INSTRUCTION MANUAL FT-221R YAESU MUSEN CO., LTD. TOKYO JAPANTABLE OF CONTENTS (Page) GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1 SPECIFICATION 2 INSTALLATION 4 CONTROLS AND SWITCHES 6 REAR PANEL CONNECTIONS 8 OPERATION 9 BLOCK DIAGRAM 13 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION 14 ALIGNMENT AND MAINTENANCE 25 RESISTANCE VOLTAGE CHART 32 PARTS LIST 38 This manual is revised for the units produced starting with Lot No. 009 and the lots produced sub- sequently. Copyright of Yaesu Musen Co. Ltd.FT-221R VHF TRANSCEIVER GENERAL DESCRIPTION The model FT-221R two meter transceiver is a precision built, compact, high performance trans- ceiver of advanced design, providing all mode operation: SSB (LSB or USB selectable), AM, CW and FM with repeater offset capability. Advanced PLL (Phase-Lock Loop) circuitry offers unsur- passed stability and clean, spurious free signals. The transceiver operates at an input of 20 watts on 144 through 148 MHz, in eight 500 kHz segments permitting I kHz accurate dial readout. All circuits are fully transistorized and computor type plug-in modules are used for increased reliability and service ability. Adoption of pre-set passband tuning and wide band amplifier techniques, provide the optimum selec- tivity and performance needed on today’s active 2 meter band. The transceiver is self contained, requiring only an antenna and power source for home, portable or mobile operation. The transceiver may be operated from 100/110/117/200/220 or 234 volt AC when the power transformer is appropriately wired. The FT-221 is normally supplied for 117 volt AC and 12 volt DC operation. Two power cords are supplied with the transceiver. Selection of AC or DC operation is automatically made when the proper line cord plug is inserted into the receptacle on the rear panel. Deluxe features such as VOX, break-in CW with side tone, 100 kHz calibrator, noise blanker and squelch are built-in. In addition to continuous VFO coverage, 88 crystal-controlled channels (11 channels x 8 bands = 88 channels), clarifier and speaker are all integral parts of the unit. For “tone burst” actuated repeater operation, an adjustable “tone burst” generator with automatic tone actua- tion circuit (patent pending) is included. ‘The entire transceiver weighs approximately 8.5 kg, and is 280 m/m wide, 125 m/m high, and 295 m/m deep. Construction of heavy-gage steel provides an extremely rugged package, virtually immune to the effects of vibration and shock encountered in rugged mobile service.SPECIFICATIONS GENERAL Frequency Range: 144.0 ~ 144.5 MHz 144.5 ~ 145.0 MHz 145.0 ~ 145.5 MHz 145.5 ~ 146.0 MHz 146.0 ~ 146.5 MHz 146.5 ~ 147.0 MHz 147.0 ~ 147.5 MHz 147.5 ~ 148.0 MHz Frequency Readout Better than | kHz Emission: SSB (LSB or USB selectable), AM, FM and cw, Power Output: SSB 12 Watts PEP FM,CW 14 Watts AM 2.5 Watts Frequency Stabi Within 100 Hz during any 30 minute period after warm up. Not more than 20 Hz with a 10% line voltage variation Antenna Impedance: 50 ohms unbalanced Repeater Burst Signal: 1500 to 2000 Hz adjustable Repeater Split 600 kHz and any frequency up to 1 MHz Power Requirement: AC 100/110/117/200/220/234 volts 50/60 Hz DC +12 ~ 14.5 Volts, negative ground Power Consumption: AC Receive 30VA Transmit 90VA at 10 watts output DC Receive 0.68 Transmit 3A at 10 watts output Size: 280 (W) x 125 (H) x 295 (D) m/m Weight Approx. 8.5 kg RECEIVER Sensitivity: SSB/CW 0.5 nV for 10 dB S/N FM 0.75 nV for 20 dB QS AM 1.0 AV for 10 dB S/N Selectivity SSB/CW/AM 2.4 kHz at 6 dB 4.1 KHz at 60 4B FM +6 kHz at 6 dB +12 kHz at 60 dB Image Ratio: Better than - 60 dB Spurious Response: Better than IV at antenna input Speaker Impedance: 4 ohms Audio Output: 2 Watts at 10% distortion TRANSMITTER Audio Response 300 ~ 2700 Hz +3 dB Carrier Suppression: 40 dB or better Unwanted Sideband Suppressi 40 dB or better at 1 kHz Spurious Radiation: Down 60 dB or better FM Deviation Maximum 12 kHz: Fi tory set at #5 kHzSEMICONDUCTOR COMPLEMENT Transistors: Programmable Unijunction Tran istor: 2sD114 I 2SC735Y 3 NI3TI 1 D313D 3 2SC711 1 35 28695 1 Diodes: 5 28D359 1 DS-130YD 1 WZ-110 3 28B529 1 181555 37 1N4740 2 28C1000GR 2 10D1 7 GD-1 l 2N5590 I! M4B-5 1 RD-I 1 1 1S188FM 13 TLR-108 11007 12 Isvso FETs WZ-061 2 182209 2SKI9GR IS 3SKS1 i WZ-090 I 28K19Y 2 Thyristor: Integrated Circuits: CWB I uAT03HC 2 TPAOIIAN 5S LD3001 2 34024PC 1 Varistor TATO6IAP I TA7045M I Mv-sW 1 TPAO49AN TPAO27AN The FT-221R is supplied complete with all cables. connectors, fuses and microphone as shown below. Figure |INSTALLATION GENERAL ‘The FT-221R transceiver has been designed primarily for base service, requiring only an antenna. How- ever, the transceiver provides for efficient mobile service. The transceiver has been factory pre-tuned and requires no adjustment for normal operation into a matched 50 ohm load. The antenna and its location are the most im- portant consideration in both base and mobile installations, where effective communication range is directly related to antenna height. The antenna should always be as high and in the clear as possible, and a minimum distance of 5 feet should be maintained between the VHF and other antennas. In a mobile installation, it is advisable to locate the antenna as far from the engine as practical in order to minimize any ignition noise pickup. In all installations, the most popular antenna types are either a 1/4 wave length whip with unity gain or a 5/8 wave length whip with a base matching device affording approximately 3.5 4B gain. Our mobile antenna, RSL-145, is available through your dealer. To minimize loss in the antenna system, use the shortest length of coaxial cable that is practical, avoiding any sharp angles or kinks. Use type RG- 8/U cable if the transmission line length exceeds 25 feet, while RG-58/U may be used for shorter lengths. BASE STATION INSTALLATION The transceiver is designed for use in many areas of the world where the supply voltage may differ from the operator's local supply voltage. Therefore, be- fore connecting the AC cord to the power outlet, be sure that the voltage marked on the rear of the transceiver agrees with the local AC supply voltage. If not, please refer to Page 5 for rewiring of the transformer primary connections. CAUTION PERMANENT DAMAGE WILL RESULT IF IM- PROPER AC SUPPLY VOLTAGE IS APPLIED TO THE TRANSCEIVER. OUR WARRANTY DOES NOT COVER THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY, SUCH AN IMPROPER SUPPLY VOLTAGE. Be sure that a proper fuse is used according to the local supply voltage: 2 amps for 117 volts and 1 amp for 220 volts. The transceiver should be con- nected to a good ground. The ground lead should be connected to the terminal marked GND located on the rear panel of the transceiver. It is recommended that excessively warm locations be avoided. The transceiver should be placed in a location that has adequate space to permit free air circulation through the cabinet openings. MOBILE INSTALLATION The transceiver will operate satisfactorily from any 12 volt negative ground battery source by connect- ing the DC power cord to the rear panel receptacle. In the car, a location should be selected that is clear of heater ducts to protect it from excessive heat. No special mounting precautions need to be observed if adequate ventilation space is available. ‘A minimum of two inches air space above the cabinet top and on all sides is recommended to allow proper air flow around the cabinet. You may put it on the seat but be sure that there is clearance between the transceiver bottom and seat. Since the transceiver requires an average of 3 amps on transmit, the fuse in the DC power cable should be rated at 5 amps. When making connections to the car battery, be certain that the RED lead