,i2,1,1
q1 , q2 , n1 , n2 , p1(1) , p1(2) ,i2,1,1 , p2(1) , p2(2) ,i2,1,2 (1) (2) Wq2,q ,n ,n , p (1) , p (2) ,i 
1 2 1 2 2 2 2,1,2  PDSCH & PUSCH will be on UE
 L 1

 ,i pl ,i l ,i
vm( i ) ,m( i ) pl(1)
specific beams. Beam refinement due
(2)

1  
 i 0  , l  1, 2 ,
1 2

where Wql , q 
 L 1 
(1) (2)
2 , n1 , n2 , pl , pl , cl 2 L 1
N1 N 2   pl(1)
,i pl ,i    m1( i ) , m2( i ) l ,i  L l ,i  L l ,i  L 
1
(2) 2
v p (1) p (2) 

and the mappings from i1 to q1 , q2 , n1 , n2 , p1 , and

(1)
i 0  i 0 
p 2(1) , and from i2 to i2,1,1 , i2,1,2 , p1(2) and p2(2) are as described
to precoding and PMI feedback
above, including the ranges of the constituent indices of i1 and i2 .

PMI & CRI feedback

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117 Rohde & Schwarz
 Beamforming: increase antenna SU-MIMO: several data streams on
gain in desired direction several layers. Here 2x2 MIMO

Generalized beamforming: same

data on multiple beams to enhance
Rx gain and Null steering in
unwanted directions

MU-MIMO: several data streams to

multiple users simultaneously on
several beams

118 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
MU-MIMO situation, MU-MIMO situation, low MU-MIMO situation, high
propagation pathes, two co- resolution CSI, beamforming resolution CSI, beamforming in
scheduled UEs along dominant propagation combination with interference
path => probable interference suppression methods
situation

119 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
 PMI two stage:
b1 Wideband W1 (power)
Subband W2 (phase)

CSI resource configuration CRI to identify best beams

CSI with dual stage b1=ß1 b1=ß1

𝑒 𝑗𝜑2
codebook factorized with
wideband W1
and subband W2 matrix 1 𝑒 𝑗𝜑1
𝑒 𝑗𝜑3 𝑊 = ෍ 𝑏𝑖 ß𝑖 𝑒 𝑗𝜑𝑖
1 0 𝑖
⋱ 1
0 𝛽1
𝑊1 = 𝑏0 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 𝑒 𝑗𝜑1
𝛽2 0 𝑊2 =
⋱ 𝑒 𝑗𝜑2
Wideband 0 𝛽3 Per subband 𝑒 𝑗𝜑3

120 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
 N1

Single panel
N2

N1 N1

a = distance between antenna elements within panel (=const)

Uniform multi panel b = distance between antenna elements between neighbour
N2 panels. Uniform represents: a=b
here, 2 panels

a b
N1 N1

Non-uniform multi panel b = distance between antenna elements between neighbour

here, 2 panels N2 panels. Non-uniform represents: a≠b

a b

121 Rohde & Schwarz

 Sub-array definition: 1 RF RF
Dual polarized
antenna elements chain per polarization per
sub-array RF

122 Rohde & Schwarz

 CLASS A FEEDBACK CONCEPT
Orthogonal x1
y1=h1*x1+n1 𝐿
CSI-RS v x2 𝑦 = ෍ ℎ𝑖 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑛𝑖
v h2
TXRU1 𝑖=1

Precoding
XL-1 Class A
weight WU feedback
v XL
TXRUL v

Codebook index i*

UE selects precoding matrix i* to maximize channel gain:

2
𝑖 ∗ = 𝑎𝑟𝑔 max ℎത 𝐻 𝑊𝑈𝑖 2
, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 2 = ෍ 𝑎𝑖 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎത = ℎ/ ℎ 2
𝑖

Estimated channel
direction vector

123 Rohde & Schwarz

CLASS B FEEDBACK
Column j and polarization change
Column j
or column j+1

Beamformed CSI-RS
v1 𝐿
TXRU
TXRU 𝑦 = ෍ ℎ𝑖 𝑣𝑖 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑛𝑖
y1=h1*v1*x1+n1
𝑖=1
CSI-RS Transceiver array.
Beamforming #TRXU = L
Class B
(precoding)
feedback
h*vL
vL
TXRU UE selects best beam index
RF combining circuitry: (maximize received power):
Mapping multiple TXRU 2
𝑗 ∗ = 𝑎𝑟𝑔 max ℎത 𝐻 𝑣𝑗
to one antenna element 𝑗

Precoding weight W T
Beam index j*

124 Rohde & Schwarz

5G NR UPLINK CHANNEL INFORMATION (UCI)

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

125 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR CSI REPORT CONFIGURATION

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

126 Rohde & Schwarz
 5G NR CHANNEL STATUS REPORT CONCEPT

NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet NZP-CSI-RS-Resources

CSI-ReportConfig CSI-ResourceConfig CSI-SSB-ResourceSet CSI-SSB-Resources

CSI-IM-ResourceSet CSI-IM-Resources

Resources for channel status CSI (UE specific

CSI-RS ), cell specific channel status (SSB) &
What & how to report? Where & how to measure?
interference measurements IM

Rohde & Schwarz

EXAMPLE: REPORTING CONFIGURATION (2 TRPS AND 3 BEAMS)
Beam 0 Beam 4

Beamformed Beamformed
CSI-RS CSI-RS
TRP1 TRP2
Set0_1: 3 NZP CSI-RS Set0_2: 3 NZP CSI-RS

Channel status Resource setting 0

CSI-
Report Set1_1: 2 ZP CSI-RS for IM Set1_2: 1 ZP CSI-RS for IM

Config_ Interference Resource setting 1

0 on ZP CSI-RS
Set2_1: 3 NZP CSI-RS for IM Set2_2: 3 NZP CSI-RS for IM

Interference Resource setting 2

on NZP CSI-RS
TRP1 TRP2
Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
128 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR CHANNEL STATUS REPORT CONCEPT
Time behaviour of CSI-RS Time behaviour of CSI-RS reporting
CSI report triggering)
(network transmission) (UE report/transmission)
Periodic RRC configuration Periodic
CSI-RS report
MAC CE or
DCI trigger

Semi-persistent MAC CE or DCI trigger Semi-persistent

CSI-RS report

DCI trigger DCI trigger

Aperiodic DCI trigger Aperiodic

CSI-RS report

Rohde & Schwarz

5G NR CHANNEL STATUS REPORT QUANTITIES
 Channel quality indicator (CQI) used for MCS and TBS selection.
 CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI): The UE measures and reports channel status on either the SSB or the CSI-RS
resources. Either 'cri-RSRP' or 'ssb-Index-RSRP'. CRI is a simple report in situations with multiple CSI-RS resources
where a CSI-RS resource corresponds to a beam direction (beamformed CSI-RS).
 Precoding matrix identifier (PMI). To support beamforming with an AAS, the network configures the UE with the
information about the massive MIMO hardware setup in the Node B. The UE estimates the CSI at its receiver,
quantizes the CSI using a predefined codebook and feeds back the index of the chosen PMI codebook entry via the
uplink control channel.
 Layer indicator (LI). Column of the precoder matrix of the reported PMI corresponding to the strongest layer.

 SS/PBCH block resource indicator (SSBRI). Higher layer report configuration controls whether the CSI feedback
should be based on SSB or CSI-RS. With the SSBRI the UE reports the identifier of the SSB that it receives with
highest ranked power level RSRP.

