MODULE 7: Hypothesis Testing

Lesson 1: The null and alternative hyposthesis

Problem No.1 We have a medicine that is being manufactured and each pill is supposed to
have 14 milligrams of the active ingredient. What are our null and alternative hypotheses?

Answer:

H o : µ = 14

H a : µ 6 ≠ 14

Problem No.2 The school principal wants to test if it is true what teachers say – that high
school juniors use the computer an average 3.2 hours a day. What are our null and alternative
hypotheses?

Answer:

H o : µ = 3.2

H a : µ 6 ≠ 3.2

Problem No.3 A medical researcher is interested in finding out whether a new medication will
have any undesirable side effects. The researcher is particularly concerned with the pulse rate of
the patients who take the medication. What are the hypotheses to test whether the pulse rate will
be different from the mean pulse rate of 82 beats per minute?

Answer:

H o : µ = 82

H a 1: µ ≠ 82

Problem No.4 A contractor wishes to lower heating bills by using a special type of insulation
in houses. If the average of the monthly heating bills is $78, her hypotheses about heating costs
will be.

Answer:

H o : µ ≥ $78

H a : µ < $78
Problem No.5 A chemist invents an additive to increase the life of an automobile battery. If
the mean lifetime of the battery is 36 months, then his hypotheses are.

Answer:

H o: µ ≤ 36

H a: µ > 36

Lesson 2: Z-test on the comparison between the population mean

and the sample mean
Problem No.1 The school nurse thinks the average height of 7 th graders has increased. The
average height of a 7th grader five year ago was 145cm with a standard deviation of 20cm. She
takes a random sample of 200 students and finds that average height of her sample is 147cm. are
7th graders now taller than they were before? Conduct a single tailed hypothesis test using 0.5
level of significance.

Answer:

H o : µ ≤145

H a : µ > 145

a= 0.05, one tailed

( x́−μ ) 147−145
z= √ n= 20 √200=1.414
σ

-The calculated value is smaller than the tabulated value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is
not rejected.

Problem No.2 A researcher reports that the average salary of assistant professors is more than
$42,000. A sample of 30 assistant professors has a mean salary of $43,260. At α α = 0.05, test
the claim that assistant professors earn more than $42,000 a year. The standard deviation of the
population is $5230.

Answer:

H o: µ ≤ $42,000

H a: µ > 42,000

a= 0.05, one tailed

 ( x́−μ ) 43260−4200
z= √ n= 5230 √30=1.32
σ

-The calculated value is smaller than the tabulated value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is
not rejected.

Problem No.3 A national magazine claims that the average college student watches less
television than the general public. The national average is 29.4 hours per week, with a standard
deviation of 2 hours. A sample of 30 college students has a mean of 27 hours. Is there enough
evidence to support the claim at a= 0.01?

Answer:

H o: µ ≥ 29.4

H a: µ <29.4

a= 0.01, one tailed

( x́−μ ) 27−29.4
z= √ n= 2 √ 30=−6.57
σ

-The calculated value is greater than the tabulated value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is
rejected.

Problem No.4 The Medical Rehabilitation Education Foundation reports that the average cost
of rehabilitation for stroke victims is $24,672. To see if the average cost of rehabilitation is
different at a large hospital, a researcher selected a random sample of 35 stroke victims and
found that the average cost of their rehabilitation is $25,226. The standard deviation of the
population is $3,251. At α = 0.01, can it be concluded that the average cost at a large hospital is
different from $24,672?

Answer:

H o: µ = $24,672

H a: µ ≠$24,672

a= 0.01, two tailed

( x́−μ ) 25226−29.4
z= √ n= 3251 √ 35=1.01
σ

-The calculated value is smaller than the tabulated value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is not
rejected.
Problem No.5 A researcher wishes to test the claim that the average age of lifeguards in
Ocean City is greater than 24 years. She selects a sample of 36 guards and finds the mean of the
sample to be 24.7 years, with a standard deviation of 2 years. Is there evidence to support the
claim at α= 0.05?

Answer:

H o: µ ≤ 24

H a: µ >24

a= 0.05, one tailed

( x́−μ ) 24.7−24
z= √ n= 2 √ 36=2.10
σ

-The calculated value is greater than the tabulated value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is
rejected.

A farmer is trying out a planting technique that he hopes will increase the yield on his pea plants.
The average number of pods on one of his pea plants is 145 pods with a standard deviation of
100 pods. This year, after trying his new planting technique, he takes a random sample of his
plants and finds the average number of pods to be 147. He wonders whether or not this is a
statistically significant increase. What are his hypotheses and the test statistic?

