Chapter 19 Testbank Solution Manual Management Accounting
Chapter 19 Testbank Solution Manual Management Accounting
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Which of the following statements about the management accountant's role in the decision-making process is/are true?
i. The management accountant is primarily responsible for selecting an alternative in the decision-making process.
ii. The management account is primarily responsible for collecting the data in the decision-making process.
iii. The management accountant is sometimes involved in developing a decision model in the decision-making process.
A. i
B. i and ii
C. i and iii
D. ii and iii
2. Which of the following statements about the decision-making process is/are true?
i. The first step in the decision-making process is to define or clarify a decision problem into clear terms that can be
addressed.
ii. Before alternatives can be identified, the necessary data must first be collected.
iii. After the alternatives are identified, the criterion on which a decision will be made must be specified.
A. i
B. ii
C. iii
D. All of the given answers
3. When the objectives of the decision are in conflict, one objective may be specified as the decision criterion and the
other objectives are established as:
A. differential criteria.
B. irrelevant criteria.
C. constraints.
D. opportunity costs.
4. What term is used to describe factors in a decision problem that cannot be expressed effectively in numerical terms?
A. Qualitative
B. Quantitative
C. Sensitive
D. Uncertain
5. Decision problems involving accounting data are specified in:
A. qualitative terms.
B. quantitative terms.
C. financial aspects.
D. accounting aspects.
6. Criteria measured utilising quantitative terms include objectives such as:
A. profit maximisation or cost minimisation.
B. cost minimisation and employee morale.
C. increased sales and improved quality.
D. cost minimisation and employee morale; increased sales and improved quality.
7. An accounting information system should be designed to provide useful information. To be useful the information must
be:
A. qualitative not quantitative.
B. unique and unavailable through other sources.
C. historical in nature and not purport to predict the future.
D. relevant, accurate and timely.
8. If a management accountant is trying to decide whether a cost is relevant to a decision, he or she should consider the
cost relevant if:
A. it is a historical cost precise in nature.
B. it is a historical cost that is the same among all alternatives.
C. it is an expected future cost that is the same for each alternative.
D. it is an expected future cost that is different for each alternative.
9. The most common trade-off in a decision situation is between information:
A. accuracy and relevance.
B. relevance and timeliness.
C. accuracy and timeliness.
D. sensitivity and relevance.
10. In order for information to be relevant, the decision to be made must have an effect on:
i. future cost or revenues.
ii. past cost or revenues.
iii. the timeliness of information.
A. i
B. ii
C. iii
D. i and ii
11. In order to be relevant to a decision, cost or benefit information must involve ________, rather than ________.
A. a past event; a future event
B. actual data; estimated data
C. a future event; a past event
D. a past event; a current event
12. Which of the following statements is/are true?
i. Accurate but irrelevant information is still useful for decision making.
ii. Relevant, accurate, but not timely information is not useful in decision making.
iii. Relevant information that is known to have some weaknesses in accuracy still is useful in decision making.
A. i
B. ii
C. i and ii
D. ii and iii
13. Which of the following statements about relevant information is/are true?
i. An accountant can use past prices, previous market demand and previous cost data to predict future costs when
repetitive decisions are made.
ii. No relevant information is available within an organisation's information system for unique decisions.
iii. It is important to segregate relevant data from irrelevant data because it is possible to overload management with
information.
A. i
B. ii
C. ii and iii
D. i and iii
14. Which of the following statements about relevant information is/are true?
i. For information to be relevant, it must relate to the future.
ii. For information to be relevant, it must differ between the alternatives.
iii. For information to be relevant, it must be completely accurate.
A. i
B. i and ii
C. i and iii
D. All of the given answers
15.
In a decision to keep or replace a piece of equipment, calculate the total yearly expense of keeping the old equipment using the
following data.
A. $105 000
B. $25 000
C. $95 000
D. $130 000
16. The primary advantage of differential analysis is that it:
A. clearly shows the difference between the costs and benefits of the alternatives.
B. is much easier to formulate than total cost.
C. reduces the cost of one alternative by the cost of another.
D. only considers relevant costs.
17. Opportunity cost is best defined as:
A. the amount of money that is paid for something.
B. the amount of money that is paid for something, considering inflation.
C. the highest valued benefit given up in making a choice.
D. all of the benefits that are given up in making a choice.
18. Opportunity cost may also be described as:
A. a foregone benefit.
B. a comparative cost.
C. a frontier cost.
D. an alternative cost.
19. The book value of an asset such as equipment is an example of:
A. a future cost.
B. a differential cost.
C. an opportunity cost.
D. a sunk cost.
20. In decision making, opportunity costs are:
A. unimportant costs.
B. historical costs.
C. relevant costs.
D. future costs.
21. Manufacturers sometimes sell products at less than full price for a special order. The analysis of such decisions
focuses on:
A. fixed cost.
B. relevant benefits.
C. relevant costs.
D. both relevant benefits and relevant costs.
22.
Which of the following statements about variable and fixed expenses, as they relate to relevance, is/are true?
i. Variable expenses may or may not be relevant costs.
ii. Variable expenses are always relevant.
iii. Fixed expenses are never relevant.
A. i
B. i and iii
C. iii
D. ii and iii
23. Rapid Growth Pty Ltd is presently operating at full capacity. They received a special order that, if accepted, would
require refusing some sales to regular customers. Which of the following factors should management consider when
making their decision?
B.
Yes Yes No
C.
Yes No Yes
D.
Yes No No
24. A special order generally should be accepted if:
A. its revenue exceeds allocated fixed costs, regardless of the variable costs associated with the order.
B. excess capacity exists and the revenue exceeds all variable costs associated with the order.
C. excess capacity exists and the revenue exceeds allocated fixed costs.
D. the revenue exceeds variable costs, regardless of available capacity.
25.
When excess capacity exists, the only relevant cost associated with a special order will usually be which cost?
A. Fixed cost
B. Variable cost
C. Administrative cost
D. Allocated fixed cost
26. Which of the following statements regarding short-term decisions is true?
A. Fixed costs must only be considered on a per unit basis.
B. Fixed costs will actually behave as variable costs when they are unitised for special decisions.
C. Unitised fixed costs are valid only for make or buy decisions.
D. Unitised fixed costs are misleading because they appear to behave as variable costs when in fact they are not.
27.
A firm has the following cost data per unit.
Calculate fixed costs per unit.
A. $0.75
B. $1.75
C. $2.25
D. $3.25
28.
A firm has the following cost data per unit.
Calculate total cost per unit.
A. $3.25
B. $4.25
C. $1.75
D. $2.25
29. The manager of Big Mac Ltd is considering the purchase of equipment to make hamburgers that will reduce annual
operating costs by $1500. The equipment will cost $6000 and will have a useful life of five years with no resale value. The
new equipment will replace equipment purchased five years ago at a cost of $10 000, that has a book value of $5000 and
no resale value. What will be the net effect on profit for the next five years in total if the new equipment is purchased?
(Ignore tax effects.)
A. $7500 increase
B. $4500 decrease
C. $3500 decrease
D. $1500 increase
30. Jaspar Ltd has 1000 units in inventory that cost $2.00 per unit to produce. Due to changing technology, the sales
department is having difficulty selling the product. It will cost $500 to scrap the units. The company should consider any
price over:
A. $2000.
B. $2500.
C. $1500.
D. $0.
31. Mod Clothiers makes women's clothes. It costs $28 000 to produce 5000 pairs of polka-dot polyester pants. They
have been unable to sell the pants at their usual price of $50.00. The company is evaluating two alternatives. They could
sell the pants 'as is' for a total of $15 000 or they could modify the pants at a cost of $3000 and sell them for a total of $20
000.
What would be the effect on profit of modifying the pants and selling them as opposed to selling 'as is'?
A. $8000 decrease
B. $11 000 decrease
C. $2000 increase
D. $3000 increase
32. Mod Clothiers makes women's clothes. It costs $28 000 to produce 5000 pairs of polka-dot polyester pants. They
have been unable to sell the pants at their usual price of $50.00. The company is evaluating two alternatives. They could
sell the pants 'as is' for a total $15 000 or they could modify the pants and sell them for a total of $20 000.
At what cost to modify each pair of pants, would Mod Clothiers be indifferent between the two alternatives?
A. $0.40
B. $0.50
C. $0.75
D. $1.00
33.
Xebex Pty Ltd is considering whether to make or buy a component used in the production of Faz Machines. The annual cost of
producing the 100 000 components used by the company is as follows.
If Xebex were to discontinue production of the component, direct fixed manufacturing costs would be reduced by 80 per cent.
Xebex should buy the 100 000 components if the cost of purchasing per unit is less than what amount?
A. $4.50
B. $4.00
C. $3.80
D. $3.00
34.
Xebex Pty Ltd is considering whether to make or buy a component used in the production of Faz Machines. The annual cost of
producing the 100 000 components used by the company is as follows.
If Xebex were to discontinue production of the component, direct fixed manufacturing costs would be reduced by 80 per cent.
What are the irrelevant costs in the decision?
A. $50 000
B. $70 000
C. $80 000
D. $100 000
35. Sunshine Products is a multiproduct firm. The revenues of a single product are $200 000 when 10 000 units are sold.
Variable costs are $16 per unit. Direct fixed expenses of $25 000 consist primarily of depreciation on equipment
specialised to the product. By what amount will Sunshine Products' cash flow change if the product is dropped?
A. $200 000 decrease
B. $160 000 decrease
C. $40 000 decrease
D. $15 000 decrease
36. Holt Pty Ltd presently makes 20 000 units of a certain part to use in production. The cost to make the part is $20 per
unit including $15 in variable costs and $5 in fixed overhead applied. If Holt buys the part from Bricker, the cost would be
$18 per unit and the released facilities could not be used for any other activity. Eighty per cent of the fixed overhead would
continue. Determine the relevant costs to make the part.
A. $320 000
B. $360 000
C. $380 000
D. $300 000
37.
SloGrowth has idle capacity. They have received a special order for 2000 units at a price of $6 per unit. Currently production and sales
are budgeted for 20 000 units without considering the special order. Budget information for the year is presented below.
Cost of goods sold includes $20 000 of fixed manufacturing cost. Determine the effect on profit if the special order is accepted.
A. Remains the same
B. Increase by $2000
C. Decrease by $2000
D. Decrease by $1000
38.
Sound Systems reported the following results from the sale of 24 000 radios:
Sound Systems expects similar operating results during the current year. Rhythm Systems has offered to purchase 3000 radios at $16
each. Sound Systems estimates approximately 5000 additional units could be made with the capacity currently available in the factory.
The owner of Sound Systems is in favour of accepting the order. She feels it would be profitable because no variable selling costs will
be incurred. The plant manager is against acceptance because his 'full cost' of production is $17.