 L1-RSRP. Represents the reported physical layer power level. Assuming a configuration with multiple beams to
report CSI information, in general, performing L1-RSRP measurements is much simpler compared to e.g. CSI-RS
resource indicator (CRI) that requires the monitoring of multiple CSI-RS
Rohde & Schwarz
MASSIVE MIMO THEORY &
HARDWARE

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

131 Rohde & Schwarz
ENERGY EFFICIENCY: WHY MASSIVE?

Waste
d

...
Power
PBS = 1 PBS = 0.008

Number of UEs: 1
Number of Antennas = 1
120 antennas per UE

Number of BS Transmit
Antennas
1 120

Normalized Output Power of

Antennas

Normalized Output Power of

Base Station
Source: IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Jan 2013

132 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
BEAMFORMING - PRINCIPLES

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

133 Rohde & Schwarz
BEAMFORMING - PRINCIPLES

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

134 Rohde & Schwarz
MASSIVE MIMO = BEAMFORMING + MIMO
MIMO Array: M Data Streams Beamforming Array: 1 Data Stream

x1(t)

M = 4 Transceivers
x2(t)

x3(t)

x4(t)
+ x1(t) TRx

Massive MIMO: Combine Beamforming + MIMO = MU-MIMO with M antennas >> # of UEs
Massive arrays of 128-1024 active antenna
elements
Multi User-MIMO
Increase SINR and capacity for
each user
i.e. UE1: 32 ant BF with 16x2
MIMO
UE2: 16 ant BF with 8x2 MIMO

135 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
 MASSIVE MIMO CHALLENGES
Mutual Irregular
Data Bottleneck Calibration Coupling Arrays Complexity

R
x

CPRI Bottleneck

RFIC RFIC

FPGA

Digital IQ

Increased Costs Reduced MU-MIMO Reduced Capacity Grating Lobes Increased Costs

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

136 Rohde & Schwarz 136
OVER THE AIR TESTING ADDS ANOTHER MEASUREMENT
DOMAIN: SPACE
EXAMPLE: POWER VS. TIME, FREQUENCY, CODE DOMAIN, DOD
P(t) P(f)

Time domain t Frequency domain f

P(code) P(DoD)
DoD (Direction of Departure)
Azimuth (𝜙) and elevation (𝜭) component

Code domain c Spatial domain DoD

Limit line
(requirement)

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

BEAMFORMING TO COMBAT INCREASED PATH LOSS
Path loss model for real propagation environments 2
λ
PTX d/d0 PRX 𝑃𝑅𝑋 = 𝑃𝑇𝑋 𝐺𝑇𝑋 𝐺𝑅𝑋
Transmit power Radio propagation Receive power
4𝜋𝑅 path loss
distance
Antenna gain
𝑃𝑅𝑋 λ γ 𝑑 −γ
Friis equation: = 𝐺𝑇𝑋 𝐺𝑅𝑋 =𝐾
𝑃𝑇𝑋 4π𝑑 𝑑0
λ2 1
𝑃𝑅𝑋 = 𝑃𝑇𝑋 𝐺𝑇𝑋 𝐺𝑅𝑋
10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝑃𝑅𝑋
𝑃𝑇𝑋
4𝜋 4𝜋𝑅 2
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒: 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 γ = 2 Spherical Surface
𝐾/𝑑𝐵

𝑑
Isotropic
K/dB−10γ𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝑑0 R Antenna

0 𝑑
𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝑑0 It‘s no loss, it‘s the dilution
Frequency 2 GHz 28 GHz 39 GHz 60 GHz 73 GHz
of the radiated power intensity with
Path-loss (d = 1m) 41.4 dB 61.4 dB 64.3 dB 68.0 dB 69.7 dB
increasing distance from source.
20dB additional pathloss between FR1 and FR2

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

ANTENNA RADIATION
CHARACTERISTIC: HERTZ Max power density |⍴|max

DIPOLE Maximum gain

|⍴|𝒎𝒂𝒙
Isotropic radiator reference: G= = 1,76 dBi
|⍴|𝒊
Constant power density |⍴|𝑖 = const (W/m²)
Total radiated power:
⍴
Poynting vector TRP = η∙Pfeed
𝐻 ⍴=𝐸x𝐻 2D radiation
Remember the pattern („cut“)
𝐸 „right-hand rule“
Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power:

𝑬𝑰𝑹𝑷 = 𝑮 ∙ 𝑷𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅
2D cut

The SI unit of the Poynting vector is W/m2, i.e. it describes 3D radiation

a directional energy transfer per unit time and per unit area.
pattern
It’s called radiated energy flux or radiated power density.

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

DIRECTIVE ANTENNA SAMPLES @ 28 GHZ

Standard Gain 4x1 printed R&S Vivaldi

Horn Antenna antenna array antenna

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

STANDARD SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR ANTENNA
MEASUREMENTS
ANSI/IEEE STD 149-1979 „IEEE STANDARD TEST PROCEDURES FOR ANTENNAS“

Orthogonal axes of an antenna positioner

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES: ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
0.1 m apperture size at 28 GHz

Reactive near Radiated near field region Far field

field region Phase & magnitude Magnitude

𝐷3 *
2𝐷2
0.62 = 19 𝑐𝑚 = 1.87 𝑚
𝜆 𝜆
𝜆
* = formula commonly taken for radiators with D>
2
Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
142 Rohde & Schwarz
WHAT AND WHERE IS THE FAR-FIELD (FF)?
D = radiating aperture size Free space far field condition:
(1) 𝐸 and 𝐻 orthogonal and connected by ZF0=120𝜋 Ω
(2) Only radial component of
I = ⍴r = |⍴| = |𝐸 x 𝐻| relevant

Poynting vector ⍴
⍴=𝐸x𝐻 Remember the
D 𝐻 „right-hand rule“

𝐸
Reactive near Radiated near field region Far field
field region Phase & magnitude Magnitude
2D cut

𝐷3 2𝐷2
0.62 𝜆 𝜆

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143 Rohde & Schwarz
MEASUREMENTS THAT CAN BE PERFORMED IN THE
REACTIVE NEAR FIELD
► No RF parametric measurements like EVM, ACLR etc.
► Stay away from the reactive near field
► Measurements would influence the result since the antenna pattern is influenced

► Things like SAR measurements are performed here

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144 Rohde & Schwarz
MEASUREMENTS THAT CAN BE PERFORMED IN THE
RADIATED NEAR FIELD
► If a spherical scan of the entire field in magnitude and phase is performed in radiated near field
all field parameters are known and can then be mathematically transformed into the far field by
using certain algorithms
► With this all Tx measurements can also be performed in the radiated near field, however the
effort is much higher than in far field, but on the other hand the space requirements are lower

► Directly in the radiated near field (without far field transformation) only some certain
parameters can be measured such as
 TRP (Total Radiated Power)
 Peak EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power)
 ACLR
► Measurement uncertainties are higher than in far field

► The controversy is if you can test EVM in radiated near field

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
145 Rohde & Schwarz
SOLUTION TRANSFORMING NF TO FF BY SOFTWARE ALGORITHM
𝑓𝑥,𝑦 = 𝐴 ඵ 𝐸𝑥,𝑦 𝑒 +𝑗𝐤∙𝐫 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Amplitude Phase

𝑓𝑥,𝑦 = 𝐴 ඵ 𝐸𝑥,𝑦 𝑒 +𝑗𝐤∙𝐫 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Complex near-field Plane wave far-
field received

SW algorithm

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

146 Rohde & Schwarz
OTA ASPECTS: NEAR FIELD Scanning at
various positions
to build a surface S

Scanning probe = „ideal dipole“

AUT

Planar scan
Cylindrical scan

Integrate E and H along

A surface given scanning
with „ideal dipole“ along
a surface
Spherical scan

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

147 Rohde & Schwarz
OTA ASPECTS: NEAR FIELD – THE MATHS BEHIND

An Overview of Near-Field Antenna Measurements

ARTHUR D. YAGHJW

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

148 Rohde & Schwarz
NEAR-FIELD TO FAR-FIELD TRANSFORMATION – FIAFTA
Features Performance Comparison Transformation

High precision positioner

angular resolution 0.1°

NF-FF transformation

Fast Spiral Scan

vs.

6 minutes 220 minutes

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

149 Rohde & Schwarz
MEASUREMENTS THAT CAN BE PERFORMED IN THE FAR FIELD

► Measurements in the far field are comparably easy

► Every RF measurement can be performed in the far field for example
 EiRP/EiS (Effective isotropic Radiated Power/Sensitivity)
 In beam measurements for R&D and Production
 EVM, ACLR, SEM, OBW, BLER etc.