Lesson 3: T-test concerning means of independent samples

Problem No.1 An investigator thinks that people under the age of forty have vocabularies that
are different than those of people over sixty years of age. The investigator administers a
vocabulary test to a group of 31 younger subjects and to a group of 31 older subjects. Higher
scores reflect better performance. The mean score for younger subjects was 14.0 and the standard
deviation of younger subject's scores was 5.0. The mean score for older subjects was 20.0 and
the standard deviation of older subject's scores was 6.0. Does this experiment provide evidence
for the investigator's theory? The level of significance is 0.05.

Answer:

H o: There is no significant that people under the age of forty have vocabularies that are different
than those of people over sixty years of age.

H a: There is significant that people under the age of forty have vocabularies that are different
than those of people over sixty years of age.

a= 0.05, two tailed

 x́1 − x́2
t=
( n1−1 ) s 21+(n 2−1) s22 n 1+n 2
√[ n 1+ n2−2 ][ ]
n1 n2

x́ 1=14 n1 =31 s21=25

x́ 2=20 n2 =31 s22=36

14−20
t=
( 31−1 ) 25+(31−1)36 31+31 = -4.28
√[ 31+31−2 ][
31× 31 ]
df =n1 +n2−2=31+31−2=60

-The calculated value is greater than tabulated. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.

Problem No.2 An investigator predicts that dog owners in the country spend more time
walking their dogs than do dog owners in the city. The investigator gets a sample of 21 country
owners and 23 city owners. The mean number of hours per week that city owners spend walking
their dogs is 10.0. The standard deviation of hours spent walking the dog by city owners is 3.0.
The mean number of hour’s country owners spent walking their dogs per week was 15.0. The
standard deviation of the number of hours spent walking the dog by owners in the country was
4.0. Do dog owners in the country spend more time walking their dogs than do dog owners in the
city? Use 0.01 level of significance.

Answer:

H o: There is no significant between the time dog owner in the country and city in spending more
time to their dogs.

H a: There is significant between the time dog owners in the country and city in spending more
time to their dogs.

a= 0.01, one tailed

Let:

x́ 1=15 n1 =21 s21=16

x́ 2=10 n2 =23 s22=9

 15−10
t=
( 21−1 ) 16+(23−1) 9 21+23 = 4.78
√[ 21+23−2 ][21 ×23 ]
df =n1 +n2−2=21+23−2=42

-The calculated value is greater than tabulated. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.

Problem No. 3 An investigator theorizes that people who participate in a regular program of
exercise will have levels of systolic blood pressure that are significantly different from that of
people who do not participate in a regular program of exercise. To test this idea the investigator
randomly assigns 21 subjects to an exercise program for 10 weeks and 21 subjects to a non-
exercise comparison group. After ten weeks the mean systolic blood pressure of subjects in the
exercise group is 137 and the standard deviation of blood pressure values in the exercise group is
10. After ten weeks, the mean systolic blood pressure of subjects in the non-exercise group is
127 and the standard deviation on subjects in the non-exercise group is 9.0. Please test the
investigator's theory using an alpha level of .05.

Answer:

H o: There is no significant between people who do not participate in a regular program of

exercise and people attend the regular program of exercise.

H a: There is significant between people who do not participate in a regular program of exercise
and people attend the regular program of exercise.

a= 0.01, two tailed

Let:

x́ 1=137 n1 =21 s21=100

x́ 2=127 n2 =21 s22=81

137−127
t=
( 21−1 ) 100+(21−1)81 21+21 = 3.41
√[ 21+21−2 ][
21× 21 ]
df =n1 +n2−2=21+21−2=40

-The calculated value is greater than tabulated. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.
Problem No. 4 A statistics teacher wants to compare his two classes to see if they performed
any differently on tests he gave that semester: Class F has a 25 students with an average score of
70, standard deviation 15. Class H had 20 students with an average score of 74, standard
deviation of 25. The level of significance is 0.05. Did these classes performed differently the
tests?

Answer:

H o: μclass a=μclass b

H a : μclassa ≠ μclassb

a= 0.05, two tailed

Let:

x́ 1=70 n1 =25 s21=225

x́ 2=74 n2 =20 s22=625

70−74
t=
( 25−1 ) 225+(20−1)625 25+20 = -0.67
√[ 25+20−2 ][
25 × 20 ]
df =n1 +n2−2=25+20−2=43

-The calculated value is smaller than the tabulated value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is not
rejected.

Problem No. 5 Leo grows tomatoes in two separate fields. When the tomatoes are ready to
picked, he is curious as to whether the sizes of his tomatoes plants differ between the two fields.
He takes a random sample of plants from each field and measures the heights of the plants. Here
is a summary of the results: Use 0.05 as level of significance.

