INDEX

Aftershocks,2.105, 6.24-6.27 Atomic Bomb CasualtyCommission, 12.142

Afterwinds, 2.09, 2.18 Attenuation, radiation, seeAlpha particles; Beta
Air blast, see Blast particles; Gammarays, Neutrons;Transmission
Air burst, 1.31-1.35, 1.78, 2.03-2.17, 2.32- factors
2.51, seealso High-altitude burst Aurora, artificial, 2.62, 2.142-2.145
afterwinds, 2.09, 2.18
blast wave, 2.32-2.37, seealso Blast Ball of fire, seeFireball
damage,seeDamage; Structures Basesurge,seeSurfaceburst; Undergroundburst;
definition, 1.31 Underwaterburst
EMP, 11.66, 11.67 Beta bums, 12.155-12.162
energy distribution, 1.24-1.27 Beta particles (or radiation), 1.29, 1.43, 1.61-
fireball, 2.03-2.05, 2.110-2.129 1.66,2.42,8.01,9.13
ground shock, 3.51, 3.52 attenuation,2.42, 9.115, 9.116
injuries, seeInjuries and geomagneticfield, see Geomagneticfield
nuclearradiation, 2.41-2.45, see also Nuclear hazard,external, 12.155-12.162
radiation internal, 12.163-12.172
radioactivecloud, seeCloud RBE, 12.97
contamination,9.48, 9.49 sources,1.61-1.63
radio and radareffects, seeRadio and radar stoppingaltitude, 10.29
thermalradiation,2.38-2.40, see also Thermal Beta patch, 2.141
radiation Biological effectiveness, relative (RBE), 12.95
Aircraft, damage,5.94, 5.95, 5.151-5.154 Biological effects of nuclear radiations, see Nu-
Alpha particles (or radiation), 1.65,2.41,8.01, clear radiations
8.03,9.40-9.42,9.114 Biological half-life, 12.170
attenuation,2.42, 9.114 Blackout radio, seeRadio and radar
contamination,9.42 Blast (and Blast wave), 1.01, 1.25, 2.32-2.37,
hazard,9.114,12.97,12.165,12.173 3.01-3.85,6.02,6.80,6.81, seealso Dynamic
RBE, 12.97 pressure;Overpressure;Shock wave
sources,2.41, 8.01, 9.40-9.43 altitude effect, 3.44-3.46, 3.64-3.68
Animals, nuclear explosion effects, 12.240- arrival time, 3.09, 3.14, 3.63, 3.77
12.254 atmosphericeffectson, 3.39-3.43
Arch, loading, 4.62-4.66 bendingof, 3.42, 3.43
Arching effect, soil, 6.96--6.99 characteristics,3.01-3.20
Area integral, fallout, 9.160 damage,seeDamage
ARGUS effect, 2.146, 2.147 and height of burst, 3.30-3.34
Atmosphere, density vs. altitude, 3.66, 10.123, development,3.01-3.20
10.124 diffraction, 4.03, seealso Loading
ionization, 10.09-10.12, see also Ionosphere duration, 3.14, 3.15, 3.63, 3.76
pressurevs. altitude, 3.66 front, 1.01, 2.32, 3.02, 3.03
properties,3.66 and ground shock, 3.51, 3.52
scale height, 10.123 impulse,3.49
structure,9.126-9.129 injuries, seeInjuries
visibility, 7.12 interactionwith structures,4.01-4.67
A:om, 1.07 loading, seeLoading
Atomic bomb (or weapon), 1.11, seealsoNuclear Mach effect, seeMach effect
weapons and meteorologicalconditions,3.39-3.43
cloud, seeCloud negativephase,3.04, 3.05
explosion, seeNuclear explosion nonideal, 3.47, 4.67
number, 1.09 positive phase,3.05
structure, 1.06-1.09 precursor,3.49, 3.79-3.85, 4.67
644
INDEX 645
pressure, see Dynamic pressure; Overpressure scavenging, 9.67-9.74
pr?perties,3.53-3.59 stabilized, 2.15, 9.84, 9.91, 9.96
heigh! of burst ~urves, ~. 73-3. 77 Column, in underwater burst, 2.67, 2.68
Ranklne-Hugomot relations, 3.53-3.56
reftection,3.21-3.29,3.78,seealsoMachef- Compton
11.105 effect, 8.89, 8.90 " 8.95 897
.,. 8 103 ,