► Since the far field is far away from the emitting antenna the path loss is typically high for direct far
field measurements which is an additional challenge

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

150 Rohde & Schwarz
DIRECT FF MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
Far Field
Magnitude

Dual-Polarized High-Gain
3D Rotation of DUT
Antenna
Single Measurement point

Device
Under
Test

DUT-MEAS Antenna Separation: R > 2D2/λ

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

151 Rohde & Schwarz
HOW BIG OF A CHAMBER IS REQUIRED FOR DIRECT FAR FIELD?
► Quiet zone size (black box)

12 cm

► Chamber size 3 m…5 m

► Quiet zone size (white box)

D= 3 cm

► Chamber size 0.5 m

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
152 Rohde & Schwarz
WHAT IS THE FAR-FIELD DISTANCE? 2 ADDITIONAL METHODS
HPBW (radians)
Half-power beam
Dant=4cm width
DUT=10cm 28GHz UE Subarray
(HPBW=15°)
2𝐷2 2𝜆
𝑅𝐹𝐹 = 𝑜𝑟
Criteria Far-field Distance 𝜆 𝐻𝑃𝐵𝑊2
2λ/HPBW2 0.30 meters θ
28GHz Entire UE

2D2/λ 1.86 meters 3dB power

difference

0.8633 0.8633 15 cm DUT @ 24 GHz

𝜋𝐷 𝜋𝐷 FHD = 3.6 m
𝑅𝑓𝑓𝐷 = 𝜆 0.1673 + 0.1632 RffD = 1.14 m
𝜆 𝜆
Consideration only in peak beam direction allows to re-consider FF distances: APEMC 2018 [Derat, « 5G
antenna characterization in the far-field – How close can far-field be? »] - based on spherical wave expansion

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

153 Rohde & Schwarz
FAR-FIELD IN NEAR-FIELD SYSTEMS: HARDWARE FOURIER
TRANSFORMS
𝑓𝑥,𝑦 = 𝐴 ඵ 𝐸𝑥,𝑦 𝑒 +𝑗𝐤∙𝐫 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Complex near-field Plane wave far-
wave generated Amplitude Phase
field received

Holographic techniques

DUT

Fresnel Lens (Fourier Optics) Reflector: Compact Antenna Test Range Array: Plane Wave Convertor

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

154 Rohde & Schwarz
HOW TO ACHIEVE FAR-FIELD CONDITIONS? BASESTATION –
PLANE WAVE IDEA

Based on principle of beamforming:

Antenna array with phase shifters. Goal
is not beamforming, but plane wave.
Frequency restricted but allows modulated
wideband signals analysis

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

155 Rohde & Schwarz
3GPP: PERMITTED METHODS FOR RF CONFORMANCE
Direct Far Field (DFF) Indirect Far Field (IFF)
Quiet zone typically smaller Quiet zone typically larger

x Range antenna
y
DUT reflector
1

4
2
Feed antenna
3

UE antenna configuration Direct Far Field Indirect Far Field IFF  CATR (compact PM/SG
antenna test range):
Configuration 1 – one array Yes Yes •
Positioner
loss = 0 between reflector  DUT
Path
controller
Configuration 2 – multiple arrays Yes Yes • QZ diameter = 25…50% of reflector
(strongly depends on edge treatment !)
Configuration 3 – one large array No Yes
PC

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

156 Rohde & Schwarz
POSSIBILITIES TO SHRINK THE CHAMBER SIZE –
INDIRECT FAR FIELD

Reflector

DUT

Feed

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

157 Rohde & Schwarz
ILLUSTRATION OF REFLECTED FIELD FROM PARABOLIC
SURFACE
Knife edge reflector Rolled edge reflector

Rolled Edge Radius > l/4

Source: W. Burnside “Curved Edge Modification of Compact Range Reflector”, IEEE 1987 Determines lower frequency bound

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

158 Rohde & Schwarz
CATR BASICS: REFLECTOR EDGE TREATMENT
No scattering of energy
back into quiet zone

Es
Wave ‘bends’
around corner

Ei
Rolled Edges
Low Scattering

Ei: Initial EM field (from feed horn)

Target Zone Corner forms
Amplitude Ripple a point source
High
Es
scattering of
Ei energy into
quiet zone

Knife Edge
High Scattering
Source: W. Burnside “Curved Edge Modification of Compact Range Reflector”, IEEE 1987
Es: Scattered EM field (from edges)

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

159 Rohde & Schwarz
CATR REFLECTOR ERRORS: SURFACE ROUGHNESS
Surface Roughness < l/100, i.e. determines CATR upper frequency bound!

ρmax

Ideal Actual
Maximum Surface
Deviation
ρmax = 0.007 λ

Maximum Frequency
Required surface Accuracy vs. complexity & price
Roughness (microns)

28 GHz 75

43 GHz (in band) 49

87 GHz (spurious emissions) 24

220 GHz (FCC 5th Harmonic) <1

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

160 Rohde & Schwarz
 WHAT IS THE QUIET ZONE ?
Quiet Zone Phase Deviation vs. Measurement Error
φ(R+d)
d +D/2
𝜋𝐷2 𝑁𝐷2
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =
R 4𝜆Δ𝜑𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜆

Quiet Zone (D)

𝑁=∞
Phase
R Rmin(N)
Deviation 𝑁=2

Point Source φ(R) 𝐷2 /𝜆 45 degrees

-20 dB
𝑁=4

2𝐷2 /𝜆 22.5 degrees

(Measurement Antenna) -25 dB
4𝐷2 /𝜆 11.2 degrees

8𝐷2 /𝜆 5.6 degrees -30 dB

-D/2

High Gain Antenna Pattern

Note: Near field regions don‘t have „quiet zones“

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

161 Rohde & Schwarz
HOW GOOD IS THE QUIET ZONE?

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

162 Rohde & Schwarz
CATR BASICS: PATH LOSS (I) Parabolic Reflector Power Density
ITU-R BS.1968 (2005)

Reflector Near Field

Quiet Zone

P. Walt “The power density in the

radiating near field region of directive
antennas”, 2012

Power Density is constant up to: 0.6D2/l

1800C (D = 30cm): 5.4 meters

Feed Antenna (low-gain) Far Field: FSPL No Path Loss from Reflector to DUT

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

163 Rohde & Schwarz
CATR IS A BI-DIRECTIONAL DEVICE Reverse: DUT Tx

Forward: DUT Rx

Quiet Zone
Device
Under
Test

Quiet Zone

From: Reflector Focal Point (Feed) From: DUT Quiet Zone

To: Reflector and DUT Quiet Zone To: Reflector Focal Point (Feed)

Reflector transforms spherical field Reflector is a spatial filter that extracts

from focal point (feed antenna) into a the planar components of the spherical
planar wave in front of reflector to feed and focuses them at the focal
quiet zone point (feed antenna)

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164 Rohde & Schwarz
GRID TYPES

Constant step size

ΔΘ, ΔΦ

Constant density

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

165 Rohde & Schwarz
SPHERICAL SCAN SYSTEMS
Conical cut = Distributed Axis Great circle cut = Combined Axis
e.g. R&S®ATS1000 or R&S®WPTC e.g. R&S®ATS1800C

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

166 Rohde & Schwarz
THE WORLD OF REGULATION AND STANDARDISATION
International
Electrotechnical
Commission

CISPR

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

167 Rohde & Schwarz
BASE STATION TYPES DEFINED IN 3GPP TS 38.141
Conducted Hybrid OTA
ı BS type 1-C transmitter/receiver interface ► General architecture of BS type 1-H ı General architecture of BS type
1-O and BS type 2-O

BS type 1-C: NR base station operating at FR1 with requirements set consisting only of conducted requirements defined at individual antenna connectors

BS type 1-H: NR base station operating at FR1 with a requirement set consisting of conducted requirements defined at individual TAB connectors and
OTA requirements defined at RIB

BS type 1-O: NR base station operating at FR1 with a requirement set consisting only of OTA requirements defined at the RIB

BS type 2-O: NR base station operating at FR2 with a requirement set consisting only of OTA requirements defined at the RIB
Source: 3GPP TS 38.141-1/-2 V15.0.0

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 TEST MODELS
► NR FR1 test models needed for BS type 1-C, BS type 1-H and BS type 1-O
► NR FR2 test models needed for BS type 2-O
Test model Measurement Test model Measurement

