I have

twenty fingers

?!

...and 159 other common

Polish-English Errors

Matt Purland
I have
twenty fingers

?!
PurlandTraining.com
info@purlandtraining.com

https://www.purlandtraining.com

First published in the UK by PurlandTraining.com 2017

This pdf edition published by PurlandTraining.com 2018

Public Domain

The author and sole copyright holder of this document has donated it to the public domain.
Anybody can use this document, for commercial and non-commercial purposes.

Cover image: Fotolia.com, used with permission

 Contents

2. Introduction

4. Summary of the errors and what caused them

11. Nouns that are countable in Polish but uncountable in English

12. 50 common false friends in Polish and English

13. Glossary of grammar terms

16. Test 1

17. Test 2

18. Test 3

19. Test 4

21. Marking guide

22. Answers to tests 1-4

26. Discussion of the errors

89. Index

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 1.

 Introduction

This book contains four tests for learners of English. Each test consists of forty common
errors that have been adapted from real errors that Polish students repeatedly make in spoken
and written English. Students have to read the error sentence and write the correction beside
it. They can then check their answers and read detailed notes about the errors they have made,
which will help them to understand why they made them and, more importantly, how to
avoid making them in the future. There are also two special lists:

 Nouns that are countable in Polish but uncountable in English (p.11)

 50 common false friends in Polish and English (p.12)

This book may be useful for the following people:

 English students and teachers in the Polish school system and in language schools
 Polish students who want to improve their English at home in a self-study
environment
 Native speakers of English who teach Polish students and wish to understand why
they repeatedly make the same errors
 Polish teachers who teach Polish students and also wish to know more about common
errors in Polish and English
 Students of English who are native speakers of other Slavic languages, such as
Russian, Ukrainian, Czech, and Slovak.
 Anybody of any language who wants to improve their knowledge of English, since
many of the errors also occur in other languages

The errors can be divided into thirteen categories – see ‘Summary of the errors’ (p.4) for
more information. In order to focus on particular errors, there is only one error per sentence.
In reality, of course, students can make multiple errors in each sentence, for example they
may fail to use a contraction in a sentence with incorrect word order. Most of the errors occur
because students translate from Polish into English, rather than conceptualising and using
English as a different language. This is the perfect book for students who are confused by the
many differences between the two languages.

This book is not a comprehensive grammar guide to Polish and English, but rather a practical
tool for identifying, understanding, and then eliminating 160 common errors that Polish
students make in English all the time. Students who use this book will still need to learn
things like tenses, conditionals, and vocabulary – including idioms and phrasal verbs – but by
eliminating these 160 persistent errors from their speech and writing, they will go a long way
toward improving their level of English. Students will also increase their knowledge of
English grammar, because the 160 errors cover a wide range of grammar topics: from
conditionals and word classes, to question forms and word order. There is also a useful
Glossary of Grammar Terms (p.13) and a full index at the back of the book (p.89).
Throughout the book I use the phrase ‘the student’ as if the same student has made all of the
errors. Of course, in reality, the errors were made by a large number of Polish students.

We need languages to communicate and we can do that without being 100% correct all the
time. Students should not be afraid of making mistakes, because this is how we learn. But it is

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 2.

really not necessary to make the same errors consistently week in week out, month after
month, year on year. It is good to learn to be correct! In addition, students should not be
afraid to correct themselves when they make an error. This shows that they are aware that
they have made an error and they are in the process of addressing it, so that it does not
happen next time. However, there is nothing wrong with identifying, pinning down, and
eliminating common errors. The students’ level of communication will be far more effective
and their listener(s) will thank them!

It is also useful to remember that many of the errors documented in this book concern minor
language points that, once learned, will always be remembered and added to the learner’s
vocabulary of correct words and phrases – for example, the difference between ‘lock’ and
‘close’ (see error #39). In general, we are not dealing with difficult or obscure grammar
concepts in this book, but rather a group of common errors, most of which document small
differences between English and Polish. As a consequence, it should not be hard to use this
book to improve the level of your English.

Thank you to the following native speakers of Polish for their help with translating parts of
the Polish text:

Anna Purland
Justyna Szostek
Łucyna Boryczko

and, of course, special thanks to all of my wonderful students who made the errors that
feature in this book! Their repeated use of these incorrect words and phrases – in every
lesson, in fact! – forced me to take positive action, and write this book in an attempt to
identify, tie down, and eliminate these errors once and for all!

I hope that you will find this book useful, whether you are a student or teacher of English;
whether you are a Polish native speaker or an English native speaker. Please feel free to
contact me with your comments and suggestions for future editions.

With best regards

Matt Purland

Ostróda, Poland – 18th May 2017

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 3.

Summary of the errors
and what caused them
 Summary of the errors and what caused them

Here are the categories of error in this book, in order of how common they were:

A) In English but not in Polish 28 errors

B) One word in Polish, two words in English 25 errors
C) Errors with tenses 18 errors
D) Direct translation errors 17 errors
E) In Polish but not in English 14 errors
F) Word order 13 errors
G) Wrong word recalled 11 errors
H) Differences in the use of prepositions 9 errors
I) Different concepts in Polish and English 8 errors
J) Traditional grammar errors 6 errors
K) Using a positive form to make a negative sentence 5 errors
L) Countable in Polish, but uncountable in English 3 errors
M) False friends 3 errors

TOTAL: 160 errors

A) In English but not in Polish (28 errors)

The following features of English grammar that do not occur in Polish caused the most errors:

7 errors: articles #11, #70, #91, #130, #138, #146, #156

4 errors: phrasal verbs #24, #45, #117, #121
4 errors: general vocabulary words: ‘once’ (#102), ‘twice’ (#78), ‘back’ (#9), and ‘other’ (#143)
3 errors: question tags #63, #107, #135
2 errors: auxiliary verbs #38, #114
2 errors: conditionals #31, #119
1 error: having to use ‘it’ in a sentence #73
1 error: ‘used to’ for repeated actions in the past that do not happen any more #126
1 error: possessive ‘s’ #19
1 error: gerunds #1
1 error: contractions #57
1 error: polite language #159

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 5.

 B) One word in Polish, two words in English (25 errors)

It is worth remembering that English has a much larger vocabulary than Polish. Estimates suggest that there are
five times more words in English than in Polish. Here we can see cases where two different words in English
mean the same word in Polish. The student has to choose the correct word. They have a 50/50 chance!

One word in Polish Two words in English

ból hurt / pain #108
całej whole / all #12
czuć smell / feel #25
dobrze good / well #118
dużo a lot of / much #46
ja me / I #3
jak as / like #10
(to) jest there are / it is #58
miasto town / city #20
mówić talk / speak #122
patrzeć / patrzeć na kogoś look at / watch #82
powiedzieć / mówić tell / say #157
pożyczyć lend / borrow #110
praca job / work #89
przypomnieć remember / remind #139
stać stand / stay #69
taki / tak such / so #147
uczyć się / uczyć learn / teach #92
wiele many / much #79
wszystko anything / everything #103
wyglądać look / look like #52
wysoki tall / high #131
zabawne fun / funny #29
zamknąć lock / close #39
zrobić do / make #74

C) Errors with tenses (18 errors)

In English there are twelve tenses, while in Polish there are only three: past, present, and future. There are no
continuous tenses or perfect tenses in Polish, unlike in English. This gives us nine additional tenses, that do not
exist in Polish – six continuous, and three not:

In English: In Polish:

present simple present continuous present

present perfect present perfect continuous
past simple past continuous past
past perfect past perfect continuous
future simple future continuous future
future perfect future perfect continuous

In addition to this, the four types of conditional sentence in English are constructed differently in Polish. All of
these differences are bound to lead to problems for students. The errors in this book show that my students were
most often confused by:

present simple 4 errors #5, #26, #40, #51

present simple vs present continuous 3 errors #13, #104, #132

future simple 2 errors #47, #158

present continuous vs present perfect continuous 1 error #80

present perfect (since or for) 1 error #83

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 6.

 past simple vs past continuous 1 error #144
past simple 1 error #93
past continuous 1 error #123

modal verbs – inversion 1 error #59

modal verbs – question form 1 error #75
imperative form 1 error #90
future in the past 1 error #140

D) Direct translation errors (17 errors)

Seventeen of the errors were direct translation errors, where the student thinks how they would say something in
Polish and translates it into English in their mind before saying it, rather than reaching for the proper English
word or phrase to begin with. This can reflect differences in concepts of using language. For example:

In Polish they can say: ...while in English we have to say:

make a photo take a photo #32
I very like... I really like... #21
such things that kind of thing #53
I think yes Yes, I think so #60
at this moment at the moment #48
I found a great page I found a great website #84
I resigned from my piano lessons I’ve quit my piano lessons #111
I feel nervous! I feel annoyed #124
Moment! Hang on a minute! #120
Where is my telephone? Where is my phone? #151
I’m renovating my flat I’m redecorating my flat #160
Rather no I’d rather not #14
I don’t think so (that)... I don’t think (that)... #27
...that attends my friend ...that my friend attends #61
Do you want that I...? Do you want me to...? #76
...everything what he thinks ...everything (that) he thinks #94
...about whom I was talking ...I was talking about #133

E) In Polish but not in English (14 errors)

There are also errors that come from words that are added in Polish (especially prepositions), but do not appear
in the English translation:

In Polish: In English:
all people everybody #15
to born to give birth to #33
to call to sby to call sby #22
to contact with sby to contact sby #28
two subjects in a clause, e.g. ‘The teacher he gave...’ one subject in a clause, e.g. ‘The teacher gave...’ or
‘He/She gave...’ #54
go to home go home #41
in last weekend last weekend #49
leave from work leave work #62
let sby to do sth let sby do sth #95
play on an instrument play an instrument #85
go to my work go to work #112
lose my weight lose weight #152
I dressed myself I got dressed #125
using ‘him’ or ‘her’ to refer to a thing using ‘it’ to refer to a thing #134

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 7.

This is also seen in the fact that reflexive pronouns are more often used in Polish than in English (see error
#125). We don’t say ‘I dressed myself’ in English, but ‘I got dressed.’ Another difference in Polish is when
speakers assign male or female pronouns to things, rather than ‘it’ e.g. ‘Where is my book. I can’t see her.’

F) Word order (13 errors) #16, #23, #34, #42, #50, #55, #86, #88, #96, #113, #127, #136, #153

As you can see by the twelve errors in this category, word order in Polish is much looser than it is in English. In
English we tend to follow the SVOPT (subject-verb-object-place-time) word order in clauses and sentences,
while Polish speakers can insert phrases into a sentence seemingly (to an English native speaker) at random!
Unfortunately, many Polish students feel relaxed about using the same ‘looseness’ of word order when they
speak English – because they are treating English as if it is a mirror image or copy of Polish, rather than as a
different language in its own right.

G) Wrong word recalled (11 errors)

This category represents errors which occur when students are reaching for a particular word in English, but
they end up with an incorrect word, selected because it would be correct in Polish:

Incorrect Polish word (translated): Correct English word:

good well #17
true truth #35
the best favourite #2
persons people #56
as usually as usual #43
organism body #71
eat food #97
hour time #81
workers employees #128
cry shout #154
come go #68

H) Differences in the use of prepositions (9 errors)

The concepts of space and position differs in Polish and English. This inevitably leads to errors with
prepositions. For example, a Polish person is ‘on a party’ (‘na imprezie’) while an English person is ‘at a party’.
While an English person may be ‘at home’, a Polish person will be ‘in home’ (‘w domu’). Trying to explain
why we don’t say we are ‘in’ home when we are undoubtedly within a 3D environment (our home) can be quite
difficult for teachers of Polish students. The fact that there is no one single direct translation for our very
common preposition ‘at’ causes a lot of errors with prepositions. It is necessary for English teachers of Polish
students to remind them and help them to practise the point that prepositions are different in the two languages
and therefore cannot be translated directly, which is what students try to do by default in many cases. Learning
common collocations of verb + preposition (including phrasal verbs), noun + preposition, and adjective +
preposition will be the best way to tackle this problem. The errors in this category can be summarised as
follows:

The students used... Error sentence:

on instead of at I was on a concert yesterday. #18

in instead of at (x2) I was in home last night. #6
Jo is in work. #129

to instead of for I have a question to you. #98

on instead of for She is waiting on him. #115

in instead of on I looked in the internet. #72

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 8.

 on instead of by We had a nice picnic on the lake. #77

on instead of with She was angry on her brother. #155

no preposition instead of to He lied me. #150

I) Different concepts in Polish and English (8 errors)

Some of the errors showed differences in the two languages in terms of how native speakers of each language
conceptualise the world. The errors in this category showed variances in terms of:

 going somewhere (in English) vs. being somewhere (in Polish) #36
 using out-of-date pop culture references #7
 addressing individuals using the title Mr, Mrs, and Ms #44
 greeting somebody #64
 telling the time #99
 referring to dates #116
 the capitalisation of common nouns and adjectives in written Polish, but not in English #137
 ...and even the number of fingers on a hand (which inspired the title of this book!) #141

This kind of knowledge may not be taught on a typical English course, which will be preoccupied with grammar
and vocabulary, but it is still necessary to address it with students to prevent them from making this kind of
error.

J) Traditional grammar errors (6 errors)

Having said that, a handful of the errors were typical grammar errors that could have been made by any learner
of English anywhere in the world. These errors concerned:

 when to use gerund / to + infinitive #37

 mixing up -ed / -ing adjectives #100
 comparative adjectives #87, #149
 modal verbs #142
 reported speech #145

K) Using a positive form to make a negative sentence (5 errors)

This type of problem is represented by five errors in this book, but it is really very common to hear a Polish
speaker use a positive form in English to make a negative statement. For example. in error #30 an English native
speaker might say ‘I did not have enough time’, while a Polish speaker might rephrase it as: ‘I had too little
time’:

Polish speaker (translated): English speaker:

I had too little... I did not have enough... #30

I have too low... I don’t have enough... #65
I have no too much... I don’t have much... #101
I felt not... I did not feel... #105
Always the ... The never... #148

This may also be a conceptual difference, as in categories H and I, above.

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 9.

 L) Countable in Polish, but uncountable in English (3 errors)

There were a few errors caused by the fact that some very common nouns are famously uncountable in English,
but countable in Polish. The three errors in this sample concern the words ‘homework’ (#8), ‘information’ (#66),
and ‘wine’ (#106), but there are other examples of this kind of word listed on p.11. Again, this kind of
difference between the two languages demonstrates that we cannot simply translate from Polish into English,
but we need to learn English as a different language.

M) False friends (3 errors)

Again, this category represents a small, and maybe almost a negligible number of errors, which would suggest
that this kind of error was not a major problem for my students, compared with other important differences
between the two languages, as stated above. However, false friends can cause real communication problems for
students who make a habit of blithely translating from Polish into English, rather than trying to learn a different
language. The errors in this sample concern the words ‘politics’ (#4), ‘elegant’ (#67), and ‘president’ (#109), but
there are more examples of false friends in English and Polish listed on p.12.

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 10.
 Nouns that are countable in Polish but uncountable in English

There are a few common nouns that are countable in Polish but uncountable in English. This can
lead to errors in English, with Polish students giving plural forms to words which should be
uncountable, e.g. error #8. It is worth remembering that the following words are uncountable in
English, with singular determiners and following verbs:

Uncountable in English: Polish translation: We can say: ...but not (Polish-English):

advice rada a lot of advice a lot of advices
the advice was... the advices were...
information (#66) informacja some information many informations
the information is... the informations are...
news wiadomość a lot of news a lot of newses
the news was... the newses were...

bread chleb a lot of bread a lot of breads

the bread was... the breads were...
water woda some water many waters
(liquids, e.g, alcohol) the water is... the waters are
butter masło a lot of butter a lot of butters
the butter was... the butters were
cheese ser some cheese many cheeses
the cheese is... the cheeses are

homework (#8) praca domowa a lot of homework a lot of homeworks

the homework was... the homeworks were...
research badanie some research many researches
the research is... the researches are...
evidence dowód a lot of evidence a lot of evidences
the evidence was... the evidences were...

furniture mebel a lot of furniture a lot of furnitures

the furniture was... the furnitures were...
equipment sprzęt some equipment many equipments
the equipment is... the equipments are...
music muzyka a lot of music a lot of musics
the music was... the musics were...

accommodation nocleg a lot of accommodation a lot of accommodations

the accommodation was... the accommodations were...
baggage bagaż some baggage many baggages
the baggage is... the baggages are...
luggage walizka a lot of luggage a lot of luggages
the luggage was... the luggages were...

The following English nouns are sometimes countable and sometimes uncountable, depending on
the context:
Polish translation: Example of an uncountable use: Example of a countable use:
wine (#106) wino Would you like some wine? There are some great wines from Australia.
hair włos I need to wash my hair. Waiter, there are two hairs in my soup!
money pieniądz How much money do you earn? Outstanding monies must be received.
fruit owoc I eat a lot of fruit. This dessert includes summer fruits.
coffee kawa My favourite drink is coffee. Do you want to go for a coffee?
Coke Coca-Cola I bought a can of Coke. Can I order a couple of Cokes, please?
salad sałatka She often has salad for lunch. I have tried lots of different salads.

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 11.
 50 common false friends in English and Polish
There are many false friends in Polish and English. False friends are pairs of words that look and sound similar, but have different
meanings. In our list of errors only five of them involved false friends. However, it’s still well worth being aware of false friends in
Polish and English. Here are some of the most common, that I often hear:

A) Polish speaker thinks of a B) They see or hear an C) But in Polish this D) While the English E) In Polish, this word
word in Polish that they English word which word means: word they needed translates as: (D-E
want to say in English: might match, and use (B-C translation) was: translation)
it: (A-D translation)
1. aktualny actually faktycznie current obecny
2. angina angina bóle w klatce piersiowej throat infection infekcja gardła
3. apartament apartment mieszkanie suite apartament
4. audycja audition przesłuchanie radio broadcast nadawanie
5. brat brat bachor brother brat
6. buty boots buty shoes buty
7. dama dame oficjalny tytuł lady dama
8. data data dane date data
9. denerwujący nervous (#124) przerażony annoying denerwujący
10. deska desk biurko / ławka (szkolna) board / plank deska
11. dramat drama jako gatunek literacki tragedy tragedia
12. dywan divan (bed or seat) łóżko carpet dywan
13. ekonomia economy gospodarka economics (subject) ekonomika
14. ekstra extra dodatkowy great wspaniały
15. elegancki elegant (#67) szykowny smart elegancki
16. ewentualny eventually ostatecznie possible możliwy
17. fabryka fabric tkanina factory fabryka
18. fantazja fantasy fantazja jako fikcja imagination wyobraźnia
19. fart fart pierdnięcie luck szczęście
20. gem gem klejnot game (in tennis) gem
21. golf golf jako sport sweater sweter
22. guma gum guma do żucia rubber guma
23. hazard hazard niebezpieczeństwo gambling hazard
24. historia history historia (przeszłość) story opowieść
25. humor humour komizm mood nastrój
26. karawan caravan karawana hearse karawan
27. klient sklepu client określony klient customer klient
28. klozet closet szafa ścienna toilet toaleta
29. komunikacja communication łączność public transport komunikacja
30. kontrola control jako nadźor ticket inspection kontrola biletów
31. lokal local lokalny premises; e.g. bar lokal
32. magazyn magazine czasopismo warehouse magazyn
33. no no nie yes tak
34. parking parking rzeczownik odsłowny car park parking
35. pasta pasta makaron paste pasta
36. pensja pension emerytura wages wynagrodzenie
37. polityk politics (#4) polityczny politician polityk
38. prezerwatywa preservative konserwant condom prezerwatywa
39. prezydent president (#109) prezydent kraju mayor burmistrz
40. projekt project przedsiȩwziȩcie design projekt
41. propozycja proposition wniosek suggestion / idea propozycja
42. recepta receipt paragon prescription recepta
43. relaks relax relaksować siȩ relaxation relaks
44. renta rent wynajem pension emerytura
45. rewizja revision korekta / powtórka search szukanie
46. sałata salad sałatka / surówka lettuce sałata
47. skrypt script scenariusz (filmu) study text tekst studyjny
48. sympatyczny sympathetic współczujący nice miły
49. szef chief / chef szef / szef kuchni boss szef
50. zrezygnować resign (from) (#111) porzucić stop doing / quit porzucić

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 12.
 Glossary of grammar terms

English: Po polsku:
abstract noun abstrakcyjny rzeczownik
adjective przymiotnik
adverb przysłówek
adverb of degree przysłówek stopnia
adverb of frequency przysłówek częstotliwości
adverb of time przysłówek czasu
apostrophe apostrofa
auxiliary verb czasownik pomocniczy
capital letter wielka litera
clause człon zdanie
collocation kolokacja
colloquial speech język potoczny
comparative adjective przymiotnik porównawczy
complement dopełnienie
connected speech łączenie wyrazów
consonant sound dzwięk spółgłoskowy
context kontekst
continuous tense czas ciągły
contraction skrót
dash myślnik
defining relative clause zdanie podrzędne określający
definite article (the) rodzajnik określony (the)
demonstrative zaimki: ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’, and ‘those’
determiner określnik
direct language bezpośredni język
ellipsis pominięcie
emphasis nacisk
false friend ‘false friend’
finished time czas przeszły
first conditional pierwszy tryb warunkowy
function word forma gramatyczna
future przyszłość
future continuous przyszły ciągły
future in the past przyszłość w przeszłości
future perfect czas przyszły dokonany
future simple przyszły prosty
gerund rzeczownik odczasownikowy
going to zamierzam
idiom idiom
imperative form tryb rozkazujący
indefinite article (a, an) rodzajnik nieokreślony (a, an)
infinitive bezokolicznik
ing form forma ‘ing’
intention zamiar
inversion odwrócenie
irregular plural noun nieregularna liczba mnoga rzeczownika
letter litera
listener słuchacz
listening słuchający
meaning znaczenie
modal verb czasownik modalny
native language język ojczysty
native speaker native speaker
negative form negacja
object dopełnienie (w zdaniu)
object pronoun zaimek rzeczowny
order kolejność
oxymoron oksymoron (sprzeczne zdanie)
passive voice strona bierna
past przeszłość
past continuous przeszły ciągły
past perfect czas zaprzeszły
past simple przeszły prosty
past tense czas przeszły
perfect tenses czasy perfect
phatic communication (small talk) pogawędka
phrasal verb czasownik złożone
phrasal verb – intransitive czasownik złożone – nieprzechodni
phrasal verb – transitive inseparable czasownik złożone – przechodni nierozdzielnie
phrasal verb – transitive separable czasownik złożone – przechodni rozdzielnie