is connected to the positive (+) terminal and the BLACK lead to the negative (—) terminal of the battery. Reversed connection could permanently damage the trans- ceiver. The BLACK lead should run directly to the negative terminal of the battery. The power cable should be kept away from ignition wires and be as short as possible to minimize voltage drop and to provide a low impedance path from the transceiver to the battery. Prior to operating the transceiver in a mobile installation, the voltage regulator setting should be checked. In many vehicles, the voltage regulators are very poor and in some cases the regulator may be adjusted for an excessively high chargingvoltage. As the battery and regulator age, the maxi- mum voltage while charging can increase to a very high level which is not only detrimental to the bat- tery but could cause damage to the transceiver. ‘The transceiver is designed to operate from a source voltage range of 11 to 14 volts. It is neces- sary to carefully set the regulator so that the highest charging voltage does not exceed 14 volts. ‘The transceiver should be switched “OFF” when the vehicle is started in order to prevent voltage transients from damaging the transistors. It is recommended that the microphone furnished with this transceiver be used, however any other microphone of $00 ~ 600 ohm impedance may be used. Refer to Figure 2 for the microphone plug connections. The microphone bracket may be put on the side of the cabinet. It may also be put at any convenient place by making two 2.5 m/m holes spaced 14 m/m. A speaker is built into the transceiver, however the audio output is also available for an external speaker use. Any speaker having a 4 ohm im- pedance may be used and when the external speaker plug is plugged into the EXT SP jack on the rear panel, the built-in speaker is disabled Ac AC ac aC ac wav B0v. d0ov.i7v ov Figure 5 ps ‘] Prt ewitch 4 am —_f} — Figure 2: Connect YE ORANGE RED BROWN O50 _O_Q°OBOSOS WHITE7 YELLOW WHITE7RED (WHITE7BROWN [900895 Transformer Primary WiringCONTROLS AND SWITCHES The transceiver has been specifically designed for flexible operation and versatility. All internal controls have been preset at factory. Several of the controls are unusual in operation, and improper adjustment may result in poor quality signals. The ®@®®8® ® © Figure 4 (1) MAIN TUNING control The tuning knob, located below the dial window, determines the actual frequency of operation in combination with the BAND switch. A dual rate, concentric dial drive system is employed for a coarse and fine setting of the operating frequency. (2), BAND switch ‘The BAND switch is an eight-position switch that selects one of the 500 kHz segments in two meter amateur band, These segments are: 144.0: 144.0 ~ 144.5 MHz 144.5: 144.5 ~ 145.0 MHz 145.0 : 145.0~ 145.5 MHz 145.5: 145.5 ~ 146.0 MHz 146.0 : 146.0~ 146.5 MHz 146.5: 146.5 ~ 147.0 MHz 147.0: 147.0~ 147.5 MHz 147.5: 147.5 ~ 148.0 MHz ® various front panel controls and their functions are described in the following section. Be certain that you thoroughly understand the function of each control before operating the transceiver. ® Front Panel Controls & Switches (3) CHANNEL switch The CHANNEL switch selects one of 11 crystals for crystal controlled operation. This switch also selects the VFO for continuous tuning with the main tuning knob. (4) MODE switch The MODE switch is a five-position switch. This switch selects the mode of operation: LSB (lower side band SSB), USB, (upper side band SSB), CW (code operation), AM (amplitude modulation) and FM (frequency modulation) (5) CLARIFIER control ‘The CLARIFIER control provides a means of OFF setting the receiver frequency approximately 4 kHz to either side of the transmitting frequency. Thus it is possible to set the pitch of the voice or signal you are receiving to the most readable point without affecting your transmitting frequency. Itsuse is particularly valuable in “net” operation when several participants may be transmitting slightly off frequency. The CLARIFIER control may be switched off with CLARIFIER switch and the receiver locked to the transmitting frequency. Normally you will want to keep the CLARIFIER in the OFF position until the initial contact is made. The CLARIFIER switch may also be used to change both transmitting and receiving fre- quencies simultaneously when the CLARIFIER switch is put in the TX-RX position. (6) CALIB. When depressed, this button locks the 1 kHz dial for dial calibration (7) MIC GAIN control ‘The MIC GAIN control varies the audio level from the microphone amplifier stages. The control has sufficient range to permit the use of any 600 ohm dynamic microphone, (8) RF GAIN control The RF GAIN control varies the gain of the receiver RF and IF amplifiers. Maximum sensitivity is obtained when the control is set to the fully clockwise position. (9) AF GAIN control & switch The AF GAIN control adjusts the audio output level to the speaker and phone jack. Clockwise rotation increases the audio output. When the knob is pulled out, the noise blanker is activated in order to minimize pulse type noises. (10) SQUELCH control This control adjusts the receiver squelch threshold level (11) VOX GAIN control & switch ‘This controls the VOX gain and functions for push to talk, stand-by or manual operation. (12) POWER switch The POWER switch turns transceiver “ON” and “OFF” for both AC and DC operation. (13) FUNCTION switches RPT This switch is used for repeater operation In the NOR (normal) position, the transmit- ter frequency shifts 600 kHz down and in the REV (reverse) position, the receiver frequency shifts 600 kHz up. AUX/600 kHz, Selects the repeater shift frequency. In the 600 kHz position, the TX or RX frequency shifts 600 KHz with the REPEATER switch ON, Any split within 1 MHz can be installed as option. Refer to Repeater Operation paragraph on Page 12. DISC This switch selects the meter to read dis- criminator center current for FM reception, MARK 100 kHz calibrator switch, CLAR Clarifier switch. Turns the CLARIFIER on in upper position, and off in middle position, In the TX-RX position, the CLARIFIER works for both transmit and receive. (14) PHONE jack Phone jack for an external headphones or speaker. ‘The intemal speaker is disconnected wher ‘headphone plug is inserted. (15) MIC jack The microphone supplied is the recommended one for use with the transceiver, however any micro- phone having a 500 to 600 ohm impedance may be used. (16) DIAL Dial window for frequency readout. The coarse scale indicates 100 kHz increments and fine scale indicates 1 kHz increments. (17) METER The meter indicates signal strength, FM dis- criminator center current in receive and relative power output in transmit. (18) CLAR lamp This lamp lights when the CLARIFIER in use. (19) RPT lamp This lamp lights when the repeater switch is ON.REAR PANEL CONNECTIONS ®O® @ Figure 5 (1) ANT Coaxial connector for an antenna, (2) GND Ground connection. (3) ALC ALC (automatic level control) input. (4) RL Relay contacts for the control of external equip- ment. (5) SP jack External speaker audio output (6) KEY jack Key jack for code operation. (7) TONE:N Tone-pad input jack, (8) FUSE Fuse holder. For AC operation, a 2 used on 100/117 volts and, 234 volts, amp fuse is a 1 amp fuse on 200/ ® ® Rear Panel Connections (9) POWER receptacle Both AC and DC cables are supplied with the transceiver. TONE IN & MIC Jack Tone in Plug Figure 6OPERATION The tuning procedure of the transceiver is not complicated, however care should be exercised when tuning to insure peak performance of the equipment. The following paragraphs describe the Procedure for receiver and transmitter tuning, INITIAL CHECK Before connecting the transceiver to a power source, carefully