Determine the change in profit if the special order is accepted.
A. $3000 increase
B. $12 000 increase
C. $12 000 decrease
D. $36 000 decrease
39. Generally, joint costs are not relevant in decision making after split-off because:
A. they do not help increase the sales.
B. they increase the sales margin only marginally.
C. they do not change regardless of any decision.
D. joint costs reflect opportunity costs.
40. In the relative sales value method, joint costs are allocated between products:
A. in proportion to their sales value at split-off point.
B. in proportion to their profit margin at split-off point.
C. in proportion to the separable costs at split-off point.
D. in proportion to cost of production of a joint product.
41. Contribution margin per machine hour can be calculated by dividing:
A. machine hours required per unit by sales margin per unit.
B. contribution margin per unit by machine hours required per unit.
C. machine hours required per unit by contribution margin per unit.
D. total machine hours required by total contribution margin.
42. Product costs incurred after the split-off point are called:
A. separable processing costs.
B. joint product cost.
C. by-product costs.
D. scrap costs.
43. Lido Products produces two products (A and B) from a joint process. The joint cost of production is $80 000. Five
thousand units of Product A can be sold at split-off for $20 per unit or processed further at an additional cost of $20 000
and sold for $25 per unit. Ten thousand units of Product B can be sold at split-off for $15 per unit or processed further at
an additional cost of $20 000 and sold for $16 per unit.
What is the difference in profit if Lido decides to process further Product A, instead of selling it at split-off?
A. $25 000 increase
B. $5000 increase
C. $21 000 increase
D. $27 000 decrease
44. Lido Products produces two products (A and B) from a joint process. The joint cost of production is $80 000. Five
thousand units of Product A can be sold at split-off for $20 per unit or processed further at an additional cost of $20 000
and sold for $25 per unit. Ten thousand units of Product B can be sold at split-off for $15 per unit or processed further at
an additional cost of $20 000 and sold for $16 per unit.
What is the difference in profit if Lido decides to process further Product B, instead of selling it at split-off?
A. $10 000 increase
B. $20 000 increase
C. $10 000 decrease
D. $58 000 decrease
45. Consider the situation where an activity-based costing system is in use rather than a traditional volume-based costing
system. Which of the following statements is/are true?
A. The relevant cost decision model would be inappropriate if activity-based costing is used.
B. The relevant cost decision model is still appropriate, but a different decision criterion must be used.
C. The data collection and analysis step is going to be affected by the use of non-volume-related cost drivers.
D. The relevant cost decision model would be inappropriate if activity-based costing is used AND the data collection and
analysis step is going to be affected by the use of non-volume-related cost drivers.
46. Consider a situation where an activity-based costing system is in use rather than a traditional volume-based costing
system. Which of the following statements is/are true?
A. The use of activity-based costing eliminates the need to consider qualitative factors.
B. When an activity-based costing system is used, facility level costs will have to be analysed differently than under a
traditional volume-based costing system.
C. When an activity-based costing system is used, unit level costs will have to be analysed differently than when a
traditional volume-based costing system is used.
D. None of the given answers
47. When a joint production process results in two or more products being produced simultaneously, the products are
termed:
A. joint products.
B. split-off products.
C. by-products.
D. separable products.
48. Which of these statements about joint cost allocation is false?
A. It is useful in deciding whether to process further a joint product after split-off.
B. It is not useful in making accurate profit determination about individual joint products from given data.
C. It can be accomplished using the physical units method approach.
D. It can be used to value inventory.
49. A chocolate company uses the weight of joint products as the allocation basis. This type of cost allocation is the:
A. relative sales value method.
B. net realisable value method.
C. physical units method.
D. joint cost allocation method.
50. The joint cost allocation method that recognises the revenues at split-off but does not consider any further processing
costs is the:
A. relative sales value method.
B. net realisable value method.
C. joint cost allocation method.
D. constant gross margin method.
51. The joint cost allocation method that ensures that the gross margin for each product is identical is the:
A. relative sales value method.
B. net realisable value method.
C. joint cost allocation method.
D. constant gross margin method.
52. The method under which the relative magnitude of the final products' net realisable values is used to allocate the joint
cost is the:
A. net realisable value method.
B. constant gross margin method.
C. relative sales value method.
D. physical units method.
53. A joint product with very little value relative to other joint products is termed a:
A. negligible product.
B. accounted loss.
C. by-product.
D. scrap.
54. The joint cost allocation method that is not based on the economic characteristics of the joint products is the:
A. joint cost allocation method.
B. relative sales value method.
C. physical units method.
D. net realisable value method.
55. An appropriate way to account for by-products is to:
A. subtract the net realisable value of the by-products from the cost of the joint process.
B. deduct the by-product's sales value at split-off from the production cost of the main products.
C. allocate a portion of the joint cost to the by-product.
D. subtract the net realisable value of the by-products from the cost of the joint process AND/OR deduct the by-product's
sales value at split-off from the production cost of the main products.
56.
Lipex Pty Ltd produces two products (A and B) from a particular joint process. Each product may be sold at the split-off point or
processed further. Additional processing requires no special facilities, and production costs of further processing are entirely variable
and traceable to the products involved. Joint production costs for the year were $60 000. Sales values and costs are as follows.
Allocate the joint production costs based on the physical units method. What are the joint costs assigned to product A?
A. $25 714
B. $20 339
C. $34 286
D. $30 000
57.
Lipex Pty Ltd produces two products (A and B) from a particular joint process. Each product may be sold at the split-off point or
processed further. Additional processing requires no special facilities, and production costs of further processing are entirely variable
and traceable to the products involved. Joint production costs for the year were $60 000. Sales values and costs are as follows.
Allocate the joint production costs based on the physical units method. What are the joint costs assigned to product B?
A. $25 714
B. $20 339
C. $34 286
D. $39 661
58.
A firm incurs manufacturing costs totalling $240 000 in process 1 to produce the following three beverages emerging from that process
at the split-off point.
Apple juice: sold immediately it emerges from Process 1 without further processing for $0.70 litre.
Apple cider: processed further in Process 2 with an additional cost of $0.66667 litre, then sold for $1.50 litre.
Apple pulp: processed further in Process 3 with an additional cost of $1.50 litre, then sold for $3.50 litre.
The following data relates to the period in which the joint costs were incurred.
What is the amount of joint cost that would be allocated to apple juice if the physical measures method had been used?
A. $120 000
B. $80 000
C. $84 000
D. $130 000
59.
A firm incurs manufacturing costs totalling $240 000 in process 1 to produce the following three beverages emerging from that process
at the split-off point.
Apple juice: sold immediately it emerges from Process 1 without further processing for $0.70 litre.
Apple cider: processed further in Process 2 at an additional cost of $0.66667 litre, then sold for $1.50 litre.
Apple pulp: processed further in Process 3 at an additional cost of $1.50 litre, then sold for $3.50 litre.
The following data relates to the period in which the joint costs were incurred.
What is the amount of joint cost that would be allocated to apple juice if the relative sales value method had been used?
A. $120 000
B. $80 000
C. $84 000
D. Insufficient information to determine
60.
A firm incurs manufacturing costs totalling $240 000 in process 1 to produce the following three beverages emerging from that process
at the split-off point.
Apple juice: sold immediately it emerges from Process 1 without further processing for $0.70 litre.
Apple cider: processed further in Process 2 at an additional cost of $0.66667 litre, then sold for $1.50 litre
Apple pulp: processed further in Process 3 at an additional cost of $1.50 litre, then sold for $3.50 litre.
The following data relates to the period in which the joint costs were incurred.
What is the amount of joint cost that would be allocated to apple juice if the net realisable value method had been used?
A. $120 000
B. $80 000
C. $84 000
D. $91 000
61.
A firm incurs manufacturing costs totalling $240 000 in process 1 to produce the following three beverages emerging from that process
at the split-off point:
Apple juice: sold immediately it emerges from Process 1 without further processing for $0.70 litre.
Apple cider: processed further in Process 2 at an additional cost of $0.66667 litre, then sold for $1.50 litre.
Apple pulp: processed further in Process 3 at an additional cost of $1.50 litre, then sold for $3.50 litre.
The following data relates to the period in which the joint costs were incurred.
What is the amount of joint cost that would be allocated to apple juice if the constant gross margin method had been used?
A. $120 000
B. $91 000
C. $84 000
D. $80 000
62. A joint cost is:
A. a cost of a single process that yields two or more products or services simultaneously.
B. a cost that is not directly attributable to the production of any specific good or service.
C. a cost shared by more than one process in a manufacturing cycle.
D. All of the given answers
63. One method of treating by-products is to:
A. treat the by-product in the same way as the main products.
B. allocate all joint costs to both products and by-products.
C. adjust the cost of the joint products by subtracting the net realisable value of the by-product from the joint costs.
D. adjust the cost of the joint products by subtracting the cost of the by-product from the joint costs.
64. An opportunity cost is defined as:
A. the profit of the next best alternative foregone.
B. the additional revenue if we do not drop the product.
C. the additional (incremental) cost of accepting the order.
D. not being relevant if there is excess capacity.
65. Which of the following statements is true of relevant costs?
A. Variable costs are always relevant.
B. Sunk costs are never relevant.
C. If costs are the same under two alternatives, they are not relevant.
D. Sunk costs are never relevant AND if costs are the same under two alternatives, they are not relevant.
66. Why are joint costs never relevant in deciding whether to sell a product at split-off or process it further?
A. Because they are sunk costs
B. Because they are the same under both alternatives
C. Because they have already been allocated to joint products
D. Because they are sunk costs AND because they are the same under both alternatives
67.
A company produces products A, B and C and the profit and loss statement for the past twelve months shows the following (in
thousands) details.
The company is considering dropping Product C. If it does this, the fixed costs will remain the same except that the firm will be able to
rent out excess factory space at $30 000 per annum. If other revenue and cost figures remained the same, what would be the effect on
annual profit of dropping Product C?
A. 0
B. Increase of $30 000
C. Increase of $40 000
D. Decrease of $10 000
68. Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the link between decision making and performance
evaluation?
A. Managers are rewarded for good decisions; therefore there is always an incentive for mangers to make the best
decision for the firm.
B. Where managers are rewarded by financial variables such as bottom-line profit, there is often an incentive for
managers to avoid a decision that may be in the best interests of the firm but reduce their segment's bottom line.