Field A Field B
Mean 1.3m 1.6m
Standard deviation 0.5m 0.3m
Number of plants 22 24
Answer:

H o: μa =μ b

H a : μa ≠ μ b

a= 0.05, two tailed

Let:

x́ 1=1.3 n1 =22 s21=0.25

x́ 2=1.6 n2 =24 s22=0.09

1.3−1.6
t=
( 22−1 ) 0.25+ (24−1 ) 09 22+24 = -2.49
√[ 22+24−2 ][ 22× 244 ]
d f =n1 +n2 −2=22+24−2=44

-The calculated value is greater than the tabulated value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is
rejected.

Lesson 4: T-test on the significance of the difference between two

correlated means
Problem No. 1 The English teacher conduct an vocabulary quiz in the first meeting and last
meeting in the class each year to assess if the students learn something in class hours. In the first
meeting the student scored 142 overall and in the last meeting students scored 173. A 200 item
quiz and having a sample variance of 42. Determine if the student performance improved. The
level of significance is 0.01

Answer:

H o: μ1=μ 2

H a : μ1 ≠ μ2

a= 0.01, one tail

d 142−173
n 200
t= √n= √200=−0.34
sd 6.481

df =n−1=200−1=199

-The calculated value is smaller than the tabular value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is not
rejected.
Problem No. 2 The following are fear ratings administered to five subjects before and after
exposure to “fear of the dark therapy”:

Subject Before After

Shaggy 8 4
Scooby 9 6
Fred 4 3
Velma 2 2
Daphna
5 3
e
Answer:

Subject Before After d d2

Shaggy 8 4 4 16
Scooby 9 6 3 8
Fred 4 3 1 1
Velma 2 2 0 0
Daphnae 5 3 2 4
H o: μ1=μ 2

H a : μ1 ≠ μ2

a=0.01, two tailed

Let: d=10 n=5 ∑ d 2=¿ ¿29

sd =√ 5 ( 29 )−¿ ¿ ¿

d 10
n 5
t= √n= √ 5=¿6.33
sd 0.707

df =n−1=5−1=4

-The calculated value is greater than the tabular value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.

Problem No. 3 Suppose a sample of n students was given a diagnostic test before studying a
particular module and then again after completing the module. We want to find out if, in general,
our teaching leads to improvements in students’ knowledge/skills (i.e. test scores). We can use
the results from our sample of students to draw conclusions about the impact of this module in
general.

Answer:

Subject Pre score Post score d d2

 1 18 22 -4 16
2 21 25 -4 16
3 16 17 -1 1
4 22 24 -2 4
5 19 16 3 9
6 24 29 -5 25
7 17 20 -3 9
8 21 23 -2 4
9 23 19 4 16
10 18 20 -2 4
11 14 15 -1 1
12 16 15 1 1
13 16 18 -2 4
14 19 26 -7 49
15 18 18 0 0
H o: μ1=μ 2

H a : μ1 ≠ μ2

a=0.01, two tailed

Let: d=−25 n=15 ∑ d 2=¿ ¿159

sd =√ 15 ( 159 )−¿ ¿¿

d −25
n 15
t= √n= √ 1 5=¿-2.23
sd 2.89

df =n−1=15−1=1 4

-The calculated value is smaller than the tabular value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is not
rejected.

Problem No. 4 We could have conducted the charter school study in a different way—by
comparing teachers’ satisfaction ratings before and after a school was converted to a privately
operated school. This design could be classified as a single-group pretest-posttest design. I have
used the same numbers as in the first between-subjects example given in class to illustrate a
point, but this is completely different example where we have two scores for each of 5 teachers.
Notice that in this design we only are using half the number of cases. Each teacher has two
scores.

Answer:
 Teacher Public( pretest) Charter(posttest d d2
)
1 2 7 -5 25
2 4 8 -4 16
3 6 10 -4 16
4 8 8 0 0
5 10 12 -2 3
2
∑ d=−16 ∑ d =¿ ¿60
H o: μ1=μ 2

H a : μ1 ≠ μ2

a=0.01, two tailed

Let: d=−16 n=5

sd =√ 5 ( 60 )−¿ ¿ ¿

d −16
n 5
t= √n= √5=−4.83
sd 1.48

df =n−1=5−1=4

-The calculated value is greater than the tabular value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.

Problem No. 5 A researcher is studying the influence of noise on one’s ability to solve
statistics problems. The researcher randomly selects n = 10 students and exposes them to a noisy
condition for 10 minutes and then a quiet condition for 10 minutes. In each condition, students
are given a set of statistics problems to solve. The dependent variable is the number of mistakes
made on the statistics problems during the ten minutes. Here, the researcher is testing a non-
directional hypothesis, because she wants to know if there is any effect of noise on performance
(errors).