examine the unit for any visible damage. Check that all modules and crystals are firmly in place and that controls and switches are operating normally. Ensure that voltage specifica- tion marked on the rear panel matches the supply voltage. DIAL READOUT The main tuning dial is color coded with the band selector switch for proper frequency readout. When the band selected is marked in white on the trans- ceiver front panel, the operator reads the white seale on the main tuning drum. When the band selected is marked in amber the operator reads the amber scale. The main tuning dram is marked in 50 kHz increments. This provides a coarse fre- quency setting within the band. The round subdial on the dial window surrounding the tuning knob is scaled in I kHz increments and provides fine set- tings of the transceiver operating frequency. The following example will familiarize yourself with the relationship of main and subdial frequency readout. White Umber Figure 7 Read the white scale on main dial for the bands 144.0, 145.0, 146.0 and 147.0, and amber scale for 144.5, 145.5, 146.5 and 147.5. Then the setting shown in the example would be 144.480 MHz on 144.0 BAND switch setting, and 145.480 MHz on 145.0. And also the frequency would be 144.980 MHz on 144.5 BAND switch setting, and 145,980 MHz on 145.5. RECEIVER After the transceiver is properly set up for opera: tion, set the controls and switches as follows: POWER + Down to “OFF” position. MODE --- +++ +-Desired mode. BAND. ------- +--+. -Desired band. RPT: ++ ++++Lever position horizontal to OFF position. Lever position horizontal to 600 kHz shift AUX-600 kHz, DISC: ++ +++ Lever position horizontal to OFF position. MARK: ----+ +++ +++ +++ Lever position horizontal to OFF position CALR ss ++s+++++Lever position horizontal to OFF position. NOR-REV. ~“NOR” position. MAIN TUNING DIAL - «Desired operating fre- quency. VOX GAIN: . AF GAIN - Desired audio level. RF GAIN +++ Fully clockwise position. CHANNEL «+--+ +--+ VFO. SQUELCH Fully _counter-clockwise position, Connect the cord supplied to the appropriate Power source, and an antenna to antenna con- nector on the rear panel CAUTION PERMANENT DAMAGE WILL RESULT IF IM- PROPER SUPPLY VOLTAGE IS APPLIED TO THE TRANSCEIVER. WARRANTY DOES NOT COVER THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY IMPROPER SUPPLY VOLTAGE,Turn on the POWER switch. The dial and meter lamps should fight up, and the transceiver is now ready to operate. (1) SSB and AM Modes Using the main tuning control (VFO), tune in an incoming signal. USB (upper side band) is mostly used for 2 meter SSB operation. When the received signal can not be heard clearly, then change to the opposite side band. The RF GAIN control is normally set to the fully clockwise position, but if the incoming signal is extremely strong, it is recommended to turn this control back to prevent overload of the front end. When there is noise caused by automobiles, pull the AF GAIN control out to switch on the NB (noise blanker) in order to climinate these pulse type noises. (2) CW Mode With the CLARIFIER switch in the OFF position, tune in a signal until an 800 Hz beat tone is heard. Under this condition, your transmitting frequency coincides with the received signal. If you desire to hear a beat tone of your choice, then use the CLARIFIER control. (3) FM Mode Using the tuning control, tune in an incoming signal for a maximum and steady S-Meter reading where a natural voice is heard, For accurate tuning set the DISC switch to the upper ON position. Carefully readjust the tuning control until the meter indicates zero (half way of the full scale), If the S-Meter indication wabbles or if a clean audio output is not available, it is very likely that the signal is in the SSB mode. In this case, turn the MODE switch to USB or LSB position, and careful- ly tune the tuning control until a clear voice is, heard. It is important that the CLARIFIER switch be set to the OFF position when calling the another station. After the initial contact is made, then the CLARIFIER may be used for the desired listening sound. FREQUENCY CALIBRATION (1) SSB Mode Set the CLARIFIER to the OFF position, and the tuning control to the 100 kHz point on the dial nearest to the desired frequency. Set the MARK switch to the upper position. While pressing the CALIB knob to lock the dial, tune the tuning control for a zero beat. The transceiver must be recalibrated when changing the mode of operation: USB, LSB, AM or CW. (2) FM Mode Set the CLARIFIER to the OFF position, and the tuning control to the 100 kHz point in the round dial nearest to the desired operating frequency. Set the MARK switch and DISC switch to ON posi- tion. While pressing the CALIB knob down to lock the dial, tune the main tuning control until the meter indicates the green portion of its scale. NOTE: WHEN THE MARKER SWITCH IS IN THE “ON” POSITION, THE ANTENNA. IS DISCONNECTED FOR EASIER CALIBRATION. TRANSMITTER Connect a 50 ohm dummy load or a matched antenna to the coaxial fitting on the rear panel. Since the transmitter section utilizes wide band techniques no tuning control is necessary except the main tuning control to select the operating frequency. Plug the microphone into the MIC jack and select the desired mode. Push down the PTT (push-to-talk) switch on the microphone and speak into the microphone. (1) SSB Mode ‘The meter indicates maximum deflection on voice peak and zero with no microphone input. Release the PTT switch for receive, Excessive setting of the MIC GAIN will result in poor quality transmitted signals. (2) AM Mode When the PIT switch is depressed, the proper amount of carrier is automatically inserted. Adjust the MIC GAIN control until the meter indicates a very slight movement with voice peaks while speak- ing into the microphone normally.(3) CW Mode Plug the key into the KEY jack on the rear panel, In the key down condition, the meter will show a 6 to 8 relative power output, and with the key up, the receiver will recover. The break-in delay time may be adjusted with VRyo: , under the top cover. (4) FM Mode Set the MIC GAIN control to the 12 o'clock posi tion and push the PTT switch on the mictophone whi meter will show a 6 to 8 relative power output. Release the PTT switch on the microphone for receive, speaking normally into the microphone. The (5) VOX (Voice Controlled) Operation Adjust the VOX GAIN control on the front panel until your voice actuates the transmitter while speaking normally into the microphone. Set the ANTITRIP control to the minimum point in order to prevent the speaker output from tripping the VOX circuit. Do not use more VOX GAIN or ANTITRIP GAIN than necessary. Adjust the DELAY control for a suitable release time. The RELAY control provides coarse adjustment for ue. 146. 64 146.67 46. | 146.73 — 146. 146. 146. 146. 146. 