LABORATORY & SURVEY CAMP REPORT

ECC 3473 GEOMATICS

GROUP 4
GROUP MEMBERS 1. Muhammad Haziq Bin Zahid (2190063)
2. Arvind Pakeanathan (2190084)
3. Nurul Ain Binti Nor Azlam (2190076)
4. Nor Liyana Binti Rasidi (2190751)
LECTURER Ts. Sr. Gs. Wan Mohamed Syafuan bin Wan
Mohamed Sabri
LAB SUPERVISOR Encik Zawil Bin Mohd Yusoff
SITE UPNM
DATE OF SUBMISSION

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMPANY PROFILE 3
LEVELLING

1
 TWO PEG TEST 4
INSTRUMENT 4
PROCEDURE5
FORM 6
TRAVERSING
DIFFERENTIAL FIELD TEST 8
INSTRUMENT 9
PROCEDURE9
FORM 11
TACHEOMETRY
INSTRUMENT 14
FORM 15
DRAWING PLAN
TRAVERSE 18
DETAILING (TACHEOMETRY) 19
MAP (ARCGIS) 20

COMPANY PROFILE

2
 MUHAMMAD HAZIQ BIN
ZAHID

Project Manager

ARVIND NOR LIYANA BINTI

PAKEANATHAN RASIDI
Surveyor Draftsman

NURUL AIN BINTI

NOR AZLAM

Chairman

LEVELLING

3
The word "levelling" refers to one of the techniques for calculating heights. Provides a
flexible but quick, precise, and low-cost field technique for height measurement. Both
measuring methods assess the height of a point above (or below) a predetermined datum. A
permanent feature of some kind is normally selected as a datum on most survey and building
sites.
1) TWO PEG TEST
a) Should be done the first time you use a new or different level, and then at frequent
intervals after that, depending on how often you have used it.
b) To ensure that the collimation error is within the stated tolerance.
c) Procedures:
i) Establish two points approximately 30 metres apart on level ground as shown
below. Set the auto level halfway between the two points.
ii) Take the two staff readings.
iii) Move the auto level as close as possible to one of the peg which is 3 metres away.
iv) Take the two staff readings again.
v) If the difference in height is the same or less than 0.01 metres the auto level is in
good condition.

2) INSTRUMENTS
a) Staff -2

b) Automatic Level - 1

c) Tripod -1

4
 d) Measuring Tape - 1

3) PROCEDURE
a) Setting up:
i) Backsight and foresight distances should be approximately equal to avoid any
errors due to collimation, refraction, or earth curvature.
ii) Distances must not be so great as to not be able to read the graduations accurately.
iii) The points to be observed must be below the level of the instrument, but not lower
than the height of the staff.

b) Elimination of parallax:
Parallax is the apparent movement of the image produced by movement of the
observer’s eye at the eyepiece. It is eliminated by focusing the telescope on infinity
and then adjusting the eyepiece until the crosshairs appear in sharp focus. The setting
will remain constant for a particular observer’s eye.

c) Booking:
i) Level books or loose-leaf levelling sheets shall be numbered and indexed in a
register.
ii) Details of the site, work, date, observer, chainman, booker, weather, wind,
instrument, and any other relevant items shall be entered.
iii) Enter the first observation (which is on a known point) in the Backsight column,
and sufficient detail in the Remarks column to identify it. Enter the point’s R.L.
zero from the site register or plate on the BM, etc.
iv) Enter all other points on subsequent lines as intermediates except the point chosen
as the foresight. Identify them in the Remarks column as above. Enter the
foresight on a further line in the Foresight column.
v) Change the instrument to the next setup. Enter the following backsight on the
same line as the previous foresight but in the Backsight column.
vi) Repeat the above procedure at each setup on the outward run then reverse it to
work back to the starting point on the return run. The furthest point out is treated
as for all other change points.