Student Noisy (XN) Quiet (XQ) d d2

A 9 6 3 9
B 9 7 2 4
C 6 7 -1 1
D 7 5 2 4
E 6 4 2 4
F 7 4 3 9
G 9 6 3 9
H 11 9 2 4
I  7 5 2 4
J  9 7 2 4
Answer:

H o: μ Noise = μ Quiet, H a :μ Noise ≠ μ Quiet

a= 0.01, two tailed

Let: d=20 n=10 d 2=52

sd =√ 10 (52 )−¿ ¿ ¿ 1.54

d 20
n 10
t= √n= √ 10=4.11
sd 1.54

df =n−1=10−1=9

-The calculated value is greater than the tabular value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.

Lesson 5: Z-test on the significance of the difference between two

independent proportions
Problem No. 1 You’re testing two flu drugs A and B. Drug A works on 41 people out of
a sample of 195. Drug B works on 351 people in a sample of 605. Are the two drugs
comparable? Use a 5% alpha level.

Answer:

H o: P1=P2

H a : P1 ≠ P2

a= 0.05, two tailed

41 351
−
p 1− p2 195 605
z= = =8.99
p1 q1 p2 q2
√ n1
+
n2
√
41 154
195 195
195
+
351 254
( )( ) ( )( )
605 605
605

-The calculated value is greater than the tabulated value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is
rejected.
Problem No. 2 Suppose the Acme Drug Company develops a new drug, designed to prevent
colds. The company states that the drug is equally effective for men and women. To test this
claim, they choose a simple random sample of 100 women and 200 men from a population of
100,000 volunteers. At the end of the study, 38% of the women caught a cold; and 51% of the
men caught a cold. Based on these findings, can we reject the company's claim that the drug is
equally effective for men and women? Use a 0.05 level of significance.

Answer:

H o: P1=P2

H a : P1 ≠ P2

a= 0.05, two tailed

38 102
−
p 1− p2 100 200
z= = =−2.16
p1 q1 p2 q2
√ n1
+
n2
√
38 31
100 50
100
+
102 49
( )( ) ( )( )
200 100
200

-The calculated value is greater than the tabulated value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is
rejected.

Problem No. 3 Two types of medication for hives are being tested to determine if there is
a difference in the proportions of adult patient reactions. Twenty out of a random sample of
200 adults given medication A still had hives 30 minutes after taking the medication. Twelve out
of another random sample of 200 adults given medication B still had hives 30 minutes after
taking the medication. Test at a 1% level of significance.

Answer:

H o: P A =PB

Ha : PA ≠ PB

a= 0.01, two tailed

 20 12
−
p 1− p2 200 200
z= = =1.48
p1 q1 p2 q2
√ n1
+
n2
√
20
200 10
200
9
( )( ) ( )( )
+
12 47
200 50
200

-The calculated value is smaller than the tabulated value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is not
rejected.

Problem No. 4 A research study was conducted about gender differences in “sexting.” The
researcher believed that the proportion of girls involved in “sexting” is less than the proportion
of boys involved. The data collected in the spring of 2010 among a random sample of middle and
high school students in a large school district in the southern United States is summarized in the
table. Is the proportion of girls sending sexts less than the proportion of boys “sexting?” Test at a
1% level of significance.

Males Females
Sent “sexts” 183 156
Total number surveyed 2231 2169
Answer:

H o:  P F=  P M

H a:  P F < P M

a=0.01, one tailed

183 156
−
p 1− p2 2231 2169
z= = =1.26
p1 q1 p2 q2
√ n1
+
n2
√
183 2048
( 2231
2231
156 671
)( 2231 ) + ( 2169 )( 723 )
2169

-The calculated value is smaller than the tabulated value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is not
rejected.

Problem No. 5 Researchers conducted a study of smartphone use among adults. A cell phone
company claimed that iPhone smartphones are more popular with whites (non-Hispanic) than
with African Americans. The results of the survey indicate that of the 232 African American cell
phone owners randomly sampled, 5% have an iPhone. Of the 1,343 white cell phone owners
randomly sampled, 10% own an iPhone. Test at the 5% level of significance. Is the proportion of
white iPhone owners greater than the proportion of African American iPhone owners?

H o: Pw =  P A
H a: Pw >  P A

A=0.05, one tailed

11.6 134.3
−
p 1− p2 2 32 1343
z= = =−3.03
p1 q1 p2 q2
√ n1
+
n2
√ ( 11.6 )(
2 32 20
2 32
19
) +
( 134.3 9
1343 )( 10 )
1343

-The calculated value is greater than the tabulated value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is
rejected.

Lesson 6: Significance of the difference between variances

Problem No. 1