fect and EMP, 11.60-11.63, 11.66

irregular,3.24 Concrete, radiation shielding, 8.41, 8.68, 8.69,
regular, 3.22 8.72,9.120
refraction, 3.42, 3.43 structures, damage, see Damage
scaling laws, 3.60-3.63 Conjugate points (or regions), 2.143, 10.49,
and structures, see Damage; Loading 10.64, 10.65
surface (or terrain) effects, see Terrain effects Condensation cloud, 2.47-2.50, 2.66
target response, 5.08-5.18, see also Damage Contamination, radioactive, 9.48-9.113, 9.154-
velocity, 3.55 9.162, see also Fallout; Fission products; Ra-
wind, 3.07, 3.13, 3.55 dioactivity, induced
Blood, radiation effects, 12.124-12.132 in air bursts, 9.48, 9.49
Boltzmann constant, 7.73 decay, 1.64,9.15-9.130,9.146-9.153
-Stefan law, 7.82 distribution patterns, 9.75-9.113
Bone seekers, 12.165 dose calculations, 9.15-9.30
Boosted weapons, 1.72 hot spots, 2.31, 9.66, 9.105
Breakaway, fireball, 2.120, 2.121 in surface and subsurface bursts, 9.50-9.52,
Bridges, damage, 5127, 5.139, 5.140 9.61
Buildings, damage, see Damage in underwater bursts, 9.53-9.55
Burns, 7.32, 12.13, 12.14, 12.22, 12.51-12.89 Crack, in underwater burst, 2.65
beta,12.155-12.162 Crater, 2.21, 2.90, 6.03-6.11, 6.70-6.79
classification, 12.51-12.58 dimensions, 6.08~.II, 6.70-6.72
under clothing, 12.59-12.60 formation mechanism, 2.92-2.94
to eyes, see Eye injuries plastic zone, 6.07, 6.70
ftame, 12.51 rupture zone, 6.07, 6.70
flash, 7.32, 12.13, 12.14, 12.18, 12.51, underwater, 6.60, 6.61
12.74-12.78 Critical mass (or size), 1.46-1.53
incapacitation from, 12.61, 12.62 attainment in weapon, 1.51-1.53
in Japan, 12.13, 12.14, 12.18, 12.68-12.73 Crops, see Plants
profile,12.70 Cross section, neutron, 8.112
and radiant exposure, 12.63-12.69 Curie, 9.141
Buses, damage, 5.87
Damage, 5.01-5.161, 6.104-6.114
Cancer, nuclear radiation, 12.147-12.151 administrative buildings, 5.19-5.27, 5.139-
Capture gamma rays, 8.08 5.141
Carbon-14, in nature, 12.198 aircraft, 5.94, 5.95, 5.151-5.154
in weapons residues, 12.197-12.199 arches and domes, 6.101
Casualties, 12.01-12.21, see also Injuries automobiles, 5.86--5.91, 5.146
in buildings, 12.17 brick structures, 5.139, 5.140
in Japan, 12.08-12.22 bridges, 5.127, 5.139, 5.140
Cataracts, nuclear radiation, 12.144-12.146 buses, 5.87
Cattle, see Animals chimneys, 5.34
Cavity, in underground burst, 2.102, 6.85~.88 commercial buildings, 5.19-5.27,5.139,5.140
Cesium-137, in delayed fallout, 9.124, 12.184- communications equipment, 5.122-5.126,
12.187 5.148
Chain reaction, see Fission concrete buildings, 5.20-5.27, 5.139, 5.140
Chimney, in underground burst, 2.103, 6.88, 6.89 diffraction-sensitive structures, 5.139-5.145
Clean weapon, see Nuclear weapons -distance relationships, 5.140, 5.146
Cloud, condensation, 2.47-2.50, 2.66 domestic appliances, 5.114
radioactive, 2.06--2.17,2.19,2.43,2.68,2.97, drag-sensitive structures, 5.146-5.154
9.07-9.09 dwellings, see Damage, residences
dimensions, 2.16 electrical distribution systems, 5.98-5.105
height, 2.16, 9.96,10.158 fabrics, 7.33-7.36, 7.44-7.48
rate of rise, 2.12 forests, 5.146, 5.149, 5.150, 7.60
radioactivity in, 9.61 frame buildings, 5.25, 5.26, 5.37-5.51, 5.139,
radius, 2.16 5.140

,1_- II
 646 INDEX
gas systems, 5.108-5.121 Electromagnetic pulse (EMP), 1.38, 2.46,2.61,
houses, see Damage, residences 11.01-11.76
hydraulic structures, 6.122-6.125 and animals, 11.20
industrial buildings, 5.04, 5.28-5.51,5.139, characteristics, 11.04, 11.07-11.09, 11.63-
5140 11.65
in Japan, see Japan, nuclear explosions and Compton current, 11.60, 11.61
machine tools, 5.128-5.133 damage, 11.18-11.20, 11.26, 11.3a-11.33,
masonry buildings, 5.76-5.79, 5.139, 5.140 11.49-11.59
mobile homes, 5.8a-5.84 electrical systems, 11.26, 11.32, 11.33,
oil tanks, 5.155 11.49-11.53
plastics, 7.39, 7.40 electronic equipment, 11.30, 11.31
railroad equipment, 5.92, 5.93, 5.146 and electrical power systems, 11.49-11.53
residences, 5.04, 5.52-5.84, 5.139, 5.140, energy collectors, 11.16, 11.17
7.28 coupling, 11.27-11.29
ships, 5.96, 5.97, 5.146, 6.63-6.65 high-altitude bursts, 11.03, 11.13-11.15,
smokestacks, 5.34 11.26, 11.7a-11.76
storage tanks, 5.155 medium-altitude bursts, 11.66, 11.67
subways, 6.106 protection, 11.19, 11.33-11.40
transportation equipment, 5.85-5.97, 5.146, and radio stations, 11.54-11.57
5.147 surface bursts, 11.03, 11.1a-11.12, 11.68,
tunnels, 6.109 11.69
utilities,5.98-5.121 system-generated,II.21-11.25
vehicles, 5.86-5.91, 5.146 and telephone systems, 11.58, 11.59
water systems, 5.106, 5.107 testing for response, 11.41-11.48
Decay, radioactive, 1.02, 1.62 theory, 1160-11.76
fission products, 1.54 see also Fallout, decay Electromagnetic radiation, 1.73-1.79, see also
Decibel, 10.126 Thermal radiation
Detection ionizing radiation, see Measurement Electromagnetic waves, see Radio and radar
Deuterium fusion reactions, 1.16, 1.67-1.71 Electron, 1.08, see also Beta particles
Diffraction loading, see Loading Electron volt, definition, 1.42
.-sensitive structures, 5.139-5.145 EMP, see Electromagnetic pulse
DIrty weapons, 9.47 Energy distribution in nuclear explosions, 1.22-
Dose (and dose rate), radiation, 8.17-8.19 1.27,7.88,7.101,7.102
absorbed, 8.18,12.94 Energy fission 1.43
biologically effective, 12.93-12.97 fusio~, 1.69'
exposure,
f ... 8.19,12.93 E . Id ,exp IOSlon,
. I .,20 I .,21 I. 45
E .
I d .. 8 33 8 64 8 121 8 127 nergy Yle