NR-FR1-TM1.1 BS output power NR-FR1-TM3.1 Total power dynamic range (upper OFDM symbol power limit at max
NR-FR2-TM1.1 NR-FR2-TM3.1 power with all 64QAM PRBs allocated)
TAE (Time Alignment Error)
Frequency error
Occupied bandwidth
EVM for 64QAM modulation (at max power)
ACLR
NR-FR1-TM3.1a Total power dynamic range (upper OFDM symbol power limit at max
Operating band unwanted emissions power with all 256QAM PRBs allocated)
Transmitter spurious emissions Frequency error
Transmitter intermodulation
EVM for 256QAM modulation (at max power)
NR-FR1-TM1.2 ACLR
NR-FR1-TM3.2 Frequency error
Operating band unwanted emissions
EVM for 16QAM modulation
NR-FR1-TM2 Total power dynamic range (lower OFDM symbol power limit at min power)
NR-FR2-TM2 Frequency error (at min power)
EVM of single 64QAM PRB allocation (at min power)
NR-FR1-TM3.3 Frequency error
Frequency error (at min power)
EVM for QPSK modulation
NR-FR1-TM2a EVM of single 256QAM PRB allocation (at min power)

Frequency error (at min power)

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169 Rohde & Schwarz
OTA MEASUREMENT RESULT ANALYSIS OPTIONS
► Transmitter: EIRP (θ, Φ) ı Receiver: EIS (θ, Φ)

 EIRP(θ,Φ) = GTX(θ,Φ) ∙ PTx  EISLevel(θ,Φ) = f(GRX(θ,Φ), SNRQAM)

 Single direction measurement

 Single direction measurement
 Maximum sensitivity ► beam peak
 Maximum gain ► Beam peak  Selectivity, blocking
 Modulation quality  Demodulation quality
 Full sphere integral metric
 Full sphere integral metric  Total isotropic/radiated sensitivity: TIS, TRS

 Total radiated power: TRP

 Statistical analysis
 Spherical coverage
 Statistical analysis
 Spherical coverage  UE reported values: RSRP, RSRQ (RRM)

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170 Rohde & Schwarz
 3GPP conformance testing

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

171 Rohde & Schwarz
ANTENNA PARAMETERS OVERVIEW

172 Rohde & Schwarz 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

 PA = power available from the generator
PM = power to matched transmission line

GAIN AND DIRECTIVITY FLOWCHART PO = power accepted by the antenna (feed power)
PR = power radiated by the antenna
I = radiation intensity (power flux)
IEEE STD 145-2013 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS FOR ANTENNAS η = radiation efficiency
GR = realized gain
G = (isotropic) gain

𝐺𝑃0 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 D = Directivity

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐼 = = M1 = impedance mismatch 1

4𝜋𝑟 2 4𝜋𝑟 2 M2 = impedance mismatch 2

In = partial radiation intensity (i.e. per polarization)
4πI gR = partial realized gain
g = partial gain
GR d = partial directivity
G D
p = polarization efficiency
EIRP = Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power

PA M1 PM M2 PO η PR p
d
g
gR
4πIn
e.g. Total radiated power TRP = 3D PR = η∙P0 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐺(𝑑𝐵𝑖) = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝐼𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐
Assumption: An antenna is a passive, linear, reciprocal device

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

 OTA MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY
CLASSICAL ANTENNA PARAMETER CHARACTERIZATION

Antenna Radiation pattern

parameters
Matching:
to test
VSWR Directivity
Gain
Radiation pattern
Test High
methodology: 3D directivity
accurate 3D
Full anechoic positioning
chamber +
positioner
Measurements
gain
Very high Peak beam direction
shielding
effectiveness Very high
absorbing 𝑇𝑅𝑃 = ඵ 𝜌Ԧ 𝒅𝑺
effectiveness 𝑆
Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
OTA MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY
RFIC AND ACTIVE ANTENNA FRONT END TESTING
Radiation pattern
Antenna
parameters
Matching:
VSWR Directivity
Gain
Test High Radiation pattern
methodology: accurate 3D 3D directivity
Full anechoic positioning
chamber + Very high
positioner absorbing Measurements
effectiveness EIRP instead of gain
Very high Peak beam direction +
shielding Half power beamwidth
Climate
effectiveness
condition
𝑇𝑅𝑃 = ඵ 𝜌Ԧ 𝒅𝑺
𝑆
Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
 OTA MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY
OTA TEST AS NECESSITY, NOT ANTENNA We want to test some componentes,
RELATED
„Antenna“ functions of UE, e.g. RX performance, but
parameters we cannot access this part => OTA as
connection between DUT and simulator

Easy link setup +

Test Rapid prototyping,
methodology: e.g. R&D environment
Chamber + Normal / no Depends: e.g. BLER,
fix setup. absorbing EVM, ACLR etc.
Idealy IFF = effectiveness
BLER
Measurements 1 BLER vs. SNR (dB)
CATR 0,9
0,8 M
0,7 C
0,6 S
Normal 0,5
0,4
shielding 0,3
0,2
0,1
effectiveness 0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 SNR

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

OTA MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY
CONFORMANCE TESTING OTA

„Antenna“
parameters

Etc…

Test Testcases according to

methodology: Very high
absorbing EISLevel(θ,Φ) = f(GRX(θ,Φ), SNRQAM)
Chamber +
fix setup. effectiveness
Idealy IFF = Large quite zone.
High accurate CATR + Measurements
CATR
positioner
Very high
EIRP(θ,Φ) = GTX(θ,Φ) ∙ PTx
shielding
𝑇𝐼𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑
effectiveness

5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M

𝑇𝑅𝑃 = ඵ 𝜌Ԧ 𝒅𝑺
Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19aspects
𝑆
CONCLUSION ON OTA TESTING
• It is mandatory today for CTIA certification in USA

• It will become mandatory for 3G and 4G certification according to RED in Europe

• It is the only option for 5G NR FR2

 The T&M future is OTA

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

178 Rohde & Schwarz
R&S 5G LAB TEST SOLUTION OVERVIEW

PORTFOLIO CAPABILITIES

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

179
R&S TEST SOLUTIONS TO DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT 5G NR
PRODUCTS
Component Characterization RF development 5G NR Device Testing OTA solutions
R&S®PWC200
PA characterization and calibration Testing of 5G NR devices in
non-signaling mode
R&S®SMW-K541 R&S®SMW200A–K144
-K544 R&S®CMW100
(Sub6) R&S®ATS1xxx

R&S®FSW -K18D UP
-K544 R&S®CMP200
R&S®SMW200A < 40 GHz > 40 GHz (mmW)

DUT
R&S®FSW85 Testing of 5G NR devices in
signaling mode
R&S®SMW-K546 R&S®FSW
Digital Doherty -K144/K145
R&S®CMX500

I 40 GHz signal generation R&S®ATS800B R&S®CMQ200

R&S®ZNA I 90 GHz signal analysis
I 2 GHz bandwidth support R&S®CMWFlexx
(FSW: 5GHz with RTO2064 and B5000) supporting LTE for NSA operation

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

180 Rohde & Schwarz
R&S TEST
Field Services, SOLUTIONS
Interference Hunting 5G NR networkTO DEPLOY
measurement solution 5G NR NETWORKS
Data Analytics
Passive measurements Active measurements SmartAnalytics Scene

R&S®TSMA6 R&S®FPH 31GHz R&S®FSH R&S®TSME6 R&S®TSMA6 5G Router Mobile Test

TDD gated trigger
Platform

Shoulder bag Backpack for mmwave QualiPoc Android ready for 5G

R&S®MNT100/PR100 R&S®MobileLocator

Site Acceptance
5G NR
Serving Cell 5G NR Cell
History

5G NR
Uplink
5G NR Cell

SmartAnalytics
5G NR Quality
Downlink

RSRP,
RSRQ Scene - NPS
Tx Power

DL Thp

QualiPoc Android R&S®ROMES4: 5G NR Software for network engineering, analysis and

R&S®TSMA6
(ready for 5G) optimization

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

181 Rohde & Schwarz
OUTLOOK –

WHAT ARE THE NEXT STEPS IN 5G?

