Thin-Walled Structures 140 (2019) 342–356

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Thin-Walled Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tws

Full length article

Nonlinear free vibrations of bi-directional functionally graded micro/nano- T

beams including nonlocal stress and microstructural strain gradient size
effects
Saeid Sahmania, Babak Safaeib,∗
a
Mechanical Rotating Equipment Department, Niroo Research Institute (NRI), Tehran 14665-517, Iran
b
Mechanical Engineering Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Recently, advanced materials whose properties vary within a continuous pattern have been put to use to design and
Microstructures manufacture modern structures. In the current investigation, size dependencies are captured in the nonlinear free
Inhomogeneous materials vibration characteristics of micro/nano-beams made of bi-directional functionally graded materials (2D-FGM). With the
Nonlinear dynamics aid of the nonlocal strain gradient elasticity theory and the variational principle, the size-dependent nonlinear differ-
Functionally graded composites
ential equations of motion are derived within the framework of the refined hyperbolic shear deformation beam theory.
Numerical analysis
It is supposed that the material properties are distributed exponentially along longitudinal direction, and vary based on
the power law function in lateral direction. Moreover, the deviation of the associated physical neutral plane from the
mid-plane counterpart is taken into consideration. By employing a numerical solution methodology on the basis of the
generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM) together with Galerkin technique and pseudo arc-length con-
tinuation method, the nonlocal strain gradient frequency-deflection responses of 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam are ob-
tained corresponding to various values of longitudinal and lateral material property indexes and small scale parameters.
It is revealed that the increment made by the strain gradient size dependency in the value of the nonlinear frequency is
more than the reduction caused by the nonlocality, especially for the lower maximum deflection imposed to the 2D-
FGM micro/nano-beam. Also, it is indicated that for lower values of the material property gradient indexes, the re-
duction in the nonlinear frequency caused by the lateral functionally graded pattern in the absence of the axial
functionally graded pattern is more than that made by the vice versa case. However, for higher values of the material
property gradient indexes, an opposite observation is seen.

1. Introduction behavior of FGM bioadsorbable stents with optimum design. Safaei et al. [5]
presented a Galerkin-based finite element model to analyze the elastic stress
In order to remove the sharp interface and sudden change in material field in FGM composite beams reinforced with graphene platelets. Rajase-
properties that existed in traditional composites, functionally graded ma- karan and Bakhshi Khaniki [6] studied the influence of bi-directional ma-
terials (FGMs) have been developed with graduated changing properties terial variation on the free vibration response of single- and multi-cracked
over the position. The growing interest in using FGMs has caused to in- bi-directional functionally graded materials (2D-FGM) beams. They also
troduce various types of this composite material. FGMs are currently utilized developed a comprehensive investigation on mechanical behavior of non-
in different industries, with a wide range of potential for employing in novel uniform 2D-FGM beam sensors via the modified couple stress elasticity
technologies. Kumar et al. [1] fabricated continuous fiber reinforced FGMs theory [7]. Safaei et al. [8] anticipated the influence of thermal gradient
using quartz fabric reinforcement for thermos-structural aerospace appli- load on the thermos-elastic natural frequencies of FGM nanocomposite
cations. Sola et al. [2] discussed about the both computational tools and plates. They also investigated the influence of loading frequency on the
production techniques to design FGM-based grafts for orthopedic applica- dynamic behavior of FGM nanocomposite plates subjected to periodic
tions. Fattahi and Safaei [3] analyzed axial buckling characteristics of FGM thermos-mechanical loading conditions [9].
nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes using molecular In recent years, with the aid of rapid advancements in materials science
dynamics simulation. Bahreinizad et al. [4] performed a combination of the and technology, several investigation have been carried out to predict the
finite element analysis and optimization process to explore the mechanical size-dependent mechanical behavior of micro/nano-structures made of

∗
Corresponding author..
E-mail address: saf16@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn (B. Safaei).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.03.045
Received 19 November 2018; Received in revised form 27 February 2019; Accepted 21 March 2019
0263-8231/ © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
S. Sahmani and B. Safaei Thin-Walled Structures 140 (2019) 342–356