146 146. Lie! = ie i fe i 7 BAND 146.5 ax EE Ty aiaip aay al relay sensitivity and this control has been preset at factory. These controls are located on the AF AMP UNIT under the top cover. REPEATER OPERATION Transmitting and receiving frequencies may be shifted 600 kHz for repeater operation. When the REPEATER switch is ON (upward position) with NOR-REV switch in the NOR (normal) position, the transmitted frequency is shifted 600 kHz down from the dial readout. With the NOR-REV switch at REV position, the received frequency is shifted 600 kHz down from the dial readout. The U.S. model has an automatic cross-over system in which this shift is automatically reversed from 147.0 to 148.0 MHz In NOR operation, the transmitting frequency is shifted 600 kHz down for the frequency range of 146.61 through 146.97 MHz and shifted 600 kHz up for the frequency range of 147.00 through 147.39. This is shown on the chart on Figure 8. These relations are reversed with the NOR-REV switch in the REV position. Extreme caution should be observed so as not to transmit outside faz. yar. j iar | uaz, uaa | ar. | a7 147 147 ur, Mar. [ie 147 147 ar lar. v7, 147) 147, | sar 1a ua uaz, tat. | az. a7, Laz! Repeater Frequency Chart for U.S. Model Figure 8 1the amateur bands with repeater switch ON. The most repeaters use 600 kHz split between transmit ter and receiver frequencies, however, other split than 600 kHz has been adopted in some areas, When the AUX /600 kHz switch is in the AUX position, the frequency is shifted to any frequency within | MHz determined by the optional crystal installed in the local unit. The RPT lamp lights up when the repeater switch is ON ‘Tone actuated repeaters can be operated with the built-in tone burst signal which is automatically inserted by the push-to-talk switch at the start of @ transmission. When the microphone PTT switch is depressed for 0.2 — 0.5 seconds before the voice transmission, the burst tone signal is inserted at the beginning of the transmission, Normal operation of the PTT switch does not generate the burst signal ‘The frequency of the burst signal may be adjusted from 1500 to 2000 Hz with VRjoo under the top cover. AUX crystal specification is calculated as follows: BAND 146.5 ; X MHz = (127.8 — shift frequency) + 9 BAND 147.0 ; X MHz = (128.3 + shift frequency) + 9 Example | Caleulate crystal frequency for 146.5 MHz segment. (TX frequency 800 kHz lower) X MHz = (127.8 — 0.8): 9= 14.111 MHz 800 kHz shift in Example 2 Calculate crystal frequency for +800 kHz shift in 147.0 MHz segment. (TX frequency 800 kHz higher) X MHz = (128.3 + 0.8) + 9 = 14.344 MHz CRYSTAL CONTROLLED OPERATION In addition to the normal VFO controled opera- tion, eleven erystals may be selected by the channel switch on the front panel for crystal controlled operation. This crystal controlled operation is of great advantage when the transceiver is operated on the preset frequencies. Since the entire 2 meter band has been split into eight bands, eleven crystals can be used as 88 crystal controlled channels. -n ‘The crystal holders accept standard, HC-25/U type crystals. All crystal frequencies must fall between 8,000 kHz and 8,500 kHz. A trimmer capacitor has been connected in series with each crystal to permit proper frequency adjustment. Adjustment of this trimmer will change the crystal frequency approximately 1 kHz. The correct crystal frequen- cy for any desired operating frequency may be determined by using the following formula: fx=fo~f, where fx : crystal frequency fo: operating frequency f+ given from Table 1 en Sa al BAND (MHz) | LSB (kHz) | USB (kHz) | (MHz) (Waa0- 144.5) Ta60015 11355985 144.5-145.0 | 136501.5 | 136498.5_ [185.02145.5 | 1370015 13699851370" — (145.51 137501. | 137498.5 [137.5 | 146.0-146.5 | 138001.5 | 137998.5 | 138.0 | | 138501.5 [71384985 | 138.5 ~139001.5 | 1389985” 139.0] D | 139501.5 | 139498.5 | 139. Table 1 Example (1)— Find the proper crystal frequency for 144.15 MHz USB operation From the Table 1, f, for USB is 135998.5, Therefore, fx = 144.15 — 135.9985 = 8151.5 kHz Example (2)— 144.72 MHz FM operation fx = 144.72 — 136.5 = 8220 kHzBI linn oa | tr Be] “aes TTT ORTH TMTT 7 TET ETAT BAIT wvuovid M0018 I22-14 13CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION GENERAL ‘The block diagram and the circuit description that follows with provide you will a better understand- ing of this transceiver. Computor type plug-in modules have been adoped throughout the trans- ceiver, The transceiver consists of a single conversion receiver with a 10.7 MHz IF for SSB, CW and AM, a double conversion receiver with a 10.7 MHz first IF and 455 kHz second IF for FM. A single conver- sion transmitter, utilizing a 10.7 MHz high frequen- cy crystal filter for SSB generation and varactor diode frequency modulation on 10.7 MHz crystal oscillator is incorporated. NOTE The parts number starts with the number shown below the printed board designation. For example, the field effect transistor 3SK51 in RX RE unit PB-1456 is Qeo: RECEIVER RX RF UNIT (PB-1456) ‘The 144 MHz input signal from the antenna is fed through the antenna relay, RLiz01, to pin 5 of the RX RF unit. The signal is amplified by the RF amplifier Qsor, 3SKSI field effect transistor, and then fed to the gate of the first mixer Qeos, 2SKI9GR, where the input signal is heterodyned with a 133.3 MHz to 137.3 MHz signal, delivered from phase-lock-loop unit, and thus produces an IF signal of 10.7 MHz at the drain circuit of Ques. The input and output circuits of the RF amplifier utilize a double tuned circuit, which is sharply tuned to the center of the band with the varactor Giodes, Deo; through Dgo,, thus eliminating cross modulation and intermodulation effects. twasey Figure 10 4 The IF signal passes through crystal filter XF401, FMT-30, and the SSB, AM and CW signal is then fed to the first IF amplifier Quos, 28C372Y, while the FM signal is fed to Quo, 2SC372Y. The SSB, AM and CW signal amplified by Quoa is fed through a noise blanker gate diode Dsos, 181007, to pin 14, and the FM signal amplified by Quos is fed to pin 9. SSB IF UNIT (PB-1462) The SSB, AM and CW signal from pin 14 of the RX RF unit is fed through pin 3 to the SSB IF unit. The signal is fed through the diode switch and a crystal filter, XF-9, to the IF amplifier Quo, , 2SC784R. The signal is amplified by Qyo and Qoos, TA7045M, and then fed tothe ring de- modulator consisting of Dyog through Dyer, 181007, where a carrier signal is applied through pin 32 from the carrier oscillator in the MIC AMP unit. The audio output is fed through pin 33 and the MODE switch, $3D, to pin 28 of the same unit. The IF signal is further amplified by Qoos, 2SKI9GR, and detected by the AM detector Dayo, 1S188FM, for AM mode. Then the audio signal is fed through pin 25 to the MODE switch S3D. A part of the IF signal output from Quo is rectified by Dsos, 181007, and Dy:s, 181555, for AGC (automatic gain control). The AGC voltage is amplified by Qoos and Quos, 2SC373 and controls the gain of IF amplifier Qyo: and Qoos. A part ofit is fed through pin 17 to the RX RF unit to control the gain of the RF amplifier Quor. The ‘AGC voltage is amplified by the S-meter amplifier Quo, 2SC373, and fed to the S-meter through the DISC/SM switch on the front panel. The audio signal from the MODE switch is pre- amplified by Qyor and Qyos , 2SC1O00GR and fed through pin 29 to the AF AMP unit. FM IF UNIT (PB-1463) The FM IF signal from pin 17 of this unit is fed through a ceramic filter CFyos, 10.7 MFBR to the second mixer Quos 2SC372Y, where the 10.7 MHz signal is mixed with the 10.245 MHz signal generat- ed by the second heterodyne oscillator Qsoo~ 28C372Y, producing a 455 kHz second IF signal. The 455 kHz IF signal is fed through the ceramic filter, CFso2, to the second IF amplifier Quos and Quor, 28C372Y, and the amplifier limitter Quos. TA7O61AP, which removes any amplitude modulation component on the signal. The output from Quon is applied to the dsicriminator Dos and Dyes, ISI88EM. The discriminator produces an audio output in response to a corresponding fre- quency (or phase) shift in the 455 kHz LF signal. The discriminator output is then fed to the com- mon audio amplifier stage in SSB IF unit through the MODE switch. For FM reception, when no carrier is present in the 455 kHz IF, the noise at the discriminator output is fed through the squelch threshold potentiometer, VRs, to the noise amplifier Qs and Quis, 2$C372¥, and detected by Dyes and Dios, 1S188FM. The DC voltage is applied from pin 8 to the squelch controller Qyor, 28C372Y, in the AF AMP unit. The 10.7 MHz signal is also applied to the noise blanker amplifier Qyo:, 28C372Y. The signal is amplified by Qsor . 