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

182
3GPP RAN REL-16 STUDY-ITEM / WORK-ITEM STATUS (JUNE 2019)
NR Study-Item / Work-Item Description Study-Item Work-Item Notes
NR Core and Performance part Rel-15 WI
NR
NR MIMO enhancements No Rel-16 SI ongoing
NR V2X completed ongoing
NR in unlicensed band completed ongoing
NR NOMA completed No Rel-16 work-item planned
2-step RACH for NR ongoing
NR over non-terrestrial networks ongoing No Rel-16 work-item planned
NR UE power savings completed ongoing
NR positioning completed ongoing
NR eURLLC PHY enhancements completed ongoing
NR mobility enhancements No Rel-16 SI ongoing
Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity/Carrier Aggregation enh. No Rel-16 SI ongoing
NR Remote interference management (RIM) completed ongoing
Source: RP-191609
Table lists important RAN1 and RAN2 led SI/WIs, does not include RAN4 band related SI/WIs, ITU related SI/WIs

183 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
3GPP RAN REL-16 STUDY-ITEM / WORK-ITEM STATUS (JUNE 2019)
NR Study-Item / Work-Item Description Study-Item Work-Item Notes
NR Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) completed ongoing
NR
Indoor channel model for Industrial IoT ongoing to be completed in Sept 2019
NR Industrial IoT / Non-Public Networks (NPN) completed ongoing
Optimisations on UE radio capability signaling completed ongoing
SRVCC from 5G to 3G completed ongoing
NR test methods ongoing To be completed in Dec 2019
NR MIMO OTA test methods ongoing
2 RX antenna exception for vehicles completed
29 dBm UE power class for B41/n41 completed
NR in 7 – 24 GHz frequency range ongoing
NR design beyond 52.6 GHz ongoing
NR UE capability signaling completed ongoing
NR DL 256 QAM in FR2 ongoing

Source: RP-191609
Table lists important RAN1 and RAN2 led SI/WIs, does not include RAN4 band related SI/WIs, ITU related SI/WIs

184 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
3GPP RAN REL-16 STUDY-ITEM / WORK-ITEM STATUS (JUNE 2019)

LTE / IOT Study-Item / Work-Item Description Study-Item Work-Item Notes

LTE
Additional MTC enhancements for LTE ongoing
Additional enhancements for NB-IoT ongoing
IoT
LTE based 5G terrestrial broadcast completed ongoing
DL MIMO efficiency enhancements for LTE ongoing
Even further mobility enhancements in E-UTRAN ongoing
Further perf. enhancements for high speed scenarios ongoing
LTE in 410 – 430 MHz band ongoing

Source: RP-191609
Table lists important RAN1 and RAN2 led SI/WIs, does not include RAN4 band related SI/WIs, ITU related SI/WIs

185 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
STATUS QUO:

MNO
Internet network
Services

BNO
Broadcast Content
network

186 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
SOLUTION: 5G BROADCAST OVERLAY

MNO
Internet network
Services

BNO
TV/Video Content
network

HPHT = High Power High Tower HPHT

Reachability is more than just coverage:

Does the content reach the right device?

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

FEMBMS – FURTHER ENHANCED MBMS, REL. 14 FEATURE
IP • High power high tower (HPHT) concept
• True broadcast, independent on PLMN
• Resolution + formats in line with conventional
broadcast
• Ability to stream video over IP
• Implementation scenario using supplementary
downlink (SDL) concept of cellular networks
• Reception possible without SIM &
authentication

Downlink: Broadcast
Downlink: Unicast
Uplink

No SIM card necessary => new device types possible + true broadcast

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Rohde & Schwarz
FeMBMS: Further evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
Broadcast in 3GPP World since 2005
 Perspective of a mobile network operator
• MBMS in 3GPP Release 6 (UMTS, 3G)
• eMBMS in 3GPP Release 9 (LTE, 4G)
FeMBMS was specified in 3GPP Release 14 in the summer of 2017
 Consideration of media broadcasters’ perspective
• Support of larger inter-site distance (cyclic prefix 200 µs)
• Dedicated MBMS transmission (100% broadcast transmission)
• Receive-only mode
• Numerology that fit into LTE/5G NR numerology => single chipset
CAS FeMBMS radio frame = 10 ms
=> Identical to LTE / 5G NR frame
Cell acquisition subframe (CAS) with system information on FeMBMS
carrier => cellular network independent signaling + SIM card free operation
Rohde & Schwarz
FEMBMS PHYSICAL LAYER – SUBCARRIER SPACING AND
CYCLIC PREFIX UPDATE Configuration N scRB DL
N symb
Normal cyclic prefix f  15 kHz 7
12
f  15 kHz 6
Extended cyclic prefix f  7.5 kHz 24 3
f  1.25 kHz 144 1

1 slot = 0.5ms
1 RB = 180kHz
OFDM C OFDM C OFDM C OFDM C OFDM C OFDM C OFDM C
symbol P symbol P symbol P symbol P symbol P symbol P symbol P

Normal LTE Δf=15kHz

OFDM CP
OFDM CP
OFDM CP
symbol symbol symbol
Intermediate LTE Δf=7,5kHz

OFDM symbol
FeMBMS LTE Δf=1,25kHz
CP

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Rohde & Schwarz
5G BROADCAST FROM PLMN NETWORK OPERATOR
PERSPECTIVE
5G NR is multi-link. Extension
with HPHT broadcast possible
gNB HPHT

Deployment on top of LTE / 5G NR

5G NR networks and devices:
FeMBMS is based on LTE technology
 No separate chipset needed
 Deployment is on top of existing
infrastructure + spectrum

Enhancing existing 5G NR
connection by broadcast as
supplementary downlink (SDL)

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

5G BROADCAST FROM BROADCAST OPERATOR
PERSPECTIVE
FeMBMS is true broadcast, no
connection to cellular network
needed gNB HPHT

Optional
5G NR connection, i.e.
added services like Deployment of FeMBMS is true broadcast
interactive TV or non- only
linear traffic  No SIM card / network subscription
needed
 Deployment is independent on 5G NR

Device can be a pure receiver of

FeMBMS is inband control channel,
FeMBMS. No connection to 5G NR
connection to LTE/5G is not mandatory
needed, but possible C
A
S

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

HPHT LTE BROADCAST ARCHITECTURE, REL. 15 + FEMBMS
Core Network
5G NR will be a new architecture on the „unicast“ network, but Access Network
transparent to the „broadcast“ network. Guarantee of investments &
ease of deployments
SGi-mb
BM-SC MBMS-GW
SG-mb

Content Multicast MCE

Provider Sm

SGi MME
gNB
Internet
S11
Unicast
gNB
5GC
gNB
UPF/AMF gNB CU

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

193 Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR F-OFDMA FEATURES FLEXIBLE NUMEROLOGIES
FeMBMS PHY parameters
Subcarrier spacing (kHz)
1.25 15 30 60 120 240

Symbol duration (µs) 66.7 33.3 16.7 8.33 4.17

800
CP duration (µs) 4.7 2.3 1.2 (normal) 0.59 0.29
200 4.13 (extended)
Max. nominal bandwidth (MHz) 50 100 100 for FR1 400 400
200 for FR2
Max. FFT size 4096 4096 4096 4096 4096

Symbols per slot 14 14 14 14 14

1 12 (extended CP)
Slots per subframe 1 1 2 4 8 16

Slots per frame 10 20 40 80 160

FeMBMS physical layer details can be considered as another numerology, that fits into the timing
rules of 5G => inclusion is possible
Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR THE RIGHT CHOICE FOR BROADCAST: MULTI-LINK CONCEPT
5G NR is multi-link. Extension
EPC 5GC with HPHT broadcast possible

gNB HPHT
eNB gNB gNB gNB

5G NR 5G NR
LTE 5G NR
5G NR

Non-standalone (NSA): 5G + broadcast as supplementary

Standalone (SA):
EN-DC downlink (SDL)
5G-DC

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

NB-IOT IMPROVEMENTS (ENB-IOT)
POWER CONSUMPTION, POSITIONING, MOBILITY AND MORE

Data rate improvements 1000000 devices per km2 Mobility

• New UE category NB2 with max. • Both anchor and up to 15 • Connected mode mobility
UL and max. DL TBS of 2536 bits non-anchor carriers can be used realized by RRC connection
(NB1: DL TBS of 680 bit and UL for paging and for random access re-establishment triggered by
TBS of 1000 bits); procedure (PRACH) radio link failure (RLF)
optional support of two HARQs • AS release assistance indication