FGMs. For instance, Akgoz and Civalek [10] employed the modified strain as the nonlocal strain gradient elasticity.
gradient elasticity theory for buckling analysis of cantilever carbon nano- Afterwards, several investigations have been performed in which the
tubes. Ke et al. [11] predicted bending, buckling and free vibrations of FGM nonlocal strain gradient elasticity has put to use to capture size dependency
annular microplates using the modified couple stress elasticity theory within in mechanical responses of micro/nano-structures. For instance, Li and Hu
the framework of the Mindlin plate theory. Reddy and Kim [12] proposed a [39] employed the nonlocal strain gradient theory of elasticity to analyze
general nonlinear modified couple stress-based third-order shear deforma- the nonlinear buckling characteristics of Euler-Bernoulli nanobeams. Ad-
tion plate model for size-dependent analysis of FGM microplates. Zhang ditionally, they predicted the nonlocal strain gradient frequency of wave
et al. [13] proposed a novel size-dependent FGM curved microbeam model motion on nanotubes conveying fluid [40]. Yang et al. [41] anticipated the
based on the strain gradient theory of elasticity. Civalek and Akgoz [14] critical nonlocal strain gradient voltages associated with the pull-in in-
reported the nonlocal natural frequencies of micro-scaled annular sector and stability of functionally graded nano-actuators. Simsek [42] constructed a
sector shaped graphene sheets. Ke et al. [15] constructed a modified couple nonlocal strain gradient beam model for nonlinear vibrations of functionally
stress plate model for axisymmetric postbuckling analysis of FGM annular graded Euler-Bernoulli nanobeams. Farajpour et al. [43] examined buckling
microplates considering the physical neutral plane. Rahaeifard [16] re- behavior of orthotropic nonlocal strain gradient plates using a new size-
ported the size-dependent torsion of FGM microbars with the aid of the dependent plate model. Tang et al. [44] analyzed the nonlocal strain gra-
modified couple stress elasticity theory. Shojaeian and Tadi Beni [17] in- dient wave propagation in a viscoelastic nanotube. With the aid of the strain
vestigated the electromechanical buckling behavior of FGM electrostatic gradient elasticity theory, Sahmani and Aghdam [45–48] studied the linear
nano-bridges on the basis of the modified couple stress theory. Mercan and and nonlinear vibrations of supramolecular lipid micro/nano-tubules within
Civalek [18] utilized the nonlocal continuum elasticity for buckling beha- the both prebuckling and postbuckling domains. Bakhshi Khaniki and
vior of boron nitride nanotubes surrounded by an elastic matrix. Ashoori Hosseini-Hashemi [49] anticipated the dynamic transverse vibration re-
et al. [19] analyzed the size-dependent nonlinear bending and snap-through sponse of non-uniform nonlocals train gradient beams. Li et al. [50] an-
phenomenon in FGM piezoelectric plates using modified couple stress ticipated the size-dependent bending, buckling and free vibration char-
theory of elasticity. Sahmani and Aghdam [20–22] adopted the surface acteristics of axially functionally graded nonlocal strain gradient beams.
elasticity theory with the classical shell theory to capture surface stress ef- Radwan and Sobhy [51] explored the influences of nonlocality and strain
fect on the nonlinear instability of hybrid FGM nanoshells. Ghorbani Shenas gradient size dependency on the dynamic deformation of orthotropic vis-
et al. [23] investigated the large amplitude free vibration response of pre- coelastic graphene sheets subjected to a time harmonic thermal loading
twisted FGM microbeams in thermal environment based on the modified condition. Sahmani and Aghdam [52–57] reported analytical expressions
strain gradient elasticity theory. Thai et al. [24] introduced a robust nu- for the nonlocal strain gradient nonlinear buckling and postbuckling beha-
merical model to take size effect into mechanical properties of FGM mi- vior of hydrostatic pressurized multilayer FGM nanoshells. Wang et al. [58]
croplates via the modified strain gradient elasticity theory and isogeometric introduced a nonlocal strain gradient beam model for complex modal
analysis. Akgoz and Civalek [25] put the modified couple stress theory of analysis for vibrational response of axially moving beams at nanoscale.
elasticity for free vibration analysis of FGM thick microbeams. Maleki et al. Rajasekaran and Bakhshi Khaniki [59] examined size-dependent bending,
[26] examined the size-dependent strain energy rate release rate for FGM buckling and vibration responses of in depth direction non-uniform FGM
Euler-Bernoulli nanobeams modeled via the modified couple stress theory of nanobeams on the basis of the nonlocal strain gradient elasticity theory.
elasticity. Sahmani and Aghdam [27] studied the effect of surface stress size They also performed a finite element static and dynamic analysis of axially
dependency on the axial buckling and postbuckling of FGM nanoshells in- FGM nonlocal strain gradient beams [60]. Bakhshi Khaniki et al. [61]
cluding the geometrical imperfection. Deng et al. [28] employed the non- analyzed buckling behavior of non-uniform small-scale nonlocal strain
local theory of elasticity for the size-dependent analysis of free vibrations of gradient beams via generalized differential quadrature method. Sahmani
multi-span viscoelastic FGM nanopipes conveying fluid. Liu et al. [29] in- et al. [62–64] developed nonlocal strain gradient models for size-dependent
vestigated the nonlocal vibration and biaxial buckling characteristics of nonlinear mechanical behaviors of porous micro/nano-structures reinforced
double-viscoelastic-FGM-nanoplate system based on the Eringen's non- with nanoplatelets. Lu et al. [65] introduced a unified size-dependent plate
locality and Kelvin model. Zeighampour et al. [30] explored the size-de- model based upon the nonlocal strain gradient theory including surface
pendent wave propagation in viscoelastic cylindrical nanoshells. Trinh et al. stress effects. Sahmani et al. [66–68] proposed a nonlocal strain gradient
[31] analyzed the size-dependent buckling and free vibration responses of beam model containing truncated cube cells to analyze the size-dependent
FGM sandwich microplates based upon the modified couple stress theory of dynamics of porous micro/nano-beams. Mirjavadi et al. [69] studied the
elasticity. Sahmani et al. [32] predicted the surface stress effect on the transient vibrations of a porous nanoplate under pulse loads on the basis of
nonlinear postbuckling behavior of hydrostatic pressurized piezoelectric the nonlocal stress-strain gradient elasticity theory. Sahmani and Khandan
nanoshells. Norouzzadeh and Ansari [33] an isogeometric analysis for the [70] explored the size-dependent buckling and postbuckling behavior of
surface stress and nonlocal effects on the free vibration response of rec- smart magneto-electro-elastic cylindrical composite nanopanels based on
tangular and circular nanoplates. Sahmani and Aghdam [34] presented a the nonlocal strain gradient theory of elasticity.
boundary layer modeling for nonlinear axial buckling behavior of FGM In recent years, with the aid of rapid advancements in materials science
cylindrical nanoshells on the basis of the surface elasticity theory. Yang et al. and technology, micro/nano-structures have been manufactured for using in
[35] developed a nonlocal Euler-Bernoulli beam model for nonlinear a wide range of applications such as nano-biotechnology, nano-sensors,
bending, buckling and vibration behaviors of nanobeams made of 2D-FGM. nano-actuators and etc. Size effects play an essential role in the mechanical
Sahmani et al. [36] used the Gurtin-Murdoch elasticity theory to analyze the characteristics of such structures at micro/nano-scales. Consequently, in this
nonlinear torsional buckling behavior of silicon nanoshells. Sarafraz et al. work, the prime aim is to capture size effects on the nonlinear free vibration
[37] demonstrated the influence of surface stress size dependency on the characteristics of 2D-FGM micro/nano-beams with different end supports.
nonlinear secondary resonance of silicon nanobeams modeled via the To this purpose, the nonlocal strain gradient theory of elasticity is applied to
Gurtin-Murdoch elasticity theory. the refined hyperbolic shear deformation beam theory. Afterwards, on the
Through several studies applying the nonlocal theory of elasticity, basis of the variational approach, the size-dependent nonlinear governing
misleading information because of only accounting for softening mechanical differential equations of motion are derived. Finally, via a numerical solu-
behaviors of nanostructures led to suffer researchers. On the contrary, the tion methodology based upon an efficient discretization and using the
strain gradient elasticity theory only takes hardening mechanical responses generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM), the nonlocal strain
of small scale structures. As a result, Lim et al. [38] concluded that the gradient nonlinear frequency-deflection responses corresponding to various
nonlocal parameter and strain gradient length scale parameter describe values of the small scale parameters as well as the material property gra-
different features of material properties at micro/nano-scale. So, they were dient indexes are obtained for 2D-FGM micro/nano-beams with different
motivated to combine the two elasticity theories in a unified theory namely boundary conditions.

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S. Sahmani and B. Safaei Thin-Walled Structures 140 (2019) 342–356

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of a 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam.

1.1. Nonlocal strain gradient 2D-FGM beam model As a result, the non-zero strain components can be achieved as

( )( ) w 2
() ()
u 1 2w 1 z¯
In Fig. 1, a micro/nano-beam made of the 2D-FGM with length L , xx x
+ 2 x
z¯
x2
+ z¯ cosh 2
h sinh h x
width b, and thickness h is represented schematically. Due to the con- =
cosh ( ) cosh ( )
xz 1 z¯
tinuous grading of the material properties of a 2D-FGM along both of 2 h (5)
the axial and lateral directions, the Young modulus (E ), Poisson's ratio
( ), and mass density ( ) of the micro/nano-beam can be defined as According to the previous investigations, each of the nonlocal
elasticity theory and strain gradient elasticity theory has no capability
E (x , z ) = Ec Vc (x , z ) + Em (1 Vc (x , z )) (1a) to take size effects into consideration comprehensively. The nonlocal
theory cannot take the higher-order stresses into account. Also, the
(x , z ) = c Vc (x , z) + m (1 Vc (x , z )) (1b)
strain gradient theory has the capability to consider only local higher
(x , z ) = c Vc (x , z) + m (1 Vc (x , z )) (1c) order strain gradients. Motivated by this fact, Lim et al. [38] proposed a
combination of these theories namely as nonlocal strain gradient elas-
where Vc is the ceramic constituent volume fraction, and the subscripts c ticity theory which assess small scale effects more reasonably. Ac-
and m represent, respectively, the ceramic phase and metal phase of the cordingly, the total nonlocal strain gradient stress tensor for a beam-
2D-FGM. In the current investigation, it is assumed that the ceramic type structure can be defined as below [38].
constituent volume fraction of the 2D-FGM is distributed as below
xx
=
Vc (x , z ) = (x ) G ( z ) =
x 1 1
+
z 2 xx xx
x (6a)
L 2 h (2)
xz
in which 1 and 2 stand for the functionally graded material property =
xz xz
x (6b)
gradient index in the axial and lateral directions, respectively. In Fig. 2,
the distribution of the Young modulus is depicted corresponding to where and represent the stress and higher-order stress tensors,
different values of the material property gradient indexes. respectively.
It is obvious that the material combination and properties for a 2D-FGM In accordance with the method of Eringen, the constitutive equation
are non-symmetric about the geometric mid-plane of the structure. relevant to the total nonlocal strain gradient stress tensor of a 2D-FGM
Consequently, the associated physical neutral plane deviates from the mid- micro/nano-beam can be expressed as
plane counterpart. So, it is defined that z¯ = z z in which z denotes the z- 2 2
µ2 xx
Q11 (x , z ) 0 l2 xx
coordinate of the physical neutral plane that can be extracted as below [71]. xx x2
=
xx x2