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 13.
phrase wyrażenie
plural countable noun rzeczownik policzalny w liczbie mnogiej
polite language uprzejmy język
positive form zdanie twierdzące
possessive adjective przymiotnik dzierżawczy
possessive ‘s’ dzierżawczy ‘s’
preposition przyimek
present teraźniejszość
present continuous teraźniejszy ciągły
present perfect czas teraźniejszy dokonany
present perfect continuous czas teraźniejszy dokonany ciągły
present simple teraźniejszy prosty
pronoun zaimek
pronunciation wymowa
proper noun nazwa własna
quantity phrase wyrażenie ilości
question pytanie
question form forma pytająca
question tag krótkie pytanie na końcu stwierdzenia
reading czytanie
reflexive pronoun zaimek zwrotny
register ton głosu
regular time czas regularny
relative clause zdanie podrzędne
reported speech mowa zależna
s form forma ‘s’
second conditional drugi tryb warunkowy
sentence zdanie
singular countable noun pojedynczy rzeczownik policzalny
slang gwara
sound dźwięk
sound – voiced consonant spółgłoska dźwięczna
sound – unvoiced consonant spółgłoska bezdźwięczna
sound – vowel dźwięk samogłoskowy
speaking mówienie
speech przemówienie
spoken English angielski mówiony
state verb czasownik bez formy ciągłej
statement wypowiedź
stressed syllable zaakcentowana sylaba
subject podmiot (w zdaniu)
subject pronoun zaimek osobowy
subjunctive mood tryb łączący
subordinate clause zdanie podrzędne
suffix przyrostek
superlative adjective stopień najwyższy
syllable sylaba
tense czas
third person trzecia osoba
time czas
tone of voice ton głosu
translation tłumaczenie
uncountable noun rzeczownik niepoliczalny
unfinished time czas niedokończony
used to kiedyś lub dawniej coś robić
verb czasownik
verb – intransitive czasownik – nieprzechodni
verb – main czasownik – główny
verb – transitive czasownik – przechodni
verb phrase wyrażenie czasownikowe
wh- question word pytanie z ‘wh-’
word słowo
word class klasa wyrazów
word order szyk wyrazów
writing pisanie
written English pisane po angielsku
zero article przedimek zerowy
Tests 1-4
 Test 1

There is one error in each sentence below. Write each sentence correctly:

1. I like learn English.

2. This is my the best film.
3. I and my friend went to the meeting.
4. All politics are liars!
5. You have right.
6. I was in home last night.
7. ‘We have to leave now.’ ‘OK, let it be.’
8. We had two homeworks.
9. ‘Where’s John?’ ‘He’s back to home.’
10. Her dress is the same like mine.
11. I bought a bread.
12. He prepared dinner for all family.
13. I’m agree.
14. ‘Shall we watch a film?’ ‘Rather no.’
15. All people have left.
16. Probably he went to Germany.
17. Brenda cooks very good.
18. I was on a concert yesterday.
19. We drove to the home of my auntie.
20. Lubawa is a small city.
21. I very like England.
22. Mike called to her last night.
23. It was for me very interesting.
24. I have to take care about my daughter.
25. I can feel gas in the kitchen.
26. He has twenty years old.
27. I don’t think so I was late.
28. Please contact with me.
29. That vacation was really funny.
30. I had too little time.
31. If he will call, I will tell him.
32. He made a photo.
33. My wife borned my daughter yesterday.
34. The hotel also was quite nice.
35. The true is that I don’t like him.
36. I was in Scotland last weekend.
37. I can’t imagine to work there.
38. What you doing?
39. Do you close your front door at night?
40. Is OK for me.

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 16.
 Test 2

There is one error in each sentence below. Write each sentence correctly:

41. I must go to home.

42. Did it someone else.
43. See you tomorrow, as usually.
44. Good morning, Mrs Lisa. / ...Mr Bob.
45. Jill laughed her friend at.
46. I have got much fuel.
47. We will be learn more.
48. We’re waiting for a bus at this moment.
49. I went out in last weekend.
50. We can get it, I think.
51. She get the bus every day.
52. We know how it should look like.
53. I went to the gym. My friend does such things.
54. The teacher he gave me a good mark.
55. I feel here safer.
56. There were four persons in the taxi.
57. I cannot meet you for a beer tonight.
58. It is many differences.
59. I don’t know what should I do.
60. ‘Shall we go out?’ ‘I think yes.’
61. This is the school that attends my friend.
62. What time did you leave from work?
63. They like dancing, doesn’t they?
64. ‘How are you?’ ‘Thanks, fine.’
65. I have too low money.
66. I heard a lot of informations.
67. Tom wore elegant clothes to the interview.
68. Then I came to the other shop.
69. He was staying there, by the door.
70. I got a best mark in my class.
71. I train because I want to take care of my organism. _
72. I looked in the internet.
73. ‘How was the meeting?’ ‘Was good.’
74. I made some shopping.
75. What could do they?
76. Do you want that I help you?
77. We had a nice picnic on the lake.
78. I asked him two times.
79. I have much things to do.
80. I’m living in Warsaw since 2010.

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 17.
 Test 3

There is one error in each sentence below. Write each sentence correctly:

81. What is the hour?

82. Can I watch that photo?
83. I’ve worked here since five days.
84. I found a great page on the internet.
85. My brother plays on the trumpet.
86. That, I think, was our bus.
87. My bike is much more bigger than yours.
88. What does it mean, ‘radio’?
89. I need to get a new work.
90. Please wait until your brother will get home.
91. I train at gym every day.
92. My little brother is teaching the alphabet.
93. They didn’t came to see me.
94. He says everything what he thinks.
95. I let her to borrow my book.
96. You just can get out!
97. There was good eat at the party.
98. I have a question to you.
99. ‘What’s the time?’ ‘It’s half to eight.’
100. I’m not interesting in football.
101. I have no too much time.
102. I met them only one time.
103. People can collect almost everything. .
104. My friend comes to visit this weekend.
105. I felt not well.
106. We drank a wine last night.
107. He will be late, will he?
108. My arm pain me.
109. He is the president of our town.
110. He can’t borrow you any money.
111. I resigned from my piano lessons.
112. I have been to my work today.
113. Jane’s hat I found.
114. Have you any money?
115. She is waiting on him. _
116. She was born in one thousand, nine hundred and ninety-eight year.
117. Go from here!
118. I feel well in this city. _
119. If I would have some money, I would buy a car.
120. Moment!

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 18.
 Test 4

There is one error in each sentence below. Write each sentence correctly:

121. I listen rock music.

122. I spoke to my friend for hours yesterday.
123. I was learning playing guitar.
124. This test is making me nervous!
125. I dressed myself and went downstairs.
126. He used to said that he was good at sport.
127. Will be the manager at this meeting.
128. The company needs new workers.
129. Jo is in work.
130. Some of people were late today.
131. My brother is very high.
132. You don’t thinking about it.
133. This is the friend about whom I was talking.
134. Where’s my book? I can’t find her.
135. This is your book, yes?
136. I’d like to work, for example, as a secretary.
137. See you on friday.
138. We found out how good student she is.
139. I tried to remind myself what happened.
140. I was to do some gardening in the afternoon.
141. I have twenty fingers.
142. I will must eat something.
143. We met another people at the party.
144. I read a book when the phone rang.
145. He told her that he doesn’t want to meet up.
146. The life is hard.
147. I had so good time.
148. Always the taxis don’t stop.
149. My car is better like yours.
150. He lied me.
151. Where is my telephone?
152. I’m trying to lose my weight.
153. I could not be a pilot, never.
154. Don’t cry at me!
155. She was angry on her brother.
156. It is a quite good job.
157. She said me that we had homework to do.
158. They will surprised!
159. Hello. Come in. Sit down.
160. I’m renovating my flat.

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 19.
Answers to tests 1-4
 Marking guide

Suggested pass mark: 40% and above

Suggested grading: Score ( / 40)

A Excellent 37 - 40
B Very Good 33 - 36
C Good 29 - 32
D Fair 23 - 28
E Poor 16 - 22
F Fail 0 - 15

For percentage marks, see below. To calculate the percentage: [score] x 2.5 = %

Half marks may be given at the teacher’s discretion! Note for teachers:

No. correct answers: Percentage marks: When marking the test it is, of course, up to you how strict you
are with your students’ work. You will need to decide whether
0 0% to demand the exact word-for-word answers on the following
1 2.5% four pages, or whether to allow leeway.
2 F 5%
3 7.5% For example, if the student has written the answer to #5:
4 10%
5 12.5% You’re right.
6 15%
7 17.5% while the stated answer on p.22 is:
8 20%
9 22.5% You are right.
10 25%
11 27.5% you may decide that the student’s answer is close enough. So,
12 30% contractions may be allowed – or you may not allow them. You
13 32.5% should tell your students what is expected of them before they
14 35% begin a test.
15 37.5%
16 40% Similarly, you may allow paraphrasing, or you may not. For
17 42.5% example, the answer to #91 is ‘I train at the gym every day’, but
18 E 45% you might allow: ‘I train at a gym every day.’ The meaning is
19 47.5% slightly different (the gym is not specific; perhaps not the same
20 50% gym every day), but the error (no article) has been corrected.
21 52.5%
22 55% Another example is the answer to #112: ‘I have been to work
23 57.5% today’, which the student might paraphrase as: ‘I have been at
24 60% work today.’ The error (‘to my work’) has been corrected, but
25 D 62.5% the answer differs from that printed on p.24.
26 65%
27 67.5% You may allow differences to the printed answers on the
28 70% following pages if the student has properly corrected the error,
29 72.5% used correct English, and it makes sense... Or you may not!
30
75%
77.5% 31
32
C 80%
You may also want to devise your own pass mark and grading
system.
33 82.5%
34 85% It depends on you as the teacher, and what you expect from
35 B 87.5% your students. Of course, it also depends on their level and what
36 90% you all hope to gain from the exercise.
37 92.5%
38 95%
39 A 97.5%
40 100%

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 21.
 Answers to Test 1:

These are the correct sentences: Find out more: If you got this wrong, you should revise:

1. I like learning English. p.27 to + infinitive vs. gerund

2. This is my favourite film. p.27 ‘favourites’ vocabulary
3. Me and my friend went to the meeting. p.27 ‘I’ and ‘me’
4. All politicians are liars! p.28 ‘politics’ vs. ‘politicians’
5. You are right. p.28 ‘have’ vs. ‘be’
6. I was at home last night. p.28 prepositions
7. ‘We have to leave now.’ ‘OK. No problem.’ p.29 cultural references
8. We had two homework assignments. p.29 countable and uncountable nouns
9. ‘Where’s John?’ ‘He’s gone (back) home.’ p.29 use of ‘back’
10. Her dress is the same as mine. p.30 comparative forms
11. I bought some bread. p.30 articles
12. He prepared dinner for the whole family. p.30 ‘all’ vs. ‘whole’
13. I agree. p.31 present simple
14. ‘Shall we watch a film?’ ‘I’d rather not.’ p.31 ‘rather not’
15. Everybody has left. p.31 ‘all people’ vs. ‘everybody’
16. He probably went to Germany. p.32 position of adverbs
17. Brenda cooks very well. p.32 ‘good’ vs. ‘well’
18. I was at a concert yesterday. p.32 prepositions
19. We drove to my auntie’s home. p.33 possessive ‘s’
20. Lubawa is a town. p.33 ‘town’ vs. ‘city’
21. I really like England. p.33 ‘very’ vs. ‘really’
22. Mike called her last night. p.34 prepositions
23. It was very interesting for me. p.34 word order
24. I have to take care of my daughter. p.35 phrasal verbs
25. I can smell gas in the kitchen. p.35 ‘feel’ vs. ‘smell’
26. He is twenty years old. p.35 ‘have’ vs. ‘be’
27. I don’t think I was late. p.36 use of ‘I think so’
28. Please contact me. p.36 prepositions
29. That vacation was really fun. p.36 ‘funny’ vs. ‘fun’
30. I did not have enough time. p.37 negative forms
31. If he calls, I will tell him. p.37 first conditional
32. He took a photo. p.37 ‘make’ vs. ‘take’
33. My wife gave birth to my daughter yesterday. p.38 ‘give birth’
34. The hotel was also quite nice. p.38 word order
35. The truth is that I don’t like him. p.38 ‘true’ vs. ‘truth’
36. I went to Scotland last weekend. p.39 ‘be in’ vs. ‘go to’
37. I can’t imagine working there. p.39 to + infinitive vs. gerund
38. What are you doing? p.40 present continuous
39. Do you lock your front door at night? p.40 ‘close’ vs. ‘lock’
40. It is OK for me. p.40 use of ‘it’ as a subject

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 22.
 Answers to Test 2:

These are the correct sentences: Find out more: If you got this wrong, you should revise:

41. I must go home. p.41 prepositions

42. Someone else did it. p.41 word order
43. See you tomorrow, as usual. p.41 ‘usually’ vs. ‘usual’
44. Good morning, Lisa. / ...Bob. p.42 ‘Mr’, ‘Mrs’, and ‘Ms’
45. Jill laughed at her friend. p.42 phrasal verbs
46. I have got a lot of fuel. p.43 countable and uncountable nouns
47. We will learn more. p.43 future simple
48. We’re waiting for a bus at the moment. p.43 prepositions
49. I went out last weekend. p.44 prepositions
50. I think we can get it. p.44 word order
51. She gets the bus every day. p.45 present simple
52. We know how it should look. p.45 ‘look like’ vs. ‘look’
53. I went to the gym. My friend does that kind of thing. p.45 ‘such things’ vs. ‘that kind of thing’
54. The teacher gave me a good mark. p.46 one subject in a sentence
55. I feel safer here. p.46 word order
56. There were four people in the taxi. p.46 ‘persons’ vs. ‘people’
57. I can’t meet you for a beer tonight. p.47 contractions
58. There are many differences. p.47 ‘it is’ vs. ‘there are’
59. I don’t know what I should do. p.48 inversion
60. ‘Shall we go out?’ ‘Yes, I think so.’ p.48 use of ‘I think so’
61. This is the school that my friend attends. p.48 defining relative clauses
62. What time did you leave work? p.49 prepositions
63. They like dancing, don’t they? p.49 question tags
64. ‘How are you?’ ‘Fine thanks. And you?’ p.49 greetings
65. I don't have enough money. p.50 negative forms
66. I heard a lot of information. p.50 countable and uncountable nouns
67. Tom wore smart clothes to the interview. p.51 ‘elegant’ vs. ‘smart’
68. Then I went to the other shop. p.51 ‘come’ vs. ‘go’
69. He was standing there, by the door. p.51 ‘stay’ vs. ‘stand’
70. I got the best mark in my class. p.52 articles
71. I train because I want to take care of my body. p.52 ‘organism’ vs. ‘body’
72. I looked on the internet. p.52 prepositions
73. ‘How was the meeting?’ ‘It was good.’ p.53 use of ‘it’ as a subject
74. I did some shopping. p.53 ‘make’ vs. ‘do’
75. What could they do? p.54 question forms
76. Do you want me to help you? p.54 subjunctive mood
77. We had a nice picnic by the lake. p.54 prepositions
78. I asked him twice. p.55 ‘twice’
79. I have many things to do. p.55 ‘much’ vs. ‘many’
80. I have been living in Warsaw since 2010. p.55 present perfect continuous

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 23.
 Answers to Test 3:

These are the correct sentences: Find out more: If you got this wrong, you should revise:

81. What is the time? p.56 ‘hour’ vs. ‘time’

82. Can I look at that photo? p.56 ‘watch’ vs. ‘look at’
83. I’ve worked here for five days. p.57 ‘since’ vs. ‘for’
84. I found a great website on the internet. p.57 ‘page’ vs. ‘website’
85. My brother plays the trumpet. p.57 prepositions
86. I think that was our bus. p.58 word order
87. My bike is much bigger than yours. p.58 comparative forms
88. What does ‘radio’ mean? p.59 question forms
89. I need to get a new job. p.59 ‘work’ vs. ‘job’
90. Please wait until your brother gets home. p.59 use of ‘until’
91. I train at the gym every day. p.60 articles
92. My little brother is learning the alphabet. p.60 ‘teach’ vs. ‘learn’
93. They didn’t come to see me. p.60 past simple negative form
94. He says everything (that) he thinks. p.61 defining relative clauses
95. I let her borrow my book. p.61 to + infinitive vs. bare infinitive
96. You can just get out! p.62 position of ‘just’
97. There was good food at the party. p.62 ‘eat’ vs. ‘food’
98. I have a question for you. p.63 prepositions
99. ‘What’s the time?’ ‘It’s half past seven.’ p.63 telling the time
100. I’m not interested in football. p.63 -ed and -ing adjectives
101. I don’t have much time. p.64 negative forms
102. I met them only once. p.64 ‘once’
103. People can collect almost anything. p.64 ‘everything’ vs. ‘anything’
104. My friend is coming to visit this weekend. p.65 present continuous
105. I did not feel well. p.65 negative forms
106. We drank wine last night. p.65 countable and uncountable nouns
107. He will be late, won’t he? p.66 question tags
108. My arm hurts. p.66 ‘pain’ vs. ‘hurt’
109. He is the mayor of our town. p.66 ‘president’ vs. ‘mayor’
110. He can’t lend you any money. p.67 ‘borrow’ vs. ‘lend’
111. I’ve quit my piano lessons. p.67 ‘resign from’ vs. ‘quit’
112. I have been to work today. p.68 use of ‘my’
113. I found Jane’s hat. p.68 word order
114. Do you have any money? p.68 present simple
115. She is waiting for him. p.69 prepositions
116. She was born in nineteen ninety-eight. p.69 dates
117. Get out! p.70 phrasal verbs
118. I feel good in this city. p.70 ‘well’ vs. ‘good’
119. If I had some money, I would buy a car. p.70 second conditional
120. Hang on a minute! p.71 idioms

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 24.
 Answers to Test 4:

These are the correct sentences: Find out more: If you got this wrong, you should revise:

121. I listen to rock music. p.71 phrasal verbs

122. I talked to my friend for hours yesterday. p.72 ‘speak’ vs. ‘talk’
123. I was learning to play the guitar. p.72 to + infinitive vs. gerund
124. This test is making me annoyed! p.72 ‘nervous’ vs. ‘annoyed’
125. I got dressed and went downstairs. p.73 reflexive pronouns
126. He used to say that he was good at sport. p.73 used to + infinitive
127. The manager will be at this meeting. p.74 word order
128. The company needs new employees. p.74 ‘worker’ vs. ‘employee’
129. Jo is at work. p.75 prepositions
130. Some people were late today. p.75 use of ‘some’
131. My brother is very tall. p.76 ‘high’ vs. ‘tall’
132. You aren’t thinking about it. p.76 present continuous
133. This is the friend I was talking about. p.76 final preposition
134. Where’s my book? I can’t find it. p.77 object pronouns
135. This is your book, isn’t it? p.77 question tags
136. I’d like to work as a secretary, for example. p.78 word order
137. See you on Friday. p.78 capitalisation
138. We found out how good a student she is. p.79 articles
139. I tried to remember what happened. p.79 ‘remind’ vs. ‘remember’
140. I was going to do some gardening in the afternoon. p.80 future in the past
141. I have eight fingers, two thumbs, and ten toes. p.80 cultural differences
142. I must eat something. p.81 modal verbs
143. We met other people at the party. p.81 ‘another’ vs. ‘other’
144. I was reading a book when the phone rang. p.81 past continuous
145. He told her that he didn’t want to meet up. p.82 reported speech
146. Life is hard. p.82 articles
147. I had such a good time. p.83 ‘so’ vs. ‘such’
148. The taxis never stop. p.83 negative forms
149. My car is better than yours. p.84 comparative forms
150. He lied to me. p.84 prepositions
151. Where is my phone? p.84 ‘telephone’ vs. ‘phone’
152. I’m trying to lose weight. p.85 use of ‘my’
153. I could never be a pilot. p.85 word order
154. Don’t shout at me! p.85 ‘cry’ vs. ‘shout’
155. She was angry with her brother. p.86 prepositions
156. It is quite a good job. p.86 articles
157. She told me that we had homework to do. p.86 ‘say’ vs. ‘tell’
158. They will be surprised! p.87 future simple
159. Hello. Please come in. Would you like to take a seat? p.87 polite language
160. I’m redecorating my flat. p.88 ‘renovate’ vs. redecorate’

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 25.
Discussion of the errors
#1 In English but not in Polish

Correction: I like learning English.

Polish: Lubię uczyć się
angielskiego. Word for Word Translation: I like teach
myself English. Error: I like learn English.

We use the infinitive form of the verb – the base form – in present simple when the subject is: ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘we’,
and ‘they’. It is not possible to put two infinitive verbs together in an English sentence, for example: ‘like learn’.
You could put preposition ‘to’ between them (‘I like to learn’), but after ‘like’ it may be more natural to use a
gerund – an ing noun, i.e. ‘learning’ ‘I like’ + noun = ‘I like something’. There is no preposition ‘to’ in the
Polish translation, so it would be easy to make this error when translating from Polish to English.

#2 Wrong word recalled

Correction: This is my favourite film.

Polish: To jest mój ulubiony film.
Word for Word Translation: It is my favourite film.
Error: This is my the best
film.

In Polish it is possible to say both ‘To jest mój ulubiony film’ (‘This is my favourite film’) and ‘To jest mój
najlepszy film’ (‘This is my the best film’) and mean the same thing. In English, the sentence ‘This is my the
best film’ is incorrect because it falls between two correct sentences: ‘This is my favourite film’ and ‘This is the
best film.’ We have to choose either of these sentences, rather than merge them together. The first sentence is
probably the best, because it is more subjective; you are saying that this is your opinion, rather than making a
definitive statement that something is ‘the best’. It is not possible to do that, because everybody’s taste is
different. This error may have been caused by the student not being able to remember the word ‘favourite’.

