Name:

Title: The Effectiveness of Police Community Relations in San Jose, Occidental

Mindoro

1. Introduction:

The Philippine National Police, as one of the primary law enforcement agencies in

the Philippines, are developing collaborative relationships inside local communities to

reduce crime more effectively and efficiently (Abuyan, 2014). The community expects

the police to "serve and protect," and for the police, they expect community cooperation

and participation.

The concept of Police Community Relations, however, encompasses more than just

communication and agreement on some topics. Laru-an and Beup (2015) stated that in

the past, the community's participation in law enforcement initiatives has been limited.

However, many law enforcement agencies are discovering that the members of the

community may be a vital source of support and information.

The term "police community relations" refers to the ongoing and dynamic

interactions that exist between police officers and the communities they serve. This

involves issues such as cooperation, police fear, violence, and corruption. The goal of

police community relations is to build a communication with the police (Omberga, 2014).

A successful implementation of Police Community Relations is vital, but its success

does not exclusively rest upon the Police Agency itself nor the community, it
necessitates a collaboration. The researcher as a Police Officer herself seeks to assess

the implementation of Police Community Relations in her own area of responsibility,

San Jose, Occidental Mindoro.

2. Problem Statement

Poor police community relations can result to feelings of doubt, ire and fear. Citizens

may think of the police as prejudiced and unjust. Police officers may feel blamed for a

variety of social issues and believe they are underappreciated for their efforts. When

asked what the major concerns are with police-community relations, officers cited

"language difficulties," "connecting with the community," "lack of proper discourse on

both sides," and "lack of awareness of police practices" as roadblocks to improved

relations (Building Police Community Relations, 2010). As a Public Administration

student, she aims to address this gap and contribute to the advancement of the

program's implementation not only in her own area, but also to serve as an example for

other police administrators to follow.

3. Objectives

This study generally aims to assess the implementation of Police Community

Relations in San Jose Occidental Mindoro. Specifically, to describe the demographic

variables of the respondents in terms of age, sex, educational attainment, socio-

economic status and occupation; to describe the practices of implementation of the

Police Community Relations in terms of; to identify the problems encountered in the
implementation of Police Community Relations; to test the differences in the responses

on the effectiveness of implementation when grouped according to profile variables; to

test the differences in the response on the effectiveness of the implementation and

problems encountered; and to offer an action plan to enhance the implementation of

Police Community Relation activities in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro.

4. Preliminary Literature Review

Police Community Affairs are initiatives that are not related to law enforcement but

require PNP assistance and/or participation. This contributes to a greater sense of

appreciation and support for the police force. They also mentioned the democratic

concept of policing, in which the police are the people, and the people are the police,

which means that every police officer is responsible for protecting lives and property,

maintaining peace and order, and preventing crimes and other civil disturbances

(Manwong and Delizo 2005, Law Enforcement Administration).

According to Varona (2009), a community relationship between the police and the

community is a good way to enhance the program of the police organization that needs

collaboration from both the community and the police; however, policemen nowadays

find it hard to gain the trust and build rapport with the community. Thus, it only means

that something needs to be fixed with the implementation of the programs of the police

organization especially when it is community related. The police cannot function

properly and efficiently when there is no cooperation from the members of the

community.

Community Service pertains to such activities wherein police engage in pro-social

activities to improve the well-being of the community beyond law enforcement and
peace and order maintenance. Police are obliged to provide service that is efficient and

effective, often termed as service orientation. Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux (2006)

stated that there must be equity in service delivery. A principle is a must in the delivery

of service that recognizes citizens as equal and will receive effective police service

regardless of race, gender, ethnicity, religious beliefs, income, sexual preferences and

other differences.

Empowering law-abiding citizens to take back the control to their environment is the

role of a community police officer. It is a commitment to provide a policing decentralized

and personalized police service to the community. As stated in the Community Policing

Consortium (Police Integrity 2005), trust between the police and the community is the

cornerstone of an effective police community relations.