µ2
2
xz 0 Q44 (x , z ) l2
2
xz
(7)
hf /2 xz xz
hf /2
E (x , z ) zdz x2 x2
z = hf /2
E (x , z ) dz in which
hf /2 (3)
E (x , z ) E (x , z )
On the basis of the hyperbolic shear deformation beam theory, the Q11 (x , z ) = , Q44 (x , z ) =
1 2 (x , z ) 2(1 + (x , z )) (8)
displacement components of a 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam can be given
as and µ and l in order are the nonlocal parameter and strain gradient
parameter.
w (x , t ) 1 z¯ This point should be noted that in order to develop a more general
Bx (x , z, t ) = u (x , t ) z¯ + z¯ cosh h sinh (x , t )
x 2 h size-dependent beam model, a refined hyperbolic shear deformation
(4a) beam theory is put to use to capture the size-dependent nonlinear free
vibrations of 2D-FGM micro/nano-beams without any limitation in
Bz (x , z , t ) = w (x , t ) (4b)
geometrical parameters. Accordingly, the influence of Poisson's ratio is
where u and w are, respectively, the displacement components of the considered in order to develop a more generalized size-dependent beam
2D-FGM micro/nano-beam along x- and z-axis. Additionally, denotes model.
the rotation with respect to the cross section of the micro/nano-beam at Thereafter, the nonlocal strain gradient constitutive relations for a
the physical neutral plane normal about y-axis. hyperbolic shear deformable 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam can be written

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S. Sahmani and B. Safaei Thin-Walled Structures 140 (2019) 342–356

Fig. 2. Variation of the Young's modulus for a 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam with different material property indexes: (a) 1 = 0.5, 2 = 0.5, (b) 1 = 0.5, 2 = 1.5 , (c)
1 = 1.5, 2 = 0.5 , (d). 1 = 1.5, 2 = 1.5

as
( )
2
( ) w 2
2N u 1 3u w 3w 2w
Nxx µ2 xx
x2
= A11 x
+ 2 x
l2 x3
+ x x3
+ x2
2

+B ( )+C ( l )
xx
xx µ2 2w 4w 3
x2 +l 2 2
11 x2 x4 11 x x3
2 xz
xz µ2 2

+( )
x 2
+ ( )
2M u 1 w 2 3u w 3w 2w
Mxx µ2 2xx =B l + 2
( ) w 2
( 12 ) ()
u 1 2w z¯ 11
+ z¯ + z¯ cosh h sinh x x 2 x x3 x x3 x2
Q11 (x , z ) 0 x 2 x x2 h x
=
0 Q44 (x , z )
cosh ( ) cosh ( ) +D ( )+F ( l )
1 z¯ 2w 4w 3
+l 2 2
2 h 11 x2 x4 11 x x3
2w 2 3
() +( )
3u w 3w 4w

l2
x3
+
x x3
+
x2
z¯
x4
+ z¯ cosh
1
2() h sinh
z¯
h x3 Rxx
2R
µ2 2xx
x
=C + ( )
11 l
u
x
+
1
2
w 2
x
2
3u

x3
w 3w
x x3
2w

x2
2

2
cosh ( 12 ) cosh ()
z¯
(9)
x2
+F ( )+G ( l )
h 2w 4w 3
+l 2 2
11 x2 x4 11 x x3

Therefore, within the framework of the nonlocal strain gradient

=A ( )
2Q 2
Qx µ2 x
l 2
hyperbolic shear deformable beam model, the total strain energy of a (11)
x2 44 x2

2D-FGM micro/nano-beam can be given as

in which
L
1 ij
s = ij ij + ij dSdx h
2 x
{1, z¯, z¯ cosh ( ) ( ) } dz
2
0 S 1 z¯
{Nxx , Mxx , Rxx } = b xx 2
h sinh h
L 2 2w h
1 u 1 w 2
= Nxx + Mxx + Rxx + Qx dx zk
x2
2 0
x 2 x x
(10)
Qx = b
zk 1
xz {cosh ( ) 1
2
cosh ( ) } dz
z¯
h
(12)

where, S denotes the cross-sectional area of the 2D-FGM micro/nano- and

beam. Also, the stress resultants can be achieved in the following forms

345
S. Sahmani and B. Safaei Thin-Walled Structures 140 (2019) 342–356

( )
2
( )w 2
u 1 3u w 3w 2w
{ ( ) } dz
2
{A11 (x ), B11 (x ), C11 (x )} = b
h
Q11 (x , z ) 1, z¯, z¯ cosh ( 12 ) h sinh
z¯
h
B11 x
+ 2 x
l2
x3
+ x x3
+
x2
2

( )+ ( ) +4
3u 2w 2
{D11 (x ), F11 (x ), G11 (x )} w 3w 5u 3w 2w 4w w 5w
+ B11 + l2 x5
+3 + x x5
h x3 x2 x x3 x3 x2 x4
2
( ), ()
2
( 12 ) z¯
( 12 ) z¯

)+F ( )
Q11 (x , z ) z¯2, z¯2 cosh
( )+D (
=b zh
¯ sinh z¯ cosh h sinh dz 2w 4w 4w 6w 3
h h
h + D11 + l2 11 +l 2
11 l2
2 x2 x4 x4 x6 x x3
h

( )+A
3 5
{ () ( ) } dz
2
A 44 (x ) = b Q44 (x , z ) cosh
1
cosh
z¯
+ F11 l2 x5 11 1 l2A11 2 l2A11 1 µ2 A11 3 µ2A11 2
2 h x3
h
2 (13)
+ µ2l 2A11 4 + µ2 l2A11 3 B11 5 + l2B11 6 + l2B11 5 + µ2B11 7
Furthermore, the kinetic energy of a 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam
+ µ2 B11 6
modeled via the nonlocal strain gradient hyperbolic shear deformable
beam model can be presented as µ2l2B11 8 µ2 l2B11 7 + C11 9 l2C11 10 l 2C11 9 µ2 C11 11

L 2 2 µ2 C11 10
1 Bx Bz
T = (x , z ) + dSdx + µ2 l2C11 12 + µ2 l2C11 11
2 0 S
t t
2w 4w 2w 3u 5u 3u
L 2 2 = I0 µ2I0 2 2 µ2I0 + I1 µ2 I1 µ2I1
1 u u 2w u 2w t2 x t t2 x t2 x3 t 2 x t2
= I0 2I1 + 2I2 + I3 2u 4u 2u 4w 6w 4w
2 t t x t t t x t + I1 µ2I1 µ2 I1 I3 + µ2 I3 + µ2I3
0 t2 x2 t2 t2 x2 t2 x 4 t2 x2 t2
2w 2 2 3w 5w 3w 3 5 3
w + I3 µ2I3 µ2I3 + I4 µ2 I4 µ2 I4
2I4 + I5 + I0 dx x t2 x3 t2 x t2 x t2 x3 t2 x t2
x t t t t (14) 2 4 2
+ I4 µ2I4 µ2I4
t2 x2 t2 t2
where
(18b)
h