2SC372Y, and Quo: ,HA703HC. Figure 12 “15The noise rectifier diodes Dso, and Dyoz, 181555, produce a DC voltage which is amplified by follow- ing noise pulse amplifier Qgo, 2SK19GR. Under normal conditions, Qyos conducts producing, the cut-off voltage to the base of the gate control- ler Qyos, 28C372Y, in turn the high collector voltage of Quos is supplied from pin 15 to the gate diode D,oy, 181007, in the RX RF unit which conducts to pass the signal freely. With pulse noise, Quog conducts and its collector voltage drops causing the gate diode Dao; to disconnect the IF signal during the noise pulse exists. AF AMP UNIT (PB-1499) The audio signal pre-amplified in the SSB IF unit is fed through pin 13 to the audio amplifier stage consisting of Qero, 28C372Y, Quis, 2SC711, Qera 2SA695, Qeis, 2SD359 and Qois. 28B529. The audio power amplifier circuit utilizes the OTL (output transformer less) circuitry and delivers 2 watts output to the speaker from pin 8 In the FM mode, the squelch voltage is app! from pin 12 to the squelch controller Qeor, 2SC372Y, which conducts with noise when the signal is not present, in turn the audio input is grounded to quiet the audio amplifier. When the signal is present, the Quor is cut-off and permits normal operation of the audio amplifier, Sf 010 ascarer_28¢: The DC voltage is also applied from pin 12 to quiet the audio amplifier when the phase lock loop circuit is unlocked. ‘The speech output from the first microphone amplifier is fed through the VOX GAIN control potentiometer, VRy, to the VOX amplifier Qeo: 28C372Y, and Qees , LD-3001, from pin 2. The amplified signal is fed to the VOX rectifier, Deor and Deoa, 181555. The rectified DC voltage is applied to the gate of the VOX relay controllers Qvo3, 2SKI9Y, and Quos, 2SC73SY, causing them to conduct and actuate the VOX relay, RL,, on the main chassis. ‘The ANTITRIP circuit provides a threshold voltage to prevent the speaker output from tripping the transceiver into the transmit mode. The receiver audio output voltage is connected through the ANTITRIP potentiometer, VRsos, to the antitrip amplifier Qos, 2SC372Y, and fed to rectifiers, Deos and Deos, 181555. The negative DC output voltage from the rectifier is connected to the gate of Quos, and reduces the gain of the VOX control transistor, thus providing the necessary antitrip threshold. The ANTITRIP control, VReos, adjusts the value of the antitrip voltage threshold so that the speaker output will not produce an excessive positive voltage from the VOX rectifier that exceeds the negative voltage from the antitrip rectifier causing the controller transistor to actuate the relay. When speaking into the microphone, the Figure 13 -16positive voltage will exceed the negative antitrip voltage and actuate the relay. WReo2 provides coarse adjustment for relay sensitivity. Relay hold tone will be determined by the DELAY, control potentiometer, VReo The tone oscillator Qeog, 2SC372Y, operates when the MODE switch is in the CW position. It is a phase shift oscillator operating at approximately 800 Hz. ‘The tone output is activated by the keying circuit through the emitter circuit of Qoog and coupled through sidetone level control, VRgos, to the receiver audio amplifier, Quo: for sidetone moni- toring in CW operation. The output from Qoog is also coupled to the VOX amplifier, Qeos , for brea in CW operation. In the FM mode, a DC voltage at the discrimination output is applied from pin 17, to the differential amplifier Qos and Quop, 2SKI9GR. When the frequency of received signal is shifted from the discriminator center, the resulting DC voltage causes either Quos OF Qsoy to conduct indicating the amount of shift on the meter with the DISC switch in the ON position. VRyos balances the differential amplifier and VReog calibrates the sensitivity of the meter. PB-l460(MIC_AMP) TRANSMITTER MIC AMP UNIT (PB-1460) The speech signal from the microphone is fed from pin 31 to the first microphone amplifier, half of Quos, LD-3001. The input impedance of the microphone amplifier is 600 ohms. This signal is controlled in amplitude by the MIC GAIN control between pins 29 and 31, and is amplified by the second microphone amplifier, the other half of Quioe, and applied to the source follower Quios, 2SKI9GR, to be delivered to the ring modulator Daros through Dir. 1$1007. The carrier oscillator Quis, 2SC372Y, oscillates at 10.7015 MHz for LSB, 10.6985 MHz for USB and 10.6993 MHz for AM/CW depending upon the MODE switch position. In the CW mode, the carrier oscillator oscillates at 10.6993 MHz for transmit and 10.6985 MHz for receive producing an 800 Hz beat note in the receive mode. In the AM mode, the carrier oscillator does not function while receiving. The MODE switch selects the crystal by means of a diode switch. The output from the oscillator is fed through the buffer amplifier Qu1or, 28C372Y to the balanced ring modulator Diyos through Di, 181007, The (01 280372ycarrier signal output from the buffer amplifier, Quior, is fed from pin 22 to the SSB IF unit for SSB and CW reception. Carrier balance is obtained with potentiometer, VRioo, and the trimmer capacitor, TCyo.. The double side band, sup- pressed cartier signal is amplified by Quios, 2SKI9GR, and fed from pin 10 to pin 5 of the SSB IF unit. In the AM and CW modes, the balanced modulator is unbalanced by the DC voltage applied from pin 4 and the carrier signal is fed through Tyo to carrier amplifier Quios, 28C372Y. The amplified carrier is fed from pin 3 to the EXCITER unit. The audio signal output from Qyioa is fed from pin 27 to pin 12 of the EXCITER unit to be amplified toa sufficient level for low level AM modulation. In the FM mode, a crystal oscillator Quo: 2SC372Y, generates a 10.7 MHz signal which is shifted by the varactor diode Dyyo2, 182687, in accordance with the speech voltage. The audio signal from the microphone amplifier, Qiios, is applied to the IDA (instantaneous deviation adjust- ment) circuit. The IDA circuit, composed of diodes Dios and Dyes, IS188FM, clips both positive and negative peaks when they exceed a pre~ determined level in order to limit the maximum deviation of the transmitter. The limited audio signal is applied through a low pass filter and deviation potentiometer, VRj10: , to the audio amplifier Qi1o,, 28C372¥, where it is amplified and applied to the modulator, varactor diode Dy1o2. The low pass filter limits the trans- mitter modulation spectrum by attenuating the frequencies above the speech range. The frequency modulated signal is then amplified by Quor, 28C372Y, and fed through the output transformer Ty10; to pin 5 of the EXCITER unit. When the MODE switch is in the CW position, the emitter circuit of Qyioy and Qyyo: are connected to the key jack through pin 8 and pin 26. EXCITER UNIT (PB-1466) S The SSB, AM, CW and FM output signal (10.7 MHz) from the MIC AMP unit is fed to the EXCITER unit from pin 3 and pin 5. The 10.7 MHz signal is fed to the balanced mixer, consisting of Qsor and Qsos, 2SKI9GR, where the signal is mixed with the 133.3 to 137.3 MHz heterodyne signal delivered from pin 4, producing a 144 to 148 MHz signal. The output signal from the balanced mixer passes through the tuned circuits consisting of Ls, through Lso,, which are tuned by the varactor diodes Dye: through Dsos, 182209, in which voltages are preset in accordance with the band switch position. Thus the circuit is tuned exactly to the operating frequency com- ig 2scs73 Figure 15 18pletely reducing any spurious radiation. The signal is then amplified by the amplifier chain Qsos, 2SC78AR, Qsos, 2SC741, and Qeos, 2SC730, and delivered from pin 17 to the BOOSTER unit. ‘The DC voltage for Qsor through Qsos is supplied through Qsos, 28C735Y. When the phase lock loop circuit