COMPETENCY - BASED LEARNING

MATERIAL

Sector

TOURISM
Qualification Title

BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII

Unit of Competency
PREPARE AND PRODUCE PASTRY PRODUCTS
Module Title
PREPARING AND PRODUCING PASTRY PRODUCTS
Prepared By :
MARY ANN SHELEILLA T. MORENO
 HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
Welcome to the module in BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII
QUALIFICATION. This module contains training materials and activities for you to complete.

The unit of competency “Prepare and Produce Pastry Products” contains knowledge, skills
and attitude required for TRAINEES.

You are required to go through, a series of learning activities in order to complete each
learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome are Information Sheet, Self-Checks,
Task Sheets and Job Sheets. The follow these activities on your own. If you have questions, don’t
hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.

The goal of this course is the development of practical skills in supervising work-based
training. Tools in planning, monitoring and evaluation of work-based training shall be prepared
during the workshop to support in the implementation of the training program.

This module is prepared to help you achieve the required competency, in “BREAD AND
PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII”.

This will be the source of information for you to acquire knowledge and skills in this
particular competency independently and at your own pace, with minimum supervision or help from
your facilitator.

Remember to:

 Work through all the information and complete the activities in each section.
 Read information sheets and complete the self-check. Answer keys are included in this
package to allow immediate feedback. Answering the self-check will help you acquire the
knowledge content of this competency.
 Perform the task sheets and job sheets until you are confident that your output conforms to the
performance criteria checklist that follows the sheets.
 Submit outputs of the task sheets and job sheets to your facilitator for evaluation and
recording in the Accomplishment Chart. Outputs shall serve as your portfolio during the
institutional competency evaluation.

A certificate of achievement will be awarded to you after passing the evaluation. You must pass
the institutional competency evaluation for this competency before moving to another competency.
 BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII
105 Hours

Contents of this Competency – Based Learning Materials

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

1 Prepare and Produce Bakery Preparing and Producing TRS741379

Products Bakery Products

2 Prepare and Produce Preparing and TRS512317

Pastry Products Producing Pastry
Products

3 Prepare and Present Gateaux, Preparing and Presenting TRS512318

Tortes and Cakes Gateaux, Tortes and Cakes

4 Prepare and Display Petits Fours Preparing and Display Petits TRS512321
Fours

5 Present Dessert Presenting Desserts

MODULE CONTENT

Qualification: BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII

Unit of Competency: PREPARE AND PRODUCE PASTRY PRODUCTS

Module Title: Preparing and Producing Pastry Products

Introduction:
This unit deals with knowledge and skills required by bakers and pastry cooks (patissiers) to
prepare and produce a range of high-quality pastry products in commercial food production
environments and hospitality establishments.

Nominal Duration: 40 hours

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module you MUST be able to:
LO1 Prepare Pastry Products
LO2 Decorate and Present Pastry Products
LO3 Store Pastry Products

Learning Outcome # 1 Prepare Pastry

Products

Contents:
1. Varieties and characteristics of Pastry products.
2. Historical and cultural, aspects of pastry products.
3. Underlying principles in making pastry products.
4. Knowledge commodity on including quality indicators of ingredients for pastry products, properties of
ingredients used, interaction and changes during processing to produce required characteristics.
5. Properties and requirements of yeast and control of yeast action.
6. Culinary and technical terms related to pastry products commonly used in the industry.
7. Expected taste, texture and crumb structure appropriate for particular pastry products.
 8. Ratio of ingredients required to produce a balanced formula.
9. The influence of correct portion control, yields, weights and sizes on the profitability of an establishment.

Assessment Criteria:
1. Required ingredients are selected, measured and weighed according to recipe or production
requirements and established standards and procedures.
2. A variety of pastry products are prepared according to standard mixing procedures/formulation/
recipes and desired product characteristics
3. Appropriate equipment are used according to required pastry products and standard operating
procedures.
4. Pastry products are baked according to techniques and appropriate conditions; and enterprise
requirement and standards.
5. Required oven temperature are selected to bake goods in accordance with the desired characteristics,
standards recipe specifications and enterprise practices

Conditions:
Students/trainees must be provided with the following:
 Personal protective equipment
 Bake ware
 Small hand tools
 Large equipment