5
 d) Reducing the levels:

Two methods are in general use; the “rise and fall” method and the “height of
collimation” method. The latter reduces levels relative to the instrument height. As it
has inferior in-built checks it should not be used and will not be covered here. The
“rise and fall” methods shall be used for reduction of all site levelling. Reduction shall
be carried out on site before packing up to ensure that the levelling has been done
correctly.

i) Calculate the rises and fall between successive points and book them in the
appropriate column (one can determine whether each shot is a rise or fall by the
following rule of thumb: a higher value on top denotes a rise; a higher value on
the bottom denotes a fall).
ii) Add up the backsight and foresight columns for the entire traverse and note the
difference between them; this is the close.
iii) Add up the rises and falls for the entire traverse and compare the difference
between them with the difference between the backsights and foresights; they
should be the same.
iv) Carry the reduced levels in the R.L. column down the page by adding or
subtracting the appropriate rise and fall values to the successive values of R.L.
The final value of the original starting point will differ from the original value by
the amount of the close.
If the levelling has been done correctly and all arithmetic reductions are correct, the
differences between total backsights and foresights, total rises and falls, and starting
and finishing R.L.’s should be the same. This difference is the close; and for site
inspection purposes it should be within ± 2mm or ± 6mm, depending upon which
water-level standard is being followed, ± 3mm or ± 10mm.

4) FORM
a) Calculation
Difference = | 8.335 – 8.336 | or |1.117 – 1.118 |
= 0.001 m
Correction = 0.001 ÷ 6
= 0.00016 m
MAKMA N KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
L UKUR UNIVERSITI PERTAHANAN NASIONAL
& MALAYSIA
FOTOGR
AM
JABATA

6
 Surveyor : Nor Groups : 4 Site L
Liyana binti Termodinamik
Rasidi
March 2021 LEVELLING FORM

No. Height of Collimation

Back Intermediate Fore
Reduced Level Correc
Sight Sight Sight Rise Fall
1 1.387 63.086
2 1.743 0.703 0.684 63.770 + 0.000
3 1.525 1.447 0.296 64.066 + 0.000
4 1.215 1.400 0.125 64.191 + 0.000
5 1.220 1.203 0.012 64.203 + 0.000
6 1.245 1.640 0.420 63.783 + 0.00
7 1.943 0.698 63.085 + 0.00

Recorded by: Arvind Pakeanathan Date : 15 March 2021

Calculated by: Muhammad Haziq bin Zahid Date : 15 March 2021 Page : 1

7
TRAVERSING
Traverse is a series of connected lines whose lengths and directions are to be measured and
the process of surveying to find such measurements is known as traversing. In general, chains
are used to measure length and compass or total station are used to measure the direction of
traverse lines.

1) DIFFERENTIAL FIELD TEST

a) The test is carried out at the field with flat surface.
b) A peg wood is immersed and marked as A.
c) A distance of 60 meters is measured from point A and marked as B.

d) Total station at point A and prism at point B is set.

e) The distance AB is measured using the total station.
f) Point C is marked around the middle of AB with equal distance which is CA = CB.
g) Total station is moved from point A to C and another prism is set at point A.

h) Distances CA and CB is measured.

i) Compare the distance of AB and the total distance of CA + CB.
j) The allowable difference is not more than 00’01’15”.

8
2) INSTRUMENTS
a) Total Station - 1

b) Tripod - 3

c) Prism - 2

3) PROCEDURE
a) Appendix I
i) Reconnaissance survey
 First task is to make a reconnaissance survey of the area. the simply walks
over the area with a view to establishing the best sites for survey stations.
ii) Conducting a survey
 Line 2-1 shall be determined as datum for starting the traverse.
iii) Recording the survey
 Measurements must be recorded in permanent ink in the appropriate columns
of the observation pages immediately after they are made.
iv) Plotting.