New power class Device positioning Group messaging/updates

• New power class of 14 dBm • E-CID support • Adoption of Rel.13 single cell
to support coin-cell battery • OTDOA support based on specific point-to-multipoint (SC-PTM)
operation e.g. for wearables with narrowband positioning reference feature in idle mode
relaxed MCL of 155 dB signals (NPRS)
• Measurements in idle mode

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

196 Rohde & Schwarz
LTE-M IMPROVEMENTS (FEMTC)
POWER CONSUMPTION, POSITIONING, VOLTE AND MORE
Data rate improvements New UE Category Mobility
• Max uplink TBS of 2984 bits (M1) • New UE category (M2) with max • Mobility in connected mode
• Up to 10 DL HARQ processes TBS of 4008/6968 bits (UL/DL) • Intra-frequency and inter-
• HARQ-ACK bundling in HF-FDD and optionally support of 5 MHz frequency measurements
(wideband) for PDSCH/PUSCH (RSRP/RSRQ) in CE mode
• Faster frequency retuning (guard
period of less than 2 symbols) • M2 device can operate as M1

VoLTE support Device positioning Group messaging/updates

• Optimized parameter for VoLTE • E-CID support • Adoption of Rel.13 Single Cell
like new PUSCH repetition factors, • OTDOA support based on point-to-Multipoint (SC-PTM)
restricted modulation schemes positioning reference signal (PRS) feature
(QPSK) and adjusted scheduling adapted for LTE-M (e.g. frequency • Supported only in idle on 1.4 or 5
delays (HARQ-ACK) hopping support, long cycles ) MHz

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

197 Rohde & Schwarz
SINGLE RADIO VOICE CALL CONTINUITY: HANDOVER TO 3G

VoNR gNodeB = 5G NR

Handover to UTRAN

VoIP in PS mode
NodeB = UTRAN

Radio Bearer reconfiguration:

PS to CS mode

time
Voice call in CS mode NodeB = UTRAN

198 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
 5G NR IN UNLICENSED SPECTRUM (NR-U)
UNII-1 UNII-2 UNII-2e UNII-3 UNII-4 (DSRC)
5.15 GHz 5.25 GHz 5.35 GHz 5.47 GHz 5.725GHz 5.85 GHz 5.925 GHz

LAA is 20MHz bandwidth => NR-U can use wider bandwidth, less complexity
120 MHz
20 ……… 20 20 ……… 20 Could become
available in
20 …... 20 20 ….. 20 20 ….. 20
MHz MHz MHz MHz US, Europe MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz

f [GHz]

Licensed Band Up to Licensed Band Unlicensed Band

LTE or 5G NR 10 100 LTE or 5G NR Up to Target 5 and 6 GHz
MHz 10 100 ISM bands
MHz MHz MHz

3 deployment scenarios.
• LTE licensed + NR-U
• 5G NR licensed + NR-U Discussion about common preamble
• Standalone NR-U UE for both: WLAN and 5G NR

199 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
 HYPOS REQUIREMENTS FOR LBS ACCURACY TR 22.872
Service area – environment of use
Enhanced
Type of Related positioning area
5G positioning service area UE Enhanced Outdoor Outdoor
UE Use cases
KPI Use cases KPI
Outdoor Type pos. Area (rural) (deep urban)
Outdoor
Outdoor / Indoor (rural, Indoor
(deep urban) Trolley Horizontal
suburban) 0.1m - 0.5m 0.1m - 3m 1m - 3m
Accuracy
Traffic M&C
Horizontal Accuracy 1m 3m - 30 m 3m - 30 m
Vertical
Very Low Waste Road User 0.1m 0.1m - 0.3m 2.5m
Accuracy
Energy Management Charging
Velocity (bearing) 5m/s 5m/s
Machine 0.5m/s (2 0.5m/s (2 deg) -
(up to 15 Asset tracking UAV (Data Velocity (bearing)
Control / Analysis) deg) - 2m/s 2m/s
years and Availability 99% 99% 99%
lifetime) management" Transpor UAV (Remote Availability 99% - 99.9% 95% - 99.9% 95% - 99.9%
TTFF 10s tation Control)

Bike Sharing Support

Horizontal Accuracy 0.2m - 1m 1m - 3m 1m - 3m 10m - 50m multiple
Augmented different TTFF 1s - 10s 1s - 10s 1s - 10s
Outdoor:1-3 m location
Reality Vertical
Accuracy
3m 3m 0.1 – 3 m services
Indoor: 0.1-1 m
Wearables
Handheld 2m/s 2m/s
Velocity (bearing)
Advertisement (10deg.) (10deg.)
/
push
wearable
Availability 80 % - 99% 80% - 99% 80% - 99% 0.95
s Flow
management

Patient
TTFF 10s - 30s 10s - 30s 10s - 30s 10s - 30s
Summary of all requirements for the different
Location (2)

Emergency Call
applications

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

5G NR POSITIONING SERVICES
CID E-CID (RSRP/TOA/TADV) E-CID (RSRP/TOA/TADV) [Trilateration]

E-CID (AOA) [Triangulation] Downlink / Uplink (O/U-TDOA) [Multilateration GNSS based

Rohde & Schwarz

5G NR LOCATION BASED SERVICES – HYBRID MODES

5G NR link using
OTDO/UTDOA
for trilateration

Bluetooth AoA for additional accuracy

Rohde & Schwarz

TDOA METHODS
► TDOA is a multilateration method, based
on the calculation of localization
hyperbolas.

► The TDOA measurement calculates the

time difference between the reception of
two signals coming from two different
base stations.

► The measurement resolution, i.e. the

precision with which the time
measurement is performed, impacts the
measurement uncertainty.

► The measurement resolution will be a

multiple of TC

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

RTT AND POWER BASED TECHNOLOGIES
► RTT is a time of arrival
measurement. It calculates a
localization circle.

► Similarly, RSRP/ RSRQ

power measurements can
be used by applying the
FSPL formula. Power
measurements are less
accurate than RTT.

ı In LTE, RTT was only possible to the serving cell.

ı In NR, 3GPP will study RTT to neighbour cells

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

ANGLE-BASED TECHNOLOGIES ı Angle-based technologies measure the
AoA or AoD of the signal

ı The accuracy of the positioning is

determined primarily by the Half Power
Beam Width (HPBW)

ı In the example, the UE can be located

anywhere in the red square

ı For FR2, angle-based technologies can be

interesting.

ı They can be combined with other

measurements such as RTT or OTDOA

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

5G NR OVER NON-TERRESTRIAL NETWORKS
Déjá vu??? IMT-2000
The ITU vision of global wireless access
IMT2000 already defined the possibility of in the 21st century
earth-to-satellite communcation. Never took off Satellite
Global

commercially Suburban Urban

In-Building

Picocell
Microcell
Macrocell

Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal

Rel. 16 work item for 5G NR over

Non-terrestrial networks. E.g. UE to airborne
or sattelite based gNBs.