#3 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: Me and my friend went to the meeting.

Polish: Ja i mój przyjaciel poszliśmy na spotkanie.
Word for Word Translation: I and my friend went on meeting.
Error: I and my friend went to the meeting.

In Polish ‘ja’ can mean both ‘I’ and ‘me’, so this is a translation error. In English we can say either ‘Me and my
friend’ or ‘My friend and I’ (to be more polite), but not ‘I and my friend’. The subject pronoun ‘I’ cannot be first
in the order, if it is with another subject, but there is no such limitation in Polish.

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 27.
#4 False friends

Correction: All politicians are liars!

Polish: Wszyscy politycy są kłamcami.
Word for Word Translation: All politicians are liars!
Error: All politics are liars!

In Polish, the word for ‘politician’ is ‘polityk’, which looks and sounds almost the same as the English word
‘politics’. ‘Politics’ is an abstract noun that means the entire topic of government and the people who work in
government – ‘politicians’. The student has perhaps learned the word ‘politics’, and assumed that it means the
same as their Polish word ‘polityk’. This is a false friend – a word in one language that looks or sounds like a
word in another language, but they do not share the same meaning. We need to learn the most common false
friends in Polish and English to avoid falling into this kind of trap! (See p.12 for more false friends.) The actual
phrase ‘All politics are liars!’ would not make sense in Polish: ‘Wszystkie polityki są kłamcami’, because only
people can tell lies.

#5 Errors with tenses

Correction: You are right.

Polish: Masz rację.
Word for Word Translation: You have right.
Error: You have right.

This error has been caused by the student translating directly from Polish into English. In Polish they use the
verb ‘have’ to make this statement, while in English we use ‘be’. In Polish the sentence is expressed as a matter
of possession: ‘You have right’, while in English the sentence is expressed as a state of being: ‘You are right.’
This error is similar to #26, in which the Polish phrase uses ‘have’ but the English version uses ‘be’. The student
should avoid translating directly from Polish into English, but rather treat them as different languages.

#6 Differences in the use of prepositions

Correction: I was at home last night.

Polish: Byłem w domu zeszłej nocy.
Word for Word Translation: I was in home last night.
Error: I was in home last night.

This is a direct translation error, with the student choosing the Polish preposition ‘in’ instead of the correct
English preposition ‘at’. We think of ‘home’ as a place where we are ‘at’ – where we are located – rather than a
3D environment that we exist ‘in’.

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 28.
#7 Different concepts in Polish and English

Correction: ‘We have to leave now.’ ‘OK. No problem.’

Polish: ‘Musimy już iść.’ ‘OK. Nie ma problemu.’
Word for Word Translation: ‘We must now go.’ ‘OK. Not I have problem.’
Error: ‘We have to leave now.’ ‘OK, let it be.’

Clearly the student has picked up the phrase ‘Let it be’ from popular culture (albeit from nearly fifty years ago)
and decided to use it in their everyday speech. By using this phrase the student draws attention to their lack of
understanding of popular culture, rather than their knowledge of it, because no English native speaker would use
this dated phrase in daily conversation. It is only ever heard in English as part of the famous song of the same
name. More natural phrases that the student should learn and use instead might include: ‘No problem’, ‘That’s
fine’, and simply, ‘OK’.

#8 Countable in Polish, but uncountable in English

Correction: We had two homework assignments.

Polish: Zadano nam dwie prace domowe.
Word for Word Translation: Gave us two
homeworks. Error: We had two homeworks.

In English, the noun ‘homework’ is uncountable, so it does not have a plural form: ‘homeworks’ is not possible.
However, in Polish it is countable and we could say ‘two homeworks’ = ‘dwie prace domowe’. The student
must be more resourceful and think of the English way to say this phrase. There are various possibilities,
including: ‘We had two pieces of homework’, ‘We had some homework’, and even: ‘We had double
homework.’ The clearest option is probably the correct sentence given above. (See p.11 for more words that are
countable in Polish but uncountable in English.)

#9 In English but not in Polish

Correction: ‘Where’s John?’ ‘He’s gone (back) home.’

Polish: ‘Gdzie jest Jan?’ ‘Wrócil do domu.’
Word for Word Translation: ‘Where is John?’ ‘He went to home.’
Error: ‘Where’s John?’ ‘He’s back to home.’

In English we use ‘go’ rather than ‘be’ to say that somebody has changed location: ‘He’s gone home’ not ‘He is
home’, as in the error. The use of present perfect indicates that the action has happened recently. There are no
perfect tenses in Polish, so ‘He has gone...’ has no equivalent translation. We do not add preposition ‘to’ before
‘home’, unlike in Polish. It is hard to know why the Polish student has inserted the adverb ‘back’ as if it is a past

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particple verb in either present perfect or passive voice. It may be that the student has remembered the phrases
‘go back’ or ‘come back’ and has simple shortened it, losing the verb in the process.

#10 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: Her dress is the same as mine.

Polish: Jej sukienka jest taka sama jak moja.
Word for Word Translation: Her dress is same like mine.
Error: Her dress is the same like mine.

The English phrases – ‘the same as’ / ‘the same like’ – have the same translation in Polish: ‘taka sama jak’. The
student has forgotten which English phrase is correct: ‘the same as...’ Perhaps they have remembered the phrase
‘like mine’ – for example: ‘Her dress is like mine’ – and used it in error with ‘the same’. The colloction in
English is always: ‘the same as’ and will never be ‘the same like.’

#11 In English but not in Polish

Correction: I bought some bread.

Polish: Kupiłem chleb.
Word for Word Translation: I bought bread.
Error: I bought a bread.

Bread is uncountable in English, so you cannot use an article which means ‘one’ (a or an). In this sentence, you
could use ‘some bread’ or zero article (bread). If the context is specific, you should use ‘the bread’. There aren’t
any articles in Polish, nor are there uncountable nouns, so the phrase ‘Kupiłem chleb’ is simpler to make. By
saying ‘I bought a bread’, the student has remembered that there is often an article before a noun, but forgotten
that bread is uncountable and that the context is general.

#12 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: He prepared dinner for the whole family.

Polish: On przygotował obiad dla całej rodziny.
Word for Word Translation: He prepared dinner for all family.
Error: He prepared dinner for all family.

The problem is with ‘all’. In Polish there is one word for ‘all’ and ‘whole’ – ‘całej’, and no articles, like ‘the’.
We cannot say ‘all family’ because the context is specific – ‘the family’ – so ‘all the family’ is correct. We have
another option too – ‘whole’. However, this time article ‘the’ comes before ‘whole’ – ‘the whole family.’ We
only use ‘all’ + noun without ‘the’ when we are taking about things in general, e.g. ‘all kittens are cute’, so ‘all
families’ is possible, but in a different context, for example: ‘all families are different’.

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#13 Errors with
tenses

Correction: I agree.
Polish: Zgadzam się.
Word for Word Translation: I agree.
Error: I’m agree.

This error may have happened because the student was not aware that ‘agree’ is a state verb, therefore it does
not have a continuous form (with ing form). We cannot say ‘I’m agreeing’, only ‘I agree.’ The student settles for
an incorrect compromise between present continuous (‘I’m agree’ – with auxiliary verb ‘be’) and present simple
(‘I agree’).

#14 Direct translation errors

Correction: ‘Shall we watch a film?’ ‘I’d rather not.’

Polish: ‘Będziemy oglądać film?’ ‘Raczej
nie.’ Word for Word Translation: ‘We will watch film?’ ‘Rather no.’
Error: ‘Shall we watch a film?’ ‘Rather no.’

The student has simply translated the Polish phrase ‘raczej nie’ (‘rather no / not’) into English, without
considering the polite verb phrase that precedes it: ‘I’d’ = ‘I would’. The Polish word ‘nie’ means both ‘no’ and
‘not’, so here the student has chosen the wrong option: ‘rather no’ instead of ‘rather not’. A better choice would
have been to say ‘No’ or ‘No thanks’ to the suggestion, for example: ‘Shall we watch a film?’ ‘No thanks.’ The
phrase ‘raczej nie’ also translates into English as ‘preferably not’, which could be used as a stand-alone answer
to the suggestion – without a pronoun – but the student did not translate it that way. It is highly possible that the
student has mis-learned the phrase ‘rather no’ from the Polish ‘raczej nie’ and does not get corrected for it by
native speakers of English, because the meaning is clear, so ‘Why bother?’

#15 In Polish but not in English

Correction: Everybody has left.

Polish: Wszyscy ludzie wyszli.
Word for Word Translation: All people left.
Error: All people have left.

In English ‘all people’ means all people in the whole world. We could use ‘all the people’ to mean all the
specific people at the event, but not ‘all people’. The reason is that we have one single word that is a better
choice than ‘all the people’: everybody. Also, when Polish students pronounce ‘all people’ it can end up
sounding very like ‘old people’, so the resulting phrase, e.g. ‘Old people played football after school’, can end
up sounding nonsensical.

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#16 Word order

Correction: He probably went to Germany.

Polish: Prawdopodobnie wyjechal do Niemiec.
Word for Word Translation: Probably he went to
Germany. Error: Probably he went to
Germany.

This error concerns the position of adverbs in an English sentence. In English, we cannot start a sentence with
the adverb ‘probably’, although this is permitted in Polish. In English, ‘probably’ goes before the main verb, as
in the correct sentence above, unless that main verb is ‘be’, when it goes after the main verb, e.g. ‘They are
probably at the cinema.’

#17 Wrong word recalled

Correction: Brenda cooks very well.

Polish: Brenda gotuje bardzo dobrze.
Word for Word Translation: Brenda cooks very well.
Error: Brenda cooks very good.

In English, an adjective describes a noun, while an adverb describes a verb (action). In this sentence the speaker
is talking about how Brenda ‘cooks’ (verb), so it is necessary to use an adverb (‘well’). ‘Well’ is the adverb
form of the adjective ‘good’. We usually use an adverb to describe an action, for example, we say: ‘Adam walks
quickly’, not ‘Adam walks quick.’ There aren’t any nouns in this sentence, so we cannot use ‘good’. If there
were, we could, for example: ‘Brenda cooks very good meals.’

#18 Differences in the use of prepositions

Correction: I was at a concert yesterday.

Polish: Byłam wczoraj na
koncercie. Word for Word Translation: I was yesterday
on concert. Error: I was on a concert yesterday.

In English we usually use the preposition ‘at’ for places: ‘I was at school / at home / at work / at a football
match / at a concert...’ etc. We use the preposition ‘on’ to talk about platforms (raised levels), e.g. ‘I was on a
bus / on a train / on a plane...’ etc. If you say that you were ‘on’ something, then we think that you mean
physically on top of it, and your sentence can sound surreal, e.g. ‘I was on a concert yesterday’ = ‘What? You
were sitting on the roof?’ We also use ‘on’ to talk about media platforms, e.g. ‘It was on TV / on the radio / on
the internet / on a website...’ and so on. In fact there is not one single equivalent preposition for ‘at’ in Polish.
Instead they use different prepositions in different situations. For example, in the phrase ‘at school’, the Polish
word used for ‘at’ is ‘w’, which means ‘in’ in English: ‘w szkole’.

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#19 In English but not in Polish

Correction: We drove to my auntie’s home.

Polish: Pojechaliśmy do domu cioci.
Word for Word Translation: We drove to home auntie.
Error: We drove to the home of my auntie.

In this error the student has copied the word order from Polish (‘home auntie’), rather than forming a possessive
phrase with possessive ‘s’: ‘my aunt’s home.’ We normally use apostrophe ‘s’ – to denote possession between
somebody and their belongings: ‘John’s car’, not ‘car of John’; ‘My sister’s cat’, not ‘cat of my sister’, etc. In
general, when talking about things that belong to things, we can use the other method with ‘of’, for example:
‘the top of the stairs’ (not ‘the stairs’ top’) and ‘the word of the day’ (not ‘the day’s word’). The student needs to
learn when to use apostrophe ‘s’ to talk about things that belong to people, rather than simply translating from
Polish into English.

#20 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: Lubawa is a town.

Polish: Lubawa jest miastem.
Word for Word Translation: Lubawa is city [or town].
Error: Lubawa is a small city.

‘Miasto’ is the Polish word for both ‘town’ and ‘city’. The student has therefore tried to differentiate between
the two by calling Lubawa a ‘small city’. Perhaps they did not know the separate English word ‘town’. In
English a place is usually a ‘city’ when it has a university and/or a cathedral, and – as a consequence – a large
population. While there are, technically, small cities by population in England, such as Wells in Somerset (pop.
10,406), we usually think of cities as big, bustling places, so the phrase ‘small city’ stands out as an oxymoron –
a phrase that contradicts itself.

#21 Direct translation errors

Correction: I really like England.

Polish: Bardzo lubię Anglię.
Word for Word Translation: Very I like England.
Error: I very like England.

In Polish it is a normal collocation to say that ‘I very like’ something: ‘Bardzo lubię.’ The student has translated
directly from Polish to English without considering differences between the two languages. In English ‘very’ is
an adverb of degree that means ‘to a high level’. We can use it before an adverb (‘very clearly’); before an
adjective (‘very good’); and before a quantity phrase (‘very much’), but not before a noun, as in this example: ‘I

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very like England’. In contrast, ‘really’ is an adverb that does collocate with verbs, especially verbs of like and
dislike: ‘I really like/love/hate this book!’

#22 In Polish but not in English

Correction: Mike called her last night.

Polish: Mike zadzwonił do niej zeszłej nocy.
Word for Word Translation: Mike called to her last
night. Error: Mike called to her last night.

In Polish there is a preposition (‘do’ = ‘to’) after the verb ‘call’ (or ‘phone’), while in English there is not. We
do not ‘call to’ somebody, but rather we ‘call’ them, or ‘phone’ them. We cannot assume that every element of a
Polish sentence can be translated directly into English. This is an example of a sentence where there is a word in
Polish (‘do’ = ‘to’) which is not there in the English translation.

#23 Word order

Correction: It was very interesting for me.

Polish: To było dla mnie bardzo interesujące.
Word for Word Translation: It was for me very interesting.
Error: It was for me very interesting.

Word order in English is fairly strict and often conforms to a pattern with the acronym: SVOPT = subject, verb,
object, place, and time, as in this sentence: ‘I (S) ate (V) an apple (O) in the garden (P) yesterday (T).’ Word
order in English follows a logical and fairly predictable sequence, while in Polish a particular pattern of word
order is far less important, as long as each chunk of information in the sentence is expressed. In this sentence we
see the following: ‘It (subject) was (verb) very interesting (complement) for me (adverbial of viewpoint).’ In
English it is highly unusual to see the adverbial in the middle of the sentence, as in the error sentence. It could
occur, perhaps between dashes (or pauses): ‘It was – for me – very interesting’, but it is non standard. However,
in Polish it is permitted, so the error has been caused by the student translating directly from Polish into English,
without considering English word order.

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#24 In English but not in Polish

Correction: I have to take care of my daughter.

Polish: Muszę opiekować się moją córką.
Word for Word Translation: I must take care my daughter.
Error: I have to take care about my daughter.

The Polish verb + preposition collocation ‘zajmować się’ translates into English as ‘take care’. The student has
used this (incorrect) translation, instead of the phrasal verb ‘take care of’, which would have been correct. There
aren’t any phrasal verbs in Polish, so it is no wonder the student did this, rather than researching and learning
common phrasal verbs in English.

#25 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: I can smell gas in the kitchen.

Polish: Czuję gaz w kuchni.
Word for Word Translation: I smell gas in kitchen.
Error: I can feel gas in the
kitchen.

The Polish verb ‘czuć’ has three different meanings in English: feel, smell, and sniff. In this error the student
has used the incorrect English meaning for the context. We cannot ‘feel gas’ because in English ‘feel’ is
associated with either emotion – ‘I feel good’ – or touching/the touch of a physical object – ‘I feel the rain on
my face.’ In the correct sentence the context is not connected with emotion, and gas is not physical. We can
smell it, however, so the student should have chosen the correct word ‘smell’. ‘Sniff’ is incorrect, because it
would make the sentence into a display of skill: ‘It is possible for me to sniff gas’, whereas the most likely
interpretation of the context is that there is a gas leak in the kitchen, which has been detected by the speaker’s
sense of smell.

#26 Errors with tenses

Correction: He is twenty years old.

Polish: On ma dwadzieścia lat
Word for Word Translation: He has twenty years.
Error: He has twenty years old.

In Polish it is the convention to use ‘have’ when talking about age, rather than ‘be’. The student has translated
from Polish, without considering that English is a different language with different rules. In Polish, the word
‘lat’ derives from ‘summer’ (‘lato’), so when you think of the sentence as meaning ‘He has twenty summers’,
the use of ‘have’ rather than ‘be’ makes logical sense. This was used more often in the past, but not so much
today. We do not use this charming figurative phrase in English, except perhaps in poetry or lyrics. We also add

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the word ‘old’ after years. This is a standard collocation, but we can also shorten it to: ‘He is twenty’. We never
say ‘He is twenty years.’

#27 Direct translation errors

Correction: I don’t think I was late.

Polish: Nie sądzę, że się
spóźniłem. Word for Word Translation: I don’t think so
I was late. Error: I don’t think so I was late.

In English the idiomatic phrase ‘I think so’ can only appear at the end of a clause or sentence, not in the middle
of one, as in this error. The exchange might go: ‘Were you late?’ ‘No, I don’t think so’, or ‘Yes, I think so.’ We
would never say: ‘No, I don’t think so I was late.’ In Polish the word ‘so’ can form a phrase with ‘think’ and
appear anywhere in the sentence, so the student – translating from Polish into English, as usual – makes this
error.

#28 In Polish but not in English

Correction: Please contact me.

Polish: Proszę skontaktuj się ze mną.
Word for Word Translation: Please contact with me.
Error: Please contact with me.

It is necessary to add the preposition ‘with’ after ‘contact’ in Polish, whereas in English it is not required. The
student has simply copied the form – incorrectly – from Polish and made the error.

#29 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: That vacation was really fun.

Polish: Te wakacje były naprawdę zabawne.
Word for Word Translation: That vacation was really funny.
Error: That vacation was really funny.

The Polish adjective ‘zabawne’ has two different meanings in English, so the student has misread the context of
the sentence and used the wrong word: ‘funny’. We think of something ‘fun’ as being enjoyable and
pleasurable. An activity is fun, for example. However, if something is ‘funny’ it makes us laugh – there is a
physical response: laughter. A moment can be funny, for example. While there may have been funny moments
during the vacation, it is very unlikely that the speaker was laughing continuously for days during the one- or
two- week holiday period.

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#30 Using a positive form to make a negative sentence

Correction: I did not have enough time.

Polish: Miałem niewystarczająco dużo czasu.
Word for Word Translation: I had not enough a lot time.
Error: I had too little time.

In Polish, word order is far more flexible than in English. It is possible to say this sentence with a positive main
verb – ‘I had not enough time’ = ‘Miałem niewystarczająco czasu’ – or a negative main verb: ‘I did not have
enough time’ = ‘Nie miałem tyle czasu.’ In English we generally start a sentence that has a negative meaning
with the negative form of the main verb: ‘I did not have...’ The student has thought to use the quantifier ‘too
little’ correctly with the uncountable noun ‘time’, which is good. However, starting the sentence with ‘I had’
leads us to expect that the outcome will be positive, and the listener may be confused when it turns out to be
negative. In Polish this is not an issue and you can say it either way, but in English it is incorrect and makes the
speaker sound like a foreign speaker of English.

#31 In English but not in Polish

Correction: If he calls, I will tell him.

Polish: Jeśli zadzwoni, powiem mu.
Word for Word Translation: If he calls, I tell him.
Error: If he will call, I will tell him.

First conditional requires the following structure: ‘if + present simple’ in the first clause, then future simple
(‘will + infinitive’) in the second clause. Of course, the order of clauses can be swapped. The student has to
remember the fixed structure of each conditional. Here, the student has remembered that ‘will’ is used in first
conditional, but not in which clause. Perhaps to be on the safe side, they have used it in both clauses.

#32 Direct translation errors

Correction: He took a photo.

Polish: Zrobił zdjęcie.
Word for Word Translation: He made photo.
Error: He made a photo.

This error is caused by the student translating directly from Polish. In Polish the correct collocation is ‘to make a
photo’ (‘zrobić zdjęcie’) while in English we ‘take’ a photo. The student has not learned the correct collocation
in English, but has instead relied upon translating from Polish. If you think about it, it is rather odd that we
‘take’ a photo in English. Where do we take it to? To the cinema?! The Polish ‘make’ may actually ‘make’ more

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sense here, since in English, ‘make’ is usually connected with creation and production (see also #74). In any
case, we must use the correct verb-noun collocation.

#33 In Polish but not in English

Correction: My wife gave birth to my daughter yesterday.

Polish: Moja żona urodziła moją córkę wczoraj.
Word for Word Translation: My wife [borned*] my daughter
yesterday. Error: My wife borned my daughter yesterday.

In Polish there is one verb that means ‘to give birth’: ‘urodzić’. The English construction is more complicated,
using ‘give + birth + to’, so a direct translation is not possible. The student, keen as ever on direct translation,
assumes that there is an equivalent verb in English (‘to born’) and guesses that it is regular, with an -ed ending
for the past tense form (‘borned’). They are wrong!

*not an English word

#34 Word order

Correction: The hotel was also quite nice.

Polish: Hotel był również całkiem miły.
Word for Word Translation: Hotel was also quite nice.
Error: The hotel also was quite nice.

In this sentence the focusing adverb ‘also’ should go after the main verb ‘was’. The student may have
understood that adverbs like ‘also’ often go before the main verb, but has forgotten the exception, which is verb
‘be’. If the main verb is ‘be’, the adverb usually goes after the main verb: ‘The hotel was also quite nice.’

#35 Wrong word recalled

Correction: The truth is that I don’t like him.

Polish: Prawda jest taka, że go nie
lubię. Word for Word Translation: Truth is such that him not I like.
Error: The true is that I don’t like him.