{ ( ) } dz
2
{I0 (x ), I1 (x ), I2 (x )} = b
h
(x , z ) 1, z¯, z¯ cosh () 1
2
h sinh
z¯
h C11
u
x
+
1
2 ( ) w 2
x
l2
3u

x3
+
w 3w
x x3
+ ( )
2w

x2
2

( )
h 2u w 2w 4u 2w 3w w 4w

{ ()
+ C11 + l2 +3 +
2 1
{I3 (x ), I4 (x ), I5 (x )} = b (x , z ) z¯2 , z¯2 cosh x2 x x2 x4 x 2 x3 x x4
2

( )+F ( )+G ( )
h 2w 4w 3w 5w 3
2 + F11 + l2 11 + l2 11 l2
} dz
2 x2 x4 x3 x5 x x3
zh
¯ sinh ( ),
z¯
z¯ cosh () 1
h sinh ()
z¯

+G ( ) A ( )
h 2 h 2 4 2
11 x2
l2 x4 44 l2 x2
(15) 2u 4u 2u 3w 5w 3w
= I2 µ2 I2 µ2I2 I4 + µ2I4 + µ2 I4
As a consequence, by using the Hamilton's principle, the governing t2 x2 t2 t2 x t2 x3 t2 x t2
2 4 2
differential equations in terms of the stress resultants can be derived as + I5 µ2 I5 µ2 I5
t2 x2 t2 t2 (18c)
2u 3w 2
Nxx
= I0 2 I1 + I2 in which
x t x t2 t2 (16a)
w 2
( )
2u w u 2w 3 2w
2M w 2w 3u 2u 4w 3w 3 2 1= + +
xx
+ Nxx = I0 2 + I1 + I1 2 I3 I3 + I4 + I4 x2 x x x2 2 x2 x
x2 x x t x t2 t x2 t2 x t2 x t2 t2
( ) w 2
4u w 3u 2w w 2w 3w 2w 4w
2= + + 4 + +
(16b) x4 x x3 x 2 x x 2 x3 x2 x4 x
2w 3
( ) w 2
4u w 3u 2w 2u 3w u 4w w 2w 3w 3 4w
Rxx 2u 3w 2 3= +3 3 2 +3 2 3 + +3 +9 +
x4 x x x x x x x4 x2 x x 2 x3 2 x4 x
Qx = I2 I4 + I5
x t2 x t2 t2 (16c) 6u w 5u 2w 4u 3w 3u 4w 4w 2w 2 2w 3w 2 w 3w 4w
4= +3 5 2 +3 4 3 + + 10 4 + 12 2 + 14
x6 x x x x x x3 x 4 x x2 x x3 x x3 x 4
where the superscript denotes the x-derivative. 2w 3
w 2w 5w w 2w 3w
( ) w 2
4w 5w
The immovable boundary conditions are considered at the ends of +8
x x 2 x5
+6
x x 2 x3
+
x4
+
x5 x
+2
x2
the 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam. As a result, one will have w 3w 2w 2
5= +
x x3 x2
u = 0 at x = 0, L , w = 0 at x= 0, L 2w 4w w 5w
u=0 Nxx = 0 6= +
x2 x 4 x x5
Mxx w 3w 2 2w 4w
w=0 + Nxx =0 w 5w
x x 7=3 + 4 +
x3 x2 x 4 x x5
=0 Rxx = 0 (17) 4w 2 3w 5w 2w 6w w 7w
8= +3 +3 2 6 +
x4 x 3 x5 x x x x7
Afterwards, substitution of equation (11) in equation (16) leads to 2w w 2
the nonlinear size-dependent equations of motion as follows 9=
x2 x
+
x x2
2w 3 w 4
10 = +

( )
2
( ) x 2 x3
u 1 w 2 3u w 3w 2w x x4
A11 + l2 + + 4w 3w 2 2w 3 w 4
x 2 x x3 x x3 x2
11 = + 3 +3 2 3 +
x4 x x3 x2 x x x x4

( )
2u w 2w 4u 2w 3w w 4w 4w 3 3w 4 2w 5 w 6
+ A11 + l2 +3 + 12 = 4 3
+3 3 4 +3 2 5 +
x x6
x2 x x2 x4 x2 x3 x x4 x x x x x x

(19)
( )+B ( )+C ( )
2w 4w 3w 5w 3
+ B11 + l2 11 + l2 x5 11 l2
x2 x4 x3 x x3

( )
2 4
+ C11 x2
l2 x4
2. Numerical solution methodology based on an efficient
2u 4u 2u 3w 5w 3w discretization scheme
= I0 µ2 I0 µ2 I0 I1 + µ2 I1 + µ2I1
t2 x2 t2 t2 x t2 x3 t2 x t2
2 4 2 In order to perform the numerical solving process in a more general
+ I2 µ2 I2 µ2 I2 (18a)
t2 x2 t2 t2 form, the following dimensionless parameters are taken into

346
S. Sahmani and B. Safaei Thin-Walled Structures 140 (2019) 342–356

consideration
( ) W 2
2U W U 2W 3 2 2W
˜1 = + +
X2 X X X2 2 X2 X

( )( )
W 2
x u w l 4U W 3U 2W 2 3 2W 4W
X= , U= , W= , = , = , ˜2 = + +4 2 W W W + 2 +
L h h 1 L X4 X X3 X2 X X2 X3 X2 X4 X
µ h
= , = ˜3 =
4U W 3U 2W 2U 3W U 4W
2 L L +3 +3 +
X4 X X 3 X2 X2 X3 X X4
t A00
T= , {a11, a44 , b11, c11, d11, f11 , g11}
( )
3
( )W 2
L I00 2W W 2W 3W 3 4W
+ 2 3 +9 +
{ }
A11 A44 B C D F G X2 X X2 X 3 2 X4 X
= , , 11 , 11 , 11 , 11 , 11
A00 A00 A00 h A00 h A00 h2 A00 h2 A00 h2 6U W 5U 2W 4 U 3W 3U 4W
˜4 = +3 +3 +
{I¯0 , I¯1, I¯2, I¯3, I¯4 , I¯5} = { I0 I I I
, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
I I
I00 I00 h I00 h I00 h2 I00 h2 I00 h2 } (20)
X6 X X 5 X2 X 4 X3 X3 X 4

( ) ( ) + 14
4W 2W 2 2W 3W 2
2 W 3W 4W W 2W 5W
+ 10 + 12 +8
X4 X2 X2 X3 X X3 X 4 X X2 X 5
where A00 = Ec bh and I00 = c bh .
+( )( ) + 2( )
3
W 2W 3W 4W 5W W 2 2W
As a consequence, the size-dependent nonlinear governing differ- +6 X X2 X 3 X4
+ X5 X X2
ential equations of motion can be rewritten in dimensionless form as
( )
2
W 3W 2W
below ˜5 = +
X X3 X2
2W 4W W 5W
˜6 = +
( )
2
( )
W 2
U 3U W 3W 2W
a11 + 2
+ + X2 X4 X X5
X 2 X 1 X3 X X3 X2
( ) +4
3W 2 2W 4W W 5W
˜7 = 3 +
( )
2U W 2W 4U 2W 3W W 4W X3 X2 X 4 X X5
2
+ a11 + +3 +
X2
( ) +3
X X2 1 X4 X2 X3 X X4 4W 2 3W 5W 2W 6W W 7W
˜8 = +3 +
( ) b( )+c ( )
2W 4W 3W 5W 3 X4 X3 X5 X2 X6 X X7
2 2 2
b11 11 1 X5 11
X2 1 X4 X3 X 1 X3 2W W 2
˜9 = +
X2 X X X2
( )
2 4
2
+ c11 X2 1 X4
2W 3 W 4
˜10 = +
X2 X 3 X X4
2U 4U 2U 3W 5W 3W
= I¯0 2¯
2 I0 X2 T 2
2¯
2 I0 I¯1 + 2¯
2 I1 X3 T 2 + 2¯
2 I1 ˜11 =
4W 3W 2 2W 3 W 4
T2 T2 X T2 X T2
X4 X
+3 X3 X2
+3 X2 X 3
+ X X4
2 4 2
+ I¯2 2¯
2 I2 X2 T 2
2¯
2 I2 ˜12 =
4W 3 3W 4 2W 5 W 6
T2 T2 +3 +3 +
X 4 X3 X3 X 4 X2 X 5 X X6
(21a)
(22)
Herein, in order to capture the nonlinear nonlocal strain gradient
2W 2
( ) W 2 3U W 3W
b11
U
+ 2
1 + + frequency of a 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam, a solving process on the
X 2 X X3 X X3 X2
basis of the GDQM in conjunction with the Galerkin technique is put to
2W 2 3W 2
+ b11
3U
+ +
W 3W 2
1
5U
+3 +4
2W 4 W
+
W 5W use [72–76]. Accordingly, based upon the Chebyshev-Gauss-Lobatto
X3 X2 X X3 X5 X3 X2 X 4 X X5
scheme, a set of mesh points within X domain can be obtained as
2W 4 4W 6 3
d11 2 W d11 2 W + f11 2
X2 1 X4 X4 1 X6 1 X3
X 1 i
3 5 Xi = 1 cos , i = 1,2,3, …, n
+ f11 2
1 X5 + a11 ˜1 2
1 a11 ˜2
2
1 a11 ˜1
2
2 a11 ˜3
2
2 a11 ˜2
2 n 1 (23)
X3