is unlocked, the controller transistor Qsor 2SC372Y, stops conducting and in turn Qsos stops supplying the DC voltage for Qsox through Qsos The speech signal from pin 27 of the MIC AMP unit is fed through the AM amplifier Qsos, 28C373, and emitter follower Qsos, 28C372Y, to the AM modulator Q,, 2SD313D, which controls the supply voltage for Qyo1, 2N5S90, in the BOOSTER unit. BOOSTER UNIT (PB-1470) The signal from EXCITER unit is fed to the BOOSTER unit and amplified by the driver amplifier Q,2o1, 2NSS90, and the final amplifi Qnors 2N5591, which delivers 10 watts of RF power to the antenna through a two stage, low-pass filter. The DC voltage to Qiao: is supplied through the AM modulator Q, , 2SD313D. The bias voltage is stabilized at 9 volts by a zener diode Dy.o9 , IN4740. Two diodes Dy3o; and D202, 10D1, are used to protect the power transistor from damage due to heating by reducing the bias voltage when the temperature rises. A small portion Pe-1470(GO0STER) of the RF output is rectified by a diode Dizos, 1S188FM, which delivers a resulting DC voltage to the meter where it provides an indication of relative power output from the transceiver. ‘The DC voltage obtained from rectifying a small portion of the RF output by the ALC diodes Dyzos and Di2o4, 181555, which are biased by the ALC threshold control VRizo1, is applied to the gate of Qoos in the SSB IF unit and Qiios in the MIC AMP unit. This controls their gain in order to automatically control the driving level to the PA transistors in order to prevent any distortion caused by overdrive. Block diodes Dy257 and Dy2os disconnect the supply voltage to Qrio: while the antenna is dis- connected for marker calibration. Figure 16OTHER CIRCUITS Some circuits work for both transmitting and receiving and are described as follows: PLL CIRCUIT: VFO unit PB-1465, FIX unit PB-1453 LOCAL unit PB-1454 PLL unit PB-1455 The FT-221R utilizes a phase lock loop system for the heterodyne oscillator providing a stable signal varying from 133.3 through 137.3 MHz to cover the entire 2 meter band, VFO UNIT (PB-1465) The VFO module board is installed in the VFO chassis. The VFO (variable frequency oscillator) Quo, 28C372Y, generates an 8,000 to 8,500 kHz signal and produces a 500 kHz main tuning dial range. Frequency drift is minimized through the use of a temperature compensation circuit utilizing a differential trimmer capacitor. The signal is fed through the amplifier buffer stage Q,3y:,2SKI9GR, and Qy39s, 28C372Y, to pin 11 of the FIX oscil lator board, The buffer amplifier provides isolation and amplification of the VFO signal. P8-1465(VFO) 0, Figure 18 —20- FIX UNIT (PB-1453) In addition to normal VFO operation, 11 crystals may be selected for crystal controlled operation with the selector switch located on the front panel of the transceiver. The FIX channel crystal oscillator Qyo: , 2C372Y, oscillates at the frequency of the crystal selected by the diode switch Djo, through D,,,, 181555. ‘The output is fed from pin 8 through the buffer amplifier Qyoz, 28C372Y, to the PLL unit. The signal from the VFO also passes through this buffer stage to the PLL unit. ‘The crystal frequency falls between 8,000 and 8,500 kHz and is determined as follows. fx = fy fy where f is given in Table 1 on page 12 and fy is the operating frequency. LOCAL UNIT (PB-1454) This oscillator generates a heterodyne signal which is used to convert the VCO (voltage controlled oscillator) signal to an 8,000 to 8,500 kHz signal, which is used for the comparison of the phase with that of the reference (VFO) signal, ‘The crystal controlled oscillator Qyo,, 28C372Y, oscillates at the fundamental frequency of the crystal. A varactor diode Dre, ISVS0, connected to the base of Qzor, is used as a clarifier to shift the oscillator frequency for receiver off-set tuning. The output from the oscillator is fed to the frequency multiplier stage, Qzor and Quos, 2SC784R, producing the ninth harmonic at its output. The crystal is selected by the diode switch connected to the band switch. The relation between the frequency and band is shown on Table 2. The multiplied signal is then fed from pin 3 to the PLL unit For repeater operation, a fundamental crystal at 14.1333 MHz, X210, is used to generate a heterodyne signal of 127.2 MHz which is 600 kHz higher than the normal heterodyne signal when the band switch is set to the 146.5 MHz segment and X211 (fundamental frequency 14.3222 MHz) is used to generate 128.3 MHz signal which is 600kHz higher than the normal heterodyne signal when the band switch is set to the 147.0 segment. A relay, RLioo: in the tone burst unit is used to select the above crystals with the Repeater switch, Ss, in the ON position. When the Normal-Reverse switch, Ss, is set to the NOR position, the relay selects the repeater crystal on transmit that shifts the transmitting frequency down 600 kHz in the 146.5 MHz segment and shifts up 600 kHz in the 147.0 MHz band. The main VFO tuning dial indicates the received frequency. With S, in the REV position, the relay selects the repeater crystal on receive that shifts the receiver frequency down 600 kHz in the 146.5 MHz seg- ment and shifts up 600 kHz in the 147.0 MHz segment. The main tuning dial now indicates the transmitted frequency. PB1454(LOCAL) __ BAND | CRS! Re Frequency MHz Miz 144.0 | Xr, | 13.9222 125.3 144.5 [Xs [13.9777 125.8 145.0 | Xson | 14.0333. 126.3 145.5 | Xaoe | 14.0888 126.8 146.0 | Xaos_| 14.1484 127.3 - Xaoe__| 14.2000 127.8 1965 T Xoo _[ 14.1333 127.2 Xroy_|_14.2555 1283 | 1470 | xXau [914.3222 1289 (4475 [Xoo [143111 128.8 Repeater for US Model. He yee A nl igdOaOo. Ue Figure 19 a S5SS Table 2 ee tPLL UNIT (PB-1455) This unit generates a heterodyne signal for the transmitter and receiver mixer in conjunction with the Phase Lock oscillator. ‘A voltage controlled oscillator Qsos, 2SKI9GR, generates a signal between 133.3 MHz and 137.3 MHz which is determined by Lso;, TCios, Carey Dos and Dsoe. The varactor diode, Dso, changes the frequency by the DC voltage which is delivered from the phase detector amplifier Qso: , 2SKI9GR. The varactor diode, Dsog, is used to shift the oscil- lating frequency in accordance with the band switch setting for a stable lock of the VCO. The output from the VCO, Qsos, is fed through a two stage buffer amplifier Quo, 2SK19GR, Quo, 2SC784R, to the mixers, Quos in receive, Qso, and Qsor in transmit, A portion of the output from Qsos is amplified through the buffer amplifier Qso., 28C372Y, and is fed to the mixer Qso;, 2SC372Y. where the signal from local oscillator unit is converted into a 8,000 to 8,500 kHz comparison signal. This comparison signal is amplified by the amplifier Qso:, HA73HC and fed to the phase detector circuit consisting of diodes, Dsos and Dsos, 1S- 1007. -2; f ves ate LF red ian — \ Bit The phase detector compares the phase of the comparison signal with that of the reference signal which is fed through pin 17 from the FIX unit (VFO or FIX crystal signal), and any phase dif- ference is converted into an error correcting voltage. This error voltage is amplified by Quer. 2SKIOGR, and fed to the varactor diode Daos. ISVSO, which changes the output signal phase to track the input. The programmable unijunction transistor Dsos , NIBTI, generates a sawtooth wave when the VCO is unlocked. The sawtooth wave is used to lock the VCO. A portion of it is fed to the inverter Qsos, and rectified by Quo 181555. The rectified voltage causes Quo, 28C372Y, to conduct and its emitter voltage is used to conduct Qvor in the AF unit thus shorting the audio input to quiet the receiver when the PLL is unlocked. In transmit, this voltage controls Qsor in the EXCITER unit causing Quo cut off to disable the exciter stages. Thus, the transmitter and receiver stop functioning when the VCO is unlocked. With this voltage, a multivibrator Quo, TP4011AN, produces a blanking pulse which controls the pilot Iamp driver Quy, MPSA13, causing the pilot lamp to flicker indicating VCO unlock. 