f
romlmtlaralatlon,.,.,.
.
-. t. I d.. 848

rom reSI ua a out ra latlon, .-.

d I (f II ) d .. 9 12 9 30 vaslve ac Ion, nuc ear ra latlon, .

'. th I d . t. 7 87

transmiSSIon actors, ., ..
f 8 72 9 120 erma ra la Ion, .

Dosimeter, 8.21, 8.24, 8.29 ExplosIon, atomic, see Nuclear explosion

Drag loading, see Loading Eye injuries, 7.32, 12.79-12.89
-sensitive structures, 5.146-5.154 cataracts, 12.144
Ductility, materials and structures, 5.14-5.18 ftashblindness, 12.83, 12.84,12.87-12.89
Dynamic pressure, 3.06-3.08, 3.13-3.20 keratitis, 12.80
decay rate, 3.07, 3.13, 3.58 retinal burns, 12.85-12.89
-distance relationships, 3.75
duration, 3.76 Fabric damage, thermal, 7.33-7.36, 7.44,7.48
and height of burst, 3.75 Fallout, 2.18-2.31, 2.99, 9.01-9.166
loading, see Loading, drag air burst, 9.48, 9.49
Rankine-Hugoniot relations, 3.55 attenuation of radiation from, 9.114-9.120
surface effects, 3.50, 3.82 from BRA YO explosion, 9.114-9.120
and wind, 3.07, 3.13-3.17, 3.55 cesium-137 in delayed, 9.124,9.145,12.184-
12.187
Earth, shielding, 8.41, 8.72, 9.156, 9.161 contamination, 9.48-9.113
Earthquakes, and underground bursts, 6.24-6.27 distribution, 9.75-9.113
Effective half-life, 12.170 contours, see Fallout patterns
Electrical and electronic equipment, EMP effects, decay, 1.64, 9.12-9.30, 9.145-9.153
11.26-11.59 half-residence time, 9.133
nuclear radiation effects, 8.73-8.88, 8.133- stratospheric, 9.130, 9.131, 9.135-9.139
8.144 tropospheric, 9.130-9.134