b) Appendix II
i) Setting up the Total Station
 Setting the tripod
The tripod legs are spread out and rested lightly on the ground around the
survey point. Judging by eye, the legs are moved to bring the tripod head over
the point, keeping the tripod head as level as possible.
 Mounting the instrument
9
 The total station is carefully removed from the box and screwed to the tripod.
 Centring
A sight is taken through the optical plummet to view the survey peg. The foot
screws are turned to bring the instrument exactly over the peg. The total
station is now centered but, not level.
 Levelling
Levelling is accomplished by raising or lowering the legs of the tripod, using
the sliding leg arrangement, until the circular spirit level is centred.
Refinements to the centring and leveling of the instrument must now be made.
(a) Set the plate spirit level over two screws and centralize the bubble
(b) Turn the instrument through 90o and recentralize the bubble
(c) Repeat operations (a) and (b) until the bubble remains central for both
positions.
 Parallax elimination
A piece of paper is held in front of the telescope and the observer, sighting the
paper through the telescope, turns the eyepiece carefully until the crosswires
of the reticule are sharply defined.
ii) Setting up Back Bearing Released Horizontal and vertical plate, and the total
station in face left position.
 Switch On Total Station Display Panel. Make sure horizontal bearing in
the mode Horizontal Right (HR).
 Rotate the total station horizontally, till the required horizontal bearing had
been display in panel.
 Refinements to the required horizontal bearing, using horizontal tangent
screw.
 Press the [F2] [HOLD] key.
 Collimate the target above the back station.
 Press the [F3] [YES] key to finish holding the horizontal angle.
iii) Obtained Front bearing
 Released Horizontal and vertical plate.
 Rotate the total station horizontally, collimate the target above the front
station.
 Horizontal bearing have display.
iv) Measure Distance
 Collimate the center of prism.
 Distance measurement starts. Display panel shows HR (Horizontal angle),
HD (horizontal distance) and VD (Vertical distance).
 Press F1 (Meas). New distance display

Repeat operations (2) to (4) for face right position.

4) FORM
MAKMAL UKUR & FOTOGRAM Page : 1
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

10
 UNIVERSITI PERTAHANAN NASIONAL MALAYSIA
Surveyor : Muhammad Haziq bin Zahid Date : 22 March 2021
Groups :4 Site Location : Makmal
Termodinamik
Bearing / Angle From To Vertical Temp
Distance Final
Station Face Face Average Stn Final Stn
Angle °C Distance
Left Right Bearing +

1 00°00’00” 180°00’00” 33.850

2
3 263°00’02” 83°00’00” 263°00’01” 262°59’47” 29.892 29.891

2 83°00’01” 263°00’01” 29.889

3
4 354°22’58” 174°23’11” 354°23’05” 354°22’36” 40.665 40.667

3 174°23’05” 354°23’05” 40.668

4
5 74°06’17” 254°06’11” 74°06’14” 74°05’31” 33.984 33.983

4 254°06’14” 74°06’14” 33.952

5
1 175°29’00” 355°29’20” 175°29’10” 175°28’12” 12.329 12.329

5 355°29’10” 175°29’10” 12.329

1
2 180°01’14” 0°01’14” 180°01’12” 180°00’0” 33.851 33.851

TRAVERSE FORM

Surveyor : Nurul Ain binti Nor Azlam Date : 22 March 2021

Groups : 4 Site Location: Makmal
Termodinamik

MAKMAL UKUR & FOTOGRAM JABATAN

KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

11
 UNIVERSITI PERTAHANAN NASIONAL MALAYSIA

BOWDITCH FORM
Ad
Line Bearing Distance Latitudes Departures Coordinates
Lat
From To dd. mmss (m) N S E W N or S E or W N