+ 22 12 a11 ˜ 4 + 22 12 a11 ˜3 b11 ˜5 + 2 2 2 2

1 b11 ˜ 6 + 1 b11 ˜5 + 2 b11 ˜7 + 2 b11 ˜ 6 in which n represents the total number of the mesh points. Within the
2 2
2 1 b11 ˜ 8
2 2
2 1 b11 ˜7 + c11 ˜ 9
2c ˜
1 11 10
2c ˜
1 11 9
2c ˜
2 11 11
2
2 c11 ˜10 framework of the GDQM, the r th order derivative of a continues func-
+ 22 12 c11 ˜12 + 22 12 c11 ˜11 tion s (X ) associated with a given point Xi can be introduced as below
2W 4W 2W 3U 5U 3U
2¯ 2¯ 2¯ 2¯
= I¯0 2 I0 X2 T 2 2 I0 T 2 + I1
¯
2 I1 X3 T 2 2 I1
n
T2 X T2 X T2 dr
2U 4U 2U 4W 6W s (Xi ) = Dij(r ) s (Xj )
+ I¯1 2 2¯
2 I1 X2 T2
2¯
2 I1 I¯3 + 22 I¯3 4 2 dX r j=1 (24)
T T2 X2 T 2 X T
4W 3W 5W 3W 3
2
+ 2 I¯3 2 2 + I¯3 2 ¯ 2¯ + I¯4
X T X T2 2 I3 X3 T 2 2 I3 X T2 X T2 where Dij(r ) stands for the weighting coefficients which can be derived as
5 3 2 4 2
2 I¯ 2 I¯ ¯ 2¯ 2¯
2 4 X3 T2 2 4 X T 2 + I4 T 2 2 I4 X2 T2 2 I4 T2
n
j = 1, j i (Xi Xj )
r = 1, i, j = 1,2,3, …, n
(21b)
n
(Xi Xj ) i = 1, i j (Xj Xi )

Dij(r 1)
Dij(r ) = i D (1) D (r 1)
r = 2,3,4, …, n 1, i, j = 1,2,3, …, n
ij ii

( )
2 (Xi Xj )
( )
W 2
U 3U W 3W 2W
2
c11 + + +
X 2 X 1 X3 X X3 X2 n
i = 1, i = j
Dij(r ) r = 1,2,3, …, n 1, i, j = 1,2,3, …, n

( )
2U W 2W 4U 2W 3W W 4W
2
+ c11 + +3 + (25)
X2 X X2 1 X4 X2 X3 X X4

( ) ( )+g ( ) Moreover, the following vectors are taken into consideration

2W 4W 3W 5W 3
2 2 2
f11 f11 1 X5
X2 1 X4 X3 11 X 1 X3
U1 W1
( ) ( )
2 4 2 1
2 2
+ g11 X2 1 X4 a44 1 X2 U2 W2 2
2U U 4 2U 3W 5W 3W U = U3 , W = W3 , =
= I¯2 T2
2¯
2 I2 X2 T 2
2¯
2 I2 T2
I¯4 X T2
+ 2¯
2 I4 X 3 T 2 + 2¯
2 I4 X T2
3

2 4 2
+ I¯5 2¯
2 I5 X2 T 2
2¯
2 I5
Un Wn n (26)
T2 T2

(21c) As a result, the discretized for of the size-dependent nonlinear

governing equations of motion can be written as given in Appendix A.
where In a similar way, the boundary conditions at the two immovable
ends of a 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam can be discretized. For example,
the clamped boundary conditions can be expressed as

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S. Sahmani and B. Safaei Thin-Walled Structures 140 (2019) 342–356