--~
 INDEX 647

from weapons tests, 9.140-9.141 Fires, 7.49-7.70

distribution, 9.59-9.63, see also Fallout pat- in Japan, 7.61-7.80
terns mass, 7.58-7.60
dose, 9.16-9.30, 9.146-9.162 origin, 7.49-7.53
rate, area integral, 9.160 spread,7.54-7.60
early, 2.28, 9.03, 9.06-9.30 Firestorm, 7.58, 7.71
fractionation, 9.06-9.10 Fission, 1.13,1.14,1.21,1.42-1.56
hazard, to animals, 12.244-12.254 chain, 1.42, 1.46-1.50, 1.54-1.59
to humans, 12.155-12.200 energy, 1.15, 1.20, 1.21
to plants, 12.255-12.265 distribution, 1.42-1.45
and height of burst, 2.128 TNT equivalent, 1.45
hot spots, 2.31, 9.66, 9.105 explosion time scale, 1.54-1.59
iodine in delayed, 9.123 fragments, 1.42, 1.43
local, see Fallout, early generation time, 1.54
particles, rate of fall, 9.163-9.166 products, 1.15, 1.26, 1.29, 1.43, 1.60-1.66,
patterns, 9.75-9.114 2.06, 2.10, 2.11, see also Fallout, decay
idealized, 9.83-9.103 weapons, see Nuclear weapons
limitations, 9.99-9.103 F]ame bums, see Bums, flame
wind effect, 9.96-9.98 Flash blindness, 12.83, 12.84, 12.87-12.89
plutonium in, 9.40, 12.173 Flash bums, see Bums, flash
protection factors, 9.120 Fluorescence radiation, high-altitude burst, 2.131,
and rainfall, 9.67-9.74 2.138-2.141
rainout,9.74 Fog, and thermal radiation, 7.16, 7.17
scavenging, 2.30, 9.67-9.74 Food plants, see Plants
stratospheric, 9.130, 9.131, 9.135-9.139 Forests, damage, 5.146, 5.149, 5.150, 7.60
strontium-90 in delayed, 9.124, 9.140-9.145, Fractionation, fallout, 9.06-9.10
12.188-12.196 Fusion reactions, 1.13, 1.16-1.18, 1.67-1.72
surface burst, 2.23-2.31, 9.50-9.52 weapons, see Thermonuclear weapons
surface (or terrain) effect, 9.95,9.101,9.156,
9.161 Gamma rays (or radiation), 1.28-1.30, 1.43,
tropospheric, 9.130-9.134 1.61-1.66,1.71,8.01,8.04,8.08-8.48
underground burst, 2.99, 9.05, 9.51, 9.52 attenuation, 8.38-8.42, 8.95-8.104, 9.117-
underwater burst, 2.82, 2.85,9.05,9.53-9.58 9.120
uranium in, 9.40-9.43 coefficients, 8.95-8.102
washout, 9.74 biological effectiveness, 12.94
worldwide, see Fallout, delayed buildup factor, 8.103, 8.104
Farm animals, see Animals capture, 8.08
Film badge, 8.26 delayed,8.13
Fireball, 1.32, 1.36, 1.40,2.03-2.05, 2.18, 2.36, delivery rate, 8.46-8.48
2.38-2.40, 2.54-2.59, 2.110-2.137, 7.73- dose-distance relationships, 8.31-8.37,8.125-
7.105 8.132
air burst, 2.03-2.05, 2.106-2.129, 7.83, 7.86 evasive action, 8.48
breakaway in, 2.120 half-value thickness, 8.39
debris uptake, 2.09, 2.18, 2.19, 9.50, 9.59 hazard,12.91-12.92
development, 2.110-2.121 hydrodynamic enhancement, 8.36, 8.47
dimensions, 1.32, 2.05, 2.127-2.129 inelastic scattering, 8.09
high-altitude burst, 2.53-2.59, 2.132, 2.136, interaction with matter, 8.17, 8.89-8.104
7.22 ionization by, 8.17, 8.21
ionization, 10.21-10.24, 10.40-10.44, 10.53- measurement, 8.20-8.30
10.55, 10.62 prompt, 8.12
shock front development, 2.115-2.120 RBE,12.94
surface burst, 2.18, 7.20 scattering, 8.44, 8.45
thermal power, 7.82-7.85 shielding, 8.05, 8.38-8.45, 8.72, 9.120
thermal radiation, 2.38-2.40, 7.01-7.04,7.75, skyshine, 8.44
7.76,7.80-7.84 sources, 1.61-1.63,8.08-8.16,9.16
underground burst, 2.91, 7.21 spectrum, nuclear explosion, 8.105
underwater burst, 2.64, 7.21 stopping altitude, ]0.29
X-ray, 2.110-2.119 tenth-value thickness, 8.39-8.42, 8.102-8.104
648 INDEX
transmission factors, 8.72, 9.120 Hiroshima, nuclear explosion, 2.24, see also
and weapon yield, 8.63, 8.64 Japan
Gas systems, damage, 5.108-5.121 Hot spots, 2.31, 9.66, 9.105
Geiger counter, 8.21 House damage, see Damage, residences
Genetic effects, radiation, 12.208-12.219 Hydraulic fill, craters, 6.09
Geomagnetic field, and auroral phenomena, Hydraulic structures, damage, 6.122-6.125
2.142-2.145 Hydrodynamic enhancement, 8.36, 8.47, 8.128-
and beta particle motion, 2.143, 10.27, 10.46- 8.131
10.51 phase, fireball, 2.117
conjugate regions, 2.141, 2.143,10.27,10.47, separation, 2.115
10.64 Hypocenter, explosion, 2.34
and ionization, 10.46-10.51, 10.55, 10.63- Hydrogen bomb, see Thermonuclear weapons
10.66 isotopes, 1.16, 1.17, 1.67-1.69
and weapon debris, 10.55, 10.63, 10.64, 10.70
Glass, missile hazard, 12.42, 12.43, 12.238 Ignition, materials, 7.33-7.40
Ground motion, in surface burst, 6.12-6.17 Implosion, 1.53
in underground burst, 6.33-6.40, 6.90-6.93 Impulse, 3.59, 3.63, 3.65, 3.66
Ground shock, see Shock and structure loading, 4.54, 4.56, 4.66
Ground zero, 2.34 Incendiary effects, see Fires
Gun-barrel assembly, 1.52 Induced radioactivity, 8.16, 9.31-9.39
Industrial buildings, damage, 5.04, 5.28-5.51,
Half-life, biological, 12.170 5.139,5.140
effective, 12.170 Initial nuclear radiation, 1.02, 1.26-1.29, 1.34,
radioactive, 1.63 1.37-1.39,2.41-2.45,8.01-8.72,8.89-8.124,
Half-residence time, delayed fallout, 9.133 9.04, see also Gamma rays; Neutrons
Half-value thickness, 8.39 Injuries, 12.01-12.239, see also Burns; Casual-
Harbor damage, see Hydraulic structures ties; Radiation injury
Height of burst and blast damage, 3.30-3.33 blast, direct 12.24-12.38, 12.239
and blast wave arrival time, 3.77 indirect, 12.39-12.50, 12.238
and dynamic pressure, 3.75 blood, see Blood
duration, 3.76 burn, 12.51-12.78, see also Burns
and fallout, 2.128 causes, 12.18
optimum, 3.73 combined,12.133-12.143
and overpressure, 3.73 eardrums, 12.38
duration, 3.76 eye, see Eye injuries
scaling, 3.62 in Japan, 12.08-12.23, 12.68-12.78, 12.114-
Hematological effects, radiation, 12.124-12.132 12.132,12.144--12.154
High-altitude burst, 1.24, 1.36, 1.37, 2.52-2.62, ionizing radiation, 12.91, see also Radiation
2.130-2.150 injury
auroral phenomena, 2.62, 2.142-2.145 lung damage, 12.38
beta patch, 2.141 from missiles, 12.41-12.48
blast, 3.68 nuclear radiation, see Burns, beta; Radiation
definition, 1.36, 2.130 injury
and EMP, see Electromagnetic pulse protection by buildings, 12.17
energy distribution, 1.36,2.130,7.89-7.92 thermal radiation, see Burns
eye injuries, 12.87 Iodine in delayed fallout, 9.123
fireball, 2.53-2.59, 2.131, 2.136, 7.22 Ionization, 1.38,8.17,10.04
FISHBOWL series, 2.52 atmospheric, 10.09-10.20, see also Geomag-
fluorescence radiation, 2.131, 2.138-2.141 netic field
ionization, atmospheric, 10.40-10.74 and electromagnetic waves, 10.04--10.08,
and ozone layer, 2.148-2.150 10.125-10.137
phenomena, 1.36, 1.37, 2.52-2.60, 2.130- in nuclear explosions, 10.21-10.74
2.150 below 10 miles, 10.34--10.39
radio and radar effects, 10.89-10.121 10 to 40 miles, 10.40-10.52
shock wave, 2.136 40 to 65 miles, 10.53-10.61
thermal radiation, 2.131-2.135, 7.89-7.92, above 65 miles, 10.62-10.74
7.102-7.105 Ionizing radiation, 12.91, see also Nuclear radia-
X-ray pancake, 2.130, 7.91, 7.103 tion
INDEX 649
Ionosphere, 10.09-10.20
electron density, 10.09 fallout, 9.66-9.74 ,.,9 102 see al so Hot spots.
Scavenging ,