206 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
5G NR INTEGRATED ACCESS BACKHAUL (IAB)
5GC
NG interface,
fibre optic

Xn interface, Xn interface,
Xn interface,
using out-of- fibre optic
using inband
band
FR2 carrier
FR2 carrier
for backhaul
for backhaul
accesss
accesss

Motivation: flexible and fast deployment of gNBs, e.g. vehicle based

207 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
5G NR INDUSTRIAL IOT Industrial
controller
Support of time sensitive networks
(TSN), i.e. common clock reference Coordinated SIB
/ RRC broadcast 5GC

SDAP

PDCP

RLC
Ethernet RoHC or header removal
MAC
Ethernet Data PHY
header
Intra-UE packet priorization, L2/L3

208 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
5G-ACIA – four deployment scenarios for non-public networks
(NPN) come with different risks and security requirements
• 5G industrial solutions must be protected against local and remote attacks (both logical and physical)
• Device authentication, and message confidentiality and integrity are crucial for industrial communication systems
• The security architecture must support the deterministic nature of communication, scalability, energy efficiency, and low latency

Isolated Shared RAN Shared RAN & Control NPN w/ public NW

optional

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

5G NR MOBILITY ENHANCEMENTS
Rel. 15 mobility Rel. 16 mobility

5GC
gNB gNB

2. RACH
gNB gNB
procedure

1. Handover 2. RACH
command procedure Rel. 16 make
before break
3. Connection approach
established +
Rel. 15
handover based RACH less
on LTE handover
approach procedure

210 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
5G NR DUAL CONNECTIVITY AND CARRIER AGGREGATION
ENHANCEMENTS Rel. 16 DC and CA scenarios
5GC

MCG SCG
gNB gNB

Early In addition:
Asynchronous
measurement Signaling
DC operation
reporting reduction + fast
MCG recovery
Cross-carrier
scheduling of Single TX in the
different uplink. Switch
numerologies operation
discussed for EN-
DC and NR-DC

211 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
LTE C-V2X ENHANCEMENTS IN REL. 15 BASED ON Uu INTERFACE
LTE Rel. 15 introduces HRLLC

Definition of sTTI, eNB

1ms latency &
reliability by:
32 byte TBS in up to 6
consecutive subslot Uplink TBS size up to
based PDSCH 5220 bytes. Achieved by
transmissions carrier aggregation

Uplink supports semi-

persistent scheduling
with repetition, improves
reliability & latency

212 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
NR C-V2X ENHANCEMENTS ON Uu INTERFACE IN REL. 16
NR Rel. 16 introduces NR
Uu enhancements for No broadcast on 5G Uu interface!
Advanced V2X use cases => Already possible in LTE: FeMBMS

eNB

Definition of BWP
operation, flexible
numerologies & Uplink UE can have
carrier aggregation multiple configured
grants. 1 active/time

Uplink supports with

reporting values like:
geographic info, traffic
periodicity, timing offset,
message size
213 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
THE 7 PILLARS OF NR-C-V2X
1 CP-OFDM with multiple numerologies

2 Larger cell sizes + higher throughput

3 Low latency slot structure (self-contained)

4 Broadcast, Multicast and Unicast

5 QoS management policy

6 Beamforming support

7 Channel structure: reliability + flexibility

214 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
C-V2X - THE ROAD TO 5G
Phase I (Rel. 14)
V2X-PC5 – LTE based for Basic Safety
• High speed, out-of-coverage (TM4)
communication
Use Case: Basic Safety features (eg. Emergency warning)

Phase II (Rel. 15)

enhanced (e)V2X-PC5 – LTE based
• increase data rate, more robustness
• transmit diversity
Use Case: Advanced V2X services (eg. Platooning)

Phase III (Rel. 16)

5G New Radio (NR) V2X-PC5
• further increase data rate,
• support new spectrum
• new numerology
• Use Case: URLLC (eg. Remote- or Autonomous driving)

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

215 Rohde & Schwarz
3GPP RELEASE 14 - C-V2X
Extended Visual Horizon
Collaborative Awareness

Phase I (Rel. 14)

V2X – LTE based for Basic Safety
• High speed, out-of-coverage (TM4)
communication
Road Warnings
Data Transfer to Exchange
- Vehicle Status Information
- Environment Information

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

216 Rohde & Schwarz
3GPP RELEASE 15 C-V2X

See-Through Cooperative Driving

Phase II (Rel. 15)

enhanced (e)V2X – LTE based
• Lower latency, increased bandwidth
• transmit diversity

Data Transfer to Exchange

- Sensor Data
Platooning Teleoperated Support
- Intention Information
- Trajectory Data

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

217 Rohde & Schwarz
NR-C-V2X ADVANCED USE CASES

Source: Qualcomm

218 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
NR-C-V2X DEPLOYMENT: ROAD SIDE UNITS

Source: Qualcomm & Crown Castle

Infrastructure investments. Deployments of mobile edge computing (MEC) and roadside units
(RSU) will improve latency aspects. => Challenge: Who‘s business case is this?
219 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
AUTOMOTIVE COMMUNICATION EVOLUTION
FIELDS OF COMPLEMENTATION 3GPP LTE C-V2X &
Vehicle-centric sensor-based 802.11p 5G NR C-V2X
autonomous surrounding 3GPP LTE C-V2X Advanced use cases,
awareness & handling decisions Safety messages, data sharing ADAS,
short range wider perception

Cloud
services

220 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
5G NR C-V2X BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY
IEEE 802.11p 3GPP LTE Rel. 14/15 3GPP 5G NR Rel. 16

Basic safety messages Basic safety messages Advanced use cases

LTE C-V2X NR C-V2X

sidelink or Uu sidelink or Uu
interface. interface.

221 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
C-V2X ENHANCEMENT IN 3GPP FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC USE
CASES REQUIRING HIGH DATA RATES AND LOWER LATENCY
Vehicle Extended Aggregation of up to 8 PC5 carriers
Platooning sensors (TM3&TM4)

Support of low latency, high Support of 64 QAM for

data rate links to exchange higher data rate
• sensor data Reduce the max. time between L1
• intention information packet arrival and resource selected
• trajectory data for transmission
from 20 to 10 ms
Advanced Remote
driving Transmit diversity
Driving

222 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
LTE C-V2X ENHANCEMENTS IN REL. 15
LTE Rel. 15 introduces HRLLC

Definition of sTTI, eNB

1ms latency &
reliability by:
32 byte TBS in up to 6
consecutive subslot Uplink TBS size up to
based PDSCH 5220 bytes. Achieved by
transmissions carrier aggregation

Uplink supports semi-

persistent scheduling
with repetition, improves
reliability & latency

223 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
5G NR C-V2X CONNECTION MODES
Enhancements of LTE Uu and NR Uu to control NR sidelink from
the cellular network
Enhancements of NR Uu to control LTE sidelink from the cellular
network
NR Sidelinkshall cover Ultra Reliable and high Data
5GC
communication
5GC

Rel. 16 WI:
gNB Standalone first priority
eNB

5G NR sidelink
5G NR sidelink

LTE sidelink
LTE sidelink

224 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
5G NR C-V2X CONNECTION SCENARIOS Scenario 3:
Scenario 2: EPC + EUTRA
5GC Scenario 1: 5GC 5GC + EUTRA EPC for LTE & NR SL
5GC + 5G NR for LTE & NR SL
for LTE & NR SL
NR E-UTRAN E-UTRAN

NR V2X SL NR V2X SL NR V2X SL

LTE V2X SL LTE V2X SL LTE V2X SL

Ongoing discussion on various deployment scenarios (see TR 38.885)

Scenario 5: Scenario 5:
Scenario 4:
5GC 5GC 5GC+ NGEN-DC EPC EPC + EN-DC
5GC+ NE-DC
for LTE & NR SL for LTE & NR SL
for LTE & NR SL
MN SN
MgNB SeNB MeNB SgNB

NR V2X SL
LTE V2X SL NR V2X SL
LTE V2X SL
NR V2X SL LTE V2X SL

225 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
5G NR C-V2X COMMUNICATION MODES AT PHY LAYER
Uu-based communication: 5G NR sidelink mode 1: 5G NR sidelink mode 2: UEs
gNB optionally schedules gNB schedules sidelink autonomously select 5G NR
sidelink, data & control is resources, data & control is sidelink resources:
sent over Uu-interface sent over 5G NR sidelink • Contention-based
• Channel structure
required
• Synchronization aspects
gNB gNB

Control &
data via Uu Scheduling
interface

Optional: 5G NR sidelink 5G NR sidelink: control & data 5G NR sidelink: Control & data

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

NR C-V2X ENHANCEMENTS ON Uu INTERFACE IN REL. 16
NR Rel. 16 introduces NR
Uu enhancements for No broadcast on 5G Uu interface!
Advanced V2X use cases => Already possible in LTE: FeMBMS

eNB

Definition of BWP
operation, flexible
numerologies & Uplink UE can have
carrier aggregation multiple configured
grants. 1 active/time