U1 = Un = 0 , W1 = Wn = 0 , Di(1) (1)
1 W1 = Din Wn = 0 , 1 = n and the time derivative operator corresponding to each order can be
(27) introduced explicitly in the following matrix forms
=0
Thereafter, the following assembled matrix can be achieved as a
standard eigenvalue problem by neglecting the nonlinear terms and
(2)
G11 = ( 1
6
+
nt2
12 )
arranging mass and stiffness matrices as below
DT(2) = Gij(2) where
Gi(2)
1 = ( 1)
i 1/ 2 sin2
( (i 1)
nt ) i, j
¨b
0 0
Mdb Mdd
P
¨d
P
+
Kbb Kbd
K db K dd
Pb
Pd
=0
(28)
Gij(2) = ( 1)nt + 1 j / 2 sin2 ( (nt + 1
nt
j)
)
G((2) (2)
i + 1)(j + 1) = Gij
in which the symbol d stands for the domain sample points, the symbol
b denotes elements associated with the boundary points. Also, P re- = 2,3, …, nt (38)
presents the unknown dynamic displacement vector in the following
Now, by vectorization of matrices G and K̂N , and using Kronecker
form
product, the vectorized definition of equation (36) can be expressed as
U1 U2 … Un ˆ + It ˆ L) vec (G) + vec (K
ˆ N (G3)) = 0
(DT(2) M K (39)
PT = W1 W2 … Wn
1 2 … n (29) where It represents the identity matrix (zero order of the time deriva-
tive).
The solution of equation (28) can be given as P = P̄ei T , where
T Finally, the pseudo arc-length continuation method [77] is utilized
P¯ (X ) = [ P¯ Tb P¯ Td ] is the linear dynamic mode and denotes the natural
to solve equation (39) as a set of nonlinear equations.
frequency of the micro/nano-beam. Consequently, one will have
[ 2 (M
dd Mdb Kbb1 Kbd) + K dd K db Kbb1 Kbd] P¯d = 0 (30) 3. Numerical results and discussion
On the other hand, in order to reduce the set of the size-dependent
In this section, the size-dependent frequency-deflection responses of
nonlinear differential equations of motion into a Duffing-type ordinary
2D-FGM micro/nano-beams are presented corresponding to different
differential equations, it is assumed that
values of the nonlocal and strain gradient parameters as well as various
p (X , T ) = (X ) g (T ) (31) longitudinal and lateral material property indexes. The two phases of
the 2D-FGM are selected as silicon for the ceramic part with
It should be noted that the expressions for (X ) corresponding to
Ec = 210 GPa , c = 0.35, c = 2400 Kg /m3 , and aluminum for the me-
different boundary conditions are actually represent the associated
tallic part with Em = 70 GPa, m = 0.24 , m = 2700 Kg / m3. Also, in all of
linear vibrational mode shapes (eigenvectors) which can be obtained
the preceding numerical results, the geometrical properties of the
numerically for each type of boundary conditions.
micro/nano-beam are assumed as b = h = 20 nm and L = 20h .
By inserting equation (31) in the governing discretized equation
Moreover, due to the ill condition which has been reported in several
presented in Appendix A, the residual can be obtained as
previous studies for size-dependent analysis of micro/nano-structures
M g¨ + KL g + KN = 0 (32) with clamped-free end supports [78–80], in the current study, this type
of boundary condition is ignored, so the size-dependent nonlinear free
where M denotes the mass matrix, KL and KN in order are the linear
vibrations of FGPM micro/nano-beams with simply supported-simply
and nonlinear stiffness matrices. Afterwards, Based upon the Galerkin
supported and clamped-clamped boundary conditions are investigated.
technique, the Duffing type equation of motion relevant to the non-
At first, the validity of the present solving process is checked. In
linear free oscillations of a 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam can be con-
Table 1, the nonlinear frequency ratio ( NL / L ) for an isotropic
structed as
homogeneous simply supported nanobeam is given and compared with
ˆ ¨+K
Mg ˆ Lg + K
ˆ N (g3) = 0 (33) those presented by Yang et al. [81] using differential quadrature
method. A very good agreement is found which confirms the validity as
in which
well as accuracy of the present solution methodology.
ˆ =
M T
diagonal M , ˆL =
K T
diagonal KL , ˆN =
K T
diagonal KN (34) In Figs. 3 and 4, the influences of the nonlocality and strain gradient
size dependencies on the dimensionless nonlinear frequency-deflection
Now, in order to discretize the time domain, it is assumed that response of a 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam are depicted, respectively. It is
Ti = i /nt i = 1,2,3, …, nt (35) observed that for a specific value of the maximum deflection, the
nonlocal size effect leads to increase the nonlinear frequency to linear
in which nt stands for the number of discrete points on the time domain, frequency ( NL / L) ratio, while the strain gradient small scale effect
and is an even number. causes to reduce it. This pattern is more significant for higher value of
As a consequence, equation (33) can be rewritten as below the maximum deflection. In other words, it means that the nonlocality
ˆ (DT(2) ) TG + K
ˆ LG + K
ˆ N (G 3) = 0 makes reduction in the stiffness of a 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam, while
M (36)
the strain gradient size dependency leads to enhance it. Moreover, it is
in which G includes the first m discretized mode shapes (eigenvectors) revealed that for the 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam with simply supported-
relevant to the Galerkin technique as simply supported (SS-SS) boundary conditions, the rate of increment in

G= [q1u]1× n [q2u]1 × n [qmu]1 × n [q1w ]1 × n [q2w ]1 × n [qmw]1 × n [q1 ]1 × n [q2 ]1× n [qm ]1 × n
t t t t t t t t t
(37)

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S. Sahmani and B. Safaei Thin-Walled Structures 140 (2019) 342–356

Table 1 to metal, the nonlinear frequency of the micro/nano-beam reduces. The

Comparison of the nonlinear frequency ratios ( NL / L ) for an isotropic homo- physical reason of this observation is that the mechanical stiffness as-
genous simply supported nanobeam corresponding to different maximum de- sociated with the ceramic rich part of a 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam is
flections. more than that of the metal rich part. It is seen that by increasing the
wmax / I /A Present solution Ref. [81] value of the imposed maximum deflection, the influence of the material
property gradient indexes on the nonlinear frequency of the 2D-FGM
1 1.10662 1.11920 micro/nano-beam enhances, so the gap between various curves in-
2 1.40244 1.41801
creases. These anticipations are the same for the SS-SS and CeC
3 1.78701 1.80919
4 2.22994 2.24511
boundary conditions.
5 2.69028 2.70429 The nonlocal strain gradient nonlinear frequency of 2D-FGM micro/
nano-beam with different values of the material property gradient in-
dexes are tabulated in Table 3 corresponding to various maximum de-
the value of frequency ratio by increasing the maximum deflection is flections. The presented percentages indicates the difference between
more than that with clamped-clamped (CeC) end supports. the correspondence 2D-FGM nonlinear frequency and its ceramic
In Table 2, the nonlocal strain gradient nonlinear frequency of a 2D- counterpart. It is found that for lower values of the material property
FGM micro/nano-beam is given corresponding to different values of the gradient indexes, the reduction in the nonlinear frequency caused by
small scale parameters and the maximum deflection. The presented the lateral functionally graded pattern in the absence of the axial
percentages indicates the difference between the correspondence size- functionally graded pattern is more than that of made by the vice versa
dependent nonlinear frequency and its classical counterpart case. However, for higher values of the material property gradient in-
( 1 = 2 = 0 ). It can be seen that in a general view, the increment made dexes, an opposite observation is seen. These predictions are similar for
by the strain gradient size dependency in the value of the nonlinear all values of the maximum deflection and types of boundary conditions.
frequency is more than the reduction caused by the nonlocality. This Furthermore, it is displayed that the value of the imposed maximum
pattern is more significant for the nonlinear frequency associated with deflection and the type of boundary conditions have no considerable
the lower maximum deflection imposed to the 2D-FGM micro/nano- influence on the significance of the effect of the material property
beam. Consequently, the magnitude of the evaluated positive percen- gradient indexes on the size-dependent nonlinear frequency of 2D-FGM
tages is bigger than that of the negative ones. Also, it is found that by micro/nano-beams.
changing the boundary conditions from SS-SS to CeC, the significance
of both of the nonlocal and strain gradient size effects on the nonlinear 4. Concluding remarks
frequency of 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam decreases.
Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate the nonlocal strain gradient nonlinear fre- The prime objective of this work was to anticipate the size-depen-
quency-deflection response of a 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam corre- dent nonlinear free vibration response of 2D-FGM micro/nano-beams
sponding to various values of the axial and lateral material property with different boundary conditions. To this end, the nonlocal strain
gradient indexes, respectively. It is demonstrated that in the both cases, gradient theory of elasticity was applied to the refined hyperbolic shear
by changing the material of a 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam from ceramic deformation beam theory to construct a new size-dependent beam

Fig. 3. Influence of the nonlocal size effect on the dimensionless nonlinear frequency-deflection response of 2D-FGM micro/nano-beams ( 1 = 0, 1 = 2 = 1).

349
S. Sahmani and B. Safaei Thin-Walled Structures 140 (2019) 342–356

Fig. 4. Influence of the strain gradient size effect on the dimensionless nonlinear frequency-deflection response of 2D-FGM micro/nano-beams ( 2 = 0, 1 = 2 = 1).

model. With the aid of the Hamilton's principle of variations, the non- strain gradient small scale effect causes to reduce it. This pattern is
classical nonlinear governing differential equations of motion were more significant for higher value of the maximum deflection.
captured based upon the axial and lateral coordinate dependent stiff- Furthermore, it was indicated that in a general view, the increment
ness components. Thereafter, by employing a numerical solving process made by the strain gradient size dependency in the value of the non-
based on the GDQ method together with the Galerkin technique, the linear frequency is more than the reduction caused by the nonlocality.
size-dependent nonlinear problem was solved. This pattern is more significant for the nonlinear frequency associated
It was depicted that for a specific value of the maximum deflection, with the lower maximum deflection imposed to the 2D-FGM micro/
the nonlocal size effect leads to increase the frequency ratio, while the nano-beam. Also, it was revealed that by changing the boundary

Table 2
Dimensionless nonlocal strain gradient nonlinear frequency of 2D-FGM micro/nano-beams corresponding to different values of the small scale parameters and
maximum deflection ( 1 = 2 = 0.5).