delayed radiation effects, 10.154-10.164 fires, 7.54, 7.58, 7.71, 7.72

nuclear explosion effects, see Ionization, in Million electron volt (or MeV), 1.42
nuclear explosions Mobile homes, damage, 5.80-5.84
prompt radiation effects, 10.138-10.153 Monitoring, ionizing radiation, see Measurement
radio and radar effects, see Radio and radar Mutations, see Genetic effects

lonpairs,I.38,8.17
Iron, radiation shielding, 8.41, 8.104 Nagasaki, nuclear explosion, 2.24, see also Japan
Isothermal sphere, fireball, 2.114-2.120,2.124 Neoplasms, nuclear radiation, 12.147-12.151
Isotopes,I.09 Neutron, 1.08, 1.31,8.01,8.04,8.49-8.72
hydrogen, 1.16, 1.17, 1.67-1.69 absorption (or attenuation), 8.66-8.72, 9.120
capture, 8.08, 8.11, 8.16, 8.54, 8.56, 9.31-
Japan,nuclearexplosions,2.24 9.39
casualties,12.08-12.23 cross section, 8.112
nuclear radiation injuries, 12.114-12.132, delayed, 8.50
12.144-12.154 dose-distance relationships, 8.121-8.124
structural damage, 5.28-5.34, 5.52, 5.53, fast, 8.52
5.85,5.98,5.106-5.108,5.127 ftuence,8.61
thermal radiation, burns, 12.68-12.78 flux, 8.60
incendiary effects, 7.61-7.72 measurement, 8.58-8.62
materials effects, 7.44-7.48 hydrodynamic enhancement, 8.50
induced activity, 8.16,9.31-9.39
Keloid formation, 12.78 initial nuclear radiation, 8.01,8.04,8.49-8.72
Keratitis,12.80 interaction with matter, 8.107-8.113
ionization, 8.58, 8.59
Leukemia, nuclear radiation, 12.147-12.149 measurement, 8.58-8.62
Lithium deuteride, 1.70, 1.71 prompt, 8.50
Loading, blast, 4.01-4.67, 6.94-6.103 RBE, 12.97
arched structures, 4.62-4.66 scattering, 2.41, 8.09, 852, 8.53, 8.107,8.108
buried structures, 6.94-6.103 shielding, 8.66-8.72, 9.120
development,4.22-4.37 slow, 8.52
shape effect, 4.35-4.37 slowing down, 8.54
size effect, 4.31-4.34 sources, 8.01, 8.04, 8.49-8.57
diffraction, 4.03, 4.05-4.11 spectrum, 8.53, 8.114-8.120
drag, 4.12-4.14, 4.29 equilibrium, 8.118, 8.119
nonideal blast wave, 4.67 thermal, 8.52
structures, 4.15-4.20, 4.41-4.67 from thermonuclear (fusion) reactions, 1.69,
box-like, closed, 4.41-4.45 1.72,8.57,8.116,8.117,8.119
partially open, 4.46-4.51 transmission factors, 8.72, 9.120
cylindrical,4.57-4.16 transmission from source, 8.52-8.56, 8.117-
open-frame, 4.52-4.56 8.120
Lung injuries, 12.15, 12.28, 12.38 Nitrogen, neutron reaction, 8.11, 8.54, 8.56,
8.110, 9.34
Mach effect, 2.33-2.37, 3.24-3.31, 3.34 Nuclear explosion, blast wave, 1.01, see also
front (or stem), 2.33-2.37, 3.25 Blast; Shock
and height of burst, 3.29 casualties, see Casualties
triple point, 3.25 characteristics, 1.01-1.23
Machine tools damage, 5.128-5.133 and conventional explosions, 1.01-1.03
Marshall Islands, inhabitants, 12.175-12.183 damage, see Damage
Masonry buildings, damage, 5.76-5.79, 5.139, description, air burst, 2.03-2.51, see also Air
5.140 burst
Meanfreepath,2.113,7.79 high-altitude burst, 2.52-2.62, see also
Measurement, ionizing radiation, 8.20-8.30, High-altitude burst
8.58-8.62 surface burst, 2.03-2.51, see also Surface
Megacurie, 9.141 burst
Mesosphere, 3.42, 9.126 underground burst, 2.90-2.105
Meteorological effects, blast wave, 3.39-3.43 underwater burst, 2.63-2.89
650 INDEX
fireball development, see Fireball Ozone layer, nuclear explosion effects, 2.148-
incendiary effects, see Fires 2.150
injuries, see Injuries; Radiation injury
ionization, see Ionization Pair production, gamma-ray, 8.92
nuclear radiation, see Nuclear radiation Particles, rate of fall, 9.163-9.166
pressures, 2.107 Pathology, radiation injury, 12.220-12.237
principles, 1.46-1.59 Photoelectric effect, gamma-ray, 8.91
radio and radar effects, see Radio and radar Photon I 74 7 79
shock wave, 1.01, see also Blast; Shock Planck'eq~ati'on.(or theory), 1.74,7.73,7.74
temperatures, 1.23, 2.107, 7.75 Plants, nuclear explosion effects, 12.240-12.243,
thermal radiation, see Thermal radiation 12.255-12.265
types, 1.31-1.41,2.01,2.02 Plastic deformation, 5.15
Nuclear radiation, 1.02, 1.34-1.39, 2.41-2.45 Plastics, thermal damage, 7.39
from air burst, 1.33-1.35, 2.44, 2.45 Plastic zone crater 607 670
biological effects, on animals, 12.240-12.254 Plutonium, ftssion,J.i4,J.i5, 1.18, 1.42, 1.44,
on man, see Radiation injury 1.45
on plants, 12.240-12.243, 12.255-12.265 hazard,12.173
initial, see Initial nuclear radiation in weapons residues, 9.40-9.43
injuries, see Radiation injury Polar front, 9.127
prompt, 2.41 Precursor, blast wave, 3.49, 3.79-3.85
residual, see Residual nuclear radiation loading, 4.67
from surface burst, 2.23-2.31, 8.37, 8.65, Pressure, blast and shock, see Dynamic pressure;
9.5a-9.52 Loading; Overpressure
transmission factors, 8.72, 9.120 Profile burns, 12.70
from underground burst, 1.39, 2.99, 2.100 Protection, see Evasive action; Shielding
from underwater burst, 2.77-2.79, 2.81, 2.82, factors, initial radiation, 8.72
2.89weapons, 1.02,1.11, 1.19-1.21,1.51-
Nuclear fallout
Proton, 1.08 9120
.