208 a 3 pias BE ser & ceeds Tenn Figure 20 2 09 26c372%' 7MARKER UNIT (PB-1459) PB-1459 (MARKER) Sa NT Figure 21 The crystal marker generator Qror, 2SC372Y, generates a 12.8 MHz signal, and its output is fed through the buffer amplifier Qyo2, 25C372Y, to the frequency divider Qys. 34024PC, where the 12.8 MHz. signal generates a 100 kHz marker signal ‘The marker signal is fed through a buffer amplifier Qua, 28C372Y to the RX RF unit. When the marker switch is ON, the antenna relay is activated to disconnect the antenna Figure 22 2 Potentiometers VR, through VR, are installed in this board. These potentiometers are set to change the tuning frequency of the VCO and the exciter tuning circuits, TONE BURST UNIT (PB-1461) The tone burst signal is automatically transmitted in the following manner. When the PTT switch of the microphone is pressed momentarily before a normal transmission, the rapid voltage change in the PTT circuit causes a pulse to be fed to the tone burst control circuit consisting of Qyo01, Qioo2 + Qiooss TP4011AN, and Quoos, TP4049AN, thus activating the tone burst oscillator Quoos ‘TP4O11AN, Normal push-to-talk operation does not produce a pulse to activate the tone burst oscillator. ‘The tone frequency may be adjusted to any fre- quency between 1000 to 2000 Hz with VRjooe and the tone burst duration may be adjusted with VRioor- The tone signal output level may be adjusted with VRioos. The output from the tone burst oscillator is fed through the buffer Qyoos, 2SKI9GR, to pin 29 in the MIC AMP unit. em | a b-9-9--9--d-* TONE BURST UNIT PB-1461POWER SUPPLY & REGULATOR UNIT (PB-1469) ‘The power supply has been designed to operate from 100/110/117/200/220 or 234 volts AC 50/60 Hz, or 12 volts DC, negative ground. Insert- ing the appropriate power plug into the rear panel receptacle makes the necessary connections to operate the supply in either mode, AC or DC. For AC operation, the DC voltage is supplied from the bridge connected rectifier unit Diso. M4B-5, which is connected to a 20 volt, 3.5 amps secondary winding of the power transformer, The DC voltage is regulated at 13.5 volts by the voltage regulator circuit consisting of Qiso1, 28D313D, and Q,, 2SD114. Since such circuits as the VFO, local oscillator PLL circuit, require an extremely stabilized voltage, the 13.5 volts DC voltage is further stabilized at 8 volts by the voltage regulator Qusos. 25C73SY, Qusos, 28D313D, and Qysos , 2SC372Y. For DC operation, the positive voltage is c-anected to pin 3 and the negative voltage to pin +, of the power receptacle, J,. To protect the circuits from any reverse connection of the DC voltage, Di, DS130YD, conducts heavily in the reverse polarity connection to blow the line fuse in the DC cord. It is placed between pin 3 and ground on J, a Figure 23 =) -wBeoosrer sO vEo | Ten, UNIT Ta VR TOP VIEW Figure 24 siti ES hea ee 2 = arnriny oy ee ( REG un SPEAKER . (PB-1469) CONNECTOR BOTTOM VIEW Figure 25 24 testa asin alannah aMAINTENANCE & ALIGNMENT GENERAL Your model FT-221R transceiver has been careful ly aligned and tested at factory prior to shipment. The reliability of the solid-state devices used in the FT. 21R should provide years of trouble free service if the transceiver is not abused and normal, routine maintenance is carried out. ‘The following precautions should be observed to prevent damage to the transceiver: a @) Do not interchange the AC and DC power cords. Do not apply any AC voltage other than the voltage determined by the transformer wiring. Do not exceed 14 volts DC, at the POWER receptacle, on DC operation. When operating mobile, check the battery voltage under the load (transmitter “keyed” in FM mode) with the engine running fast enough so the am- meter shows a “charge”. In addition, do not operate the FT-221R if the supply voltage is below 12 volts DC, Avoid direct exposure to sunshine or water. ROUTINE MAINTENANCE Routine maintenance should be limited to keeping the transceiver clean, and periodic performance checks of the transmitter RF power output and the receiver sensitivity, Cleaning: When the transceiver has been used in dusty or sandy areas, the interior should be periodically cleaned. A vacuum-cleaner, or low pressure air source should be used, while any accumulated dirt may be removed with a soft brush. Check that the interior is thorough- ly dry before replacing the case and/or operating the equipment, Wipe the exterior with a damp cloth whenever required. PERFORMANCE CHECKS Make all performance checks at 13.5 volts DC (under load) or AC with the appropriate voltage as determined by the transformer wi 25 Check the transmitter output as follows: J ©) © Connect a suitable $0 ohm dummy load/RF wattmeter to the ANT receptacle. Set the MODE switch to FM and key the transmitter while observing the power output. The power should be approximately 10 watts, and the S-meter should read between 6 and 8. Set the MODE switch to SSB and key the transmitter. Speak normally into the micro- phone. The output meter should show 3 to 5 watts mean value. Check the receiver sensitivity as follows: (@) (b) () @ @) wo Connect an AC VTVM to the SP receptacle, set the MODE switch to FM and set the SQUELCH control fully counter-clockwise. Connect the RF output of a precision, VHF signal generator to the ANT receptacle and with no signal input note the VTVM reading. Adjust the VOLUME control and VTVM range, as required, to obtain an approximate full scale reading. (DO NOT change the VOLUME control setting after this adjust- ment is made.) Set the signal generator to the receiving fre- quency of the transceiver and adjust the output amplitude of the signal generator until the VTVM reads 1/10th (20 dB decrease) of the reading in step (b). The signal generator output voltage at this point is the 20 4B quieting sensitivity, and should be approxi- mately 0.3yV. Set the MODE switch to SSB position and connect the AC VTVM to the speaker output. Apply an unmodulated, 0.5V signal, from the standard signal generator and tune the transceiver for a maximum VTVM reading, Set the RF GAIN control to the fully clock- wise position and adjust the AF GAIN control for a 450 mV VIVM reading, Reduce the signal generator output and read the VTVM reading. The VIVM reading should be less than 45 mV for a 10 dB S/N ratio. If the above performance checks indicate a need for realignment it is recommended that the trans- ceiver be returned to the dealer for alignment. The alignment procedures require special test equip- ment and techniques not normally available to the average owner. Attempts to realign the tunedcircuits without proper test equipment will result in degraded performance of the transceiver. ALIGNMENT ‘SOME OF THE FOLLOWING ALIGNMENT PROCEDURES REQUIRE SPECIAL TEST EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES AND SHOULD ONLY BE DONE BY AN EXPERT TECHNICIAN. AF AMP UNIT Figure 26 (1) CW Break-In Adjust VRéo:, DELAY control, release time. for a suitable (2) CW Sidetone Level Adjust VRsos for a suitable side tone level. (3). Relay Sensitivity & Antitrip Set the controls as follows. VReos RELAY: Fully CCW MIC GAIN Fully CCW VOX GAIN - PIT MODE - LSB or USB Slowly rotate the RELAY control, VRgo: , until the relay activates, then return the control careful ly counter clockwise until the relay releases. This release point is the proper setting for the RELAY sensitivity control. Set the MIC GAIN control to the 2 o'clock position and the VOX control on the front panel to the 12 o’clock position. Speaking normally into the microphone, make