2 =0 2 = 0.05 2 = 0.15 2 = 0.25

Simply supported-Simply supported

Wmax = 0.08
1 =0 0.1605 0.1592 (−0.81%) 0.1502 (−6.42%) 0.1380 (−14.02%)
1 = 0.05 0.1618 (+0.81%) 0.1605 (0%) 0.1514 (−5.67%) 0.1390 (−13.40%)
1 = 0.15 0.1722 (+7.29%) 0.1707 (+6.35%) 0.1605 (0%) 0.1465 (−8.72%)
1 = 0.25 0.1913 (+19.19%) 0.1895 (+18.07%) 0.1773 (+10.47%) 0.1605 (0%)
Wmax = 0.16
1 =0 0.2275 0.2265 (−0.44%) 0.2199 (−3.34%) 0.2112 (−7.16%)
1 = 0.05 0.2285 (+0.44%) 0.2275 (0%) 0.2207 (−2.99%) 0.2118 (−6.90%)
1 = 0.15 0.2365 (+3.96%) 0.2353 (+3.43%) 0.2275 (0%) 0.2172 (−4.53%)
1 = 0.25 0.2517 (+10.64%) 0.2502 (+9.98%) 0.2405 (+5.71%) 0.2275 (0%)
Clamped-Clamped
Wmax = 0.08
1 =0 0.3908 0.3882 (−0.66%) 0.3711 (−5.04%) 0.3483 (−10.88%)
1 = 0.05 0.3934 (+0.67%) 0.3908 (0%) 0.3734 (−4.45%) 0.3501 (−10.41%)
1 = 0.15 0.4135 (+5.81%) 0.4106 (+5.07%) 0.3908 (0%) 0.3641 (−6.83%)
1 = 0.25 0.4511 (+15.43%) 0.4475 (+14.51%) 0.4234 (+8.34%) 0.3908 (0%)
Wmax = 0.16
1 =0 0.6126 0.6108 (−0.29%) 0.5987 (−2.27%) 0.5830 (+4.83%)
1 = 0.05 0.6145 (+0.31%) 0.6126 (0%) 0.6003 (−2.01%) 0.5842 (−4.64%)
1 = 0.15 0.6292 (+2.71%) 0.6271 (+2.27%) 0.6126 (0%) 0.5938 (−3.07%)
1 = 0.25 0.6577 (+7.36%) 0.6550 (+6.92%) 0.6366 (+3.92%) 0.6126 (0%)

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S. Sahmani and B. Safaei Thin-Walled Structures 140 (2019) 342–356

Fig. 5. Nonlocal strain gradient nonlinear frequency-deflection response of 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam corresponding to various values of the axial material property
gradient index ( 2 = 0, 1 = 2 = 0.15 ).

Fig. 6. Nonlocal strain gradient nonlinear frequency-deflection response of 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam corresponding to various values of the lateral material
property gradient index ( 1 = 0, 1 = 2 = 0.15).

351
S. Sahmani and B. Safaei Thin-Walled Structures 140 (2019) 342–356

Table 3
Dimensionless nonlocal strain gradient nonlinear frequency of 2D-FGM micro/nano-beams corresponding to different values of the material property gradient
indexes and maximum deflection ( 1 = 2 = 0.15).

2 =0 2 = 0.5 2 =1 2 =2

Simply supported-Simply supported

Wmax = 0.04
1= 0 0.1617 0.1451 (−10.27%) 0.1320 (−18.37%) 0.1143 (−29.31%)
1 = 0.5 0.1528 (−5.50%) 0.1390 (−14.04%) 0.1287 (−20.41%) 0.1139 (−29.56%)
1= 1 0.1332 (−17.63%) 0.1285 (−20.52%) 0.1154 (−28.63%) 0.1049 (−35.13%)
1= 2 0.1105 (−31.66%) 0.1050 (−35.07%) 0.1011 (−37.48%) 0.0962 (−40.51%)
Wmax = 0.08
1= 0 0.1869 0.1676 (−10.33%) 0.1525 (−18.41%) 0.1321 (−29.32%)
1 = 0.5 0.1765 (−5.56%) 0.1605 (−14.09%) 0.1487 (−20.44%) 0.1316 (−29.59%)
1= 1 0.1539 (−17.67%) 0.1485 (−20.55%) 0.1333 (−28.68%) 0.1212 (−35.15%)
1= 2 0.1277 (−31.68%) 0.1213 (−35.09%) 0.1168 (−37.51%) 0.1111 (−40.55%)
Clamped-Clamped
Wmax = 0.04
1= 0 0.3630 0.3257 (−10.27%) 0.2963 (−18.37%) 0.2566 (−29.31%)
1 = 0.5 0.3430 (−5.50%) 0.3120 (−14.04%) 0.2889 (−20.41%) 0.2557 (−29.56%)
1= 1 0.2990 (−17.63%) 0.2885 (−20.55%) 0.2592 (−28.63%) 0.2355 (−35.13%)
1= 2 0.2481 (−31.66%) 0.2357 (−35.07%) 0.2270 (−37.48%) 0.2160 (−40.51%)
Wmax = 0.08
1= 0 0.4549 0.4079 (−10.33%) 0.3712 (−18.41%) 0.3217 (29.32%)
1 = 0.5 0.4296 (−5.56%) 0.3908 (−14.09%) 0.3619 (−20.44%) 0.3203 (−29.59%)
1= 1 0.3745 (−17.67%) 0.3614 (−20.55%) 0.3244 (−28.68%) 0.2952 (−35.15%)
1= 2 0.3109 (−31.68%) 0.2953 (−35.09%) 0.2843 (−37.51%) 0.2705 (−40.55%)

conditions from SS-SS to CeC, the significance of both of the nonlocal that for lower values of the material property gradient indexes, the
and strain gradient size effects on the nonlinear frequency of 2D-FGM reduction in the nonlinear frequency caused by the lateral functionally
micro/nano-beam decreases. In addition, it was shown that by in- graded pattern in the absence of the axial functionally graded pattern is
creasing the value of the imposed maximum deflection, the influence of more than that of made by the vice versa case. However, for higher
the material property gradient indexes on the nonlinear frequency of values of the material property gradient indexes, an opposite observa-
the 2D-FGM micro/nano-beam enhances. Moreover, it was observed tion was found.