1.72, see also Nuclear explosions

boosted, 1.72 Quantum, 1.74
clean and dirty, 9.47 theory see Planck
criticality attainment, 1.51-1.53 '

weapons.I
fission,I.46-1.59
fusion, 1.67-1.72, see also Thermonuclear
salted, 9.11
thermonuclear, see Thermonuclear weapons
.Id I 20 I 21
Rad,8.18
Radar e ff ects,

RadIant exposure, 7.35

see R a d .10

power, 7.74, 7.82-7.84, 7.86

R ad latlon inJury,. 12 90-12 . 237
an d ra d ar

N Ylle , .'.'
I 08 acute, 12.J02-12.132
uc~us, atomIC, .blood 12.124-12.132
Nuclide, 1.10 '
d. t. I 30 cancer (neoplasms), 12.147-12.151
ra loac Ive, .
cataracts,. 12 144-12 . 146
Oil-tank damage, 5.155 clinical phenomena, 12.108-12.123
Overpressure, 2.33, 3.01-3.05,3.21-3.34, delayed,12.142-12.154
3.53-3.85, see also Blast; Loading; Mach ef- from fallout,
fect early, 12.155-12.183
decay rate, 3.09, 3.57 delayed, 12.184-12.200
distance relationships, 3.73 genetic, 12.208-12.219
duration, 3.76 pathology,12.22a-12.237
free air, 3.72 thyroid, 12.171, 12.181-12.183
and height of burst, 3.73, 3.76 Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 12.142
loading, see Loading, diffraction Radiation, nuclear, see Gamma rays; Neutrons;
negative, 3.05 Nuclear radiation
peak, 3.02, 3.74 Radioactive capture, neutrons, 8.08
arrival time, 3.77 Radioactive cloud, see Cloud
Rankine-Hugoniot relations, 3.55, 3.56 Radioactive half-life, 1.63
reflected, 3.56, 3.78 Radioactivity, 1.02, 1.28-1.30, 1.61-1.66, see
scaling, 3.66 also Fallout
surface(terrain) effects, 3.47-3.50, 3.79-3.85 induced, 8.16, 9.31-9.39
INDEX 651