C. Managers can be relied on to always make decisions that are in the interests of the firm as a whole.
D. Decision making and performance evaluation are separate issues for the managers of firms and are seldom related.
69. For which of the following should joint costs and joint cost allocations not be used?
A. Inventory valuation
B. Comparing profitability of joint products
C. Rewarding managers of processes beyond split-off point
D. Both comparing profitability of joint products AND rewarding managers of processes beyond split-off point
70. A firm currently makes a component, and requires 30 000 of them for the coming year's production. Another supplier
has offered the part at a delivered price of $3 per unit. It would cost $3000 to check purchased units for quality. Product
costs per unit for the past year were $2.35 variable and $1 fixed based on 30 000 units. If the component was bought,
fixed overhead would be reduced by $6000, the cost of leasing specialised equipment. The space vacated by the
equipment can be rented for $4000 for the year. Which of the following statements is the correct quantitative analysis of
the make or buy decision?
A. The buy option costs $12 500 more than the make option.
B. The buy option costs $12 500 less than the make option.
C. The buy option costs $10 500 more than the make option.
D. The firm is indifferent between the two options.
71. A firm currently makes a component, and requires 30 000 for the coming year's production. Another supplier has
offered the part at a delivered price of $3 per unit. It would cost $3000 to check purchased units for quality. Product costs
per unit for the past year were $2.35 variable and $1 fixed based on 30 000 units. If the component was bought, fixed
overhead would be reduced by $6000, the cost of leasing specialised equipment. The space vacated by the equipment
can be rented for $4000 for the year. At what level of units of production is the firm indifferent between making and
buying?
A. 30 000 units
B. 10 769 units
C. 4615 units
D. 20 000 units
72. For a firm that currently makes a particular component, which of the following are qualitative factors that would be
considered following a quantitative analysis in favour of buying?
A. Buying increases uncertainty, in particular with respect to timely availability of the component.
B. Buying surrenders control over product design and quality.
C. Employee morale would be affected if a decision to buy meant dismissing staff.
D. All of the given answers
73. Which of the following is a correct quantitative decision-rule with respect to whether to drop a product?
A. If the product has a positive contribution margin, then do not drop the product.
B. If the product is showing a net loss, the product should be dropped.
C. If the profit of the firm without the product is higher than with the product, the product should be dropped.
D. If the product has a positive contribution margin, then do not drop the product AND if the profit of the firm without the
product is higher than with the product, the product should be dropped.
74.
A firm produces three items from a single process in batches containing 40 units A (a by-product); 100 units B; 100 units C. Separable
costs and selling prices are:
Joint process costs are $30 000 per batch.
What is the amount of joint costs that would be allocated to B using the net realisable value method and treats by-product revenue as a
reduction of the cost of the principal products?
A. $7000
B. $7500
C. $15 000
D. $14 000
75. When considering the allocation of joint costs, which of the following statements (if any) is false?
A. If there are no beginning inventories and all products are sold at the split-off point, the relative sales value method and
the constant gross margin percentage methods yield the same results.
B. In order to use the actual sales value at split-off method, management does not have to determine which products will
be produced beyond the split-off point or what separable costs will be incurred.
C. A problem with the physical measures method of allocation is that it may not be related to the product's ability to
produce revenue.
D. The cause–effect criterion is the key principle in allocating costs when joint costing is used.
76.
C Limited produces two products (A and B) from a particular joint process. Each product may be sold at split-off or may be further
processed. Joint production costs for the year amounted to $60 000. Sales values and costs are as follows.
If the joint production costs were assigned using the relative sales value method the joint costs allocated to A would be:
A. $20 339.
B. $27 383.
C. $27 857.
D. $0: all joint costs are allocated to B.
77.
C Limited produces two products (A and B) from a particular joint process. Each product may be sold at split-off or may be further
processed. Joint production costs for the year amounted to $60 000. Sales values and costs are as follows.
If the joint production costs were assigned using the net realisable value method, the joint costs allocated to B would be:
A. $23 964.
B. $32 143.
C. $32 617.
D. $39 661.
78.
Zoota Ltd makes four products: Alta, Bepha, Delma and Gamta. The selling price and per unit costs are show below.
*Alta and Delma share the same factory; therefore, monthly rent is allocated equally between the two products. Other allocated monthly
fixed costs include administrative costs, which are allocated based on a $2/unit charge.
Zoota Ltd decides to drop Delma because it is unprofitable. Christina Bobo, the management accountant of Zoota Ltd, suggests that by
dropping Delma the company can save $1 x 5000 = $5000 a month. Your assessment of Christina's suggestion is:
A. Christina is correct in her quantitative assessment; although she needs to also consider the qualitative factors.
B. Christina is incorrect because by dropping Delma, the company actually loses $3 per unit.
C. Christina is incorrect, because by dropping Delma, the company actually loses $1 per unit.
D. Christina is incorrect, because Delma is currently at break-even point.
79.
Zoota Ltd makes four products: Alta, Bepha, Delma and Gamta. The selling price and per unit costs are show below.
*Alta and Delma share the same factory; therefore, monthly rent is allocated equally between the two products. Other allocated monthly
fixed costs include administrative costs, which are allocated based on a $2/unit charge.
Zoota Ltd is planning to downsize by focusing on the two most profitable products, Bepha and Gamta, while discontinuing Alta and
Delma. Which of the following are the correct assessments of the relevance of the items listed?
A. Raw materials for both products (relevant), selling price of both products (relevant), allocated fixed cost for both
products (relevant)
B. Raw materials for both products (relevant), selling price of both products (relevant), allocated rent for both products
(relevant)
C. Raw materials for both products (relevant), selling price of both products (irrelevant), allocated rent for both products
(irrelevant)
D. Raw materials for both products (relevant), allocated rent for both products (irrelevant), allocated fixed cost for both
products (relevant)
80.
Zoota Ltd makes four products: Alta, Bepha, Delma and Gamta. The selling price and per unit costs are show below.
*Alta and Delma share the same factory; therefore, monthly rent is allocated equally between the two products. Other allocated monthly
fixed costs include administrative costs, which are allocated based on a $2/unit charge.
What will be the company's total fixed cost (excluding rent) after Delma is dropped (assuming that sales volume = production volume)?
A. $30 000
B. $40 000
C. $50 000
D. $60 000
81. Kragle Ltd manufacturers a number of specialised electronic components, including the advanced X1000. Kragle Ltd
has the capacity to produce 10 000 units of X1000 per year. Currently it is operating at 80 per cent capacity. The selling
price for X1000 is $100 per unit. The variable cost per unit is $30. Fixed cost allocated to producing X1000 is $200 000
per year. Kragle Ltd receives a special order for 2000 units of X1000. The opportunity cost associated with taking this
special order is:
A. $0.
B. $60 000.
C. $140 000.
D. $200 000.
82. Kragle Ltd manufacturers a number of specialised electronic components, including the advanced X1000. Kragle Ltd
has the capacity to produce 10 000 units of X1000 per year. Currently it is operating at 80 per cent capacity. The selling
price for X1000 is $100 per unit. The variable cost per unit is $30. Fixed cost allocated to producing X1000 is $200 000
per year. Kragle Ltd receives a special order for 3000 units of X1000. The opportunity cost associated with taking this
special order is:
A. $0.
B. $30 000.
C. $70 000.
D. $100 000.
83. North Central Publishing is considering outsourcing its printing process. Which of the following are relevant for this
outsourcing decision?
i The rent associated with the freed-up space when the printing equipment is sold
ii Supplier's financial stability
iii The carrying amount of the printing equipment
A. ii and iii
B. i and ii
C. i and iii
D. i, ii and iii
84. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a tactical decision?
A. It is a short term decision.
B. It usually does not involve changing the capacity of the company.
C. It is difficult to reverse.
D. Qualitative factors are relevant.
85. Which of the following is least likely to be classified as a tactical decision?
A. Buying a new factory.
B. Outsourcing factory security.
C. Discontinuing an unprofitable product model.
D. Selling or disposing of a by-product
86. Sleepo Ltd has been manufacturing only one type of alarm clock, the PlainSnooze model. The company is considering
developing some modifications to make another, more advanced model. Two options are available: the ToughSnooze and
the MusicSnooze. Both ToughSnooze and MusicSnooze will start with the same processes as the PlainSnooze model,
but with additional advanced functions. ToughSnooze has a voice activated snooze function, as well as an 'indestructible'
aluminium casing, created for people who throw their alarm clocks around. The MusicSnooze also has a voice activated
snooze function, but instead of the tough aluminium casing, it has a 'music choice' function.
In choosing between making the ToughSnooze or the MusicSnooze, which of the following costs are relevant?
i The cost of building the PlainSnooze model.
ii. The cost of building a voice activated snooze function.
iii The cost of building an 'indestructible' aluminium cover.
iv The cost of building the 'music choice' function.
A. i, ii, iii and iii
B. ii and iii
C. ii, iii and iv
D. iii and iv
87. Which of the following statements in relation to making tactical decisions is incorrect?
A. Future costs are always relevant.
B. Sunk costs are always irrelevant.
C. Allocated and unitised fixed costs are generally irrelevant.
D. Opportunity cost is relevant when there is no excess capacity.
88. Which of the following steps in the decision making process would be primarily the responsibility of the management
accountant?
A. Identifying the alternative courses of actions
B. Specifying the decision criterion
C. Selecting a course of action
D. Clarifying the problem
89. A well-designed activity-based system helps managers because the costs are analysed in more detail and identify:
A. volume-based costs.
B. non-volume-based costs.
C. overheads and volume-based costs.
D. volume-based and non-volume-based costs.
90. When cost allocations are used to encourage the sales managers to push the higher margin products this action will
link:
A. decision making and budgeting.
B. decision making and management performance evaluation.
C. budgeting and management performance.
D. budgeting and targets.
91. When a costing system has been designed explicitly to influence certain decisions, this will:
A. discourage efficiency.
B. encourage efficiency.
C. discourage biases.
D. encourage biases.
92. Which of the following costs would not be recorded in the cost accounting system?
A. Sunk costs
B. Unitised costs
C. Opportunity costs
D. Allocated costs
93. Which of the following would be a relevant cost that would need to be considered for pricing a special order?
A. Additional set-up costs for the special order
B. Existing fixed manufacturing overhead
C. Non-manufacturing costs that will not change even if the special order is accepted
D. All of the costs are relevant costs
94. Relevance of joint costs for decision
The managers of firm ST are facing a decision to further process product J2 before sale. J2 is one of three joint products
provided by a manufacturing process. Product J2 presently is sold immediately after split-off. However, product J2 can be
processed further and sold for a higher price. The overall volume of activity is not expected to change. Are the joint costs
allocated to product J2 relevant for this decision? Explain your answer.
95. Relevance of joint costs for decision
The managers of firm LT are facing a decision to discontinue the production process. This process begins with a joint
process that yields three products. Each of the three products is further processed after the split-off point. The costs of the
entire production process are broken down into two major categories: costs of the joint process before split-off and after
split-off. Discuss the relevance of each of these categories of costs to the decision to discontinue the entire production
process.