5. Methodology

The researcher will use the descriptive type of research. It is also known as

statistical research, which describes data and characteristics about the population or

variable being addressed. Descriptive research answers the questions who, what,

where and how. The respondents of the study will include __ percent of the PNP

personnel assigned at San Jose Police Station, Occidental Mindoro and ___ residents

of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, randomly selected from the total population of

_______.

The researcher will utilize an adapted questionnaire from Holgado (2009), with some

modification to suit the present study. Descriptive survey will be used to determine the

effectiveness of implementation of Police Community Relations in San Jose, Occidental

Mayor of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro and the respondents will be formulated so that

the data gathering will now be started.

The researcher will first gather the needed literature to support the study from

libraries and various journals online, utilizing the world wide web.

The data that will be gathered will be tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using

frequency distribution and percentage to describe the profile of the respondents.

Weighted mean will be used to assess the effectiveness of implementation of Police

Community Relations. Sheffe’s Post Hoc Tests and One way ANOVA will be utilized to

determine the difference in the extent of implementation and problems encountered.

6. References

Abuyan, B.I. (2014). POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS IN SAMPALOC, QUEZON.

Agas, J (2005) Notes on Police Community Relation. Volume 2 Metro

Manila, Philippines

Building Community Relations. (2010) 71386_CH08_115_130.qxp 12/9/10 8:55 AM

Page 115

Community-Police Relations, url: http://everyday-democracy.org/resources/police-

community-relations#.U1MM6FWSxfA
Ellison G. (2010) „Police-Community Relations in Northern Ireland in the Post-Patten

Era: Towards an Ecological Analysis‟, in J. Doyle (ed), Policing the Narrow Ground:

Lessons from the transformation of policing in Northern Ireland, 242-276. Royal Irish

Academy.

Moore, Mark H., Robert Trojanowicz, and George L. Kelling. Crime and Policing.

Portland State University. Criminology and Criminal Justice Senior Capstone, "Police

Community Partnerships: A Review of the Literature" (2011). Criminology and Criminal

Justice Senior Capstone Project. 7. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/ccj_capstone/7

Officers in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro

1. Introduction

Police officers deal with all manner of human conflicts and catastrophes,

making their job one of the riskiest professions (e.g., Beehr, Johnson & Nieva,

1995). The nature of their job is physically and mentally challenging. They are

compelled to take charge of the situations that pose imminent threats to human

life, but this just an aspect of the job. They deal with all manner of human

conflicts and catastrophes that can put their psychological well-being on the line.

Negative mental outcomes may include increased risk of developing

posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD), anxiety, depression and alcohol abuse

(Abdollahi, 2002; Stephens & Long, 2000).

Police stress is stress related to a police officer’s job. These are

operational experiences which involves routine exposure to challenging and

traumatic situations that remind them of the vulnerability of human life (Noblet et

al., 2009) and dealing with death. These stressors can be both physical and

psychological. Other stressors that are potential sources of police stress are

heavy workloads, inappropriate leadership styles and poor communication.

High levels of stress and numerous stressful situations are imposed by

police work. This can affect not just the psychological and physiological health of
 police officials but also their interpersonal relationships and work-life balance.

With this, it is foreseeable that their job satisfaction is also affected.

Job satisfaction describes how content an individual is with his/her job.

Happier people are content with their jobs; the more satisfied they are the

happier they are. Moreover, job satisfaction has been defined as a pleasurable

emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job; an affective reaction to

one’s job; and an attitude towards one’s job.

The purpose of this study is to determine the levels of Police Stress and

its impact to the Job Satisfaction of the Selected Police Officers in San Jose

Occidental Mindoro.

2. Problem Statement

Previous studies have deepened academic knowledge of stress-related

concerns in the police force (Acquadro Maran et. Al., 2015). However, there are

limited scholarly literatures of the connection between police officers’ stress and

job satisfaction represents a research gap which Is important, yet neglected

(Chen, 2009; Grawitch et al., 2010; Louw and Viviers, 2010). In this study, the

researcher seeks to fill this gap.