Uplink supports with

reporting values like:
geographic info, traffic
periodicity, timing offset,
message size
227 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
5G NR SIDELINK – PHY DETAILS 5G NR sidelink slot
Flexible numerologies: G P G
15, 30 and 60 kHz for FR1 P u S u
S
60 + 120 kHz for FR2 C PSSCH a F a freq
CP-OFDMA only C
H r C r
Cyclic prefix: normal & extended d H d
5G NR sidelink enhanced channel structure:
• Physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH), contains
60 kHz sidelink control information (SCI). Multiplexed in time
domain with data. NR sensing based on resource
reservation
• Physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) for data
30 kHz transfer
• Physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH)
containing sidelink feedback control information (SFCI),
e.g. HARQ ACK/NACK
15 kHz
• No discovery channel for sidelink in Rel-16
Disclaimer: Rel-16 is work item status, subject to be changed

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

5G NR SIDELINK – CHANNEL STRUCTURE

Structured synchronization block (S-SSB)

Physical sidelink control channel

Improved flexibility due
PSCCH [sidelink control info(SCI)] sidelink control info
Physical sidelink shared channel
PSSCH [sidelink data]

Physical sidelink feedback channel

PSFCH [sidelink feedback control info (SFCI)] Improved reliability due
to HARQ + feedback
Discussion ongoing whether ACK + NACK is sent or only NACK? Disclaimer: Rel-16 is work item status, subject to be changed

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

5G NR SIDELINK – CHANNEL STRUCTURE

Discussion about 2
stage SCI transmission
(PSCCH and other
Physical sidelink control channel channel?)
PSCCH [sidelink control info(SCI)] Discussion about CDM
multiplexing of multiple
Sidelink control channel uses polar codes SCIs
Sidelink control channel uses QPSK as modulation scheme
Sidelink control info (SCI) assumed to contain:
• Layer 1 destination ID (can indicate multicast/broadcast)
• Layer 1 source ID
• Modulation & coding scheme (MCS)
• Transport block size (TBS)
• New data indicator (NDI)
• HARQ process ID Disclaimer: Rel-16 is work item status, subject to be changed
• Redundancy version (RV)
Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
5G NR SIDELINK – CHANNEL STRUCTURE

Physical sidelink shared channel

PSSCH [sidelink data]

Sidelink shared channel uses LDPC codes

Sidelink shared channel uses adaptive modulation schemes and flexible
numerologies, but only one numerology active per time as given by bandwidth part
PSSCH contains DMRS, flexible configuration of those
PSSCH may contain PTRS, CSI-RS and AGC support signals
Open loop power control mechanisms based on SL-RSRP

Disclaimer: Rel-16 is work item status, subject to be changed

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

5G NR SIDELINK – CHANNEL STRUCTURE

Physical sidelink feedback channel

PSFCH [sidelink feedback control info (SFCI)]

Sidelink feedback channel sends HARQ feedback, discussion on whether only NACK
should be reported or both ACK/NACK
Agreements on CSI feedback: CSI, RI and CQI
Up to 4 ports can be observed

Disclaimer: Rel-16 is work item status, subject to be changed

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

5G NR SIDELINK – PROTOCOL STRUCTURE PC5 CONTROL
PC5 interface describes the „logical“ connection between two V2X UEs

Sidelink describes the radio channel between two V2X UEs Disclaimer: Rel-16 is work item status, subject to be changed

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

5G NR SIDELINK – PROTOCOL STRUCTURE PC5 USER PLANE

QoS flow to SLRB mapping for SL unicast

SL packet duplication and duplicated

discard function

Segmentation & reassembly. Discard

function for broadcast

Broadcast + Multicast, HARQ,

prioritization, buffering, scheduling request
Flexible numerologies, sidelink operation,
synchronization, resource scheduling

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects Disclaimer: Rel-16 is work item status, subject to be changed
5G NR SIDELINK – SYNCHRONIZATION
Idea of S-SSB: Contains PSBCH, S-PSS and S-SSS as block structure. Sent within UE BWP.
Periodic transmission using same numerologies as PSSCH and PSCCH
Multiple format configurations are discussed, e.g. S-PSS of 1 or 2 symbols duration etc.
frequency DMRS
P S S G
24 or 20 RB
bandwidth S - - u
B P S a 1 resource block

C S S r
H S S d
time

S-PSS = Sidelink primary synchronization signal, m-sequence based PRBS

S-SSS = Sidelink secondary synchronization signal, Gold sequence based PRBS
PSBCH = Physical sidelink broadcast channel

Disclaimer: Rel-16 is work item status, subject to be changed

Rohde & Schwarz

5G NR SIDELINK – SYNCHRONIZATION ASPECTS
Several synchronization
sources defined + priority rules

gNB
GNSS

C-V2X UE

eNB
Priority level GNSS-based synchronization gNB/eNB-based synchronization
P0 GNSS gNB/eNB
P1 All UEs directly synchronized to GNSS All UEs directly synchronized to gNB/eNB
P2 All UEs indirectly synchronized to GNSS All UEs indirectly synchronized to gNB/eNB
P3 Any other UE GNSS
P4 N/A All UEs directly synchronized to GNSS
P5 N/A All UEs indirectly synchronized to GNSS
P6 N/A Any other UE
Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects Disclaimer: Rel-16 is work item status, subject to be changed
5G NR SIDELINK – PHY DETAILS, CONTROL & DATA
frequency frequency
P P
S
S C
C 1 resource block C
1 resource block
H
C
H
time time
PSCCH and PSSCH use same PSCCH and PSSCH use not identical
frequency resource, separated in time frequency resources, separated in time

Ongoing discussion on various options for multiplexing sidelink data & control channels
frequency
frequency
PSCCH
P
1 resource block S
C 1 resource bloc
C
H

time
PSCCH and PSSCH use different time
PSCCH and PSSCH use non-overlapping
frequency resource, same in time
time & frequency resources
Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR SIDELINK – PHY DETAILS, DMRS
frequency DMRS

P
S 1 resource block
NR V2X @ low velocity C
C
H

time
frequency
DMRS

P
S 1 resource block
NR V2X @ medium velocity C
C
H

time
frequency
DMRS

P
S
NR V2X @ high velocity C
1 resource block
C
H

Rohde & Schwarz time

5G NR C-V2X AND LTE C-V2X COEXISTENCE
Synchronization on frame
TDM based
structure & non-overlapping
coexistence
resource pools

5G NR sidelink LTE sidelink

May have impact on latency, reliability & data rates

FDM based No synchronization &

coexistence. Intra- or overlapping aspects to be
inter-band V2X 5G NR sidelink considered.

LTE sidelink
Power allocation is an issue!
239 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
5G NR C-V2X MULTICAST WITH HARQ
Rel. 14 C-V2X Broadcast Rel. 16 C-V2X Multicast
mode without feedback mode with feedback

NACK

NACK

No feedback
possible Multicast with HARQ ensures reliability

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

5G NR C-V2X OUTLOOK

Applying beamforming mechanism on the sidelink

CSI-RS

5G NR sidelink using FR2, mmWave

CRI feedback for beam adjustment

Reminder: Doppler shift is a

function of the frequency 

241 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 2019 5G NR the new technology for advanced automotive Disclaimer: Rel-16 is work item status, subject to be changed
 V2X - THE ROAD TO 5G
3GPP Rel.8-13 3GPP Rel.14 3GPP Rel.15 3GPP Rel.16

Mobile communication using cellular network

LTE

NR
V2N (Uu) 5G NR
V2N (Uu)
Rel.8-9 Rel.10-11 Rel.12 Rel.13 Rel.14 V2N (Uu)
D2D
C-V2X (PC5) communication independent of cellular network
Out-of-
Coverage V2P 64QAM
Higher data rates
V2V Lower latency C-V2X
TM4
Tx
diversity
NR based
LTE- V2I LTE- LTE-
V2X eV2X eV2X
Phase Phase Phase
I II III
Public Safety Basic Traffic enhanced Traffic Advanced Traffic
Proximity Safety Services Services Services

2008 2010 2012 2015 Q2/2017 Q3/2018 Q1/2020

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

242 Rohde & Schwarz
 Many graphics from this
presentation were

CREDITS
taken from:

Please use this link to get

access to the online version of
this technology book. Online
version will be available soon:
www.rohde-schwarz.com/5G

243 Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
 “If you want to go fast, go alone.
If you want to go far, go together!”
African proverb

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

244 Rohde & Schwarz