96. Steps in the decision-making process
i. Two of the steps in the decision-making process are to 'specify the criterion' and to 'develop a decision model'. List the
remaining four steps in the decision-making process.
ii. Explain the difference between the two steps listed above, specifying the criterion and developing a decision model.
97. Steps in the decision-making process
The six steps in the decision-making process are to clarify the decision problem, specify the criterion, identify the
alternatives, develop a decision model, collect the data and select an alternative.
i. In which step is the management accountant most heavily involved? Explain.
ii. Assume that a decision-making process has been underway for a while and that three alternatives have been
developed. At the last step in the process, the managers suddenly realise there is another alternative. Describe which
steps in the decision-making process will have to be revisited in order to consider this new alternative.
98. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics
i. Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative characteristics.
ii. At what point in the six-step decision-making process do the qualitative characteristics have an impact?
99. Characteristics for information for decision making
i. One characteristic of information that is essential in order for the information to be useful for decision making is
relevance. What are the other two characteristics?
ii. Frequently there is a conflict between the two characteristics requested in question (i), describe why this conflict exists.
iii. What distinguishes relevant information from irrelevant information?
100. Distinctions between sunk costs and opportunity costs
i. Define sunk costs and opportunity costs.
ii. 'Information about sunk costs generally can be found in the accounting system; however, information about opportunity
costs rarely is found in the accounting records.' Do you agree with that statement? Explain why or why not.
101. Pitfalls in using unit fixed costs
Fixed costs can be expressed as total fixed costs or can be divided by the expected level of activity to obtain fixed costs
per unit. Which of these is likely to be more useful in decision making? Explain.
102. Effect of alternative costing systems on decisions
Traditional volume-based product costing systems and activity-based costing systems have been presented as alternative
methods to use to determine product costs.
i. In a traditional volume-based costing system, costs are classified as fixed and variable. In an activity-based costing
system, costs are classified into four categories. List those four categories.
ii. Is it possible for the quantitative analysis to differ depending on whether data is developed from a traditional volume-
based costing system or an activity-based costing system? If so, explain which of the four categories of cost in question (i)
are likely to cause the difference.
103. Many decisions can be classified as tactical decisions or strategic decisions. Using an example to illustrate both
types of decisions, briefly describe the differences between a tactical and strategic decision.
104. When making decisions, the quantitative information considered consists of factors relevant to the decision that
cannot be expressed effectively in numerical terms.
True False
105. The term given to the practice of having a process undertaken by an external firm rather than a company doing it
itself, is outsourcing.
True False
106. When making the decision of whether to process further a joint product, it is generally better to allocate the joint costs
using the relative sales value method to ensure the correct decision is made.
True False
107. While there is a decision-making model, in many instances managers frequently make decisions without necessarily
following the set steps detailed in the model.
True False
108. The split-off point is that stage in the manufacturing process where the products being manufactured can finally be
identified as separate products.
True False
109. When deciding whether to accept a special order, spare or idle capacity is not a factor that needs to be taken into
account.
True False
110. Sunk costs, unitising costs, how costs are allocated, and leaving out opportunity costs are all factors where errors
are often made, and will ultimately affect the outcome of the decision.
True False
111. When a department or a product is showing a loss after all costs have been traced and allocated, a company has no
option but to make the decision to either close the department or drop the product.
True False
112. The very nature of tactical decisions means that in many situations most overhead costs are considered fixed and
may not be relevant to the decision in hand.
True False
113. Efficient decision-making tends to consider relevant information only and this information focuses on incremental
revenue and expenses.
True False
114. When a business has idle capacity and has two options to choose from that will maximise capacity, the potential
benefit that is surrendered by choosing only one option is known as the opportunity cost.
True False
115. An activity-based approach to cost analysis is similar to a job costing approach.
True False
116. When performance incentives are part of a manager's remuneration, it is unlikely to influence their decision making.
True False
Chapter 19 Testbank Key
1. Which of the following statements about the management accountant's role in the decision-making process is/are true?
i. The management accountant is primarily responsible for selecting an alternative in the decision-making process.
ii. The management account is primarily responsible for collecting the data in the decision-making process.
iii. The management accountant is sometimes involved in developing a decision model in the decision-making process.
A. i
B. i and ii
C. i and iii
D. ii and iii
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.01 Describe the steps in the decision-making process, and the management accountant's role in that process
2. Which of the following statements about the decision-making process is/are true?
i. The first step in the decision-making process is to define or clarify a decision problem into clear terms that can be
addressed.
ii. Before alternatives can be identified, the necessary data must first be collected.
iii. After the alternatives are identified, the criterion on which a decision will be made must be specified.
A. i
B. ii
C. iii
D. All of the given answers
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.01 Describe the steps in the decision-making process, and the management accountant's role in that process
3. When the objectives of the decision are in conflict, one objective may be specified as the decision criterion and the
other objectives are established as:
A. differential criteria.
B. irrelevant criteria.
C. constraints.
D. opportunity costs.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.01 Describe the steps in the decision-making process, and the management accountant's role in that process
4. What term is used to describe factors in a decision problem that cannot be expressed effectively in numerical terms?
A. Qualitative
B. Quantitative
C. Sensitive
D. Uncertain
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.01 Describe the steps in the decision-making process, and the management accountant's role in that process
5. Decision problems involving accounting data are specified in:
A. qualitative terms.
B. quantitative terms.
C. financial aspects.
D. accounting aspects.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.01 Describe the steps in the decision-making process, and the management accountant's role in that process
6. Criteria measured utilising quantitative terms include objectives such as:
A. profit maximisation or cost minimisation.
B. cost minimisation and employee morale.
C. increased sales and improved quality.
D. cost minimisation and employee morale; increased sales and improved quality.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.01 Describe the steps in the decision-making process, and the management accountant's role in that process
7. An accounting information system should be designed to provide useful information. To be useful the information must
be:
A. qualitative not quantitative.
B. unique and unavailable through other sources.
C. historical in nature and not purport to predict the future.
D. relevant, accurate and timely.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.03 Describe the characteristics of relevant information
8. If a management accountant is trying to decide whether a cost is relevant to a decision, he or she should consider the
cost relevant if:
A. it is a historical cost precise in nature.
B. it is a historical cost that is the same among all alternatives.
C. it is an expected future cost that is the same for each alternative.
D. it is an expected future cost that is different for each alternative.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.03 Describe the characteristics of relevant information
9. The most common trade-off in a decision situation is between information:
A. accuracy and relevance.
B. relevance and timeliness.
C. accuracy and timeliness.
D. sensitivity and relevance.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.03 Describe the characteristics of relevant information
10. In order for information to be relevant, the decision to be made must have an effect on:
i. future cost or revenues.
ii. past cost or revenues.
iii. the timeliness of information.
A. i
B. ii
C. iii
D. i and ii
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.03 Describe the characteristics of relevant information
11. In order to be relevant to a decision, cost or benefit information must involve ________, rather than ________.
A. a past event; a future event
B. actual data; estimated data
C. a future event; a past event
D. a past event; a current event
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.03 Describe the characteristics of relevant information
12. Which of the following statements is/are true?
i. Accurate but irrelevant information is still useful for decision making.
ii. Relevant, accurate, but not timely information is not useful in decision making.
iii. Relevant information that is known to have some weaknesses in accuracy still is useful in decision making.
A. i
B. ii
C. i and ii
D. ii and iii
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.03 Describe the characteristics of relevant information
13. Which of the following statements about relevant information is/are true?
i. An accountant can use past prices, previous market demand and previous cost data to predict future costs when
repetitive decisions are made.
ii. No relevant information is available within an organisation's information system for unique decisions.
iii. It is important to segregate relevant data from irrelevant data because it is possible to overload management with
information.
A. i
B. ii
C. ii and iii
D. i and iii
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.03 Describe the characteristics of relevant information
14. Which of the following statements about relevant information is/are true?
i. For information to be relevant, it must relate to the future.
ii. For information to be relevant, it must differ between the alternatives.
iii. For information to be relevant, it must be completely accurate.
A. i
B. i and ii
C. i and iii
D. All of the given answers
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.03 Describe the characteristics of relevant information
15.
In a decision to keep or replace a piece of equipment, calculate the total yearly expense of keeping the old equipment using the
following data.
A. $105 000
B. $25 000
C. $95 000
D. $130 000
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.03 Describe the characteristics of relevant information
16. The primary advantage of differential analysis is that it:
A. clearly shows the difference between the costs and benefits of the alternatives.
B. is much easier to formulate than total cost.
C. reduces the cost of one alternative by the cost of another.
D. only considers relevant costs.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.04 Identify relevant information, including giving the appropriate treatment to sunk costs and opportunity costs
17. Opportunity cost is best defined as:
A. the amount of money that is paid for something.
B. the amount of money that is paid for something, considering inflation.
C. the highest valued benefit given up in making a choice.
D. all of the benefits that are given up in making a choice.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.04 Identify relevant information, including giving the appropriate treatment to sunk costs and opportunity costs
18. Opportunity cost may also be described as:
A. a foregone benefit.
B. a comparative cost.
C. a frontier cost.
D. an alternative cost.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.04 Identify relevant information, including giving the appropriate treatment to sunk costs and opportunity costs
19. The book value of an asset such as equipment is an example of:
A. a future cost.
B. a differential cost.
C. an opportunity cost.
D. a sunk cost.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.04 Identify relevant information, including giving the appropriate treatment to sunk costs and opportunity costs
20. In decision making, opportunity costs are:
A. unimportant costs.
B. historical costs.
C. relevant costs.
D. future costs.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.04 Identify relevant information, including giving the appropriate treatment to sunk costs and opportunity costs
21. Manufacturers sometimes sell products at less than full price for a special order. The analysis of such decisions
focuses on:
A. fixed cost.
B. relevant benefits.
C. relevant costs.
D. both relevant benefits and relevant costs.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.05 Select and analyse relevant information for special order decisions
22.
Which of the following statements about variable and fixed expenses, as they relate to relevance, is/are true?
i. Variable expenses may or may not be relevant costs.
ii. Variable expenses are always relevant.
iii. Fixed expenses are never relevant.
A. i
B. i and iii
C. iii
D. ii and iii
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.03 Describe the characteristics of relevant information
23. Rapid Growth Pty Ltd is presently operating at full capacity. They received a special order that, if accepted, would
require refusing some sales to regular customers. Which of the following factors should management consider when
making their decision?
B.
Yes Yes No
C.
Yes No Yes
D.