3. Objectives

This study aims to identify and explore the relationship of police stress to

the job satisfaction of the selected Police Officers in San Jose, Occidental

Mindoro. Specifically, it aims to describe the demographic variables of the

respondents in terms of age, sex, educational attainment, socio-economic status

significant relationship between police stress and job satisfaction and to offer an

action plan to that will help officers deal and manage their job stressors.

4. Preliminary Literature Review

The impact of stress on police officers depends upon the types of stressors that

they encounter. Stress can sometimes rise without any cause at all. Hickman et al.

(2011) detailed that “stress is triggered by a nonspecific stressor which gears the

body for fight or flight response” (p.239).

Adam and Buck (2010) stated that police officers are prone to high levels of

stress as they deal with violent citizens in emotionally charged environments with

external stimuli that may endanger personal safety. Annual in-service trainings equip

police officers for impending challenges brought by police work; however, it does not

address the stressors brought upon by the policing (Sundaram & Kumaran, 2012).

Police work does not follow a constant routine when interacting with citizens, and

this often generates emotional, physical and psychological stress for police

(Sndaram & Kumaran, 2012).

Police officers normally retort to a continuous series of service calls, and this kind

of psychological stimulation often triggers emotional stress (Lucas et al., 2012).

Most research focusing on the relationship between stress and job satisfaction

leans heavily towards the adverse impacts of stress. However, there are some

arguments suggesting individuals who experience stress can also experience

positive consequences. The stressful experience can make some individuals more
focused, and some officers perform better when motivated by looming deadlines or

clearly identifiable milestones. Though, a constantly overwhelming workload,

unrealistic deadlines and poor work schedules is likely to contribute to a sense of

frustration and increased levels of stress (Iwasaki et al., 2005).

5. Methodology

The researcher will use the descriptive correlational type of research. The

design’s purpose is to investigate the extent of relationship between police stress

and job satisfaction among a sample of police officers assigned in San Jose,

Occidental Mindoro.

The researcher will utilize a standardized questionnaire such as the Police Stress

Survey (PSS). In using the adopted instrument to measure the job satisfaction

among the respondents, the researcher based the study on conceptual framework of

abbreviated version of Karasek’s Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) (Karasek, 1985).

Many researchers have used and tested JCQ in many cultural settings around the

globe with high validity, especially in the United States, United Kingdom,

Netherlands, and Japan.

The researcher will first gather the needed literature to support the study from

libraries and various journals online, utilizing the world wide web.

The data that will be gathered will be tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using

frequency distribution and percentage to describe the profile of the respondents.

Weighted mean will be used to assess the level of Police Stress and the job

satisfaction of the respondents.

r correlation will be used. Pearson’s correlation coefficient is the test statistics that

measures the statistical relationship, or association, between two continuous

variables. It is known as the best method of measuring the association between

variables of interest because it is based on the method of covariance. It gives

information about the magnitude of the association, or correlation, as well as the

direction of the relationship.

6. References

Allen, D., & Maxfield, M. (1983). Judging police performance: Views and behavior of

patrol officers. In R. Bennett, Police at Work: Policy Issues and Analysis. Beverly

Hills: Sage.

Byrne, D. (1961). Interpersonal attraction and attitude similarity. The Journal of

Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 713-715

Hackman, J., & Lawler, E. (1971). Employee reactions to job characteristics. Journal

of Applied Psychology, 55, 259-286.

Hunt, R., & McCadden, K. (1985). A Survey of work attitudes of police officers:

Commitment and satisfaction. Police Studies: International Review of Police

Development, 17, 17-25.

Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1297-1349). Chicago:

Rand McNally.

Lofkowitz, J. (1974). Job attitudes of police: Overall description and demographic

correlates. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 5, 221-230.

Trojanowicz, R. C., & Nicholson, T. G. (1976). A comparison of behavioral styles of

college graduate police officer. Police Chief, 8, 56-69.

Police

1. Introduction