The problem here is that the student has mixed up two similar-sounding English words ‘truth’ and ‘true’. ‘Truth’
is a noun and can be preceded by definite article ‘the’ – as in this sentence – while ‘true’ is an adjective and
must go before a noun. We cannot say ‘the true is’, because a noun must follow an adjective, not a verb, e.g.
‘the true story.’ This is not a conflict with Polish, where ‘prawda’ (truth) is a noun and ‘prawdziwe’ is an
adjective, but rather a mix up of the two similar-sounding words. They have exactly the same sounds, apart from

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the unvoiced ‘th’ sound at the end of ‘truth’. Since this sound is one of the most difficult sounds in English for
Polish students to master, it is no surprise that the student has tried to avoid it by simply omitting it. However,
the omission of ‘th’ in truth leads to a vocabulary error, with the student pronouncing a related but different
word: ‘true’.

#36 Different concepts in Polish and English

Correction: I went to Scotland last weekend.

Polish: Byłem w Szkocji zeszłego weekendu.
Word for Word Translation: I was in Scotland last weekend.
Error: I was in Scotland last weekend.

In English, the concept of visiting a place is connected with the verb ‘go’. We ‘go’ to places, as in this sentence:
‘I went to Scotland last weekened.’ In Polish, it is normal to use the verb ‘be’ – to ‘be’ in a place, rather than
‘go’ to it. While the sentence ‘I was in Scotland last weekend’ is not grammatically wrong, it feels wrong and is
probably not the choice an English native speaker would make to express this idea.

#37 Traditional grammar errors

Correction: I can’t imagine working there.

Polish: Nie mogę sobie wyobrazić tam
pracować. Word for Word Translation: Not I can myself imagine
there to work. Error: I can’t imagine to work there.

There are some verbs in English that must be followed by a gerund rather than to + infinitive. For example:
‘enjoy’ (not ‘I enjoy to go...’), ‘avoid’ (not ‘She avoided to work...’), and ‘mind’ (not ‘I don’t mind to lend
you...’) ‘Imagine’ is one of those verbs. We ‘imagine’ something – a thing – rather than a verb, so we use a
gerund, which is an ing noun (see #69.) Although it looks the same as the ing form of the verb ‘work’, in this
sentence ‘working’ is a noun. The Polish student has to learn collocations: which verbs can be followed by to +
infinitive, and which have to be followed by a gerund. This is a problem for Polish students, but it’s one that can
be fixed by learning lists of verbs on either side: ‘followed by a gerund’ or ‘followed by to + infinitive.’

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#38 In English but not in Polish

Correction: What are you doing?

Polish: Co robisz?
Word for Word Translation: What you do?
Error: What you
doing?

There are no auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) in Polish, so it can be hard for students to remember to use them in
English. We use them to form tenses, including question forms and negative forms. In this sentence the tense is
present continuous. We use ‘be’ as the auxiliary verb. We build a wh- question like this:

wh- + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

e.g. What are you doing?

In Polish there are no continuous tenses. The student has remembered the ing form (‘doing’) of the present
continuous tense, but forgotten the auxiliary verb. You might argue that the meaning is clear without the
auxiliary verb, so why use it? Unfortunately, we have to use them to be correct.

#39 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: Do you lock your front door at night?

Polish: Czy zamkniesz drzwi wejściowe na noc?
Word for Word Translation: Do you close door entrance on night?
Error: Do you close your front door at night?

In Polish the word ‘zamknąć’ means both ‘close’ and ‘lock’, so the student has either failed to learn both
different words in English, or not thought to use the more appropriate ‘lock’. It is unlikely that a person would
just ‘close’ their front door at night, rather than ‘lock’ it. Therefore the error sentence does not make sense.

#40 Errors with tenses

Correction: It is OK for me.

Polish: To jest dla mnie OK.
Word for Word Translation: It is for me OK.
Error: Is OK for me.

We usually need a subject before a verb in an English sentence. In this sentence ‘it’ is the subject of verb ‘be’:
‘It is...’ In Polish we could say ‘To jest dla mnie OK’, but the word ‘to’ (‘it’) is often omitted (see also #73).
Literally, ‘it’ is taken as read. English word order is less flexible than Polish word order, and if we try to do this
in English it sounds wrong – ‘Is OK for me’. We cannot simply translate directly from Polish to English.

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#41 In Polish but not in English

Correction: I must go home.

Polish: Muszę iść do domu.
Word for Word Translation: I must go to home.
Error: I must go to home.

This is a direct translation error, with the student adding the preposition ‘to’ before ‘home’, as it is in Polish. In
this sentence ‘home’ is being used as an adverb of place rather than a noun, so we cannot use ‘to’ as we would
before a noun, e.g. ‘I must go to the library.’ An adverb usually describes a verb – in this case ‘go’.

#42 Word order

Correction: Someone else did it.

Polish: Zrobił to ktoś inny.
Word for Word Translation: Did it someone different.
Error: Did it someone else.

The fact that the student produced this error sentence as an example of English is a great example of how
different word order is in Polish and English. While in English we generally adhere to the SVOPT word order –
subject, verb, object, place, and time – word order in Polish is much looser and, as in this case, can create what
looks to an English native speaker like a jumbled up sentence: ‘Did it someone else.’ However, this word order
seems perfectly reasonable to a Polish native speaker. In English, the word order should be SVO (subject, verb,
object): ‘Someone else (S) did (V) it (O).’ In general, the student should begin an English sentence with a
person – either a name (e.g. ‘Emma’) or a pronoun (e.g. ‘She’, ‘I’, or ‘They’, etc.), then continue with the verb
phrase, then the object – if there is one (if the verb is transitive there will be an object, if intransitive, such as
‘go’ there will not be) – then place and time at the end.

#43 Wrong word recalled

Correction: See you tomorrow, as usual.

Polish: Do zobaczenia jutro, jak zwykle.
Word for Word Translation: See you later tomorrow, as usual.
Error: See you tomorrow, as usually.

Here the student has mixed up the idiomatic phrase ‘as usual’ with the adverb of frequency ‘usually’. ‘As usual’
(‘jak zwykle’ in Polish) refers to an action that is habitual – for example, meeting somebody – while ‘usually’
means ‘regularly’. As an adverb, ‘usually’ describes a verb. We could say: ‘I usually see you every Monday’,
but this sentence requires a time phrase (‘every Monday’), rather than an adverb. ‘See you tomorrow’ is
imperative form, which deals with either now or the future. An adverb of frequency, like ‘usually’, ‘often’, or

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‘sometimes’, does not fit, because they are most often used in present simple tense, e.g. ‘We usually play tennis
on Saturday afternoons.’ In any case, the phrase ‘as usually’ does not exist in

English. #44 Different concepts in Polish and English

Correction: Good morning, Lisa. / ...Bob.

Polish: Dzień dobry, pani Liso. / ...panie
Bobie. Word for Word Translation: Good morning, Mrs Lisa. / ...Mr Bob.
Error: Good morning, Mrs Lisa. / ...Mr Bob.

In Polish the words ‘pani’ (for females) and ‘pan’ (for males) are used to show respect when addressing people
who are not family and friends by their first names. In English, this translates into phrases like the above: ‘Good
morning, Mr Bob!’ and ‘Hello, Mrs Lisa.’ This is unheard of in English, and can sound comical to English ears.
It may be that some English native speakers – including some English language teachers – enjoy this unusual
respectful and formal mode of address, but it is nevertheless incorrect because it is not used in standard English.
We use the titles ‘Mr’ and ‘Mrs’ when writing a formal email or letter, for example: ‘Dear Mrs Webb...’ but not
in spoken English. A woman can use ‘Ms’ if she does not want to specify her marital status, while a girl can use
the title ‘Miss’.

#45 In English but not in Polish

Correction: Jill laughed at her friend.

Polish: Jill śmiała się z przyjaciela.
Word for Word Translation: Jill laughed herself from friend.
Error: Jill laughed her friend at.

Phrasal verbs do not exist in Polish, so it is unsurprising that the student has made an error here. Instead of
phrasal verbs they use normal verbs in Polish, e.g. ‘laugh at’ translates as ‘śmiać się’, simply ‘to laugh’. ‘Phrasal
verbs are either transitive – they have an object, e.g. ‘put up with (something)’ – or intransitive: they do not have
an object, e.g. ‘go out’. However, there is another layer of difficulty that students have to watch out for:
transitive verbs (with objects) can be either separable – the object may go before or after the particle (the second
word), e.g. ‘bring (children) up’ – or inseparable: the object has to go after the particle, e.g. ‘stand by
(somebody)’, not ‘stand (somebody) by’. Since intransitive verbs do not have an object, they are neither
separable nor inseparable. The situation is further complicated by the fact that many individual phrasal verbs
have different meanings, which make them, in different situations, transitive separable, transitive inseparable, or
intransitive. For example, ‘fight back’ can be intransitive (without an object): ‘It is time to fight back!’ or
transitive inseparable: ‘I fought back the tears’ (not ‘I fought the tears back’). It is no wonder that Polish
students love to study phrasal verbs! In this error, the phrasal verb ‘laugh at’ is transitive inseparable, so the
object must go after the particle. The student could not use the ‘normal’ verb ‘laugh’ instead of the phrasal verb:
‘Jill laughed her friend’ would be incorrect. Remember that English is a rich language which contains many

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ways of expressing the same meaning. When learning lists of phrasal verbs, you should learn not only the
spellings and meanings, but also whether they are transitive separable, transitive inseparable, or intransitive – or
the form varies depending on the context.

#46 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: I have got a lot of fuel.

Polish: Mam dużo paliwa.
Word for Word Translation: I have much fuel.
Error: I have got much fuel.

The English phrase ‘a lot of’ and the word ‘much’ are the same word in Polish: ‘dużo’. In English, ‘much’ is
used with uncountable nouns, while ‘a lot of’ is used with both countable and uncountable nouns. ‘Fuel’ is an
uncountable noun, but we do not use ‘much’ in positive sentences, only in negative sentences and question
forms, so the following sentences would have been correct: ‘I haven’t got much fuel’ and ‘Have you got much
fuel?’ but not the positive form ‘I have got much fuel.’

#47 Errors with tenses

Correction: We will learn more.

Polish: Bȩdziemy uczyć się więcej.
Word for Word Translation: We will learn ourselves
more. Error: We will be learn more.

In English, there must be an infinitive verb after ‘will’, but there cannot be two infinitive verbs together in a
sentence, so ‘We will be learn...’ is not possible. It may be that the student is confused about future tenses and
has got caught somewhere between future simple – ‘We will learn more’ – and future continuous, which uses
‘be’ + ing form: ‘We will be learning more.’ In any case, it is not necessary to use the infinitive verb ‘be’ in
future simple.

#48 Direct translation errors

Correction: We’re waiting for a bus at the moment.

Polish: Czekamy na autobus w tej chwili.
Word for Word Translation: We wait on bus in this moment.
Error: We’re waiting for a bus at this moment.

This error is caused by the student translating directly from Polish into English, rather than learning and using
correct English phrases. ‘At the moment’ means ‘now’ in English. ‘At this moment’ is not a phrase in English.
This sentence actually provides a nice snapshot of some of the differences between Polish and English: 1)

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‘We’re waiting’ becomes ‘We wait’, because there are no continuous tenses in Polish; 2) and 3) ‘for a bus’
becomes ‘on bus’ because the use of prepositions differs and there are no articles in Polish; 4) ‘at’ becomes ‘in’,
due to the aforementioned preposition differences; 5) ‘the moment’ becomes ‘this moment’ due to the absence
of articles in Polish. This shows that there really is a lot for the student to remember if they want to speak
English correctly. Opting for a mix of Polish and English (‘Pinglish’) – ‘We wait on bus in this moment.’ – may
be easier, and communicate what you want to say effectively, but it won’t gain you any certificates.

#49 In Polish but not in English

Correction: I went out last weekend.

Polish: Wyszedłem w ostatni weekend.
Word for Word Translation: I went in last weekend.
Error: I went out in last
weekend.

We do not add a preposition before the phrase ‘last weekend’ because it is an adverbial of time rather than a
noun phrase. In the same way we do not require a preposition (‘in’) before ‘yesterday’, ‘tomorrow’, or ‘next
year’. However, in Polish it is necessary to add the preposition ‘w’, which means ‘in’. The student has translated
directly from Polish to English, without considering the differences that exist with the use of prepositions. In
addition, there are no phrasal verbs in Polish, so the English phrasal verb ‘went out’ is translated as simply
‘went’. We need more information in the Polish translation regarding where this person went, whereas in
English ‘I went out’ is often a short code for ‘I went out for a drink with my friends/partner.’

#50 Word order

Correction: I think we can get it.

Polish: Możemy to dostać, tak myślę.
Word for Word Translation: We can it get, so I
think. Error: We can get it, I think.

Word order in Polish is far more flexible than in English. In the Polish version of the sentence the main verb is
‘get’ – ‘We can it get, so I think’ – while in English it is ‘think’: ‘I think we can get it.’ Because we want ‘think’
to be the main verb – the most important action – in the sentence, we put it first. The primary focus is on the
subject ‘I’ and what the person thinks, while ‘we can get it’ is a secondary consideration. In Polish the phrase ‘I
think’ can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence – and perhaps even in the middle: ‘We can, I think,
get it.’ The position depends on the emphasis the student wants to give. However, in English, due to word order
rules, there is no possibility of such a verb phrase appearing at the end of the sentence.

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#51 Errors with
tenses

Correction: She gets the bus every day.

Polish: Ona jeździ autobusem codziennie.
Word for Word Translation: She gets bus every day.
Error: She get the bus every day.

We use two different verb forms in present simple: infinitive for ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘we’, and ‘they’, and s form for ‘he’,
‘she’, and ‘it’ (called third person). S form of the verb is usually just infinitive + ‘s’ – as in this sentence –
sometimes infinitive + ‘es’ (e.g. ‘he watches’), and sometimes infinitive minus ‘y’ and + ‘ies’, as in ‘she flies.’
However, it is another thing for students to remember. The student has made present simple easier by using
infinitive with each pronoun. It may be that they have made a conscious or unconscious decision to do that, and
it has become the norm for them. They may reason that since the meaning is clear, it is good enough. However,
‘She get the bus every day’ is an obvious error and a beginner-level error at that. The student really ought to
have mastered present simple tense by now.

#52 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: We know how it should look.

Polish: Wiemy, jak to powinno
wyglądać. Word for Word Translation: We know how it
should look like. Error: We know how it should look
like.

The Polish verb ‘wyglądać’ means both ‘look’ and ‘look like’ in English, so the student has made a direct
translation error by choosing the wrong option. In English we cannot say ‘how does something look like?’
Instead we say ‘What does something look like?’ or ‘How does it look?’

#53 Direct translation errors

Correction: I went to the gym. My friend does that kind of thing.

Polish: Poszedłem na siłownię. Mój przyjaciel robi takie rzeczy.
Word for Word Translation: I went on gym. My friend does such things.
Error: I went to the gym. My friend does such things.

While it is possible to use the phrase ‘such things’ in English, it is rather old fashioned and sounds like
something from a 1950s grammar text book. We would always use a different phrase, for example: ‘My friend
does things like that’, or ‘My friend does that kind of thing’ – or a different construction, like: ‘My friend goes
as well.’ Therefore, using ‘such things’ is sure to mark the speaker out as a non-native speaker of English – with
an outdated grammar book. This is not a direct translation error, because the phrase ‘that kind of thing’ is an
English idiom, which does not appear in Polish.

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#54 In Polish but not in English

Correction: The teacher gave me a good mark.

Polish: Nauczyciel dał mi dobrą ocenȩ.
Word for Word Translation: Teacher gave me good mark.
Error: The teacher he gave me a good mark.

Polish students often begin an English sentence with a full subject (like ‘The teacher’), then add a corresponding
pronoun as well (e.g. ‘he’), giving us two subjects: ‘The teacher he...’ In English there must only be one subject
in the sentence, so the speaker has to decide which one to use. Usually the full subject is more descriptive, and
therefore preferable, as in this sentence with ‘The teacher’, so the student should use that. In Polish, it is also
wrong to use two subjects, so this may be a slang form. However, it is not a form of slang that occurs in English.

#55 Word order

Correction: I feel safer here.

Polish: Czuję się bezpieczniej tutaj.
Word for Word Translation: I feel myself safer here.
Error: I feel here safer.

In this sentence the correct word order in English is: ‘I (subject) feel (verb) safer (complement) here (place).’
Generally, whatever else there is in a sentence, the place and time follow at the end. That’s why it is a surprise
to see ‘here’ before the complement in the error sentence.

#56 Wrong word recalled

Correction: There were four people in the taxi.

Polish: Były cztery osoby w taksówce.
Word for Word Translation: Were four persons in taxi.
Error: There were four persons in the taxi.

The usual plural form of ‘person’ is ‘people’, but we can use the word ‘persons’ in formal contexts, e.g. in
written instructions – for example: ‘This lift is intended for use by a maximum of 12 persons’ – or in legal text –
for example: ‘Several persons were seen near the bank on the night of the fourteenth of March.’ This means that
the noun ‘person’ usually has an irregular plural form: not ‘persons’ but ‘people’. Similarly ‘man’ and ‘woman’
also have irregular plural forms: ‘men’ and ‘women’, not ‘mans’ and ‘womans’. Instead of adding the usual
letter ‘s’ to make a noun plural, the student had to think of a different word, which complicated the process. In
Polish, ‘czworo ludzi’ means ‘four people’, but it is not often used, because it is the masculine form, and the
feminine form is easier to use with numbers: ‘cztery osoby’ = ‘four persons’, because there is no need to change

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the form of the number from its original form ‘cztery’. In any case, a Polish speaker can use the words ‘people’
and ‘persons’ interchangeably, while in English ‘people’ is usually correct.

#57 In English but not in Polish

Correction: I can’t meet you for a beer tonight.

Polish: Nie mogę spotkać się dziś wieczorem na piwo.
Word for Word Translation: Not I can meet this evening on beer.
Error: I cannot meet you for a beer
tonight.

There are no auxiliary verbs or contractions in Polish, so the system of using contractions to change the register
to informal has to be learned from scratch. While we use full forms such as ‘cannot’ in formal writing – e.g. a
formal email – contractions are very popular in spoken English, so in the original sentence it would be far too
formal to say ‘I cannot meet’; rather we would say, ‘I can’t meet’. Using a full form in an informal situation
immediately marks the speaker out as a foreign speaker of English, so it is necessary to learn common
contractions – such as ‘I’ve’ for ‘I have’, ‘He’s’ for ‘He is’, ‘We’d’ for ‘We would’, etc. – and remember when
to use them, i.e. in informal conversation.

#58 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: There are many differences.

Polish: Jest wiele różnic.
Word for Word Translation: It is many
differences. Error: It is many
differences.

In English, the Polish sentence ‘Jest wiele różnic’ means either ‘There are many differences’ – which is correct
– or ‘It is many differences’, which is not. The reason the latter is not correct is because the subject ‘it’ denotes a
singular thing and as such does not agree with the plural phrase ‘many differences’. ‘It’ takes the singular verb
form in present simple – ‘is’ – which also does not agree with the plural ‘many differences.’ The student has
chosen the wrong option, without considering the disagreement between ‘it’ and ‘many differences’, which
makes this a rather noticeable error.

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#59 Errors with
tenses

Correction: I don’t know what I should do.

Polish: Nie wiem, co mam robić.
Word for Word Translation: I don’t know what I have to do.
Error: I don’t know what should I do.

The correct sentence – ‘I don’t know what I should do’ – is a statement, while in the error the student uses
inversion (swapping the order) of subject (‘I’) and modal verb (‘should’) to create a direct question form:
‘...what should I do?’ This is completely unnecessary, because the sentence is not a question. The speaker is not
asking for advice directly, although it could be an indirect question where the speaker requires an answer,
without explicitly asking a question. On the other hand, it could be a private statement, with the speaker talking
to themselves. More information about the context would be necessary to decide whether it was a kind of
question or not.

#60 Direct translation errors

Correction: ‘Shall we go out?’ ‘Yes, I think so.’

Polish: ‘Wyjdziemy?’ ‘Myślę, że tak.’
Word for Word Translation: ‘We go out?’ ‘I think that yes.’
Error: ‘Shall we go out?’ ‘I think yes.’

This is a direct translation from Polish into English: ‘Myślę tak.’ = ‘I think yes’. Due to the more flexible word
order, in Polish the reverse is also possible: ‘Tak myślę’ = ‘Yes I think.’ In English, the correct phrase is ‘I think
so’, which is only possible at the end of a clause or sentence (see also #27). You could also answer this
suggestion in a positive way with ‘Why not?’, ‘Yes, let’s’, ‘Maybe’, or if you don’t want to go out with them:
‘No.’

#61 Direct translation errors

Correction: This is the school that my friend attends.

Polish: Jest to szkoła, do której uczęszcza mój przyjaciel.
Word for Word Translation: Is it school to which attends my friend.
Error: This is the school that attends my friend.

This error is caused by the student translating directly from Polish into English, rather than learning how to form
relative clauses. The phrase ‘that my friend attends’ is a defining relative clause, directly referring to the word
‘school’. This kind of clause follows the same word order rules as a normal clause: subject + verb + object or
complement, so the subject (‘my friend’) goes before the verb (‘attends’). There is no need for inversion, as in
the Polish translation.

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#62 In Polish but not in English

Correction: What time did you leave work?

Polish: Kiedy wyszłaś z pracy?
Word for Word Translation: When you left from work?
Error: What time did you leave from work?

We do not add a preposition (in this case ‘from’) before ‘work’, because ‘work’ is an adverb. It is the same with
other similar adverbs: home, school, church, and so on. However, in Polish it is necessary to add an adverb (‘z’,
which means ‘from’) before ‘work’. The student has translated directly from Polish to English, without
considering the differences that exist with the use of prepositions.

#63 In English but not in Polish

Correction: They like dancing, don’t they?

Polish: Lubią tańczyć, nie?
Word for Word Translation: They like to dance, no?
Error: They like dancing, doesn’t they?