Yes No No
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.05 Select and analyse relevant information for special order decisions
24. A special order generally should be accepted if:
A. its revenue exceeds allocated fixed costs, regardless of the variable costs associated with the order.
B. excess capacity exists and the revenue exceeds all variable costs associated with the order.
C. excess capacity exists and the revenue exceeds allocated fixed costs.
D. the revenue exceeds variable costs, regardless of available capacity.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.05 Select and analyse relevant information for special order decisions
25.
When excess capacity exists, the only relevant cost associated with a special order will usually be which cost?
A. Fixed cost
B. Variable cost
C. Administrative cost
D. Allocated fixed cost
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.05 Select and analyse relevant information for special order decisions
26. Which of the following statements regarding short-term decisions is true?
A. Fixed costs must only be considered on a per unit basis.
B. Fixed costs will actually behave as variable costs when they are unitised for special decisions.
C. Unitised fixed costs are valid only for make or buy decisions.
D. Unitised fixed costs are misleading because they appear to behave as variable costs when in fact they are not.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.11 Identify the pitfalls to avoid when using accounting data in decisions
27.
A firm has the following cost data per unit.
Calculate fixed costs per unit.
A. $0.75
B. $1.75
C. $2.25
D. $3.25
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.06 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions about whether to make or buy a product
28.
A firm has the following cost data per unit.
Calculate total cost per unit.
A. $3.25
B. $4.25
C. $1.75
D. $2.25
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.06 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions about whether to make or buy a product
29. The manager of Big Mac Ltd is considering the purchase of equipment to make hamburgers that will reduce annual
operating costs by $1500. The equipment will cost $6000 and will have a useful life of five years with no resale value. The
new equipment will replace equipment purchased five years ago at a cost of $10 000, that has a book value of $5000 and
no resale value. What will be the net effect on profit for the next five years in total if the new equipment is purchased?
(Ignore tax effects.)
A. $7500 increase
B. $4500 decrease
C. $3500 decrease
D. $1500 increase
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.04 Identify relevant information, including giving the appropriate treatment to sunk costs and opportunity costs
30. Jaspar Ltd has 1000 units in inventory that cost $2.00 per unit to produce. Due to changing technology, the sales
department is having difficulty selling the product. It will cost $500 to scrap the units. The company should consider any
price over:
A. $2000.
B. $2500.
C. $1500.
D. $0.
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.04 Identify relevant information, including giving the appropriate treatment to sunk costs and opportunity costs
31. Mod Clothiers makes women's clothes. It costs $28 000 to produce 5000 pairs of polka-dot polyester pants. They
have been unable to sell the pants at their usual price of $50.00. The company is evaluating two alternatives. They could
sell the pants 'as is' for a total of $15 000 or they could modify the pants at a cost of $3000 and sell them for a total of $20
000.
What would be the effect on profit of modifying the pants and selling them as opposed to selling 'as is'?
A. $8000 decrease
B. $11 000 decrease
C. $2000 increase
D. $3000 increase
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.04 Identify relevant information, including giving the appropriate treatment to sunk costs and opportunity costs
32. Mod Clothiers makes women's clothes. It costs $28 000 to produce 5000 pairs of polka-dot polyester pants. They
have been unable to sell the pants at their usual price of $50.00. The company is evaluating two alternatives. They could
sell the pants 'as is' for a total $15 000 or they could modify the pants and sell them for a total of $20 000.
At what cost to modify each pair of pants, would Mod Clothiers be indifferent between the two alternatives?
A. $0.40
B. $0.50
C. $0.75
D. $1.00
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.04 Identify relevant information, including giving the appropriate treatment to sunk costs and opportunity costs
33.
Xebex Pty Ltd is considering whether to make or buy a component used in the production of Faz Machines. The annual cost of
producing the 100 000 components used by the company is as follows.
If Xebex were to discontinue production of the component, direct fixed manufacturing costs would be reduced by 80 per cent.
Xebex should buy the 100 000 components if the cost of purchasing per unit is less than what amount?
A. $4.50
B. $4.00
C. $3.80
D. $3.00
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.06 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions about whether to make or buy a product
34.
Xebex Pty Ltd is considering whether to make or buy a component used in the production of Faz Machines. The annual cost of
producing the 100 000 components used by the company is as follows.
If Xebex were to discontinue production of the component, direct fixed manufacturing costs would be reduced by 80 per cent.
What are the irrelevant costs in the decision?
A. $50 000
B. $70 000
C. $80 000
D. $100 000
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.06 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions about whether to make or buy a product
35. Sunshine Products is a multiproduct firm. The revenues of a single product are $200 000 when 10 000 units are sold.
Variable costs are $16 per unit. Direct fixed expenses of $25 000 consist primarily of depreciation on equipment
specialised to the product. By what amount will Sunshine Products' cash flow change if the product is dropped?
A. $200 000 decrease
B. $160 000 decrease
C. $40 000 decrease
D. $15 000 decrease
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.06 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions about whether to make or buy a product
36. Holt Pty Ltd presently makes 20 000 units of a certain part to use in production. The cost to make the part is $20 per
unit including $15 in variable costs and $5 in fixed overhead applied. If Holt buys the part from Bricker, the cost would be
$18 per unit and the released facilities could not be used for any other activity. Eighty per cent of the fixed overhead would
continue. Determine the relevant costs to make the part.
A. $320 000
B. $360 000
C. $380 000
D. $300 000
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.06 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions about whether to make or buy a product
37.
SloGrowth has idle capacity. They have received a special order for 2000 units at a price of $6 per unit. Currently production and sales
are budgeted for 20 000 units without considering the special order. Budget information for the year is presented below.
Cost of goods sold includes $20 000 of fixed manufacturing cost. Determine the effect on profit if the special order is accepted.
A. Remains the same
B. Increase by $2000
C. Decrease by $2000
D. Decrease by $1000
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.05 Select and analyse relevant information for special order decisions
38.
Sound Systems reported the following results from the sale of 24 000 radios:
Sound Systems expects similar operating results during the current year. Rhythm Systems has offered to purchase 3000 radios at $16
each. Sound Systems estimates approximately 5000 additional units could be made with the capacity currently available in the factory.
The owner of Sound Systems is in favour of accepting the order. She feels it would be profitable because no variable selling costs will
be incurred. The plant manager is against acceptance because his 'full cost' of production is $17.
Determine the change in profit if the special order is accepted.
A. $3000 increase
B. $12 000 increase
C. $12 000 decrease
D. $36 000 decrease
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.05 Select and analyse relevant information for special order decisions
39. Generally, joint costs are not relevant in decision making after split-off because:
A. they do not help increase the sales.
B. they increase the sales margin only marginally.
C. they do not change regardless of any decision.
D. joint costs reflect opportunity costs.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
40. In the relative sales value method, joint costs are allocated between products:
A. in proportion to their sales value at split-off point.
B. in proportion to their profit margin at split-off point.
C. in proportion to the separable costs at split-off point.
D. in proportion to cost of production of a joint product.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
41. Contribution margin per machine hour can be calculated by dividing:
A. machine hours required per unit by sales margin per unit.
B. contribution margin per unit by machine hours required per unit.
C. machine hours required per unit by contribution margin per unit.
D. total machine hours required by total contribution margin.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.05 Select and analyse relevant information for special order decisions
42. Product costs incurred after the split-off point are called:
A. separable processing costs.
B. joint product cost.
C. by-product costs.
D. scrap costs.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
43. Lido Products produces two products (A and B) from a joint process. The joint cost of production is $80 000. Five
thousand units of Product A can be sold at split-off for $20 per unit or processed further at an additional cost of $20 000
and sold for $25 per unit. Ten thousand units of Product B can be sold at split-off for $15 per unit or processed further at
an additional cost of $20 000 and sold for $16 per unit.
What is the difference in profit if Lido decides to process further Product A, instead of selling it at split-off?
A. $25 000 increase
B. $5000 increase
C. $21 000 increase
D. $27 000 decrease
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
44. Lido Products produces two products (A and B) from a joint process. The joint cost of production is $80 000. Five
thousand units of Product A can be sold at split-off for $20 per unit or processed further at an additional cost of $20 000
and sold for $25 per unit. Ten thousand units of Product B can be sold at split-off for $15 per unit or processed further at
an additional cost of $20 000 and sold for $16 per unit.
What is the difference in profit if Lido decides to process further Product B, instead of selling it at split-off?
A. $10 000 increase
B. $20 000 increase
C. $10 000 decrease
D. $58 000 decrease
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
45. Consider the situation where an activity-based costing system is in use rather than a traditional volume-based costing
system. Which of the following statements is/are true?
A. The relevant cost decision model would be inappropriate if activity-based costing is used.
B. The relevant cost decision model is still appropriate, but a different decision criterion must be used.
C. The data collection and analysis step is going to be affected by the use of non-volume-related cost drivers.
D. The relevant cost decision model would be inappropriate if activity-based costing is used AND the data collection and
analysis step is going to be affected by the use of non-volume-related cost drivers.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.09 Complete relevant cost analysis using activity-based costing
46. Consider a situation where an activity-based costing system is in use rather than a traditional volume-based costing
system. Which of the following statements is/are true?
A. The use of activity-based costing eliminates the need to consider qualitative factors.
B. When an activity-based costing system is used, facility level costs will have to be analysed differently than under a
traditional volume-based costing system.
C. When an activity-based costing system is used, unit level costs will have to be analysed differently than when a
traditional volume-based costing system is used.
D. None of the given answers
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.09 Complete relevant cost analysis using activity-based costing
47. When a joint production process results in two or more products being produced simultaneously, the products are
termed:
A. joint products.
B. split-off products.
C. by-products.
D. separable products.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
48. Which of these statements about joint cost allocation is false?
A. It is useful in deciding whether to process further a joint product after split-off.
B. It is not useful in making accurate profit determination about individual joint products from given data.
C. It can be accomplished using the physical units method approach.
D. It can be used to value inventory.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
49. A chocolate company uses the weight of joint products as the allocation basis. This type of cost allocation is the:
A. relative sales value method.
B. net realisable value method.
C. physical units method.
D. joint cost allocation method.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
50. The joint cost allocation method that recognises the revenues at split-off but does not consider any further processing
costs is the:
A. relative sales value method.
B. net realisable value method.
C. joint cost allocation method.
D. constant gross margin method.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
51. The joint cost allocation method that ensures that the gross margin for each product is identical is the:
A. relative sales value method.
B. net realisable value method.
C. joint cost allocation method.
D. constant gross margin method.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.12 Use various approaches to allocate joint costs to products, and evaluate the usefulness of these approaches for managerial
decision making
52. The method under which the relative magnitude of the final products' net realisable values is used to allocate the joint
cost is the:
A. net realisable value method.
B. constant gross margin method.
C. relative sales value method.
D. physical units method.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.12 Use various approaches to allocate joint costs to products, and evaluate the usefulness of these approaches for managerial
decision making
53. A joint product with very little value relative to other joint products is termed a:
A. negligible product.
B. accounted loss.
C. by-product.
D. scrap.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.12 Use various approaches to allocate joint costs to products, and evaluate the usefulness of these approaches for managerial
decision making
54. The joint cost allocation method that is not based on the economic characteristics of the joint products is the:
A. joint cost allocation method.
B. relative sales value method.
C. physical units method.
D. net realisable value method.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.12 Use various approaches to allocate joint costs to products, and evaluate the usefulness of these approaches for managerial
decision making
55. An appropriate way to account for by-products is to:
A. subtract the net realisable value of the by-products from the cost of the joint process.
B. deduct the by-product's sales value at split-off from the production cost of the main products.
C. allocate a portion of the joint cost to the by-product.
D. subtract the net realisable value of the by-products from the cost of the joint process AND/OR deduct the by-product's
sales value at split-off from the production cost of the main products.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.12 Use various approaches to allocate joint costs to products, and evaluate the usefulness of these approaches for managerial
decision making
56.