Appendix A

n n n n n n n
D (1) a11 (Xj )
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Uj
j = 1 ij
+ 2
D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij 1
2
D (3) Uj
j = 1 ij
+ D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij

n (2) n (2)
+ j = 1 Dij Wj ° j = 1 Dij Wj

n n n n n n n n
+ a11 (Xi ) ° D (2) Uj
j = 1 ij
+ D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij 1
2
D (4) Uj
j = 1 ij
+3 D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij
+ D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n n
D (1) b11 (Xj )
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij 1
2
D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij
b11 (Xi ) ° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij 1
2
D (5) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n n
+ D (1) c (Xj )
j = 1 ij 11
° D (1)
j = 1 ij j 1
2
D (3)
j = 1 ij j + c11 (Xi ) ° D (2)
j = 1 ij j 1
2
D (4)
j = 1 ij j

n n n
= I¯0 (Xi ) °U¨i 2¯
2 I0 (Xi ) ° D (2) U¨j
j = 1 ij
2
2 D (2) I¯ (Xj )
j = 1 ij 0
°U¨i I¯1 (Xi ) ° ¨j
D (1) W
j = 1 ij

2¯ n n n n
+ ¨j
D (3) W 2
D (2) I¯ (Xj ) ¨j
D (1) W + I¯1 (Xi ) ° ¨i 2¯
D (2) ¨j
2 I1 (Xi ) ° j = 1 ij
+ 2 j = 1 ij 1
° j = 1 ij 2 I1 (Xi ) ° j = 1 ij

n
2
2 D (2) I¯ (Xj )
j = 1 ij 0
° ¨i

(A1)

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S. Sahmani and B. Safaei Thin-Walled Structures 140 (2019) 342–356

n n n n n n n
D (2) b11 (Xj )
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Uj
j = 1 ij
+ 2
D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij 1
2
D (3) Uj
j = 1 ij
+ D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij

n (2) n (2)
+ j = 1 Dij Wj ° j = 1 Dij Wj

n n n n n
+ b11 (Xi ) ° D (2) Uj
j = 1 ij
+ D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
+ D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n n n n
1
2
D (5) Uj
j = 1 ij
+3 D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij
+4 D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij
+ D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (5) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n n
D (2) d11 (Xj )
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij 1
2
D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij
d11 (Xi ) ° D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij 1
2
D (6) Wj
j = 1 ij

n (2) n (1) 2 n (3)

+ j = 1 Dij f11 (Xj ) ° j = 1 Dij j 1 j = 1 Dij j

n n
+ f11 D (3)
j = 1 ij j 1
2
D (5)
j = 1 ij j + a11 1
2
1 a11 2
2
1 a11 1
2
2 a11 3
2
2 a11 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ 2 1 a11 4 + 2 1 a11 3 b11 5 + 1 b11 6 + 1 b11 5 + 2 b11 7 + 2 b11 6 2 1 b11 8
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1 b11 7 + c11 9 1 c11 10 1 c11 9 2 c11 11 2 c11 10 + 2 1 c11 12 + 22 12 c11 11

n n n
= I¯0 (Xi ) °W
¨i 2¯
2 I0 (Xi ) °
¨j
D (2) W
j = 1 ij
2
2 D (2) I¯ (Xj )
j = 1 ij 0
¨i + I¯1 (Xi ) °
°W D (1) U¨j
j = 1 ij

2¯ n n n n
2 I1 (Xi ) ° D (3) U¨j
j = 1 ij
2
2 D (2) I¯ (Xj )
j = 1 ij 1
° D (1) U¨j
j = 1 ij
+ D (1) I¯ (Xj )
j = 1 ij 1
°U¨i

n n n n
2
2 D (1) I¯ (Xj )
j = 1 ij 1
° D (2) U¨j
j = 1 ij
2
2 D (3) I¯ (Xj )
j = 1 ij 1
°U¨i I¯3 (Xi ) ° j = 1 ij
¨j
D (2) W

2¯ n n n n n
+ ¨j
D (4) W 2
D (2) I¯ (Xj ) ¨j
D (2) W D (1) I¯ (Xj ) ¨j
D (1) W
2 I3 (Xi ) ° j = 1 ij
+ 2 j = 1 ij 3
° j = 1 ij
+ j = 1 ij 3
° j = 1 ij

n n n n
2
2 D (1) I¯ (Xj )
j = 1 ij 3
° j = 1 ij
¨j
D (3) W 2
2 D (3) I¯ (Xj )
j = 1 ij 3
° j = 1 ij
¨j
D (1) W

n n n n
+ I¯4 (Xi ) ° D (1)
j = 1 ij
¨j 2¯
2 I4 (Xi ) ° D (3)
j = 1 ij
¨j 2
2 D (2) I¯ (Xj )
j = 1 ij 4
° D (1)
j = 1 ij
¨j

n n n n
+ D (1) I¯ (Xj )
j = 1 ij 4
° ¨i 2
2 D (1) I¯ (Xj )
j = 1 ij 4
° D (2)
j = 1 ij
¨j 2
2 D (3) I¯ (Xj )
j = 1 ij 4
° ¨i
(A2)

n n n n n n n
D (1) c (Xj )
j = 1 ij 11
° D (1) Uj
j = 1 ij
+ 2
D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij 1
2
D (3) Uj
j = 1 ij
+ D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n
+ D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n n n n n
+ c11 (Xi ) ° D (2) Uj
j = 1 ij
+ D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij 1
2
D (4) Uj
j = 1 ij
+3 D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij
+ D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n n
D (1) f (Xj )
j = 1 ij 11
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij 1
2
D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij
f11 (Xi ) ° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij 1
2
D (5) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n n
+ D (1) g (Xj )
j = 1 ij 11
° D (1)
j = 1 ij j 1
2
D (3)
j = 1 ij j + g11 (Xi ) ° D (2)
j = 1 ij j 1
2
D (4)
j = 1 ij j

n
a44 (Xi ) ° i 1
2
D (2)
j = 1 ij j

n n n
= I¯2 (Xi ) °U¨i 2¯
2 I2 (Xi ) ° D (2) U¨j
j = 1 ij
2
2 D (2) I¯ (Xj )
j = 1 ij 2
°U¨i I¯4 (Xi ) ° ¨j
D (1) W
j = 1 ij

2¯ n n n
+ ¨j
D (3) W 2
D (2) I¯ (Xj ) ¨j
D (1) W + I¯5 (Xi ) ° ¨i
2 I4 (Xi ) ° j = 1 ij
+ 2 j = 1 ij 4
° j = 1 ij

2¯ n ¨j n
2 I5 (Xi ) ° D (2)
j = 1 ij
2
2 D (2) I¯ (Xj )
j = 1 ij 5
° ¨i

(A3)

353
S. Sahmani and B. Safaei Thin-Walled Structures 140 (2019) 342–356

where ∘ represents the Hadamard product, and

n n n n 3 2 n n n
1 = D (2) Uj
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
+ D (1) Uj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
+ 2
D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n n n n
2 = D (4) Uj
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
+ D (3) Uj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
+4 2 D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n
+ 2 D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
+ D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n n n n n
3 = D (4) Uj
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
+3 D (3) Uj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
+3 D (2) Uj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij
+ D (1) Uj
j = 1 ij
° D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n n n
+ 2 3 D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
+9 D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij

3 n n n
+ 2
D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n n n n n
4 = D (6) Uj
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
+3 D (5) Uj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
+3 D (4) Uj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij
+ D (3) Uj
j = 1 ij
° D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n
+ 2 10 D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n
+ 12 D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n
+ 14 D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n
+ 814 D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (5) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n
+ 614 D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n
+ D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij
+ D (5) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n
+2 D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n
5 = D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij
+ D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n
6 = D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij
+ D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (5) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n n n
7 =3 D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij
+4 D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij
+ D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (5) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n n n n n
8 = D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij
+3 D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (5) Wj
j = 1 ij
+3 D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (6) Wj
j = 1 ij
+ D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (7) Wj
j = 1 ij

n n n n
9 = D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (1)
j = 1 ij j + D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2)
j = 1 ij j

n n n n
10 = D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3)
j = 1 ij j + D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (4)
j = 1 ij j

n n n n n n n n
11 = D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (1)
j = 1 ij j +3 D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (2)
j = 1 ij j +3 D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3)
j = 1 ij j + D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (4)
j = 1 ij j

n n n n n n n n
˜12 = D (4) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (3)
j = 1 ij j +3 D (3) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (4)
j = 1 ij j +3 D (2) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (5)
j = 1 ij j + D (1) Wj
j = 1 ij
° D (6)
j = 1 ij j

(A4)

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