We use question tags in spoken English to ask somebody to confirm what we think: ‘They like dancing – is that
true?’ ‘Yes, it is.’ If the main clause is positive, the question tag must be negative, and vice versa. Question tags
are connected with the auxiliary verb of the tense used, so in present simple for ‘they’ the question tag will use
‘do’ or ‘don’t’ – as in the correct sentence. We cannot match ‘doesn’t’ with ‘they’, but only with third person
(‘he’, ‘she’, or ‘it’). In Polish the equivalent forms of question tags are easier, and do not require any thought
about the tense or the auxiliary verb: ‘[positive statement], tak?’ (‘yes?’) or the more informal ‘nie’ (‘no?’), or
‘...prawda?’ (‘...truth?’).

#64 Different concepts in Polish and English

Correction: ‘How are you?’ ‘Fine thanks. And you?’

Polish: ‘Jak się masz?’ ‘Dobrze, dzięki.’ ‘A ty?’
Word for Word Translation: ‘How you have?’ ‘Fine, thanks. And
you?’ Error: ‘How are you?’ ‘Thanks, fine.’

In this error the student has got the word order wrong: ‘Thanks, fine’, should be ‘Fine, thanks.’ In Polish word
order is more flexible, so ‘Thank you, fine’ (‘Dziękuję, w porządku’) is correct. In informal exchanges this
sometimes gets shortened to just ‘Thanks’ or the more formal ‘Thank you’, so that when we ask how the student
is, they simple reply ‘Thanks’ – which sounds odd and is incorrect in English. The most common exchange of
greetings in English is the three-line classic:

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 A: ‘Hi, how are you?’
B: ‘Fine, thanks. And you?’
A: ‘Fine, thanks’, or ‘Not bad, thanks.’

This is purely a standardised way of saying ‘hello’ – we are not really interested in the other person’s health, but
it feels polite to ask. We do not give detailed information about our health, it is a purely phatic communication.
In Polish, this exchange does not exist, which is why it can be confusing for students. If somebody does happen
to ask about your health in Polish, it means that they want to hear about it, so you should tell them all the
details! This error is made worse by the student forgeting to ask the other person how they are, which would be
considered rude.

#65 Using a positive form to make a negative sentence

Correction: I don’t have enough money.

Polish: Mam niewystarczającą ilość pieniȩdzy.
Word for Word Translation: I have not enough quantity money.
Error: I have too low money.

In Polish it is possible to express a negative idea using a positive verb form: ‘I have too low money.’ In English
it would be more natural to express a negative idea using a negative verb form, i.e. ‘I don’t have enough
money.’ Also, the sentence ‘I have too low money’ is not possible in English. The student should use the
negative verb form for present simple with the appropriate auxiliary verb ‘do’: ‘I don’t have...’

#66 Countable in Polish, but uncountable in English

Correction: I heard a lot of information.

Polish: Słyszałem wiele informacji.
Word for Word Translation: I heard many informations.
Error: I heard a lot of
informations.

‘Information’ is an uncountable noun in English. We cannot have one, two, three – or more – ‘informations’.
However, in Polish it is a countable noun, so the student has made an error translating directly from Polish into
English. It is hard to see how anybody could get or receive multiple ‘informations’ so this may be a case of a
noun which is countable in name only, but in practice is also uncountable in Polish. (See p.11 for more words
that are countable in Polish but uncountable in English.)

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#67 False friends

Correction: Tom wore smart clothes to the interview.

Polish: Tom miał na sobie eleganckie ubranie na wywiadzie.
Word for Word Translation: Tom had on himself elegant clothes on
interview. Error: Tom wore elegant clothes to the interview.

The same Polish word – ‘elegancki’ – means both ‘smart’ and ‘elegant’ in English. However, ‘elegancki’ and
‘elegant’ are false friends – we do not use them interchangeably. In English, a man or a woman would wear
‘smart’ clothes to a job interview, while perhaps only a woman would be able to wear ‘elegant’ clothes – and
then not to a job interview, but perhaps to a divine soiree on the Côte d’Azur – in the 1920s, with Scott and
Zelda Fitzgerald... The word ‘elegant’ in English is rather old-fashioned and has connotations of style, taste, and
sophistication which would not be required of a man attending a job interview in the present-day. The student
has become confused by the false friends: ‘elegancki’ (meaning ‘smart’, in English) and ‘elegant’ – an outdated
word that does not mean ‘smart’, and applies only to females, not males. (See p.12 for more false friends.)

#68 Wrong word recalled

Correction: Then I went to the other shop.

Polish: Następnie poszedłem do innego sklepu.
Word for Word Translation: Then I went to other shop.
Error: Then I came to the other shop.

In English we use ‘come’ with ‘here’ (near to us, which matches the demonstrative ‘this’) and ‘go’ with ‘there’
(far from us, which matches the demonstrative ‘that’). We could say ‘I came to this shop’, if we are standing in
the shop now, but not ‘I came to the other shop’. The use of ‘other’ tells us that the shop is in a different place,
i.e. not here. This error is caused by choosing the wrong word. It is not a translation error because in Polish the
words are different: ‘He went to the shop’ = ‘Poszedł do sklepu’ while ‘He came to the shop’ = ‘Wszedł do
sklepu.’

#69 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: He was standing there, by the door.

Polish: Stał tam, przy drzwiach.
Word for Word Translation: He stood there by door.
Error: He was staying there, by the door.

The Polish phrase ‘stał tam’ can mean either ‘he stood’ / ‘he was standing’ or ‘he stayed’ / ‘he was staying’, so
the concept of somebody ‘staying’ by the door – i.e. not moving, but stationary – would be perfectly acceptable
to the student, who then translates directly from Polish into English and makes an error.

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#70 In English but not in Polish

Correction: I got the best mark in my class.

Polish: Miałem najlepszy wynik w klasie.
Word for Word Translation: I had best mark in class.
Error: I got a best mark in my class.

In Polish there are no articles, but in English we need a determiner, e.g. an article, before a singular countable
noun. ‘Mark’ is a singular countable noun, in a phrase with the adjective ‘best’. But which article – ‘a’, ‘an’, or
‘the’? ‘Best’ is a superlative adjective and we always use ‘the’ with superlative adjectives – not ‘a’ or ‘an’,
therefore we say ‘the best mark’. In this sentence the student has thought to use an article, but used the wrong
one.

#71 Wrong word recalled

Correction: I train because I want to take care of my body.

Polish: Ćwiczę, bo chcę dbać o mój organizm.
Word for Word Translation: I train because I want take care about my organism.
Error: I train because I want to take care of my organism.

Here the student uses the word ‘organism’ instead of the correct word ‘body’. In English an ‘organism’ is any
individual life form, but we particularly think of it as being a simple, microscopic life form, for example:
‘single-celled organisms.’ We do not refer to our bodies as ‘organisms’, despite the fact that they are! It may be
that the student was reaching for a higher-level word than ‘body’ to describe the complex system that is the
human body. However, an English native speaker would never produce the word ‘organism’ to describe their
body. More suitable substitute words for ‘my body’ might include: ‘my system’, ‘my health’, or simply
‘myself’.

#72 Differences in the use of prepositions

Correction: I looked on the internet.

Polish: Szukałem w internecie.
Word for Word Translation: I searched in internet.
Error: I looked in the
internet.

In English we treat ‘the internet’ as a media platform, like TV and radio. We use preposition ‘on’ for platforms,
while in Polish the preposition ‘w’ is used, which means ‘in’. They also say ‘in TV’ (‘w telewizji’) and ‘in
radio’ (‘w radiu’). The student has used the wrong preposition, by translating directly from Polish into English
and not considering the fact that prepositions often differ hugely between the two languages.

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#73 In English but not in Polish

Correction: ‘How was the meeting?’ ‘It was good.’

Polish: ‘Jakie było spotkanie.’ ‘Było dobre.’
Word for Word Translation: ‘How was meeting?’ ‘Was good.’
Error: ‘How was the meeting?’ ‘Was good.’

In Polish, it is not always necessary to include the pronoun ‘it’ in a verb phrase with verb ‘be’. For example, the
phrase ‘it is great’ in English can be either ‘to jest wspaniałe’ (‘it is great’) or ‘jest wspaniale’ (‘is great’) in
Polish – without ‘it’. Word order is less strict in Polish than in English, so the student has simply translated
directly from the commonly used Polish form – without the subject ‘it’. In this kind of sentence, ‘it’ is assumed
anyway, so perhaps Polish is being more efficient by doing away with ‘it’. Additionally, in spoken English ‘it
was’ usually becomes ‘i wz’, without the ‘t’ sound, which is hard to pronounce beside another consonant sound
(the ‘w’ of ‘was’). The words ‘it was’ are function words, and it is normal that we reduce them by merging them
together when we speak. It is very likely that the student has heard English native speakers saying ‘I wz good’
rather than ‘It was good’, and thought maybe it was OK to delete the word ‘it’, because they did not hear it, due
to the missing ‘t’ sound. However, in written English each clause requires a subject.

#74 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: I did some shopping.

Polish: Zrobiłem zakupy.
Word for Word Translation: I made shopping.
Error: I made some
shopping.

To ‘do’ or ‘make’ some shopping is the same in Polish, because the same verb – ‘zrobić’ – means both ‘do’ and
‘make’ – in common with other languages, e.g. French, Spanish, and German. In English there is the difference
between ‘do’ (concerned with action) and ‘make’ (concerned with creation and production). For example,
making some shopping might involve knitting small packets of cereal and tins of soup out of wool, or making a
shopping basket out of cardboard and glue. It can therefore be quite confusing to be confronted with the concept
of ‘making’ something that we normally ‘do’. The student should learn the most common collocations with
‘make’ and ‘do’, including the many idioms, and then remember when to use them.

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#75 Errors with
tenses

Correction: What could they do?

Polish: Co mogliby zrobić?
Word for Word Translation: What they could do?
Error: What could do they?

This error is caused by misunderstanding word order in question forms in English (see also #23). To make a wh-
question the word order must be: wh- question word + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb, as here: ‘What
(WH) could (V) they (S) do? (MV). The exception is when a wh- question word is also the subject of the
sentence, when it has to take the main verb, for example: ‘Who won the race yesterday?’ not ‘Who did the race
win yesterday’ and ‘What happened last week?’ not ‘What did happen last week?’

#76 Direct translation errors

Correction: Do you want me to help you?

Polish: Czy chcesz żebym Ci
pomógł? Word for Word Translation: Do you want that I you
help? Error: Do you want that I help you?

In English, we use the subjunctive mood after particular verbs when discussing suggestions and urgent
requirements. The following verbs (and others) are followed by the subjunctive: ‘suggest (that)’, ‘propose
(that)’, ‘recommend (that)’, and ‘urge (that)’. For example, ‘He suggested (that) we discuss (the subjunctive
verb is always infinitive form) the new project.’ The subjunctive is not normally used after ‘want’, hence this
error. However, ‘want’ (‘chcieć’) can be followed by the subjunctive in Polish, making sentences like this
possible: ‘I want that you me help with car’ = ‘Chcę, aby pan mi pomógł z samochodem.’ In the error sentence
the student has gone for a word for word translation from the Polish, in order to make sense of the difficult
English question form.

#77 Differences in the use of prepositions

Correction: We had a nice picnic by the lake.

Polish: Mieliśmy przyjemny piknik nad jeziorem.
Word for Word Translation: We had enjoyable picnic on lake.
Error: We had a nice picnic on the lake.

When an English speaker thinks about the location of the picnic, they use the preposition ‘by’. The synonyms
‘next to’, ‘beside’, and ‘at’ would also be correct. In Polish, the preposition used is ‘nad’, which means ‘on’. It
also means ‘by’, but the student has used its more common meaning ‘on’. For an English native speaker, the
preposition ‘on’ implies being literally ‘on top of’ something, so having a picnic ‘on’ the lake would mean being

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somehow on top of the surface of the water, whether in a boat or on some kind of platform. If that were the case
we still would not say ‘We had a nice picnic on the lake’, but rather ‘...on a boat/platform [which was] on the
lake.’

#78 In English but not in Polish

Correction: I asked him twice.

Polish: Poprosiłem go dwa
razy. Word for Word Translation: I asked him two times.
Error: I asked him two times.

The Polish language does not have a single dedicated word for ‘twice’, unlike in English, but instead uses the
phrase ‘dwa razy’, which means ‘two times’. The student has translated directly from Polish to English, without
learning or remembering to use the English word ‘twice’.

#79 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: I have many things to do.

Polish: Mam wiele rzeczy do zrobienia.
Word for Word Translation: I have many things to do.
Error: I have much things to do.

The English words ‘many’ and ‘much’ have the same translation in Polish: ‘wiele’. However, in English we use
‘much’ only with uncountable nouns in negative and question forms, while ‘many’ is used only with countable
nouns in positive, negative, and question forms, so this is a direct translation error.

#80 Errors with tenses

Correction: I have been living in Warsaw since 2010.

Polish: Mieszkam w Warszawie od 2010 roku.
Word for Word Translation: I live in Warsaw from 2010 year.
Error: I’m living in Warsaw since 2010.

In English we use present perfect continuous for unfinished actions that continue for a period of time, from the
past to the present, so it is perfect to express the idea in this sentence. We understand not only that the speaker
has been living in Warsaw since 2010, but that they still live there now. Present perfect and present perfect
continuous tenses create a bridge of time from the past to the present. Present perfect actions are finished, while
present perfect continuous actions are not. In both tenses the time is unfinished. This sentence creates a problem
for the Polish student because in Polish there are neither perfect nor continuous tenses. This sentence in Polish
translates into present simple: ‘I live...’ The student has thought to use a continuous tense (present continuous),

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but the time is incorrect, because present continuous time is now or in the future, while present perfect
continuous links 2010 to the present.

#81 Wrong word recalled

Correction: What is the time?

Polish: Która jest godzina?
Word for Word Translation: Which is hour?
Error: What is the
hour?

A Polish native speaker asks about ‘the hour’, while an English native speaker asks about ‘the time’ – including
the minutes, not just ‘the hour’. If the time was 3.30pm, what would be the literal answer to ‘What is the hour?’
‘Three’ or ‘Four’? This answer is not precise enough. We need to hear either two numbers together: ‘Three
forty’ or an answer with ‘to’: ‘Twenty to four.’ Of course, this is just a difference in language usage, but as the
student has translated directly from Polish into English, rather than bothering to learn the correct English
construction, communication will suffer, because a native English speaker might be quite confused at first,
because they are not expecting to hear this question: ‘What is the hour?’

#82 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: Can I look at that photo?

Polish: Mogę zobaczyć to zdjęcie?
Word for Word Translation: I can look this photo?
Error: Can I watch that photo?

In English we can ‘see’, ‘look at’ (phrasal verb), and ‘watch’. ‘See’ is an involuntary action – if our eyes are
open, we cannot help but see whatever is in front of us. ‘Look at’ and ‘watch’, on the other hand, are active
verbs – we actively take an interest in what is in front of our eyes. The difference is that we always ‘look at’
something which is still, while we ‘watch’ something that is moving. So we would look at a photo, for example,
but watch a video. In Polish ‘look’ is ‘patrzeć’ and watch is ‘patrzeć na kogoś’ (‘watch somebody’) or ‘patrzeć
na coś’ (‘watch something’), as well as ‘oglądać’. Therefore it is no surprise when a student uses ‘patrzeć’ to
mean ‘watch’.

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#83 Errors with
tenses

Correction: I’ve worked here for five days.

Polish: Pracowałam tu przez pięć dni.
Word for Word Translation: I worked here through five days.
Error: I’ve worked here since five
days.

We use present perfect tense to talk about unfinished time – time that started in the past but that is still going at
the moment. The sentence ‘I’ve worked here for five days’ informs us that the action (‘work’) began in the past
– five days ago – but continues: this person still works there. There are no perfect tenses in Polish, so the
translation talks about the past only: ‘Pracowałam tu...’ (‘I worked here...’) The error is that the student has
mixed up the prepositions ‘for’ and ‘since’. In a perfect sentence we normally use ‘for’ with numbers (like ‘five
days’) and ‘since’ with times (like ‘yesterday’ and ‘last week’). Therefore we could say: ‘I’ve worked here since
Monday’, for example, or ‘I’ve worked here for five days’, but not ‘...since five days.’

#84 Direct translation errors

Correction: I found a great website on the internet.

Polish: Znalazłem świetną stronę w internecie.
Word for Word Translation: I found great page in internet.
Error: I found a great page on the internet.

In Polish, the short name for ‘website’ is ‘strona’ (‘page’ in English), from the full name ‘strona internetowa’
(‘page internet’). In the early days of the internet in the 1990s we used to refer to websites as web pages, but
now we would usually use the word ‘website’ or ‘site’. The student may have saved time by translating directly
from Polish into English, but they haven’t considered the effectiveness of their communication, since their
listener (or reader) may well not understand the word ‘page’ to mean ‘website’.

#85 In Polish but not in English

Correction: My brother plays the trumpet.

Polish: Mój brat gra na trąbce.
Word for Word Translation: My brother plays on trumpet.
Error: My brother plays on the trumpet.

In Polish the preposition ‘on’ is necessary after ‘play’ and a musical instrument. They ‘play on piano’, ‘play on
guitar’, and ‘play on trumpet’, as in this error. However, in English there is no need for a preposition after
‘play’. The student has made this error by translating directly from Polish into English, without considering
differences between the languages, especially regarding prepositions. We can also drop the definite article ‘the’
and say: ‘My brother plays trumpet.’

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#86 Word order

Correction: I think that was our bus.

Polish: To był, myślę, nasz
autobus. Word for Word Translation: That was, I think, our
bus. Error: That, I think, was our bus.

The point about this error is that in Polish you can say the sentence either way – ‘I think that was our bus’
(‘Myślę że to był nasz autobus’) or ‘That, in my opinion, was our bus’ (‘To moim zdaniem był nasz autobus’) –
and it will still make sense and be grammatically correct. Due to stricter word order rules in English, we cannot
do that. We use the standard SVOPT word order in this sentence: ‘I’ (subject), ‘think’ (verb), ‘that’ (object). ‘I
think...’ must be followed by a thing, a noun or a noun phrase: ‘I think that was our bus.’ It must be nice, in
Polish, to be able to put the different pieces of the sentence puzzle in different orders and still be correct. For
example, by beginning the sentence with the pronoun ‘That...’ you are going straight to the point of the sentence
and giving emphasis to the main actor – the bus: ‘that’ stands for ‘our bus’. Perhaps you are pointing at the bus
as it leaves, and you say with emphasis: ‘That, I think, was our bus.’ The equivalent in English would be: ‘That
was our bus...’ and then to express our uncertainty we could add a queston tag: ‘...wasn’t it?’ or ask a follow-up
question: ‘That was our bus. What do you think?’ – which is much less direct.

#87 Traditional grammar errors

Correction: My bike is much bigger than yours.

Polish: Mój rower jest o wiele większy niż twój.
Word for Word Translation: My bike is much bigger than yours.
Error: My bike is much more bigger than yours.

As you can see, the forms in Polish and English are basically the same, so this is not a translation error. This
error occurred because the student misunderstood how to form the comparative adjective ‘bigger’. To make a
one-syllable adjective like ‘big’ comparative, we add an -er suffix (and in this case an extra ‘g’) to make:
‘bigger’. This word literally means ‘more big’, but we cannot say ‘more big’, or indeed ‘more bigger.’ With
adjectives of two or more syllables (apart from a few exceptions) we use ‘more’ + the adjective. For example:
‘more expensive’, ‘more attractive’, and ‘more unusual.’

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#88 Word order

Correction: What does ‘radio’ mean?

Polish: Co to znaczy ‘radio’?
Word for Word Translation: What it means ‘radio’?
Error: What does it mean,
‘radio’?

In Polish it is possible to build the question, then add on the name of the item to be checked at the end: ‘What
does it mean’ + ‘radio’? In English we have to follow a fixed word order for most wh- questions: wh- +
auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (see also #38). In this sentence it becomes: ‘What’ (wh- question) + ‘does’
(auxiliary verb in present simple for third person) + ‘radio’ (subject) + ‘mean’ (main verb). The word to be
checked – ‘radio’ – is the subject, so it has to come after the auxiliary verb. The student has translated from
Polish into English, without considering wh- question form rules in English.

#89 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: I need to get a new job.

Polish: Muszę znaleźć nową pracę.
Word for Word Translation: I must find new work.
Error: I need to get a new
work.

This error is caused by the fact that the Polish word ‘praca’ means both ‘work’ and ‘job’. In English our ‘job’ is
an occupation: ‘teacher’, ‘doctor’, ‘shop assistant’, and so on, while ‘work’ is both the place that we go to (‘I
went to work yesterday’) and also what we do – the activity – when we are there: ‘When I got to work there was
a lot of work to do!’ (It is also, of course, a verb – ‘to work’ – while ‘job’ is not.) There is not this distinction in
Polish, with both words translated the same: ‘praca’. The student has made the wrong choice in this sentence.
Another factor is that ‘job’ is countable while ‘work’ is uncountable, so the phrase ‘a new work’ is not possible,
while ‘a new job’ is fine.

#90 Errors with tenses

Correction: Please wait until your brother gets home.

Polish: Poczekaj zanim twój brat wróci do domu.
Word for Word Translation: Wait until your brother returns to home.
Error: Please wait until your brother will get
home.

The verb tense that follows the preposition ‘until’ is fixed and depends on the verb tense that precedes it. For
example, if you use past simple before ‘until’ you can use ‘past simple’ or ‘past perfect’ afterwards, e.g. ‘I
worked there until it was time to go home.’ The correct sentence is in imperative form (it’s a polite order, with

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#88 Word order
‘please’) and therefore can be followed by either present simple or present perfect: ‘Please wait until your

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brother gets home’ or ‘Please wait until your brother has got home.’ It cannot be followed by ‘will’. A ‘will-
clause’ can only precede ‘until’, not follow it: ‘I will wait until you arrive’, not ‘I wait until you will arrive.’ The
student has perhaps translated from the Polish version: ‘...twój brat wróci do domu’, which is in the future:
literally, ‘...your brother will get home.’

#91 In English but not in Polish

Correction: I train at the gym every day.

Polish: Trenuję na siłowni każdego dnia.
Word for Word Translation: I train at gym each day.
Error: I train at gym every day.