Radioflash, see Electromagnetic pulse Shock (and Shock wave), 1.01, 1.33, 6.82-6.84,
Radionuclide, 1.30 see also Blast
Radio and radar effects, 10.01-10.164, see also front, 1.01,3.03
Ionization, in nuclear explosions in fireball, 2.155-2.120
attenuation, signal, 10.78, 10.79 ground, in air burst, 3.51, 3.52
blackout, 10.01 damage from, 6.104-6.114
Doppler shift, 10.83 in surface burst, 6.12-6.17
degradation, signal, 10.75-10.77 in underground burst, 6.18, 6.19, see also
HF (high-frequency), 10.100-10.107 Seismic effects
hydromagnetic disturbance, 10.26 in underwater burst, 6.14-6.52, 6.115-6.118
initial radiation, 10.149-10.153 Skin burns, see Burns
LF (low-frequency), 10.97, 10.98 Skyshine, gamma-ray, 8.44
MF (medium-frequency), 10.82-10.84 Slick, in underwater burst, 2.65
noise, 10.80, 10.81 Smoke, and thermal radiation, 7.16, 7.17
phase changes, 10.82-10.84, 10.94 Soil, vaporization in surface burst, 2.18
radar systems, 10.114-10.122 Spray dome in underwater burst, 2.66, 2.84 !
radio systems, 10.89-10.113, 10.122 Stagnation pressure, 4.25 Cj
residual radiation, 10.154-10.164 Stefan-Boltzmann law, 7.82
scattering, 10.87, 10.88 Stopping altitude, 10.29
summary, 10.122 Storage tank, damage, 5.155
UHF (ultrahigh-frequency), 10.112, 10.113 Stratosphere, 9.126
VHF (very-high-frequency), 10.92-10.111 fallout from, 9.130, 9.131, 9.135-9.139
VLF (very-low-frequency), 10.92-10.96 Stopping altitude, radiation, 10.29
Railroad equipment, damage, 5.92, 5.93, 5.146 Strontium-90 in delayed fallout, 9.124, 9.140-
Rainout, 9.74 9.145
Rankine-Hugoniot relations, 3.53-3.56 radiation hazard, 12.188-12.196
RBE (Relative biological effectiveness), 12.94 Structural damage, see Damage
Reflection, blast wave, see Blast wave; Mach Structures, see Damage; Loading
effect Subsurface bursts, see Surface; Underground;
Reinforced-concrete buildings, damage, 5.2a- Underwater
5.27,5.139,5.140 Subways, damage, 6.106
Relative biological effectiveness (RBE), 12.94 Surface (and shallow underground) burst, 1.40,
Rem, 12.95 2.18-2.31,2.90-2.100,6.01-6.18
Residences, damage, 5.04, 5.52-5.84, 5.139, air blast, 2.32-2.37, 3.34-3.74, 6.02, 6.80,
5.140,7.28 6.81
Residual nuclear radiation, 1.02, 1.26-1.30, characteristics, 2.18-2.37, 2.90-2.100, 6.01-
1.35,1.39,9.01-9.166, see also Fallout; Ra- 6.18
dioactivity, induced contact, 3.34, 3.74
Response, spectrum, 6.90 crater formation, 2.21, 2.90-2.94, 6.03-6.11,
structures, 5.08-5.18, see also Damage 6.70-6.79, see also Crater
Retinal burns, see Eye injuries damage in, 6.28-6.31, 6.94-6.103
Roentgen, 8.17 EMPeffect, 11.03, 11.1a-11.12, 11.68,11.69
Rupture zone, crater, 6.07, 6.70 fallout, 2,23-2.31,9.50-9.52, see also Fallout
fireball, 2.18, 7.20
Scattering, see Compton effect; Gamma radiation; ground motion, 6.82-6.84
Thermal radiation; Neutrons ground shock, 6,12-6.18
Scavenging, fallout, 2.30, 9.67-9.74 nuclear radiation, initial, 8.37, 8.65, see also
Scintillation counter, 8.23 Nuclear radiation
Seismic effects, 2.102, 2.105, 6.19-6.27 residual, 2.23-2.31, 9.5a-9.52
Semiconductor detector, 8.22 radioactive cloud, 2.19-2.22
Semiconductor, EMP effects, 11.31, 11.32 contamination, 9.50-9.52
radiation effects, 8.77-8,80 thermal radiation, 7.20, 7.42, 7.101
Shake, 1.54 Surface effects on blast, see Terrain effects
Shielding, gamma rays, 8.05, 8.38-8.45, 8.72, Surface zero, 2.34
9.120 Survey meter, 7.30
neutrons, 8.66-8.72
thermal radiation, 7.18, 7.19 Tamper, nuclear weapon, 1.50
Ships, damage, 5.96, 5.97, 5.146, 6.63-6.65 Tenth-value thickness, 8.38, 8.102
652 INDEX
Terrain effects, on blast, 3.35-3.38, 3.47-3.50, Time scale, fission explosion, 1.54-1.59
3.79-3.85 TNT equivalent, 1.20, 1.45
on fallout, 9.95, 9.101, 9.156; 9.161 Trailer coach, damage, 5.80-5.84
Thermal layer, 3.80 Transient-radiation effects on electronics (TREE),
Thermal pulses, in air burst, 2.38-2.40, 7.86, 8.73-8.88, 8.133--8.144
7.87 characteristics, 8.73-8.76
in high-altitude burst, 2.132, 2.133, 7.89 ::ffects on equipment, 8.77, 8.78
Thermal radiation, 1.02, 1.22-1.25, 1.73-1.79, mechanism,8.133-8.144
7.01-7.105 Transmission factors, initial nuclear radiation,
absorption, in materials, 7.23-7.31, 7.33, 7.34 8.72
in air burst, 1.33, 2.3S-2.40, 7.03-7.05, residual nuclear radiation, 9.120
7.85-7.100 Transmittance, thermal radiation, 7.95-7.98,
and atmosphericconditions, 7.11-7.17, 7.98 7.101-7.104,7.105
attenuation, 7.08-7.19, 7.94, 7.98 Transportation equipment, damage, 5.85-5.97,
burns, see Burns, flash 5.146, 5.147
damage, 7.33-7.40 Trinity test, 2.36, 12.245, 12.246
definition, 7.02 Triple point, 3.25, see also Mach effect
effects, 7.23-7.53 Tritium, thermonuclear (fusion) reactions, 1.67-
in Japan, 7.44-7.48, 7.61-7.72 1.70
energy fraction, air burst, 1.25,7.04,7.88 in residual radiation, 12.197, 12.200
high-altitude burst, 7.22,7.90,7.102,7.104 Tropopause, 2.13, 9.126
surface burst, 7.101 Troposphere, 3.40, 9.126
evasive action, 7.87 fallout from, 9.130-9.134
exposure-distance relationship, 7.41-7.43, Tunnels, damage, 6.109
7.93-7.105
and fabrics, 7.27, 7.33-7.35 Ultraviolet radiation, 1.73, 1.78, 2.38, 2.39,
from fireball, 7.01-7.22, 7.73-7.92 7.75,7.76
in high-altitude burst, 7.22, 7.89-7.92, 7.102- Underground burst (deep), 1.39, 2.90-2.105,
7.105 6.19-6.40, 6.85-6.93
ignition exposures, 7.35, 7.40 aftershocks, 2.105, 6.20-6.27
incendiary effects, 7.49-7.72 air blast, 6.02, 6.53
injuries, 7.32, 12.51-12.78 base surge, 2.96-2.98
materials ignition, 7.33-7.40, 7.44-7.49 cavity, 2.102, 6.85~.88
and plastics, 7.39 characteristics, 2.90-2.105
primary, 1.77, 7.01, 7.75, see also Thermal chimney, 2.103, 6.89
X-rays damage criteria, 6.104-6.114
prompt, 7.02 fallout, 2.98, see also Fallout
pulses, see Thermal pulses fault displacement, 6.20-6.27
radiant exposure, 7.35 fireball, 2.91
power, 7.74, 7.82-7.84, 7.86 ground motion, 6.33-6.40
scattering, 7.08, 7.10-7.17, 7.19, 7.95, 7.98 loading, buried structures, 6.104-6.111
shielding, 7.18, 7.19 seismiceffects, 6.19-6.27
smoke and fog effects, 7.16, 7.17 shallow, see Surface burst
in surface burst, 7.20, 7.101 shock wave, 6.18, 6.19, 6.33
transmittance, 7.95-7.98, 7.101, 7.104, 7.105 and structures, 6.33-6.40
underground burst, 2.99 Underwater burst, 1.39, 2.63-2.89, 6.41-6.69,
underwater burst, 2.80 6.115-6.125
Thermal X-rays, 1.77-1.79, 7.01, 7.75, 7.80, air blast, 6.53, 6.68, 6.69
7.81,7.90-7.92,7.104 base surge, radioactive, 2.76-2.79
ionization, 10.53, 10.57, 10.60, 10.62, 10.69 visible. 2.72-2.75
Thermonuclear (fusion) reactions, 1.17-1..19, characteristics, 2.63-2.79,6.41-6.69
1.67-1.72 cloud,2.69
weapons, 1.67-1.72 column, 2.67, 2.68
fallout patterns, 9.94 contamination, water, 9.53-9.58
gamma rays, 8.33 crack, 2.65
neutrons, 8.64, 8.116, 8.117, 8.119 crater formation, 6.60, 6.61
Thermosphere, 3.43, 9.126 damage, 6.62-6.64
Thyroid abnormalities, 12.171, 12.181-12.183 deep, 2.81-2.89
 INDEX 653