Lipex Pty Ltd produces two products (A and B) from a particular joint process. Each product may be sold at the split-off point or
processed further. Additional processing requires no special facilities, and production costs of further processing are entirely variable
and traceable to the products involved. Joint production costs for the year were $60 000. Sales values and costs are as follows.
Allocate the joint production costs based on the physical units method. What are the joint costs assigned to product A?
A. $25 714
B. $20 339
C. $34 286
D. $30 000
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.12 Use various approaches to allocate joint costs to products, and evaluate the usefulness of these approaches for managerial
decision making
57.
Lipex Pty Ltd produces two products (A and B) from a particular joint process. Each product may be sold at the split-off point or
processed further. Additional processing requires no special facilities, and production costs of further processing are entirely variable
and traceable to the products involved. Joint production costs for the year were $60 000. Sales values and costs are as follows.
Allocate the joint production costs based on the physical units method. What are the joint costs assigned to product B?
A. $25 714
B. $20 339
C. $34 286
D. $39 661
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.12 Use various approaches to allocate joint costs to products, and evaluate the usefulness of these approaches for managerial
decision making
58.
A firm incurs manufacturing costs totalling $240 000 in process 1 to produce the following three beverages emerging from that process
at the split-off point.
Apple juice: sold immediately it emerges from Process 1 without further processing for $0.70 litre.
Apple cider: processed further in Process 2 with an additional cost of $0.66667 litre, then sold for $1.50 litre.
Apple pulp: processed further in Process 3 with an additional cost of $1.50 litre, then sold for $3.50 litre.
The following data relates to the period in which the joint costs were incurred.
What is the amount of joint cost that would be allocated to apple juice if the physical measures method had been used?
A. $120 000
B. $80 000
C. $84 000
D. $130 000
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.12 Use various approaches to allocate joint costs to products, and evaluate the usefulness of these approaches for managerial
decision making
59.
A firm incurs manufacturing costs totalling $240 000 in process 1 to produce the following three beverages emerging from that process
at the split-off point.
Apple juice: sold immediately it emerges from Process 1 without further processing for $0.70 litre.
Apple cider: processed further in Process 2 at an additional cost of $0.66667 litre, then sold for $1.50 litre.
Apple pulp: processed further in Process 3 at an additional cost of $1.50 litre, then sold for $3.50 litre.
The following data relates to the period in which the joint costs were incurred.
What is the amount of joint cost that would be allocated to apple juice if the relative sales value method had been used?
A. $120 000
B. $80 000
C. $84 000
D. Insufficient information to determine
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.12 Use various approaches to allocate joint costs to products, and evaluate the usefulness of these approaches for managerial
decision making
60.
A firm incurs manufacturing costs totalling $240 000 in process 1 to produce the following three beverages emerging from that process
at the split-off point.
Apple juice: sold immediately it emerges from Process 1 without further processing for $0.70 litre.
Apple cider: processed further in Process 2 at an additional cost of $0.66667 litre, then sold for $1.50 litre
Apple pulp: processed further in Process 3 at an additional cost of $1.50 litre, then sold for $3.50 litre.
The following data relates to the period in which the joint costs were incurred.
What is the amount of joint cost that would be allocated to apple juice if the net realisable value method had been used?
A. $120 000
B. $80 000
C. $84 000
D. $91 000
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.12 Use various approaches to allocate joint costs to products, and evaluate the usefulness of these approaches for managerial
decision making
61.
A firm incurs manufacturing costs totalling $240 000 in process 1 to produce the following three beverages emerging from that process
at the split-off point:
Apple juice: sold immediately it emerges from Process 1 without further processing for $0.70 litre.
Apple cider: processed further in Process 2 at an additional cost of $0.66667 litre, then sold for $1.50 litre.
Apple pulp: processed further in Process 3 at an additional cost of $1.50 litre, then sold for $3.50 litre.
The following data relates to the period in which the joint costs were incurred.
What is the amount of joint cost that would be allocated to apple juice if the constant gross margin method had been used?
A. $120 000
B. $91 000
C. $84 000
D. $80 000
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 19.12 Use various approaches to allocate joint costs to products, and evaluate the usefulness of these approaches for managerial
decision making
62. A joint cost is:
A. a cost of a single process that yields two or more products or services simultaneously.
B. a cost that is not directly attributable to the production of any specific good or service.
C. a cost shared by more than one process in a manufacturing cycle.
D. All of the given answers
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
63. One method of treating by-products is to:
A. treat the by-product in the same way as the main products.
B. allocate all joint costs to both products and by-products.
C. adjust the cost of the joint products by subtracting the net realisable value of the by-product from the joint costs.
D. adjust the cost of the joint products by subtracting the cost of the by-product from the joint costs.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
64. An opportunity cost is defined as:
A. the profit of the next best alternative foregone.
B. the additional revenue if we do not drop the product.
C. the additional (incremental) cost of accepting the order.
D. not being relevant if there is excess capacity.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.04 Identify relevant information, including giving the appropriate treatment to sunk costs and opportunity costs
65. Which of the following statements is true of relevant costs?
A. Variable costs are always relevant.
B. Sunk costs are never relevant.
C. If costs are the same under two alternatives, they are not relevant.
D. Sunk costs are never relevant AND if costs are the same under two alternatives, they are not relevant.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.04 Identify relevant information, including giving the appropriate treatment to sunk costs and opportunity costs
66. Why are joint costs never relevant in deciding whether to sell a product at split-off or process it further?
A. Because they are sunk costs
B. Because they are the same under both alternatives
C. Because they have already been allocated to joint products
D. Because they are sunk costs AND because they are the same under both alternatives
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
67.
A company produces products A, B and C and the profit and loss statement for the past twelve months shows the following (in
thousands) details.
The company is considering dropping Product C. If it does this, the fixed costs will remain the same except that the firm will be able to
rent out excess factory space at $30 000 per annum. If other revenue and cost figures remained the same, what would be the effect on
annual profit of dropping Product C?
A. 0
B. Increase of $30 000
C. Increase of $40 000
D. Decrease of $10 000
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.07 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions to add or delete a product or department
68. Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the link between decision making and performance
evaluation?
A. Managers are rewarded for good decisions; therefore there is always an incentive for mangers to make the best
decision for the firm.
B. Where managers are rewarded by financial variables such as bottom-line profit, there is often an incentive for
managers to avoid a decision that may be in the best interests of the firm but reduce their segment's bottom line.
C. Managers can be relied on to always make decisions that are in the interests of the firm as a whole.
D. Decision making and performance evaluation are separate issues for the managers of firms and are seldom related.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.10 Discuss how incentives can influence the way that managers make decisions
69. For which of the following should joint costs and joint cost allocations not be used?
A. Inventory valuation
B. Comparing profitability of joint products
C. Rewarding managers of processes beyond split-off point
D. Both comparing profitability of joint products AND rewarding managers of processes beyond split-off point
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
70. A firm currently makes a component, and requires 30 000 of them for the coming year's production. Another supplier
has offered the part at a delivered price of $3 per unit. It would cost $3000 to check purchased units for quality. Product
costs per unit for the past year were $2.35 variable and $1 fixed based on 30 000 units. If the component was bought,
fixed overhead would be reduced by $6000, the cost of leasing specialised equipment. The space vacated by the
equipment can be rented for $4000 for the year. Which of the following statements is the correct quantitative analysis of
the make or buy decision?
A. The buy option costs $12 500 more than the make option.
B. The buy option costs $12 500 less than the make option.
C. The buy option costs $10 500 more than the make option.
D. The firm is indifferent between the two options.
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.06 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions about whether to make or buy a product
71. A firm currently makes a component, and requires 30 000 for the coming year's production. Another supplier has
offered the part at a delivered price of $3 per unit. It would cost $3000 to check purchased units for quality. Product costs
per unit for the past year were $2.35 variable and $1 fixed based on 30 000 units. If the component was bought, fixed
overhead would be reduced by $6000, the cost of leasing specialised equipment. The space vacated by the equipment
can be rented for $4000 for the year. At what level of units of production is the firm indifferent between making and
buying?
A. 30 000 units
B. 10 769 units
C. 4615 units
D. 20 000 units
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.06 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions about whether to make or buy a product
72. For a firm that currently makes a particular component, which of the following are qualitative factors that would be
considered following a quantitative analysis in favour of buying?
A. Buying increases uncertainty, in particular with respect to timely availability of the component.
B. Buying surrenders control over product design and quality.
C. Employee morale would be affected if a decision to buy meant dismissing staff.
D. All of the given answers
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.06 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions about whether to make or buy a product
73. Which of the following is a correct quantitative decision-rule with respect to whether to drop a product?
A. If the product has a positive contribution margin, then do not drop the product.
B. If the product is showing a net loss, the product should be dropped.
C. If the profit of the firm without the product is higher than with the product, the product should be dropped.
D. If the product has a positive contribution margin, then do not drop the product AND if the profit of the firm without the
product is higher than with the product, the product should be dropped.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.07 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions to add or delete a product or department
74.
A firm produces three items from a single process in batches containing 40 units A (a by-product); 100 units B; 100 units C. Separable
costs and selling prices are:
Joint process costs are $30 000 per batch.
What is the amount of joint costs that would be allocated to B using the net realisable value method and treats by-product revenue as a
reduction of the cost of the principal products?
A. $7000
B. $7500
C. $15 000
D. $14 000
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.12 Use various approaches to allocate joint costs to products, and evaluate the usefulness of these approaches for managerial
decision making
75. When considering the allocation of joint costs, which of the following statements (if any) is false?
A. If there are no beginning inventories and all products are sold at the split-off point, the relative sales value method and
the constant gross margin percentage methods yield the same results.