1 1000.000 1000.000

2 29.891 3.643 29.668 966.357 670.332

263⁰ 00' 01'' (-0.001) (-0.001)
3 40.667 40.472 3.979 1036.829 666.353 40.473
354⁰ 23' 05'' (+0.001) (-0.002)
4 33.983 9.308 32.683 1046.137 699.036 9.309
74⁰ 06' 14'' (+0.001) (+0.001)
5 12.329 12.290 0.970 1033.847 700.006
175⁰ 29' 10'' (-0.000) (+0.001)
1 33.851 33.851 0.012 999.996 699.994
180⁰ 01'12'' (-0.001) (-0.001)

150.721 49.780 49.784 33.653 33.659

Total
-0.004 -0.006

Recorded by: Nor Liyana binti Rasidi Date : 22 March 2021

Calculated by: Arvind Pakeanathan Date : 22 March 2021

12
FORMULA USED IN BOWDITCH FORM
Latitude=Distance ×cosθ
Departure=Distance× sinθ
∆ Latitude=∑ N −∑ S
∆ Departures=∑ E−∑ W
Distance
Adjustable Latitude= × ∆ Latitude
∑ Distance
Distance
Adjustable Departures= × ∆ Departure
∑ Distance
∑ Distance
Linear Miscl o sure=
√(¿ ∆ Latitude 2)+(∆ Departures2 )¿

150 . 721
Linear Misclosure=
√(¿ 0 . 0042 )+(0 . 0062 )¿
¿ 20901 .21

≈ 2000 . 00(Class 1)

13
TACHEOMETRY
Tacheometry is a system of rapid surveying, by which the horizontal and vertical position of
point on the earth’s surface relative to one another are determined without using a chain or
tape, or a separate levelling instrument.
1) INSTRUMENTS
a) Total Station

Used: is an instrument for measuring both horizontal and vertical angles.

b) Prism

Used: to return the transmitted beam to the instrument to allow a distance to be

determined by time or phase comparison.

c) Tripod

Used: an adjustable three-legged stand, as for supporting theodolite, prims etc.

d) Measuring tape

Used: to measure the distance between two stations.

14
2) FORM
MAK
Surveyor : Arvind Pakaenathan Da
MAL
UKU
R& Groups : 4 Site
FOT
OGR
AM VERTICAL HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL VERTICAL SLOPE HEIG
JAB ANGLE DISTANCE DISTANCE DISTANCE PO
ATA
N 354⁰ 22' 58'' 40.666 0.555 40.666 2.17
KEJ
URU 78⁰ 06' 35'' 8.336 8.37 8.37 2.17
TER 25⁰ 29' 53'' 14.98 14.998 14.998 2.17
AAN
AWA
2⁰ 17' 22'' 12.647 12.619 12.619 1.3
M 356⁰ 49' 24'' 25.053 25.054 25.054 1.3
UNIVERSITI
90⁰ 06' 16'' 6.949 6.951 6.951 1.3
PERTAHANAN
NASIONAL 255⁰ 43' 38'' 8.074 8.077 8.077 1.3
MALAYSIA 316⁰ 10' 54'' 13.587 16.6 13.6 2.17
341⁰ 23' 31'' 11.223 11.396 11.396 1.3
23⁰ 41' 23'' 13.142 13.156 13.156 2.17
356⁰ 33' 11'' 11.223 11.226 11.226 1.3
353⁰ 34' 17'' 26.355 26.356 26.356 1.3
347⁰ 21' 17'' 26.092 26.092 26.092 1.3
74⁰ 06' 21'' 33.977 33.98 33.98  
149⁰ 27' 20'' 17.049 17.067 17.067 2.17
112⁰ 19' 35'' 7.602 7.629 7.629 2.17
195⁰ 19' 31'' 15.94 15.941 15.941 1.3
247⁰ 01' 47'' 10.394 10.42 10.42 2.17
289⁰ 17' 47'' 8.974 8.977 8.977 1.3
316⁰ 30' 37'' 5.184 5.185 5.185 1.3
TACHEOMETRIC SURVEY FORM
MAK UNIVERSITI PERTAHANAN NASIONAL MALAYSIA
MAL
UKU
R&
FOT
OGR
AM
JAB
ATA
N
KEJ
URU
TER
AAN
AWA
M