fireball, 2.64 Wall-bearing structures, 5.27, 5.139

hydraulic structures, damage, 6.122-6.124 Wall failure, 5.145
nuclear radiation, 2.74-2.79, 2.81, 2.82, see Weapons, nuclear, see Nuclear weapons
II/SOFallout Weather effects, see Meteorological effects
overpressure, water, 6.41 Wien's displacement law, 7.77
plume, 2.67 Wilson cloud, 2.47-2.50,2.66
shallow, 2.63-2.82 Wind, and fallout patterns, 9.96-9.98
ships, damage, 6.58, 6.63-6.69 Wind (dynamic pressure), 3.07,3.08,3.13,3.14,
shock wave, 6.41-6.52, 6.62-6.69, 6.115- 3.11>
6.118 velocity, 3.07,3.55
reflection, 6.43, 6.44-6.52 Wood, thermal radiation effects, 7.37,7.38,7.40.
surface cutoff, 6.43 7.44
slick, 2.65 Worldwide fallout, see Fallout, aelayed
thermal radiation, 2.80
water waves, 2.70, 2.71, 6.54--6.59, 6.119- X-ray fireball, 2.110
6.121 X rays, 1.73, 1.77, 1.79
Unit-time reference dose rate, 9.16-9.23, 9.92- absorption, 2.134, 7.80, 7.81, 7.92
9.95 degradation, 1.78,2.38,7.02,7.75
Uranium fission, 1.14, 1.15, 1.18, 1.42, 1.44, ionization, atmospheric, 10.53, 10.57, 10.60,
1.45,1.72 10.62,10.69
hazard, 12.174 pancake, 2.134, 2.135, 7.91, 7.103
in weapons residues, 9.31, 9.40-9.42 stopping altitude, 10.29
Utilities, damage, 5.98-5.121 thermal, see Thermal X-rays

Vehicle, damage, 5.86-5.91. 5.146 Yield, explosion, 1.20, 1.21, 1.45

* U.S. GOVERNMENT
PRINTING OFFICE: 19840- 447-53~

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