Because the word ‘gym’ is a singular countable noun, there must be a determiner, e.g. an article, before it in the
sentence. We use ‘the’ because the speaker is talking about a place that is well known (specific) to them. There
are no articles in Polish, so it is easy and convenient for the student to omit it in English.

#92 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: My little brother is learning the alphabet.

Polish: Mój młodszy brat uczy się alfabetu.
Word for Word Translation: My younger brother learns alphabet.
Error: My little brother is teaching the alphabet.

This error has occurred because the student has got mixed up while translating directly from Polish into English.
In Polish the verb ‘uczyć się’ means ‘to learn’ while ‘uczyć’ means ‘to teach’, so it is easy to confuse them. It is
also necessary to consider the context of the action – who, what, where, when, etc. – to be able to work out
which verb to use. In this sentence it is highly unlikely that a ‘little’ brother (typically around 5 to 8 years old)
would be ‘teaching’ the alphabet.

#93 Errors with tenses

Correction: They didn’t come to see me.

Polish: Oni nie przyszli do mnie.
Word for Word Translation: They not come to me.
Error: They didn’t came to see
me.

This error is caused by misunderstanding past simple tense and how to make the negative form. In past simple
we use past tense (‘came’) for positive sentences, i.e. ‘They came...’, but for negative and question forms we use
infinitive form: ‘They didn’t come...’ This creates an extra thing for students to remember, and it does not feel
logical to have to use infinitive – associated as it is with present simple and future simple – when talking about

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the past. Unfortunately, it is just another quirk of English grammar for students to learn! Notice too how the
Polish translation simplifies the original sentence, making the second verb ‘see’ unnecessary.

#94 Direct translation errors

Correction: He says everything (that) he thinks.

Polish: Mówi wszystko, (to) co myśli.
Word for Word Translation: He speaks everything that what he
thinks. Error: He says everything what he thinks.

This sentence has a defining relative clause ‘...that he thinks.’ In a defining relative clause ‘that’ can refer to a
person or a thing, e.g. ‘This is the guy (that) I met at work’ or ‘This is the homework (that) we had to do.’ We
could substitute the word ‘which’ for ‘that’, to make the sentence more formal, or omit ‘that’ completely. It is
fine to omit object pronouns (like ‘that’ and ‘which’) in defining relative clauses, for example: ‘He says
everything he thinks.’ This sounds much smoother because it is easier to say, without including the difficult to
pronounce ‘th’ consonant sound in ‘that’. Ultimately, this is a translation error, because it is not possible to use
‘what’ instead of ‘that’, despite it being correct in Polish: ‘...co myśli’ = ‘...what he thinks.’

#95 In Polish but not in English

Correction: I let her borrow my book.

Polish: Pozwoliłem jej pożyczyć moją książkę.
Word for Word Translation: I let her borrow book.
Error: I let her to borrow my
book.

The student is confused about whether to translate the Polish infinitive (‘pożyczyć’) as ‘to + infinitive’ or bare
infinitive (without ‘to’). In English, we always use bare infinitive after ‘let’, so the preposition ‘to’ is not
necessary. ‘Pożyczyć’ translates into English as ‘borrow’, not ‘to borrow’, so this is not a translation error. In
English, there are some verbs that must be followed by ‘to + infinitive’ – for example, ‘want + to + infinitive’,
‘learn + to + infinitive’, and ‘ask + to + infinitive’, as in this sentence: ‘I asked her to give me the book.’
However, there are certain verbs that must be followed by bare infinitive, for example: ‘I heard her sing’ (not
‘...to sing’), ‘I saw him go’ (not ‘...to go’), and ‘I let her borrow...’ as in our example. The student can learn
from verb lists which English verbs have to be followed by ‘to + infinitive’ and which have to be followed by
bare infinitive.

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#96 Word order

Correction: You can just get out!

Polish: Możesz po prostu wyjść!
Word for Word Translation: You can just leave!
Error: You just can get out!

In this sentence, it may be that the student was confused about the position of the adverb ‘just’ due to the
presence of two verbs: ‘can’ and ‘get out’. However, ‘can’ is an auxiliary verb and the normal position of ‘just’
is before the main verb – in this sentence the phrasal verb, ‘get out’. The function of ‘just’ is often to emphasise
the main verb in spoken English, by creating an extra weak-stressed syllable before the stressed verb, e.g. ‘It
was just TERRIBLE!’ = o o o O o o In the correct sentence, above, ‘just’ adds another weak-stressed syllable
after the two function words ‘You can’, which helps to provide the run up to the main point of the sentence:

o o o O O
you can just GET OUT!

Without ‘just’ there would be a shorter run-up which would give less emphasis to the phrasal verb:

o o O O
you can GET OUT!

Of course, we should not put stress on the word ‘just’! Incidentally, the Polish translation above is rather polite.
The standard rude form of this sentiment would be just: ‘Wyjdź!’

#97 Wrong word recalled

Correction: There was good food at the party.

Polish: Było dobre jedzenie na imprezie.
Word for Word Translation: It was good food on party.
Error: There was good eat at the party.

This is not a translation error, because in Polish ‘food’ is ‘jedzenie’ and ‘to eat’ is ‘jeść’. It appears that the
student mixed up word classes as they made this statement. ‘Food’ and ‘eat’ are very closely related, but belong
to different word classes – ‘food’ is a noun, while ‘eat’ is a verb. We can use the word ‘eats’ as a noun to mean
‘food’ in a very informal (slang) way; it means the same as ‘grub’ and ‘fare’. For example, a restaurant might be
named ‘Good Eats’. It is possible that the student has picked up this usage from somewhere and assumed that
‘eats’ can be used to mean ‘food’, or perhaps they simply came up with the wrong unit of language – albeit a
related one – while searching quickly for the right word.

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#98 Differences in the use of prepositions

Correction: I have a question for you.

Polish: Mam pytanie do ciebie.
Word for Word Translation: I have question to you.
Error: I have a question to
you.

In this sentence, ‘for you’ is correct in English, while ‘to you’ (do ciebie) is correct in Polish. The student has
translated directly from Polish, without learning the correct collocation in English, and without considering that
the use of prepositions in English and Polish is often different.

#99 Different concepts in Polish and English

Correction: ‘What’s the time?’ ‘It’s half past seven.’

Polish: ‘Która godzina?’ ‘Jest wpół do ósmej.’
Word for Word Translation: ‘Which hour?’ ‘Is half to eight.’
Error: ‘What’s the time?’ ‘It’s half to eight.’

In English, we say ‘It’s half past...’ the current hour, not ‘It’s half to...’ the next hour, but in Polish this time is
conceptualised differently as ‘It’s half to...’ the next hour. You could say that in English we are looking
backwards at the hour, while in Polish they are looking forward to the next hour. The student has translated
directly from Polish into English, rather than taking the time (!) to learn how to tell the time in English. It is
easier to see time as two numbers in English, rather than using ‘past’ and ‘to’; so, ‘It’s half past seven’ would
become ‘It’s seven thirty’ – two numbers.

#100 Traditional grammar errors

Correction: I’m not interested in football.

Polish: Nie interesujȩ siȩ piłką
nożną. Word for Word Translation: Not I interest myself football.
Error: I’m not interesting in football.

In English there is a group of common emotion adjectives that have both -ed and -ing endings, for example:
bored / boring, surprised / surprising, excited / exciting, and interested / interesting. The rule is that the -ed
adjective describes the emotion of a person – ‘He was surprised’ – and the -ing adjective describes a thing – ‘It
(e.g. the news) was surprising.’ In this error, the student has mixed up the two options. Of course, it may be
possible to say that a person was an ‘-ing’ adjective, e.g. ‘boring’, ‘surprising’, ‘exciting’, and so on – but this
would be less common.

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#101 Using a positive form to make a negative sentence

Correction: I don’t have much time.

Polish: Nie mam zbyt wiele
czasu. Word for Word Translation: No I have too much time.
Error: I have no too much time.

Both the correction and the error sentence translate as ‘Nie mam zbyt wiele czasu’ in Polish. In English we use a
negative verb form to express a negative idea: ‘I don’t have...’ rather than the positive form: ‘I have...’ The
student has simply thrown the word ‘no’ into the sentence to make it negative, which is possible in Polish, but
does not work in English. The Polish word ‘nie’ means both ‘no’ and ‘not’, so the error could also have been: ‘I
have not too much time’ instead of ‘...no too much.’ In any case, we cannot use the phrase ‘too much’ in a
negative sentence, but we can use it in a positive sentence – ‘I have too much time’ or a question form: ‘Do you
have too much time?’

#102 In English but not in Polish

Correction: I met them only once.

Polish: Spotkałem ich tylko raz.
Word for Word Translation: I met them only one time.
Error: I met them only one time.

The Polish word ‘raz’ means ‘once’ while ‘jeden raz’ literally means ‘one time’, but is usually shortened to
‘raz’, keeping the meaning ‘one time’. ‘Once, twice, three times’ in Polish is considered ‘One time, two times,
three times.’ The student has translated directly from Polish into English, without thinking to use the correct
English word. In English, we would not choose the phrase ‘one time’ because a dedicated word exists – ‘once’.

#103 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: People can collect almost anything.

Polish: Ludzie mogą zbierać prawie
wszystko. Word for Word Translation: People can collect almost
everything. Error: People can collect almost everything.

There is no difference in Polish between the two sentences: ‘People can collect almost anything’ and ‘People
can collect almost everything’ – both translate as ‘Ludzie mogą zbierać prawie wszystko.’ In English the
phrases ‘almost anything’ and ‘almost everything’ have different meanings. Collecting ‘almost anything’ means
that the range of things people can collect is very wide, while collecting ‘almost everything’ means that people
can collect almost 100% of things within that wide range. The meaning of the correct sentence is that the kind of
things that people can collect is almost unlimited.

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#104 Errors with
tenses

Correction: My friend is coming to visit this weekend.

Polish: Moja przyjaciółka odwiedza mnie w ten weekend.
Word for Word Translation: My friend visits me in this weekend.
Error: My friend comes to visit this
weekend.

In English we use present continuous to talk about future arrangements, as in this sentence: ‘My friend is
coming to visit this weekend.’ There aren’t any continuous tenses in Polish, so the nearest equivalent tense –
present simple – has been used. Present simple may be used for future events, but usually when they are
scheduled, e.g. ‘The flight leaves at 2pm tomorrow.’ In the Polish translation, the sentence has been simplified
to contain only one main verb: ‘visit’. Using only the most important main verb may be a more efficient use of
language. The student has copied the verb form (present simple) from Polish (while keeping both main verbs),
without thinking about which tense is correct for future arrangements, i.e. present continuous.

#105 Using a positive form to make a negative sentence

Correction: I did not feel well.

Polish: Czułem się
niedobrze. Word for Word Translation: I felt
myself not well. Error: I felt not well.

In Polish, it is fine to use a positive verb construction to make a negative statement: ‘I felt...’ while in English
we normally use a negative verb construction: ‘I did not feel...’ Polish has a more flexible word order than
English, and this sentence could also be said using a negative form in Polish: ‘Nie czułem się dobrze’ also means
‘I did not feel well.’ ‘I felt not well’ sounds very wrong in English, because we would automatically use a
negative verb construction. The student has translated directly from the positive version of this sentence in
Polish, without thinking about standard word order in English.

#106 Countable in Polish, but uncountable in English

Correction: We drank wine last night.

Polish: Piliśmy wino zeszłej nocy.
Word for Word Translation: We drank wine last night.
Error: We drank a wine last
night.

The noun ‘wine’ is uncountable in English, so we cannot use the indefinite article ‘a’, which means ‘one’. In
Polish, ‘wine’ is countable, so this is a direct translation error. We could say ‘a glass of wine’, or ‘a bottle of
wine’ – or any suitable container – to make a noun phrase that is countable. We use zero article (no article) with
‘wine’, rather than ‘the’ (the only other article option), because the context is general – it is not a specific kind

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of wine. Therefore we would not say: ‘We drank the wine last night.’ (See p.11 for more words that are
countable in Polish but uncountable in English.)

#107 In English but not in Polish

Correction: He will be late, won’t he?

Polish: On się spóźni, nie?
Word for Word Translation: He himself is late, no?
Error: He will be late, will
he?

The student has tried to use a question tag ‘...will he?’ but they have used the wrong form, because a positive
statement requires a negative question tag: ‘He will be late, won’t he?’ Conversely, we only use a positive
question tag with a negative statement, so this would be correct: ‘He won’t be late, will he?’ The negative form
of ‘will’ is ‘will not’ (full form) – or the contraction ‘won’t’. We do not use the full form ‘will not’ to make
question tags – only ‘won’t’. ‘Willn’t’ is not a contraction for ‘will not’, as some students believe! There are no
question tags in Polish, but simply the more direct words: ‘...tak?’ (‘...yes?’), ‘...nie’ (‘...no?’), or ‘...prawda?’
(‘...truth?’). See also #135.

#108 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: My arm hurts.

Polish: Boli mnie ramię.
Word for Word Translation: Hurts me arm.
Error: My arm pain me.

This error shows that the student has learned the noun ‘pain’ but not the verb ‘to hurt’. In Polish ‘boli’ means
‘hurts’ but the very similar ‘ból’ means ‘pain’ or ‘ache’, so this is a translation error.

#109 False friends

Correction: He is the mayor of our town.

Polish: On jest prezydentem naszego miasta.
Word for Word Translation: He is president our town.
Error: He is the president of our town.

An English town has a ‘mayor’ as the leader of the town council, while a Polish town has a ‘president’
(‘prezydent’) to fulfil this function. The UK has a prime minister as the head of government and a monarch as
the head of state. We do not have a president, as in various other countries. We associate the role of ‘president’
with a leader at a very high level, such as ‘the President of the United States of America’, or the president of a
large corporation, which is equivalent to being a CEO. Using this title for a locally elected official seems to be

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rather over-the-top by comparison. The words ‘prezydent’ and ‘president’ are false friends and the student has
translated directly from Polish into English, without learning the appropriate English word. (See p.12 for more
false friends.)

#110 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: He can’t lend you any money.

Polish: On nie może pożyczyć ci pieniędzy.
Word for Word Translation: He not can borrow you money.
Error: He can’t borrow you any
money.

In Polish the verbs ‘to lend’ and ‘to borrow’ are the same: ‘pożyczyć’. The difference is found in the context of
each sentence. For example, if the sentence is: ‘I need to
money’ they assume that the verb will be
‘borrow’: ‘Muszę pożyczyć pieniądze.’ If the sentence is: ‘I can’t
you money’, they assume the verb will
be ‘lend’: ‘Nie mogę pożyczyć pieniądze.’ The student has made an error by assuming – via Polish translation –
that the English word ‘borrow’ can mean both ‘borrow’ and ‘lend’.

#111 Direct translation errors

Correction: I’ve quit my piano lessons.

Polish: Zrezygnowałem z moich lekcji fortepianu.
Word for Word Translation: I resigned from my lesson piano.
Error: I resigned from my piano lessons.

The student has made this error by translating directly from Polish into English. The English words ‘quit’, ‘give
up’, and ‘resign from’ all have the same translation in Polish: ‘zrezygnować’, which looks and sounds somewhat
like the English word ‘resign’. When we ‘resign’ in English we do something serious, like stepping down from a
job or a position of authority, rather than doing something relatively trivial, like deciding not to continue having
piano lessons. Therefore ‘resign’ is being used in the wrong context in this sentence, making something fairly
unimportant sound rather more dramatic. We can add ‘resign’ in English and ‘zrezygnować’ in Polish to our list
of false friends on p.12.

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#112 In Polish but not in English

Correction: I have been to work today.

Polish: Byłem w mojej pracy dzisiaj.
Word for Word Translation: I was in my work today.
Error: I have been to my work
today.

We do not put ‘my’ before ‘work’ in this sentence, because ‘work’ is a location – a ‘place of work’ – rather than
an activity (for example in the sentence ‘I have a lot of work to do’). If you have been to work, we assume that it
must have been ‘your’ work, because it is unlikely that you have been to somebody else’s work! However, in
Polish the convention is to say ‘my work’, because the speaker is thinking about ‘work’ as an activity rather
than as a place. The student has used the Polish convention and made an the error, rather than attempting to
learn the difference between the use of the word ‘work’ in each language.

#113 Word order

Correction: I found Jane’s hat.

Polish: Znalazłem kapelusz Jane.
Word for Word Translation: I found hat Jane.
Error: Jane’s hat I found.

Word order in English is far stricter than it is in Polish. We tend to use the SVOPT word order most often –
subject, verb, object, place, and time. For example: ‘I (subject) found (verb) Jane’s hat (object)...’ and we could
continue: ‘in the washing machine (place) last night (time).’ However, in Polish the sentence structure is much
looser and a speaker can make a bigger impact by beginning their sentence with the element which is of most
immediate interest: in this sentence it is ‘Jane’s hat’. This word order sounds odd to English ears. We cannot
say: ‘Book I read’, ‘Office yesterday I went to’, or ‘Television I watched’ in our language. It is positive that the
student has been able to form the possessive noun phrase ‘Jane’s hat’, with apostrophe ‘s’, but they have used
this element in the wrong position – under the influence of their native language, Polish.

#114 In English but not in Polish

Correction: Do you have any money?

Polish: Czy masz jakieś
pieniądze? Word for Word Translation: Do you have
any money? Error: Have you any money?

This sentence is a present simple question form. An auxiliary verb (‘do’) is necessary to make the question
form:

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 auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + object
e.g. Do you have any money?

‘Have’ is an auxiliary verb in present perfect, not present simple. We need to use ‘do’, ‘does’, and ‘be’ in
present simple. ‘Be’ is not the main verb in this sentence, and ‘you’ is not third person (‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’), so we
use ‘do’. The student may have picked up the form of this error from an old out-of-date course book. It may
have been more common in the past, and in formal situations, but ‘Have you... + object’ is now incorrect in
everyday speech. We could also use the present perfect form: ‘Have you got any money?’

#115 Differences in the use of prepositions

Correction: She is waiting for him.

Polish: Ona czeka na niego.
Word for Word Translation: She waits on him.
Error: She is waiting on him.

In English the correct verb + preposition collocation is ‘wait for’. It is listed as a phrasal verb (a fixed phrase) in
Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary by Oxford University Press1, although others disagree that it is a phrasal verb.
In Polish, however, the collocation is ‘wait on’. We usually use ‘on’ as a preposition of place to talk about
platforms (raised levels), e.g. ‘I was on a bus / on a train / on a plane...’ etc, as well as for media platforms, e.g.
‘It was on TV / on the radio / on the internet / on a website...’ etc. (see also #72). The student has translated
directly from Polish into English, without thinking about the fact that prepositions are often different between
the two languages. Notice too how in Polish the present continuous sentence (‘She is waiting for him’) is
reduced to a present simple one (‘She waits on him’), because there are no continuous tenses in Polish.

#116 Different concepts in Polish and English

Correction: She was born in nineteen ninety-eight.

Polish: Urodziła się w tysiąc dziewięćset dziewięćdziesiątym ósmym roku.
Word for Word Translation: She borned in one thousand, nine hundred and ninety-eight year.
Error: She was born in one thousand, nine hundred and ninety-eight year.

In English, we say a year using two numbers, as here: ‘1998’ = ‘nineteen’ (19) + ‘ninety-eight’ (98). In Polish,
some people feel it necessary to say the date beginning with the thousands, then the hundreds, then the rest. For
example, 2017 in English would be ‘Twenty seventeen’ – two numbers – while in Polish it would be: ‘dwa
tysiące siedemnaście’ = ‘two thousand seventeen.’ It takes a lot of syllables to say this, so the English method is
quicker! ‘Nineteen ninety-eight’ is five syllables, while ‘tysiąc dziewięćset dziewięćdziesiątym ósmym’ is
twelve! Also, we do not need to add the word ‘year’ at the end of the phrase, as they do in Polish: ‘roku’. We

1
McIntosh, C. (ed.) (2006) Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press

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know it is a year, without having to say ‘year’. The student has used the Polish convention for saying the year in
English, without taking the time to learn the English method.

#117 In English but not in Polish

Correction: Get out!

Polish: Idź stąd!
Word for Word Translation: Go from here!
Error: Go from here!

There aren’t any phrasal verbs in Polish, so the phrase ‘Get out!’ does not exist. Instead, Polish people say ‘Idź
stąd!’, which translates into English as ‘Go from here!’ or (another meaning) ‘Go hence!’ Instead of learning
phrasal verbs, the student has translated directly from Polish into English, finding the unnatural phrase ‘Go from
here.’ ‘Go hence!’ is archaic and could be used in a story about medieval knights, for example. It would be far
more natural to say: ‘Get out!’, ‘Go away!’, or simply ‘Leave!’ or ‘Go!’

#118 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: I feel good in this city.

Polish: Czuję się dobrze w tym
mieście. Word for Word Translation: I feel myself well in this
city. Error: I feel well in this city.

There is no difference in Polish between the phrases: ‘I feel good’ (‘czuję się dobrze’) and ‘I feel well’ (‘czuję
się dobrze’), but in English there is a difference between the adjectives ‘good’ and ‘well’. We usually think of
‘well’ as the adverb form of the adjective ‘good’, for example: ‘The play was good’ (adjective) / ‘The actors did
well’ (adverb). However, ‘well’ can also be an adjective, meaning ‘not ill’: ‘I do not feel well’ means ‘I feel ill’.
Perhaps thinking that there is no difference between the two options – as in the Polish ‘czuję się dobrze’ – the
student has chosen incorrectly and used ‘well’ as an adjective in this sentence, instead of ‘good’, which would
have been correct.

#119 In English but not in Polish

Correction: If I had some money, I would buy a car.

Polish: Gdybym miał pieniądze, kupiłbym samochód.
Word for Word Translation: If I had money, I would buy car.
Error: If I would have some money, I would buy a car.

In this error the student has used the wrong structure for second conditional. We cannot use ‘would’ in both
clauses, but only in the second clause. Second conditional = past simple (first clause) / ‘would + infinitive’

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(second clause), therefore: ‘If I had some money, I would buy a car.’ The structure for second conditional is
fixed and we cannot change it. We use second conditional to talk about hypothetical actions in the present: ‘If
this red light changed, I could get moving’, or the future: ‘If the student got 100% in the test tomorrow, they
would feel very happy indeed!’