B. In order to use the actual sales value at split-off method, management does not have to determine which products will
be produced beyond the split-off point or what separable costs will be incurred.
C. A problem with the physical measures method of allocation is that it may not be related to the product's ability to
produce revenue.
D. The cause–effect criterion is the key principle in allocating costs when joint costing is used.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.12 Use various approaches to allocate joint costs to products, and evaluate the usefulness of these approaches for managerial
decision making
76.
C Limited produces two products (A and B) from a particular joint process. Each product may be sold at split-off or may be further
processed. Joint production costs for the year amounted to $60 000. Sales values and costs are as follows.
If the joint production costs were assigned using the relative sales value method the joint costs allocated to A would be:
A. $20 339.
B. $27 383.
C. $27 857.
D. $0: all joint costs are allocated to B.
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
77.
C Limited produces two products (A and B) from a particular joint process. Each product may be sold at split-off or may be further
processed. Joint production costs for the year amounted to $60 000. Sales values and costs are as follows.
If the joint production costs were assigned using the net realisable value method, the joint costs allocated to B would be:
A. $23 964.
B. $32 143.
C. $32 617.
D. $39 661.
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.12 Use various approaches to allocate joint costs to products, and evaluate the usefulness of these approaches for managerial
decision making
78.
Zoota Ltd makes four products: Alta, Bepha, Delma and Gamta. The selling price and per unit costs are show below.
*Alta and Delma share the same factory; therefore, monthly rent is allocated equally between the two products. Other allocated monthly
fixed costs include administrative costs, which are allocated based on a $2/unit charge.
Zoota Ltd decides to drop Delma because it is unprofitable. Christina Bobo, the management accountant of Zoota Ltd, suggests that by
dropping Delma the company can save $1 x 5000 = $5000 a month. Your assessment of Christina's suggestion is:
A. Christina is correct in her quantitative assessment; although she needs to also consider the qualitative factors.
B. Christina is incorrect because by dropping Delma, the company actually loses $3 per unit.
C. Christina is incorrect, because by dropping Delma, the company actually loses $1 per unit.
D. Christina is incorrect, because Delma is currently at break-even point.
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 19.07 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions to add or delete a product or department
79.
Zoota Ltd makes four products: Alta, Bepha, Delma and Gamta. The selling price and per unit costs are show below.
*Alta and Delma share the same factory; therefore, monthly rent is allocated equally between the two products. Other allocated monthly
fixed costs include administrative costs, which are allocated based on a $2/unit charge.
Zoota Ltd is planning to downsize by focusing on the two most profitable products, Bepha and Gamta, while discontinuing Alta and
Delma. Which of the following are the correct assessments of the relevance of the items listed?
A. Raw materials for both products (relevant), selling price of both products (relevant), allocated fixed cost for both
products (relevant)
B. Raw materials for both products (relevant), selling price of both products (relevant), allocated rent for both products
(relevant)
C. Raw materials for both products (relevant), selling price of both products (irrelevant), allocated rent for both products
(irrelevant)
D. Raw materials for both products (relevant), allocated rent for both products (irrelevant), allocated fixed cost for both
products (relevant)
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.07 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions to add or delete a product or department
80.
Zoota Ltd makes four products: Alta, Bepha, Delma and Gamta. The selling price and per unit costs are show below.
*Alta and Delma share the same factory; therefore, monthly rent is allocated equally between the two products. Other allocated monthly
fixed costs include administrative costs, which are allocated based on a $2/unit charge.
What will be the company's total fixed cost (excluding rent) after Delma is dropped (assuming that sales volume = production volume)?
A. $30 000
B. $40 000
C. $50 000
D. $60 000
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.07 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions to add or delete a product or department
81. Kragle Ltd manufacturers a number of specialised electronic components, including the advanced X1000. Kragle Ltd
has the capacity to produce 10 000 units of X1000 per year. Currently it is operating at 80 per cent capacity. The selling
price for X1000 is $100 per unit. The variable cost per unit is $30. Fixed cost allocated to producing X1000 is $200 000
per year. Kragle Ltd receives a special order for 2000 units of X1000. The opportunity cost associated with taking this
special order is:
A. $0.
B. $60 000.
C. $140 000.
D. $200 000.
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.05 Select and analyse relevant information for special order decisions
82. Kragle Ltd manufacturers a number of specialised electronic components, including the advanced X1000. Kragle Ltd
has the capacity to produce 10 000 units of X1000 per year. Currently it is operating at 80 per cent capacity. The selling
price for X1000 is $100 per unit. The variable cost per unit is $30. Fixed cost allocated to producing X1000 is $200 000
per year. Kragle Ltd receives a special order for 3000 units of X1000. The opportunity cost associated with taking this
special order is:
A. $0.
B. $30 000.
C. $70 000.
D. $100 000.
AACSB: Analytical
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.05 Select and analyse relevant information for special order decisions
83. North Central Publishing is considering outsourcing its printing process. Which of the following are relevant for this
outsourcing decision?
i The rent associated with the freed-up space when the printing equipment is sold
ii Supplier's financial stability
iii The carrying amount of the printing equipment
A. ii and iii
B. i and ii
C. i and iii
D. i, ii and iii
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.06 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions about whether to make or buy a product
84. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a tactical decision?
A. It is a short term decision.
B. It usually does not involve changing the capacity of the company.
C. It is difficult to reverse.
D. Qualitative factors are relevant.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.02 Explain the differences between tactical decisions and long-term decisions
85. Which of the following is least likely to be classified as a tactical decision?
A. Buying a new factory.
B. Outsourcing factory security.
C. Discontinuing an unprofitable product model.
D. Selling or disposing of a by-product
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.02 Explain the differences between tactical decisions and long-term decisions
86. Sleepo Ltd has been manufacturing only one type of alarm clock, the PlainSnooze model. The company is considering
developing some modifications to make another, more advanced model. Two options are available: the ToughSnooze and
the MusicSnooze. Both ToughSnooze and MusicSnooze will start with the same processes as the PlainSnooze model,
but with additional advanced functions. ToughSnooze has a voice activated snooze function, as well as an 'indestructible'
aluminium casing, created for people who throw their alarm clocks around. The MusicSnooze also has a voice activated
snooze function, but instead of the tough aluminium casing, it has a 'music choice' function.
In choosing between making the ToughSnooze or the MusicSnooze, which of the following costs are relevant?
i The cost of building the PlainSnooze model.
ii. The cost of building a voice activated snooze function.
iii The cost of building an 'indestructible' aluminium cover.
iv The cost of building the 'music choice' function.
A. i, ii, iii and iii
B. ii and iii
C. ii, iii and iv
D. iii and iv
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.04 Identify relevant information, including giving the appropriate treatment to sunk costs and opportunity costs
87. Which of the following statements in relation to making tactical decisions is incorrect?
A. Future costs are always relevant.
B. Sunk costs are always irrelevant.
C. Allocated and unitised fixed costs are generally irrelevant.
D. Opportunity cost is relevant when there is no excess capacity.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.11 Identify the pitfalls to avoid when using accounting data in decisions
88. Which of the following steps in the decision making process would be primarily the responsibility of the management
accountant?
A. Identifying the alternative courses of actions
B. Specifying the decision criterion
C. Selecting a course of action
D. Clarifying the problem
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.02 Explain the differences between tactical decisions and long-term decisions
89. A well-designed activity-based system helps managers because the costs are analysed in more detail and identify:
A. volume-based costs.
B. non-volume-based costs.
C. overheads and volume-based costs.
D. volume-based and non-volume-based costs.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.09 Complete relevant cost analysis using activity-based costing
90. When cost allocations are used to encourage the sales managers to push the higher margin products this action will
link:
A. decision making and budgeting.
B. decision making and management performance evaluation.
C. budgeting and management performance.
D. budgeting and targets.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.10 Discuss how incentives can influence the way that managers make decisions
91. When a costing system has been designed explicitly to influence certain decisions, this will:
A. discourage efficiency.
B. encourage efficiency.
C. discourage biases.
D. encourage biases.
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.10 Discuss how incentives can influence the way that managers make decisions
92. Which of the following costs would not be recorded in the cost accounting system?
A. Sunk costs
B. Unitised costs
C. Opportunity costs
D. Allocated costs
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.11 Identify the pitfalls to avoid when using accounting data in decisions
93. Which of the following would be a relevant cost that would need to be considered for pricing a special order?
A. Additional set-up costs for the special order
B. Existing fixed manufacturing overhead
C. Non-manufacturing costs that will not change even if the special order is accepted
D. All of the costs are relevant costs
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.05 Select and analyse relevant information for special order decisions
94. Relevance of joint costs for decision
The managers of firm ST are facing a decision to further process product J2 before sale. J2 is one of three joint products
provided by a manufacturing process. Product J2 presently is sold immediately after split-off. However, product J2 can be
processed further and sold for a higher price. The overall volume of activity is not expected to change. Are the joint costs
allocated to product J2 relevant for this decision? Explain your answer.
The joint production costs allocated to product J2 are not relevant for this decision. The decision does not affect the
operation of the joint process; therefore its costs should remain the same as now. Consequently, these costs are not
differential costs for this decision.
AACSB: Communication
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
95. Relevance of joint costs for decision
The managers of firm LT are facing a decision to discontinue the production process. This process begins with a joint
process that yields three products. Each of the three products is further processed after the split-off point. The costs of the
entire production process are broken down into two major categories: costs of the joint process before split-off and after
split-off. Discuss the relevance of each of these categories of costs to the decision to discontinue the entire production
process.
The incremental costs in both categories are relevant to this decision. Since the entire production process may be
discontinued, many joint costs are differential and could be avoided through discontinuation of the entire process.
AACSB: Communication
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
96. Steps in the decision-making process
i. Two of the steps in the decision-making process are to 'specify the criterion' and to 'develop a decision model'. List the
remaining four steps in the decision-making process.
ii. Explain the difference between the two steps listed above, specifying the criterion and developing a decision model.
i. The six steps are:
— clarify the decision problem
— specify the criterion (given in question)
— identify the alternatives
— develop a decision model (given in question)
— collect the data
— select an alternative.
ii. Specifying the criterion refers to the financial element (or other criterion) that is to be maximised or minimised (e.g.
profit, market share, total cost). Sometimes there are two or more important criteria, in which case one or more can be
expressed as constraints on the possible alternatives.
A decision model incorporates the criterion to be used to evaluate the alternatives. However, the decision model also
considers the constraints and the alternatives.