15
 Surveyor : Arvind
Pakeanathan Groups :4 Site
April & 19 April
TACHEOMETRIC SURVEY FORM
MAKMAL UKUR &
Surveyor: Arvind Pakeanathan Da
FOTOGRAM
JABATAN
KEJURUTERAAN Groups :4 Site
AWAM

OM TO VERTICAL HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL VERTICA SLOPE HEIGHT OF REDUC

ANGLE ANGLE DISTANCE L DISTANC POLE LEVE
DISTANCE E
407 91⁰ 27' 46'' 17⁰ 19' 40'' 4.707 -0.012 4.709 1.3 64.204
408 91⁰ 05' 48'' 50⁰ 36' 50'' 8.182 -0.157 8.183 1.3 64.167
409 90⁰ 53' 23'' 62⁰ 10' 35'' 12.756 -0.198 12.728 1.3 64.126
410 90⁰ 47' 16'' 67⁰ 35' 17'' 17.556 -0.241 17.558 1.3 64.083
411 90⁰ 49' 17'' 70⁰ 42' 39'' 22.443 -0.322 22.445 1.3 64.002
412 90⁰ 50' 39'' 72⁰ 38' 09'' 27.359 -0.403 27.362 1.3 63.921
413 90⁰ 53' 13'' 74⁰ 02' 00'' 32.308 -0.5 32.312 1.3 63.824
5 90⁰ 47' 26'' 74⁰ 06' 21'' 33.978 -0.468 33.981   64.204
414 87⁰ 57' 02'' 152⁰ 34' 49'' 15.028 0.538 15.038 2.17 64.062
415 84⁰ 12' 01'' 158⁰ 17' 02'' 5.525 0.261 5.553 2.17 63.785
1 93⁰ 22' 05'' 175⁰ 29' 00'' 12.328 -0.728 12.349   63.784
501 93⁰ 55' 10'' 86⁰ 11' 58'' 3.295 -0.226 3.303 1.3 63.678
502 89⁰ 34' 43'' 240⁰ 01' 21'' 18.995 0.14 18.996 1.3 64.044
503 85⁰ 52' 31'' 231⁰ 38' 13'' 13.727 0.99 18.763 2.17 64.024
504 92⁰ 22' 47'' 172⁰ 30' 10'' 6.895 -0.287 6.901 1.3 63.617
505 82⁰ 57' 01'' 204⁰ 51' 34'' 10.115 1.251 10.192 2.17 64.285
506 86⁰ 08' 21'' 192⁰ 06' 19'' 16.092 1.086 16.129 2.17 64.12
507 93⁰ 04' 36'' 177⁰ 22' 32'' 15.17 -0.815 15.192 1.3 63.089
508 93⁰ 21' 13'' 181⁰ 15' 49'' 8.85 -0.519 8.865 1.3 63.385
UNIVERSITI
PERTAHANAN
NASIONAL TACHEOMETRIC SURVEY FORM
MALAYSIA

Record by: Muhammad Haziq

bin Zahid

Calculated by: Nurul Ain binti

Nor Azlam

16
OM TO VERTICAL HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL VERTICA SLOPE HEIGHT OF REDUC
ANGLE ANGLE DISTANCE L DISTANC POLE LEVE
DISTANCE E
508 83⁰ 04' 36'' 204⁰ 12' 24'' 10.283 1.249 18.359 2.17 64.23
2 88⁰ 17' 16'' 180⁰ 00' 58'' 33.845 1.012 33.86   63.086
101 88⁰ 06' 32'' 180⁰ 14' 17'' 32.729 1.081 32.747 1.3 64.257

Date : 19 April 2021

Date : 19 April 2021

17
DRAWING PLAN

TRAVERSE

18
DETAILING (TACHEOMETRY)

19
MAP (ArcGIS)

20