#120 Direct translation errors

Correction: Hang on a minute!

Polish: Moment!
Word for Word Translation: Moment!
Error: Moment!

The word ‘moment’ is not native to Polish, but has been borrowed from English in recent times. A more natural
Polish expression with the same meaning is the word: ‘Chwileczkę!’, which means ‘Wait a (little) minute! /
moment!’ It appears that the English phrases ‘Wait a moment!’ and ‘One moment, please!’ have been reduced
by Polish speakers down to the word ‘moment’, with the same meaning kept. However, this word is never used
on its own by English native speakers, who prefer phrases like the ones above, or the more idiomatic phrases:
‘Hang on!’, ‘Hang on a minute (or moment)!’, or simply, ‘Please wait a moment.’

#121 In English but not in Polish

Correction: I listen to rock music.

Polish: Słucham muzyki rockowej.
Word for Word Translation: I listen music rock.
Error: I listen rock music.

The verb ‘listen’ is intransitive, which means it does not take an object. We cannot ‘listen something’. To add an
object, we must include the preposition ‘to’. ‘Listen to’ is listed as a phrasal verb in Oxford Phrasal Verbs
Dictionary by Oxford University Press2, but there is discussion among linguists as to whether it is a phrasal verb
or not. In any case, if you are listening to an object – e.g. music, a song, the radio, a podcast – you have to
‘listen to’, not merely ‘listen’.

2
McIntosh, C. (ed.) (2006) Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press

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#122 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: I talked to my friend for hours yesterday.

Polish: Wczoraj rozmawiałem z moim przyjacielem godzinami.
Word for Word Translation: Yesterday I spoke with my friend for hours.
Error: I spoke to my friend for hours yesterday.

In Polish, the verbs ‘speak’ and ‘talk’ are the same word: ‘mówić’. In English, both verbs are physical actions
connected with communicating, but there is a subtle difference between them. We use ‘speak’ in more formal
contexts – we may speak about important matters, issues, or situations, and we learn to speak languages, for
example – while ‘talk’ is used in more informal contexts – we may talk to our friends and family about school,
work, our feelings, problems, plans, and hobbies, and so on. In this error, ‘spoke’ is incorrect, because we
normally ‘talk’ or ‘chat’ with our friends. We may make an appointment to speak with the principal of the
school or our boss about a serious matter, but ‘talk’ is more appropriate with people close to us. The student has
not differentiated between the two verbs.

#123 Errors with tenses

Correction: I was learning to play the guitar.

Polish: Uczyłam się grać na gitarze.
Word for Word Translation: I learned to play on guitar.
Error: I was learning playing
guitar.

In this error the present continuous form ‘I was learning’ must be followed by ‘to + infinitive’, for example: ‘I
was learning to play...’ We never see two ‘ing’ words together, whether two gerunds, two ing form verbs, or a
combination of both, as in the error sentence, so ‘learning playing’ is just not a possible collocation in English.
We might say: ‘I was learning and playing’, but not ‘learning playing.’ In Polish there are no continuous tenses
with ‘ing’ and no gerunds (nouns that look like ing form verbs, such as ‘eating’, ‘watching’, and ‘playing’), so
the student gets zero guidance about this matter from their first language. They have to remember that they
cannot put together two ‘ing form’ words.

#124 Direct translation errors

Correction: This test is making me annoyed!

Polish: Ten test mnie denerwuje!
Word for Word Translation: This test me annoys!
Error: This test is making me nervous!

The verb ‘to annoy’ in Polish is ‘denerwować’. The student has decided that ‘nervous’ in English is like
‘denerwuje’ (‘annoys’) in Polish, but these words are false friends (see p.12 for more examples). The adjective

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form, ‘denerwujący’, means ‘annoying’ in English, rather than ‘nervous’, which is ‘przerażony’ in Polish. In
English, to be ‘nervous’ means to be ‘slightly afraid’, rather than ‘annoyed’. I might feel ‘nervous’ before going
to the dentist’s, for example. However, the test is making this person feel ‘annoyed’ rather than ‘nervous’ – they
are not ‘slightly afraid’ of the test. An English native speaker would pick up on this error immediately, but
would probably be able to work out what the student meant from the context – and perhaps also by the angry
look on their face!

#125 In Polish but not in English

Correction: I got dressed and went downstairs.

Polish: Ubrałem się i poszedłem na dół.
Word for Word Translation: I dressed myself and went
downstairs. Error: I dressed myself and went
downstairs.

In Polish ‘Ubrałem się’ means both ‘I got dressed’ and ‘I dressed myself’. In English the standard phrase is ‘I
got dressed’: we would not say ‘I dressed myself’, except to emphasise that you had the ability to do something
by yourself. A four-year-old child might say this proudly, for example, or somebody who was previously unable
to do this, but now can. However, we assume that most people are able to complete this action ‘themselves’
(without help). Reflexive pronouns (‘zaimki zwrotne’) are used more frequently in Polish than in English, so it
would feel natural for the student to try to use them freely in English.

#126 In English but not in Polish

Correction: He used to say that he was good at sport.

Polish: Mawiał, że był dobry w sporcie.
Word for Word Translation: He used to say that was good in sports.
Error: He used to said that he was good at sport.

This is an error with ‘used to’. ‘Used to + infinitive’ means an action that was repeated in the past, but no longer
happens in the present. It is always followed by infinitive form, as in the correct sentence. In negative and
question forms we use the infinitive ‘use’ not ‘used’, for example: ‘He didn’t use to say...’ and ‘Did he use to
say...?’ The Polish word ‘mawiał’ is older usage and more literary than spoken Polish. Today a Polish native
speaker might translate ‘He used to say...’ as ‘On kiedyś/dawniej mówił...’ = ‘In the past he said...’ The
pronunciation of ‘used to’ and ‘use to’ is exactly the same: ‘Yoo st’. It is impossible for English native speakers
to pronounce the ‘d’ sound in ‘used to’, so we simply delete it, which makes the phrase easier to say. This is a
technique of connected speech.

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#127 Word order

Correction: The manager will be at this meeting.

Polish: Będzie kierownik na tym spotkaniu.
Word for Word Translation: Will be manager on this meeting.
Error: Will be the manager at this meeting.

In Polish, the word order of a sentence is far more flexible than in English. It allows for direct translations such
as this: ‘Will be the manager at this meeting.’ It is almost as if, as long as each element of the sentence is present
– ‘The manager’ (subject) + ‘will be’ (verb form) + ‘at this meeting’ (place) – it doen’t matter in what order
they come. In English it does matter, and this kind of sentence sounds – or reads – like a jumbled-up sentence in
an English class exercise. We generally follow SVOPT word order: subject, verb, object, place, and time, as in
the correct sentence, above. The student has translated directly from Polish into English and ended up with a
blend of both languages, which fails as communication, because it requires the listener to mentally rearrange the
words in their mind (i.e. do the jumbled-up sentence exercise), before they can process them as speech. If you
require your listeners to work hard to understand you, you may find that they quickly disappear!

#128 Wrong word recalled

Correction: The company needs new employees.

Polish: Firma potrzebuje nowych pracowników.
Word for Word Translation: Company needs new workers.
Error: The company needs new workers.

The Polish word ‘pracownik’ translates into English as both ‘employee’ and ‘worker’. We rarely use the word
‘worker’ in English, perhaps because we tend to associate it with a person doing a very menial or low-grade job.
‘Worker’ sounds too communistic for our taste. We feel that the word ‘employee’ is more dignified and polite
than ‘worker’. It comes from the same word group as ‘employer’, ‘employment’, and ‘employ’. The student has
chosen the wrong word, or has perhaps not learned the higher-level word ‘employee’ yet. An ‘employee’ means
one person – one ‘worker’ – so we can add ‘s’ to make it plural (‘employees’) or we can use the noun ‘staff’ to
talk about many employees, in both a countable sense – ‘The staff (a group of people) are very excited about
their new contracts’ – and in an uncountable sense – ‘The entire teaching staff is pleased to welcome a new
member.’

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#129 Differences in the use of prepositions

Correction: Jo is at work.
Polish: Jo jest w pracy.
Word for Word Translation: Jo is in
work. Error: Jo is in
work.

The student has translated directly from Polish into English and ended up with this error. In English, we use ‘at’
with places to describe our location, for example: ‘at work’, ‘at home’, and ‘at the dentist’s’. We use ‘in’ to
describe being within a three-dimensional environment, for example: ‘in a car’, ‘in a room’, ‘in a house’, and so
on. Prepositions are used differently in English and Polish. In this example, the Polish preposition used is ‘in’,
which the student has translated directly. It is simply a difference in the usage of prepositions between the two
languages. Polish language sees Jo in terms of her position in space (‘in work’) while English sees her in terms
of her location (‘at work’). Note that the following jumbled-up word order is possible in Polish, but not in
English: ‘Jest w pracy Jo’ = ‘Is in work Jo.’ We cannot say this, because our listener is more likely to expect to
hear the standard subject-verb-object-place-time (SVOPT) word order: ‘Jo (S) is (V) at work (P).’

#130 In English but not in Polish

Correction: Some people were late today.

Polish: Niektórzy ludzie byli dziś spóźnieni.
Word for Word Translation: Some people were today late.
Error: Some of people were late
today.

The student has got mixed up between two phrases in English: ‘some people’ and ‘some of the people’. Both
phrases mean the same thing and they are both correct, so why have two phrases? When we use ‘the’ before a
noun it makes it more specific, so ‘some of the people’ refers to specific people, for example: ‘Some of the
people in the class were late today.’ ‘Some people in the class...’ means the same thing, but without labelling the
people as being specific – the feeling is more general. English is a rich language with a large vocabulary (over
one million words and counting, according to most estimates!) so it is not a surprise when we can say the same
thing in different ways. In contrast, linguists estimate that the Polish language has fewer than two hundred
thousand words.

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#131 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: My brother is very tall.

Polish: Mój brat jest bardzo wysoki.
Word for Word Translation: My brother is very high.
Error: My brother is very high.

In Polish, the same word (‘wysoki’) means both ‘tall’ and ‘high’. The student has either not learned the word
‘tall’, or made the wrong choice – which is more likely. In English, people and things that go up in a vertical
line are ‘tall’, e.g. a tall building, a tree, a chimney, or a tower. We use ‘high’ to describe things that are wide as
well as tall, for example, ‘high mountains’, ‘a high shelf’ and ‘a high wall.’ We do not use ‘high’ to describe
people, except with the idiomatic meaning of ‘under the influence of drugs.’ That makes this sentence rather
unfortunate, because the speaker is admitting – without knowing it! – that their brother is ‘high’ on drugs. It
demonstrates nicely that using one wrong word can change the entire meaning of a sentence!

#132 Errors with tenses

Correction: You aren’t thinking about it.

Polish: Nie myślisz o tym.
Word for Word Translation: Not you think about that.
Error: You don’t thinking about it.

Here the student has mixed up the negative forms of present simple and present continuous. We can say ‘You
aren’t (are not) thinking...’ or ‘You don’t (do not) think...’ but not a mash-up of both. We know from the tense
of the correct sentence (present continuous) that the time is now, so it is right to use present continuous, rather
than present simple, which is usually used to talk about actions in regular time. For that reason, ‘don’t’ (from
present simple) is incorrect. The time is now because the sentence does not work in present simple, without a
regular time phrase, e.g. ‘You don’t think about it very often.’In Polish there are no continuous tenses, so there
is only the equivalent of present simple to work with. The student should remember the distinct times of each
tense: present simple for regular time, and present continuous for now and for future arrangements.

#133 Direct translation errors

Correction: This is the friend I was talking about.

Polish: To przyjaciel, o którym mówiłem.
Word for Word Translation: It friend about whom I talked.
Error: This is the friend about whom I was talking.

It is not possible to finish a sentence with a preposition in Polish, so this sentence would sound strange to a
Polish native speaker: ‘This is the friend I was talking about.’ To get around this problem they might change the

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word order, making the sentence more complicated, as the student has here: ‘This is the friend about whom I
was talking.’ This sentence is not grammatically incorrect, but it is too formal in both spoken and written
English. A similar sentence, which is also too formal, is: ‘This is the pen for which I was looking’, which should
be changed to: ‘This is the pen (which/that) I was looking for.’ Note that ‘which’ and ‘that’ are optional in
defining relative clauses; if you use them the tone of voice is more formal.

#134 In Polish but not in English

Correction: Where’s my book? I can’t find it.

Polish: Gdzie jest moja książka? Nie mogę jej znaleźć.
Word for Word Translation: Where is my book? Not I can her find.
Error: Where’s my book? I can’t find her.

In Polish, it is possible (but incorrect) to use a masculine object pronoun ‘him’ (‘go’) or a feminine object
pronoun ‘her’ (‘jej’) instead of the standard ‘it’ (to). The meaning will remain the same. In Polish, ‘book’
(‘książka’) is a feminine noun, so the student has used the feminine pronoun ‘her’ instead of it – in keeping with
the Polish convention. In English, we do not think about an inanimate object as ‘him’ or ‘her’ – and this
sentence might even make people laugh, because the speaker has unintentionally given human qualities to a
thing – a book. The object pronoun ‘her’ is only used as an object pronoun for a female person (or an animal,
such as a pet).

#135 In English but not in Polish

Correction: This is your book, isn’t it?

Polish: To jest twoja książka, tak?
Word for Word Translation: It is your book, yes?
Error: This is your book,
yes?

In this sentence we use a question tag (‘isn’t it?’) as a means of checking information – the owner of the book.
There are no question tags in Polish, and it is possible to create the same effect simply by adding the word
‘yes?’ to the end of the sentence, along with rising intonation, so that the listener knows it is a question. In
English the use of ‘yes?’, ‘yeah?’, or ‘right?’ is considered rude because it is too direct. English is an indirect
language and we like to keep the appearance of politeness – even if we do not mean it. It may be that the student
has not discovered question tags yet, or perhaps they know about them but cannot be bothered to use them,
favouring instead the much easier and more direct ‘yes?’ – in Polish ‘tak?’ In Polish ‘nie?’ (‘no’?) is an informal
version, which is considered rather impolite. A third option exisits: ‘prawda?’ (‘truth?’), which tends to be used
mainly by older people.

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#136 Word order

Correction: I’d like to work as a secretary, for example.

Polish: Chciałabym pracować na przykład jako sekretarka.
Word for Word Translation: I would like work, for example, as secretary.
Error: I’d like to work, for example, as a secretary.

Word order in Polish is much more flexible than it is in English. While we have to follow a fairly strict word
order, which is often SVOPT – subject, verb, object, place, time – Polish speakers have more freedom to insert
clauses – such as ‘for example’ – wherever they like. In English this sentence follows a logical order: ‘I’
(subject), ‘would like to work’ (verb phrase)... and then we need the object – we need to know what they would
like to work as – ‘...as a secretary.’ We cannot break up the flow by inserting a subordinate clause (in this case
‘for example’) here. ‘For example’ can be placed at the end of the sentence, where less important elements of
the sentence usually go. In an English sentence, we usually expect to hear ‘subject, verb, object...’ In the same
way, we would not expect to hear or see the place located before the object: ‘I would like to work, in England,
as a secretary.

#137 Different concepts in Polish and English

Correction: See you on Friday.

Polish: Do zobaczenia w piątek.
Word for Word Translation: See you in friday.
Error: See you on friday.
Polish follows different rules about capitalisation than English. In English we put a capital letter at the
beginning of all proper nouns – a group of nouns which includes days of the week, months of the year,
languages, names of people, places, companies, and so on. In Polish there is no need to capitalise days and
months, or adjectives, including languages, such as ‘English’ when it is used as an adjective. For example:
‘english language test’ would be fine in Polish: ‘test języka angielskiego.’ Titles such as pan (‘Mr’), pani (‘Mrs’
and ‘Ms’), doktor (‘Dr’), etc. and their abbreviations are not capitalized, except in polite address. However,
some pronouns are capitalised in Polish, e.g. ‘you’ in formal writing: ‘Ty’, ‘Wy’, ‘Ciebie’, etc. The student has
translated directly from Polish into English and ended up with what would be considered a basic-level language
error.

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#138 In English but not in Polish

Correction: We found out how good a student she is.

Polish: Dowiedzieliśmy się, jak dobrym jest
uczniem. Word for Word Translation: We found out ourselves how good is
student. Error: We found out how good student she is.

The unusual phrase ‘how good a student she is’ means ‘how good she is as a student’ or ‘what kind of student
she is.’ We cannot say ‘How good student’ because the problem of the singular countable noun ‘student’ exists:
there must be an article (a, an, or the) or other determiner before this kind of noun in a sentence. Therefore ‘how
good student’ is ungrammatical. In Polish there are no articles, which might account for why the student has
forgotten the singular countable noun rule in this sentence. Also, in Polish it would be unnatural to finish a
sentence with a verb, like ‘is’.

#139 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: I tried to remember what happened.

Polish: Próbowałem sobie przypomnieć, co się stało.
Word for Word Translation: I tried myself to remind what happened.
Error: I tried to remind myself what happened.

Although the Polish verb for ‘remember’ is ‘pamiętać’, the phrase ‘I tried to remember...’ translates as
‘Próbowałem sobie przypomnieć’ in Polish, which in the word for word translation becomes ‘I tried myself to
remind...’ The student has translated directly from Polish, without thinking about what the English form would
be: ‘I tried to remember...’ In English, ‘remember’ is connected with the past, while ‘remind’ is more connected
with the future. However, in English we generally do not ‘remind ourselves’ but other people: ‘I reminded her to
phone me after work.’ Alternatively we can ask other people to remind us to do something: ‘Please remind me
to email Uncle Phil after tea.’ We could perhaps say: ‘I set my alarm to remind me to record my favourite
programme’, but this use would be rare. While a thing could ‘remind’ you of the past, for example, ‘This
postcard reminds me of our trip to Malta’, it is more common to use ‘remember’ to talk about the past, and
‘remind’ to talk about the future.

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 79.
#140 Errors with
tenses

Correction: I was going to do some gardening in the afternoon.

Polish: Planowałem pracować w ogrodzie po południu.
Word for Word Translation: I planned to work in garden afternoon.
Error: I was to do some gardening in the afternoon.

This sentence is an example of ‘future in the past’. We use ‘going to’ after ‘was’ or ‘were’ to show that at an
earlier time in the past we planned to do something at a later time, but still in the past. In this sentence, we don’t
know whether the task was accomplished or not, but ‘going to’ in the past is commonly used to talk about failed
past intentions: ‘I was going to clean my bike yesterday, but I didn’t have time.’ The student could use the
auxiliary verb ‘going to’ or main verbs ‘planning to’, ‘intending to’, or ‘hoping to’, and so on, but not ‘I was to
do...’ The reason is that in the correct sentence ‘was’ is an auxiliary verb in past continuous, which we are using
to create the ‘future’ in the past, so ‘I was to do’ reads like there is a main verb missing: ‘I was to do...’ In
Polish, the forms ‘going to’ and ‘future in the past’ do not exist, so they use ‘planowałem’ to express the same
idea. Or, ‘I was going to do’ can be translated as: ‘Miałem zamiar pracować w ogrodzie.’ = I had (the) intention
to work in (the) garden.’

#141 Different concepts in Polish and English

Correction: I have eight fingers, two thumbs, and ten toes.

Polish: Mam dwadzieścia palców.
Word for Word Translation: I have twenty
fingers. Error: I have twenty
fingers.

In Polish, the word ‘finger’ is ‘palec’, and toe is ‘palec u nogi’ (literally, ‘finger at leg’), but both parts of the
body have the plural form ‘palce’ in Polish – or ‘fingers’ in English. This can lead to an extraordinary statement
from the Polish student: ‘I have twenty fingers!’ In English, we have eight fingers, because on each hand we
have four fingers and a ‘thumb’ (‘kciuk’), which is most definitely not a finger. We have ten toes, because on
each foot we have five toes. It is possible to argue with a Polish native speaker for some time about how many
fingers they have – but the correct answer in English must, of course, be ‘eight’!

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 80.
#142 Traditional grammar errors

Correction: I must eat something.

Polish: Ja będę musiała coś
zjeść. Word for Word Translation: I will must something eat.
Error: I will must eat something.

In this error the student has got mixed up using modal verbs, due to translating directly from Polish into English:
‘Ja będę musiała...’ = ‘I will must...’ This phrase does not exist in English, because it is not possible to put two
modal auxiliary verbs together. The student should learn this rule to avoid errors with other modal verbs. For
example, we will never see phrases like ‘I will must’, ‘I must can’, or ‘I might should’, and so on. After a modal
verb there has to be an infinitive verb, for example: ‘I will go’, ‘I must wait’, or ‘I might buy’, and so on. If we
use ‘must’ we are talking about the future anyway, so there is no need to use ‘will’ – in the sentence ‘I must eat
something’ the speaker or writer means the timescale ‘very soon’ – ‘must’ makes this an urgent action.

#143 In English but not in Polish

Correction: We met other people at the party.

Polish: Spotkaliśmy innych ludzi na imprezie.
Word for Word Translation: We met other people on party.
Error: We met another people at the party.

In English, we use the adjective ‘other’ with a plural noun, and the adjective ‘another’ before a singular noun. In
this error the student has used ‘another’ with a plural noun, instead of a singular noun: ‘another people’. We can
say ‘We met another person (singular)...’ or ‘We met other people (plural)...’ but not ‘We met another people...’
There is a case when the word ‘people’ is singular, as in a tribe or race of people, e.g. ‘The Swedish are a
pioneering people.’ However, it is very unlikely that you would meet a whole ‘people’ at a party!

#144 Errors with tenses

Correction: I was reading a book when the phone rang.

Polish: Czytałem książkę, gdy zadzwonił telefon.
Word for Word Translation: I read book when rang telephone.
Error: I read a book when the phone
rang.