AACSB: Communication
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.01 Describe the steps in the decision-making process, and the management accountant's role in that process
97. Steps in the decision-making process
The six steps in the decision-making process are to clarify the decision problem, specify the criterion, identify the
alternatives, develop a decision model, collect the data and select an alternative.
i. In which step is the management accountant most heavily involved? Explain.
ii. Assume that a decision-making process has been underway for a while and that three alternatives have been
developed. At the last step in the process, the managers suddenly realise there is another alternative. Describe which
steps in the decision-making process will have to be revisited in order to consider this new alternative.
i. The management accountant is most heavily involved in the fifth step, collecting the data. Much (but not all) of the data
is financial and the special expertise of the management accountant is the knowledge of where to find such information
and its strengths and weaknesses.
ii. The traditional answer to this question would be that steps three (identifying alternatives) through to six (selecting an
alternative) will have to be revisited. The decision model will have to be examined to see if it is adequate to evaluate the
new alternative; the necessary data for the new alternative will have to be gathered and then the decision made.
However, it is possible that a new alternative will raise questions about the suitability of the decision criterion, or even lead
to a further clarification of the decision problem. Consequently, all the steps in the decision-making process may have to
be re-examined.
AACSB: Communication
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.01 Describe the steps in the decision-making process, and the management accountant's role in that process
98. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics
i. Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative characteristics.
ii. At what point in the six-step decision-making process do the qualitative characteristics have an impact?
i. Qualitative characteristics are factors in a decision situation that cannot be expressed effectively in numerical terms.
Quantitative factors are those that can be analysed and represented in a suitable manner through financial or numerical
analysis.
ii. The qualitative characteristics have an impact at the last step of the process when they are brought together with the
results of the quantitative analysis developed during the first five steps. However, in some situations, the qualitative
characteristics may shape the choice of alternatives (step three). For example, some alternatives may be rejected
immediately because of ethical considerations.
AACSB: Communication
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.01 Describe the steps in the decision-making process, and the management accountant's role in that process
99. Characteristics for information for decision making
i. One characteristic of information that is essential in order for the information to be useful for decision making is
relevance. What are the other two characteristics?
ii. Frequently there is a conflict between the two characteristics requested in question (i), describe why this conflict exists.
iii. What distinguishes relevant information from irrelevant information?
i. The three characteristics are relevance (given in the question), accuracy and timeliness.
ii. Accuracy frequently can be enhanced if more time is used to develop, obtain or analyse the information. However,
information made available after the decision has been made has absolutely no value whatsoever. Consequently, in order
to meet deadlines for the decision, information may have to be developed that is less accurate.
iii. Relevant information is pertinent to the decision, that is, it has the potential to influence the decision. Irrelevant
information includes past conditions and future conditions that will not be affected by the choice between alternatives.
Relevant information must incorporate predictions about the future. While past revenues and costs may be useful, future
events are the key, and consequently, the past is only useful in its ability to improve the predictions for the future.
AACSB: Communication
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.03 Describe the characteristics of relevant information
100. Distinctions between sunk costs and opportunity costs
i. Define sunk costs and opportunity costs.
ii. 'Information about sunk costs generally can be found in the accounting system; however, information about opportunity
costs rarely is found in the accounting records.' Do you agree with that statement? Explain why or why not.
i. A sunk cost is a cost that has already been incurred. Sunk costs do not affect future costs and, therefore, they cannot be
changed by any current or future action. An opportunity cost is the potential benefit given up when the choice of one
alternative requires the sacrifice of another alternative. It is measured using the net benefit of the best alternative that is
not taken.
ii. The accounting system is historical; its focus is on events that have occurred. Consequently, information about sunk
costs that are also past costs will be found in the accounting system. On the other hand, opportunity costs refer to the
benefits from alternatives that are not selected. Since these alternatives were not chosen, a historical cost system
generally will not include any measures of these costs.
AACSB: Communication
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.04 Identify relevant information, including giving the appropriate treatment to sunk costs and opportunity costs
101. Pitfalls in using unit fixed costs
Fixed costs can be expressed as total fixed costs or can be divided by the expected level of activity to obtain fixed costs
per unit. Which of these is likely to be more useful in decision making? Explain.
Total fixed costs will be more useful. Unit fixed costs are valid only for the particular level of activity that was used to
obtain the figure. At a higher level of activity, the unit fixed cost will be lower and vice versa. However, the total fixed cost
will remain unchanged. Unit fixed costs may also be misleading in that decision makers may view them as variable costs.
AACSB: Communication
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.11 Identify the pitfalls to avoid when using accounting data in decisions
102. Effect of alternative costing systems on decisions
Traditional volume-based product costing systems and activity-based costing systems have been presented as alternative
methods to use to determine product costs.
i. In a traditional volume-based costing system, costs are classified as fixed and variable. In an activity-based costing
system, costs are classified into four categories. List those four categories.
ii. Is it possible for the quantitative analysis to differ depending on whether data is developed from a traditional volume-
based costing system or an activity-based costing system? If so, explain which of the four categories of cost in question (i)
are likely to cause the difference.
i. The four categories are unit level, batch level, product level and facility level.
ii. The quantitative analysis can differ. Costs in the batch and product level are likely to be most troublesome. The unit
level costs generally are variable with respect to production volume, while the facility-level costs generally are fixed.
Consequently, the distinction given in traditional volume-based costing systems is adequate for these costs. However, the
batch and product level categories do not neatly fit into the variable/fixed classification and will require careful analysis.
These categories are variable with respect to particular non-volume related cost drivers.
AACSB: Communication
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.09 Complete relevant cost analysis using activity-based costing
103. Many decisions can be classified as tactical decisions or strategic decisions. Using an example to illustrate both
types of decisions, briefly describe the differences between a tactical and strategic decision.
Tactical decisions do not usually require significant increases or decreases in capacity-related resources, such as factory space and
equipment and their impact may be short term. Thus, in these decisions many overhead costs are considered fixed. It is also assumed
that tactical decisions can be changed quickly or reversed to take advantage of better opportunities that may arise. Examples of tactical
decisions include whether to accept or reject a special order (that is a one-off production order) and whether to sell or process further a
joint product. In considering tactical decisions, we often focus on the incremental revenues and costs arising from each alternative.
In contrast, long-term decisions tend to be more strategic in nature, and may involve large outlays of (or decreases in) capacity-
related resources. The effects of these decisions tend to be more difficult to reverse and may extend for longer time periods. Examples
of long-term decisions include the closing of a business unit, the acquisition of automated computer equipment and the introduction of a
new product line.
In reality, many of the so-called tactical decisions do have longer-term implications. For example, if during a month, management
decides to reduce the production of a particular product due to limited production capacity, a long-term loss of customers and lower
profits may result. The process of identifying relevant costs and benefits is largely the same whether the decision is viewed from a
tactical or long-term perspective.
One additional factor that is relevant in a long-term analysis, however, is the time value of money. When the impact of a decision spans
several years, the analysis should account for the fact that a $1 cash flow today is worth more than a $1 cash flow in future years. A
dollar received today can be invested to earn interest, while the dollar received in five years' time cannot be invested over the
intervening time period. The analysis of long-term decisions requires recognition of the time value of money.
AACSB: Communication
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 19.02 Explain the differences between tactical decisions and long-term decisions
104. When making decisions, the quantitative information considered consists of factors relevant to the decision that
cannot be expressed effectively in numerical terms.
FALSE
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.01 Describe the steps in the decision-making process, and the management accountant's role in that process
105. The term given to the practice of having a process undertaken by an external firm rather than a company doing it
itself, is outsourcing.
TRUE
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.06 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions about whether to make or buy a product
106. When making the decision of whether to process further a joint product, it is generally better to allocate the joint costs
using the relative sales value method to ensure the correct decision is made.
FALSE
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
107. While there is a decision-making model, in many instances managers frequently make decisions without necessarily
following the set steps detailed in the model.
TRUE
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.01 Describe the steps in the decision-making process, and the management accountant's role in that process
108. The split-off point is that stage in the manufacturing process where the products being manufactured can finally be
identified as separate products.
TRUE
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or process it further
109. When deciding whether to accept a special order, spare or idle capacity is not a factor that needs to be taken into
account.
FALSE
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.05 Select and analyse relevant information for special order decisions
110. Sunk costs, unitising costs, how costs are allocated, and leaving out opportunity costs are all factors where errors
are often made, and will ultimately affect the outcome of the decision.
TRUE
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.11 Identify the pitfalls to avoid when using accounting data in decisions
111. When a department or a product is showing a loss after all costs have been traced and allocated, a company has no
option but to make the decision to either close the department or drop the product.
FALSE
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.07 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions to add or delete a product or department
112. The very nature of tactical decisions means that in many situations most overhead costs are considered fixed and
may not be relevant to the decision in hand.
TRUE
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.02 Explain the differences between tactical decisions and long-term decisions
113. Efficient decision-making tends to consider relevant information only and this information focuses on incremental
revenue and expenses.
TRUE
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.03 Describe the characteristics of relevant information
114. When a business has idle capacity and has two options to choose from that will maximise capacity, the potential
benefit that is surrendered by choosing only one option is known as the opportunity cost.
TRUE
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.04 Identify relevant information, including giving the appropriate treatment to sunk costs and opportunity costs
115. An activity-based approach to cost analysis is similar to a job costing approach.
FALSE
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.09 Complete relevant cost analysis using activity-based costing
116. When performance incentives are part of a manager's remuneration, it is unlikely to influence their decision making.
FALSE
AACSB: Reflective
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 19.10 Discuss how incentives can influence the way that managers make decisions
Chapter 19 Testbank Summary
Category # of Ques
tions
AACSB: Analytical 32
AACSB: Communication 10
AACSB: Reflective 81
Difficulty: Easy 89
Difficulty: Hard 2
Difficulty: Medium 25
Learning Objective: 19.01 Describe the steps in the decision-making process, and the management accountant's role in 11
that process
Learning Objective: 19.02 Explain the differences between tactical decisions and long-term decisions 5
Learning Objective: 19.03 Describe the characteristics of relevant information 12
Learning Objective: 19.04 Identify relevant information, including giving the appropriate treatment to sunk costs and opp 14
ortunity costs
Learning Objective: 19.05 Select and analyse relevant information for special order decisions 11
Learning Objective: 19.06 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions about whether to make or buy a produc 11
t
Learning Objective: 19.07 Select and analyse relevant information for decisions to add or delete a product or departme 6
nt
Learning Objective: 19.08 Explain how to treat joint product costs in decisions about whether to sell a product or proces 18
s it further
Learning Objective: 19.09 Complete relevant cost analysis using activity-based costing 5
Learning Objective: 19.10 Discuss how incentives can influence the way that managers make decisions 4
Learning Objective: 19.11 Identify the pitfalls to avoid when using accounting data in decisions 5
Learning Objective: 19.12 Use various approaches to allocate joint costs to products, and evaluate the usefulness of th 14
ese approaches for managerial decision making