sure that your voice activates the relay. Tune in a signal and adjust the AF GAIN on the front panel to a comfortable listening level. Set the ANTITRIP % control, VRgos, to the minimum point that will prevent the speaker output from tripping the VOX. Adjust the DELAY control, VReo:, for a suitable relay release time. (4) Discriminator Meter Center Set the controls as follows: CHANNEL - -- VFO j MODE ------FM DISC “OFF (down position) RF GAIN - -- - Fully CW MARKER: - - -ON (up position) Tune the transceiver for maximum S-meter reading at a marker signal. This maximum reading has a 3 kHz width and the VFO should be set to the center of the signal. Turn the DISC switch on and adjust the center potentiometer, VRsos, until the ‘meter indicates mid point on the scale. Check that the meter moves equally toward both ends when the VFO frequency is shifted equally up or down. Shift the VFO frequency 10 kHz lower than the zero center meter indication, and adjust the DISC potentiometer, VRyos, until the meter indicates 2 MARKER UNIT MARKER UNIT (P8-1459) Figure 27 a Connect a frequency counter, through a 100 PF capacitor, to the collector of Qy:, 28C372Y. Adjust TCy, to set the crystal frequency to 12.8MHz Frequency AdjustmentWhen the counter is not available, use another H.F receiver and calibrate the |0OkH7 signal against WWV or JJY. (2) Voltage Adjustment for the Va Circuit ap Tuning Measure the voltage at pins 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 with a VIVM connected between the pins and ground. Adjust the appropriate potentiometer, VRyo to VRios, for following pin voltages: Pin No. | 3/4/5/6/7);8/9 /10 [Adjust. 1 | VR'No, | 701 702|703 704 |705 706 707 |708 fvoit. [5 pe.v. |* 3.5 |4.0 |4.5 |5.0 2.5 |3.0 Table 3 SSB IF UNIT Figure 28 a) Disconnect the antenna from the coax receptacle. Set the MODE switch to the AM mode. Set the RF GAIN control on the front panel to the fully clock- wise position, Adjust VRs,, (ZERO) until the meter indicates zero. Then set the RF GAIN control to the fully counter clockwise position. Adjust VRyo: (FULL SCALE) until the meter indicates full scale. Repeat above procedures until, the meter indicates zero and full scale with above mentioned RF GAIN settings, S Meter Setting a Q) Disconnect the antenna, Carrier Balance (SSB Receive) Set the MODE switch to either the LSB or USB modes, and the RF GAIN control fully counter clockwise. Adjust VRso: and TCyo: (CARRIER BALANCE) alternately until the S-meter indicates full scale. Change the MODE switch to CW position and check if the S-meter indicates exactly full scale. MIC AMP UNIT a Connect a dummy load, such as the YAESU YP- 150, to the antenna receptacle and the output of an audio oscillator to the microphone input. Set the MODE switch to an SSB mode. Apply I kHz audio signal to the microphone input and adjust the MIC GAIN control or the output level from the audio oscillator for 10 watts RF output on the dummy load. Change the audio frequency to 350 Hz, and adjust TCy,o: for LSB and TC,103 for USB to obtain 2.5 watts output. Check if the power output decreases to 2.5 watts when the SSB Carrier Frequency audio frequency is moved to approximately 2600 Hz. (2) AMand CW Carrier Frequency ‘Tune the transceiver in the USB mode and monitor the transmitted USB signal for the most natural voice quality while using another receiver. Change the mode of the transceiver to AM (with the monitor receiver in the USB mode), and adjust TC) 19s for a zero beat against a carrier signal(3) Carrier Balance (SSB Transmit) Connect a dummy load to the antenna receptacle and the RF probe of a VTVM to the inner conductor of coax cable at the antenna receptacle. Set the MODE switch to the LSB mode. Set the MIC GAIN control to the fully CCW position. Set the VOX switch to MOX position. Adjust VRi io: and TCiyo, (CARRIER BALANCE) alternately to minimize the VTVM reading. Repeat this procedure until a minimum reading is obtained equally for both side bands. (4) CW Carrier Level Set the CW level control, VRiios, to the point where the output power starts to saturate, FIX UNIT TE Tins Tes TE ‘The crystal frequency may be precisely adjusted with TCio) to TC). for on-frequency crystal controlled operation. LOCAL UNIT Set the MODE switch to USB, the BAND switch to 144.0, the CHANNEL switch to VFO, the MARK switch to OFF and the RPT switch to the OFF position. Connect a frequency counter to TP, and adjust the oscillator frequency to 41.7666 MHz with TCso:. Set the MARK switch to the ON position and zero beat against the marker signal at 144.0 MHz on the VFO tuning dial. Set the BAND switch to 144.5 MHz and adjust TCz92 to zero beat, then adjust TCzey for 145.0 MHz, TCro, for 145.5 MHz, TCios for 146.0 MHz, TC, for 146.5 MHz, TCroy for 147.0 MHz and TCzo, for 147.5 MHz for a zero beat against the marker signal. For the U.S. model, set the RPT switch to REV, the AUX/600 kHz switch to 600 kHz and the BANDswitch to 146.5. Adjust TCsye for zero beat. Change the BAND switch to 147.0 and adjust TC21, for zero beat. For the European model, set the BAND switch to 145.0 and adjust TC21 for zero beat. During the above repeater frequency adjustment, the VFO dial is set to the zero beat obtained in the preceding adjustment. For the frequency split other than 600 kHz, the crystal calculated by the formular in page 12 is installed in Xzop socket for 146.5 MHz band and in X12 socket for 147.0 MHz band. Set the AUX/ 600 kHz switch to AUX position. For the split frequency in 100 kHz order, such as 800, 900 or 1000 kHz, use the internal marker signal to calibrate as described in 600 kHz pro- cedures. Adjust TCr9o for zero beat on 146.5 MHz band and TCs13 on 147.0 MHz. band, When the split frequency is not in 100 kHz order, such as 850 kHz or 940 kHz, the internal marker signal can not be used. In such a case, connect a precise frequency counter between TP2o; ground and adjust TC3y or TCs for exact and frequency which is 3rd harmonics of the crystal frequency given from the formular. For example, the counter frequency should be 42.31666 MHz for 850 kHz split on 146.5 MHz band, as the crystal frequency is (127.8 — 0.85) + 9 = 14.1055 Miz, Tim Tene TCne TEns Te Tom Ton Teas T | Tre Figure 31PLL UNIT Figure 32 This unit does not require any adjustment unless major components are changed, and, as such, requires precise measuring equipment for align- ment. When the PLL circuit is unlocked, the pilot lamps start flikering. Adjust VR3o, until the circuit locks and the pilot lamps stop flikering. Check that the circuit locks at all segments and entire VFO range. RX RF UNIT Figure 33 Set the BAND switch to 144.0, the CHANNEL switch to VFO, the RF GAIN control fully clock- wise and the MODE switch to the USB mode. Tune the VFO to a signal (144.20 MHz, 10dB) from a signal generator connected to the antenna recepta- cle. Peak TCyo, TCsor, TCeos and TCyoe for a maximum S-meter reading. In areas that use the high side of the band, 146 to 148 MHz, it is recommended to perform above procedures on 146.20 MHz. 29 EXCITER UNIT/BOOSTER UNIT Figure 34 uy Figure 35 a It is recommended that an insulated wand be used for the alignment of the booster unit. Connect a dummy load to the antenna receptacle. Set the BAND switch to 145.0, the CHANNEL switch to VFO and the MODE switch to FM. Set the VFO to 145.0 MHz. Set the VOX control to the MOX position. Peak TCs, through TCsos and TCi20; through TCi2oe for maximum power output. Power Output Change the frequency to 144.1 MHz and repeat above procedures for maximum power output. Change the frequency to 147.9 MHz and repeat above procedures for maximum power output. Repeat the procedures alternately on 144.1 MHz, 145.0 MHz and 147.9 MHz until unity power output is obtained over 144 to 148 MHz.