In Polish there are no continuous or perfect tenses. This gives us nine additional tenses, that do not exist in
Polish – six continuous, and three not:

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 81.
 present continuous present perfect continuous present perfect
past continuous past perfect continuous past perfect
future continuous future perfect continuous future perfect

In English we can use past continuous tense (was/were + ing form) to set the scene and show what was going on
before a past simple action happened, using ‘when’ – as in this sentence: ‘I was reading a book when the phone
rang.’ We can also use past continuous to show two continuous actions happening together, with the conjunction
‘while’ in the middle: ‘I was eating a pizza while my sister was texting her friend.’ The student needs to learn to
use an appropriate English tense for the time they want to talk about.

#145 Traditional grammar errors

Correction: He told her that he didn’t want to meet up.

Polish: Powiedział jej, że nie chce się spotkać.
Word for Word Translation: He told her that he doesn’t want to meet up.
Error: He told her that he doesn’t want to meet up.

Reported speech is when we report what somebody said, as in this sentence. In reported speech tenses go
backwards, for example, changing from present simple to past simple, then from past simple to past perfect. The
speech that this sentence reports is: ‘I don’t want to meet up.’ Because this is in present simple, in reported
speech it has to be changed to past simple, with a different pronoun: ‘he didn’t want to meet up.’ In Polish there
is no difference between using present simple or past simple, and the student has gone with that, instead of
remembering or learning the rules of reported speech. In everyday (colloquial) spoken English, the error
sentence with ‘doesn’t’ is likely to be used by native speakers just as often as the correct version. However, if
the student wants to pass a test or an exam they should use the correct form of reported speech.

#146 In English but not in Polish

Correction: Life is hard.

Polish: Życie jest trudne.
Word for Word Translation: Life is difficult.
Error: The life is
hard.

This error concerns which article to use, and whether to use one at all. The abstract noun ‘life’ is uncountable, so
we cannot use ‘a’ or ‘an’ (which mean ‘one’), and in this sentence it is being used in a general context: ‘life’ in
general is hard, not one specific ‘life’, so we cannot use ‘the’ – which means something specific. We use zero
article – which means no article is required. We could use ‘the life’ if we meant the specific life of a person, for
example: ‘The Life of Copernicus.’ It is positive that the student has thought to use an article before a noun, but
the error happened because they chose the wrong option.

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 82.
#147 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: I had such a good time.

Polish: Miałem tak dobry czas.
Word for Word Translation: I had so good time.
Error: I had so good time.

In English there is a clear distinction between ‘so’ and ‘such’, with ‘so’ being used for emphasis before
adjectives – ‘The room was so tidy!’ – and ‘such’ being used before nouns (which may also be preceded by
adjectives) – ‘It was such a nice day at the beach.’ However, in Polish the words ‘tak’ or ‘taki’ mean ‘so’ or
‘such’ respectively, but are so similar that they are often used interchangeably. Therefore it would be easy for
the student to make this error, while translating directly from Polish into English. In any case, ‘Miałem tak
dobry czas’ is not a very natural sentence in Polish. It would be more natural to say: ‘Spędziłem (tam) dobry
czas. = I spent (there) good time.’

#148 Using a positive form to make a negative sentence

Correction: The taxis never stop.

Polish: Taksówki nigdy się nie
zatrzymają. Word for Word Translation: Taxis never
themselves not stop. Error: Always the taxis don’t stop.

Here the student is mixed up about how to make a negative sentence with the meaning of ‘always’. The answer
is to use the opposite adverb of frequency of ‘always’, which is ‘never’. While we usually need to use negative
verb forms to make negative sentences, the word ‘never’ is a negative word and makes the sentence negative, so
we do not need to use a negative verb form too. This would create a double negative effect: ‘The taxis never
don’t stop’ would in fact have a positive meaning: ‘The taxis stop’ or ‘...always stop.’ There is also the issue of
word order here. We put adverbs of frequency before the main verb, except if the main verb is ‘be’, when they
follow the main verb, for example, ‘She is never late.’ We cannot begin a sentence with ‘always’ or ‘never’,
unless it is an order with imperative form: ‘Always brush your teeth!’ or ‘Never borrow my bike!’ In any case,
the phrase ‘Always the taxis don’t stop’ would be wrong in Polish too.

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 83.
#149 Traditional grammar errors

Correction: My car is better than yours.

Polish: Mój samochód jest lepszy niż twój.
Word for Word Translation: My car is better than yours.
Error: My car is better like yours.

‘Better than’ is a comparative phrase based on the adjective ‘good’: ‘good’, ‘better than’, ‘the best’. In Polish
the function word ‘niż’ means ‘than’, so it is unclear why the student substitutes ‘like’. It may be that this error
was caused by the student’s less-than-perfect knowledge of the comparative form in English grammar – or
perhaps they have heard their friends and colleagues using this form. On the other hand, they may be translating
directly from Polish slang, where the phrase ‘lepszy jak twój’ (literally, ‘better like your’) can be heard.

#150 Differences in the use of prepositions

Correction: He lied to me.

Polish: Okłamał mnie.
Word for Word Translation: He lied me.
Error: He lied me.

In Polish there is no preposition ‘to’ after ‘lie’, while in English we ‘lie to’ people, rather than ‘lie them.’ The
collocation is: ‘subject’ + ‘lie’ + ‘to’ + ‘object pronoun’ or ‘name’, e.g. ‘Barbara lied to him.’ The student has
translated directly from Polish into English, without considering the different use of prepositions between the
languages.

#151 Direct translation errors

Correction: Where is my phone?

Polish: Gdzie jest mój telefon?
Word for Word Translation: Where is my telephone?
Error: Where is my telephone?

In English we use either the word ‘phone’ or ‘mobile’ to refer to our mobile phones. In Polish the word ‘telefon’
means both ‘phone’ and ‘mobile’. A Polish person would never use the abbreviation ‘fon’. The student has
translated directly from Polish into English and ended up with the word ‘telephone’. The problem is that in
English we think of ‘telephone’ as being an old-fashioned heavy object that is attached to the wall at home (and
probably has a dial), rather than as the thing that we keep in our pockets all day and sleep beside at night. When
the student says ‘Where is my telephone?’ the listener is momentarily confused as to what they want. ‘Surely
your telephone is at home attached to the wall’, they might feel the urge to reply. In fact, these days many
people do not have a fixed-line home phone at all, making do with a ‘mobile’ or ‘phone’ that does it all.

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 84.
#152 In Polish but not in English

Correction: I’m trying to lose weight.

Polish: Staram się zrzucić wagę.
Word for Word Translation: I try myself to throw off weight.
Error: I’m trying to lose my weight.

In English, ‘lose weight’ is a collocation which does not include a possessive adjective (e.g. ‘my’). In Polish, the
verb ‘staram się’ contains the meaning of the pronoun ‘myself’ (‘się’), which is perhaps why the student has
included the incorrect word ‘my’ in the sentence. It may also be that the student feels the issue of their weight is
personal to them, like the ‘my’ in this sentence: ‘I’m trying to improve my English.’

#153 Word order

Correction: I could never be a pilot.

Polish: Nigdy nie mógłbym być pilotem.
Word for Word Translation: Never not I could be pilot.
Error: I could not be a pilot, never.

This error highlights the difference in word order between Polish and English. In Polish, it is possible for your
thoughts to evolve as you speak, because it allows you to add words and clauses as you speak: ‘I could not be a
pilot...’ (the original thought) plus ‘never’ (the latest thought). Because of the more restrictive English word
order, we have to have the complete thought before we speak: ‘I could never be a pilot.’ The student is using
practises from speaking the Polish language while speaking English, which has resulted in an error.

#154 Wrong word recalled

Correction: Don’t shout at me!

Polish: Nie krzycz na mnie!
Word for Word Translation: Not you cry on me!
Error: Don’t cry at me!

Here the student has mixed up the verbs ‘shout’ and ‘cry’. In English ‘shout’ means to say something very
loudly, while ‘cry’ usually means to shed tears. We also have the option to ‘cry out’, which means to shout a
single word, phrase, or sound. In Polish, the two verbs are very similar: ‘krzyknąć’ means to ‘cry out’, while
‘krzyczeć’ means to ‘shout’. The student perhaps uses the verbs ‘cry’, ‘cry out’, and ‘shout’ interchangeably in
Polish, and has tried to do the same thing here, resulting in an error that makes it very hard to understand the
meaning of what they have said.

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 85.
#155 Differences in the use of prepositions

Correction: She was angry with her brother.

Polish: Była zła na brata.
Word for Word Translation: She was angry on brother.
Error: She was angry on her brother.

This is a direct translation from Polish into English. An English native speaker would be angry ‘with’
somebody, but a Polish native speaker would be angry ‘on’ them. In English, ‘on’ is the preposition that we use
to talk about literal platforms – ‘on the shelf’, ‘on the table’, ‘on the train’, etc. – and media platforms – ‘on the
radio’, ‘on TV’, ‘on the internet’, ‘on the news’, and so on. We often use the preposition ‘with’ to talk about
feelings towards other people and things – ‘angry with him’, ‘pleased with them’, ‘upset with her’, and so on.
The student has translated directly without considering the many differences in the use of prepositions in Polish
and English. Notice too the disappearing possessive adjective ‘her’, which is not present in Polish. In Polish, it
is not necessary to use possessive adjectives if the meaning is obvious to both the speaker and the listener, so in
the sentence ‘She was angry with brother’ it is clear whose brother it is – hers!

#156 In English but not in Polish

Correction: It is quite a good job.

Polish: To jest dość dobra praca.
Word for Word Translation: It is quite good job.
Error: It is a quite good job.

This sentence means that the job is ‘quite good’, but we cannot say ‘quite good job’ because ‘job’ is a singular
countable noun and requires an article, in this case ‘a’, to be a correct phrase: ‘quite a good job’. With plural
nouns (‘they are quite nice shoes’) and uncountable nouns (‘it is quite good chocolate’) there is no such
problem. The student has become mixed up about where to put the indefinite article ‘a’ – but kudos to them for
remembering that there must be one, and not simply saying ‘It is quite good job’ – especially since there are no
articles in Polish.

#157 One word in Polish, two words in English

Correction: She told me that we had homework to do.

Polish: Powiedziała mi, że mieliśmy pracę domową do zrobienia.
Word for Word Translation: She said me that we had homework to do.
Error: She said me that we had homework to do.

Here the student has translated directly from Polish into English, and failed to understand the important
difference between the verbs ‘tell’ and ‘say’. ‘Tell’ is a transitive verb, which means it needs an object, for

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 86.
example, an object pronoun: ‘tell me’, ‘tell him’, ‘tell them’, etc. On the other hand, ‘say’ is an intransitive verb,
which means it cannot be followed by an object. We cannot say ‘say me’, but rather just ‘say’: ‘She said that we
had homework to do’, not ‘She said me...’ The meaning of each verb is very similar, with ‘tell’ meaning a more
confidential form of communication. In Polish, ‘tell’ is ‘powiedzieć’ and ‘say’ is ‘mówić’. In addition, in Polish
both verbs are transitive, and ‘say me’ and ‘tell me’ both translate as the same phrase: ‘powiedz mi’.

#158 Errors with tenses

Correction: They will be surprised!

Polish: Będą zaskoczeni!
Word for Word Translation: They will surprised!
Error: They will surprised!

The phrases ‘They will...’ and ‘They will be...’ have the same Polish translation: ‘Oni będą’ – or simply ‘Będą’.
When you want to say ‘It will be...’, ‘There will be...’, or ‘He will be...’, for example, there is no distinction
between ‘will’ on its own or ‘will be’, so you could simply say: ‘It will sunny tomorrow’, for example, rather
than use ‘be’. This may be a more efficient use of language than in English! The student has translated directly
from Polish into English and ended up with an error. There must always be an infinitive verb after a modal verb:
‘They will + be’ and then, in this case the complement, the adjective ‘surprised.’

#159 In English but not in Polish

Correction: Hello. Please come in. Would you like to take a seat?
Polish: Cześć. Wejdź. Siadaj.
Word for Word Translation: Hello. Enter. Sit.
Error: Hello. Come in. Sit down.

While the polite phrases do exist in Polish – ‘Proszę wejść’ (‘Please come in’) and ‘Chcesz usiąść?’ (‘Would
you like to sit down?’) – Polish people are comfortable speaking to one another using the imperative form
(giving orders) – in both formal and informal situations. It may be that they use a friendly tone of voice while
giving the orders, rather than speaking in an aggressive way. English ears take exception to the ‘bald’ imperative
form – we hate receiving orders without the use of polite words and phrases to sweeten the pill. So, ‘come in’
becomes ‘please come in’, and ‘sit down’ becomes ‘do sit down’, ‘please have a seat’, or the idiomatic ‘would
you like to take a seat?’ (Of course we are not really inviting somebody to ‘take’, to ‘disappear with the seat!)
This rule stands in all kinds of social situations, but especially when communicating with people whom we do
not know. It may be that we do use imperative voice in its basic form – without any polite trimmings – with
friends and family and when we are in a bad mood, but we do not like to hear it and so, assuming that others
will be angered when we use it with them, we try to avoid using ‘bald’ imperative form.

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 87.
#160 Direct translation errors

Correction: I’m redecorating my flat.

Polish: Mam remont mojego mieszkania.
Word for Word Translation: I have renovation my
flat. Error: I’m renovating my flat.

The Polish student makes the rather surprising statement that they are ‘renovating’ their flat, when in fact all
they are doing is ‘redecorating’ it, for example, painting it, putting up wallpaper, hanging some new lights,
perhaps refitting the kitchen – but not renovating it. The Polish word ‘remont’ translates as ‘renovation’, but in
English ‘renovation’ is more like the process of bringing back to life a crumbling old building – not simply
coating the walls with a lick of paint, but actually knocking down parts of a building and restoring other parts.
The student has taken the English meaning of ‘remont’ and used it without considering the context of the action
and learning the correct word: ‘redecorating’.

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 88.
Index
a lot of, 43, 50 figurative phrase, 35
abstract noun, 28, 82 final preposition, 76
adverb of degree, 33 finger, 80
adverb of frequency, 41, 83 first conditional, 37
adverb of time, 44 food, 62
adverbial of viewpoint, 34 formal situation, 69, 87
agree, 31 formal writing, 47, 78
all, 30, 31 fun, 36
angry, 86 function word, 53, 62, 84
annoyed, 72 funny, 36
another, 81 future continuous, 6, 43, 82
anything, 64 future in the past, 80
apostrophe, 33, 68 future perfect, 6, 82
article – definite (the), 30, 38, 52, 57, 60 future simple, 6, 37, 43, 60
article – indefinite (a, an), 44, 65, 79, 86 gerund, 27, 39, 72
article – zero, 30, 82 give birth, 38
as usual, 41 going to, 80
at the moment, 43 good, 32, 84
back, 29 greeting, 49-50
bare infinitive, 61 hello, 42, 50, 87
best, 27, 52, 84 here, 51
body, 52, 80 high, 76
born, 38, 69 him, 77
borrow, 61, 67 home, 28, 29, 32, 33, 41, 49, 59-60, 75
bread, 11, 30 homework, 11, 29, 61, 86-87
call, 34, 37 hour, 56, 63
capitalisation, 78 how are you?, 49-50
city, 33, 70 hurt, 66
close, 40 hypothetical action, 71
colloquial speech, 82 I, 27
come, 30, 60, 65, 87 I think so, 36, 48
comparative adjective, 58, 84 idiom, 36, 41, 45, 53, 71, 76, 87
complement, 34, 46, 48, 87 if, 37, 70
connected speech, 73 imagine, 39
consonant sound, 53, 61 imperative form, 41, 59, 83, 87
contact, 36 impolite, 77
contraction, 21, 66 in, 28, 52, 75
conversation, 29, 47 indirect language, 77
could, 54, 85 infinitive, 27, 37, 39, 61, 72, 73
cry, 85 informal conversation, 47
cry out, 85 informal situation, 47, 87
dash, 34 information, 11, 50
date, 12, 69 ing form, 31, 39, 40, 43, 72, 82
day, 78 intention, 77, 80
demonstrative, 51 interesting, 63
determiner, 11, 52, 60, 79 inversion, 48
disagreement, 47 irregular plural noun, 46
double negative, 83 it, 40, 47, 53, 77
eat, 62 job, 59, 67, 74
-ed / -ing adjective, 63 jumbled up sentence, 41, 74
-ed ending, 38 just, 62
elegant, 12,51 last, 28, 34, 39, 44, 57, 65, 68
emphasis, 44, 58, 62, 83 learn, 27, 43, 60, 72
employee, 74 leave, 49, 62, 70
enough, 37, 50 lend, 67
everybody, 31 let, 29, 61
everything, 61, 64 lie, 84
false friend, 10, 12, 28, 51, 66, 67, 72 like, 27, 30, 33-34, 45, 84
favourite, 27 listen (to) , 71
feel, 35, 46, 65, 70 little, 9, 37, 71

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 90.
lock, 40 polite, 27, 31, 50, 59, 62, 74, 78, 87
look, 45, 56 politician, 12, 28
look at, 56 politics, 12, 28
look like, 45 popular culture, 29
main clause, 49 positive form, 9, 37, 43, 50, 64, 65, 83
make, 37, 53 possession, 28, 33
many, 47, 55 possessive adjective, 55, 86
maybe, 48 possessive ‘s’, 33, 68
mayor, 12, 66 preposition, 8-9
me, 27, 34, 36, 54, 66, 84, 85, 86-87 preposition of place, 69
mean, 59 present continuous, 6, 40, 55-56, 65, 76
men, 46 present perfect, 6, 29-30, 57, 59, 69, 82
mobile, 84 present perfect continuous, 6, 55-56
modal verb, 48, 81, 87 present simple, 6, 31, 45, 68-69
moment, 43-44, 57, 71 president, 12, 66-67
month, 78 probably, 32
Mr, 42, 78 pronunciation, 73
Mrs, 42, 78 quantity phrase, 33
Ms, 42, 78 question form, 43, 54, 55, 60, 63, 64, 68, 73
much, 43, 55, 58, 64 question tag, 49, 66, 77
must, 29, 35, 41, 59, 81 quit, 12, 67
my, 85 quite, 86
myself, 27, 52, 73, 79, 85 rather not, 7, 31
negative form, 37, 60, 65, 66 really, 33-34
nervous, 12, 72-73 redecorate, 7, 88
never, 83, 85 reflexive pronoun, 8, 73
next to, 54 register, 47
no, 12, 31, 64, 66, 77 regular time, 76
noun – abstract, 28, 82 regular verb, 38
noun – plural (countable) , 11, 29, 46, 47, 74, 80, remember, 79
81, 86 remind, 79
noun – proper, 78 renovate, 7, 88
noun – singular countable, 47, 52, 60, 79, 81, 86 reported speech, 82
noun – uncountable, 10, 11, 29, 30, 37, 46, 50, 65, resign, 12, 67
74, 82, 86 respect, 42
noun phrase, 44, 58, 65, 68 s form, 45
now, 43, 51, 55-56, 76 say, 73, 85-87
object pronoun, 77, 84, 87 second conditional, 70-71
of, 75 see, 56, 60-61
on, 32, 52, 54-55, 57, 69, 85, 86 should, 45, 48
once, 64 shout, 85
organism, 52 since, 55, 57
other, 51 slang, 46, 62, 84
oxymoron, 33 smart, 12, 51
pain, 66 smell, 35
particle, 42 so, 36, 48, 83
passive voice, 30 some, 11, 30, 75
past continuous, 6, 7, 80, 82 speak, 72
past perfect, 6, 59, 82 spoken English, 42, 47, 49, 53, 62, 82
past simple, 6, 7, 59, 60, 70, 82 staff, 74
past tense, 38, 60 stand, 51
people, 31, 46, 74, 75, 78, 81 state verb, 31
person, 46 stay, 51
phatic communication, 50 stress, 62
phone, 34, 84 stressed syllable, 62
photo, 37, 56 structure, 37, 68, 70-71
phrasal verb – intransitive, 41, 42, 71, 87 subject pronoun, 27
phrasal verb – transitive inseparable, 42-43 subjunctive mood, 54
phrasal verb – transitive separable, 42-43 subordinate clause, 78
play, 57, 72 such, 38, 45, 83

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 91.
suffix, 58 year, 69-70, 78
suggestion, 12, 31, 48 years old, 35-36
superlative adjective, 52 yes, 12, 48, 49, 66, 77
SVOPT word order, 8, 34, 41, 58, 68, 74, 75, 78
take care of, 35, 52
talk, 72
tall, 76
teach, 27, 60
tell, 37, 86-87
telling the time, 56, 63
‘th’ consonant sound, 39, 61
thanks, 31, 49-50
that, 61, 77
that kind of thing, 45
the same as, 30
there, 51
think, 36, 44, 48, 58
third person, 45, 49, 59, 69
through, 57
thumb, 80
time, 55, 64
time phrase, 41, 76
to + infinitive, 27, 39, 61, 72, 73
toe, 80
tone of voice, 77, 87
too, 37, 50, 64
town, 33
true, 38-39, 49
truth, 38-39, 49, 66, 77
twice, 55, 64
unfinished time, 55, 57
until, 59-60
usage, 56, 62, 73, 75
used to, 73
usually, 41-42
verb – intransitive, 41, 42-43, 71, 87
verb – transitive, 41, 42-43, 86-87
verb phrase, 31, 41, 44, 53, 78
very, 33-34
want, 54, 61
was, 39, 53
watch, 56
website, 32, 57, 69
week, 78
well, 32, 65, 70
wh- question, 38, 48, 54, 56, 59
when, 81-82
which, 61, 77
whole, 30
will, 37, 43, 59-60, 66, 74, 81, 87
wine, 11, 65-66
with, 36, 86
women, 46
won’t, 66
word classes, 62
work, 39, 49, 59, 68, 75
worker, 74
would, 70-71
written English, 42, 46, 47, 53, 77, 78
wrong word, 8, 36, 76

I Have Twenty Fingers... and 159 Other Common Polish-English Errors 92.
 This book is for anybody
who wants to remove errors from their spoken and written Englis

It will be especially helpful for

Polish native speakers and their teachers, but anybody can use it

About the author:

Matt Purland is an English teacher and writer from Cambridge

in the UK. He has worked with Polish students at all levels
since 2004. He has been living and working in Poland since
2007. His special interests include pronunciation, writing
teaching materials, and error correction. This is his twenty-
fifth resource book.