Methodology:
 Lecture/Discussion
 Demonstration/Application
 Actual Presentation

Assessment Method:
 Oral –recitation
 Written examination
 Direct observation

Learning Experiences / Activities

Learning Outcome # 1

Prepare Pastry Products

Learning Activities Special Instructions
 This Learning Outcome deals with the development of
Definition of Terms
the Institutional Competency Evaluation Tool which
PREPARE AND PRODUCE PASTRIES AND trainers use in evaluating their trainees after finishing a
competency of the qualification.
FILLINGS
Read: Information Sheet 2.1-1 Go through the learning activities outlined for you on the
Pastries left column to gain the necessary information or
knowledge before doing the tasks to practice on
Short pastry
performing the requirements of the evaluation tool.
Puff pastry The output of this LO is a complete Institutional
Savoury short pastry Competency Evaluation Package for one Competency of
1. Select required commodities according to recipe and BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII. Your
production requirements output shall serve as one of your portfolio for your
Institutional Competency Evaluation for Preparing and
2. Prepare a variety of pastries
Producing Pastry Products.
 Sweet short pastry
 Short pastry Feel free to show your outputs to your trainer as you
 Puff pastry (English & French Method) accomplish them for guidance and evaluation.
 Choux pastry
This Learning Outcome deals with the development of
 Strudel pastry 1 the Institutional Competency Evaluation Tool which
trainers use in evaluating their trainees after finishing a
3. Produce a variety of pastries according to standard competency of the qualification.
recipes and enterprise standards
Go through the learning activities outlined for you on the
left column to gain the necessary information or
Perform: Task Sheet 2.1-1 knowledge before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the evaluation tool.

After doing all the activities for this LO1: Prepare

Pastry Products; you are ready to proceed to the next
LO2: Decorate and Prepare Pastry Products.

Definition of Terms

Term Explanation

Aeration The rendering of bakery products more appetising, palatable and digestible by the
incorporation of air and/or gas, in one or more of the stages of production before baking. Air
is introduced by the production of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) from yeast or baking powder.
The internal expansion of air and gas and the pressure of steam during baking, all make a
contribution to total aeration.
Albumen One of the many proteins. Where the term is used in the bakery, it is generally accepted to
mean the white of eggs.
All-in Process All the ingredients are mixed together without any preliminary stages.
 Term Explanation

Bake Off A term used by bakers to describe the operation of baking cakes after they have been
prepared for the oven.
Baking To render bakery products suitable for human consumption and digestion by cooking in an
oven at correctly controlled temperatures.
Baking Powder Any chemical or mixture of chemicals which, when moistened and heated, generates gas
(usually CO2) which will aerate bread and cakes. Ideally the residual salts of reaction should
be tasteless and without odour. The baking powder must comply with the Food and Drugs
Act of the country in which it is used.
Baking Sheet A metal plate on which buns, cakes, pastries and biscuits are baked. Generally they have
three upturned sides and an open end. The open end will facilitate cleaning.
Basin A round earthenware or plastic container used for making small quantities of icing.

Batch The entire mixing of bread or cakes; the contents of the oven.

Batter A soft, completed cake mixture. A very soft fermented mixture as for crumpets.

Bay A well, made in a heap of flour and other dry materials to receive the liquid ingredients
preparatory to mixing.
Beat The aeration of fat, sugar, eggs and other materials by beating together. This can be done by
hand or by machine.
Beater A hand-shaped implement which, when fixed to a machine, beats ingredients such as fat,
sugar and eggs.
Blanch A term used to describe bringing anything to boiling point quickly. Used with vegetables
prior to freezing to slow microbial activity. Also used to enable easy removal of skins such
as from almond kernels.
Bowl A rounded metal container used in the bakery for mixing, beating or whipping by hand. A
bowl specially made for a machine is known as a machine bowl.
Bun A small yeast fermented or chemically aerated, sweetened cake.

Cake Refers generally to a baked mixture of fat, sugar, eggs and flour, with or without milk,
baking powder, A cake can be of any shape or size.
Cake Hoop A metal ring which supports a cake during baking.

Cake Tins Small or large metal shapes in which cakes are baked. They may be plain or fluted.

Centigrade Divided into 100 degrees, as the centigrade thermometer (first constructed by Celsius, 1701-
44), in which the freezing point is zero and boiling point is one hundred.
Coat To cover a cake or biscuit with almond paste and/or icing, fondant, cream or chocolate.

Constituent A component part of the whole; one ingredient in a formula.

Cream To beat fat and sugar or fat and flour together until light and fluffy.
 Term Explanation

To add cream as a decoration of filling to a baked cake.

A common term used to describe all kinds of creams such as dairy cream, buttercream,
marshmallow cream, custard cream, etc.
Cup Cakes Small cakes baked in crimped paper cups or cases.

Curdle When fat, sugar and eggs are beaten together carefully, an emulsion is formed. If during the
beating, the eggs are added too quickly, or are too cold, or the initial creaming of the fat and
sugar is not complete, then the mixture will separate and lose its smooth consistency. Some
aeration is lost when a mixture curdles.
Decorate To add fruits, nuts, sugar, etc. to cakes before baking for the purpose of decorating. This is
known as being oven-decorated or oven-finished.
To add such decorating materials as the above, almond paste, chocolate, cream or icing after
baking, generally to make a pattern or a design. The word is given special significance in
describing artistic work in royal icing.
Deposit The act of putting cake batter into hoops, pans, tins, etc., either by hand or by machine. The
machine used is known as a depositor.
Emulsion An intimate mixture of two fluids that normally would not mix, such as oil and water. This is
done by means of an emulsifier, a machine that will break down the oil and water to minute
particles while under pressure, for example, homogenised milk. If an emulsifying agent is
used then the emulsion may become permanent. Fat, sugar and eggs correctly beaten together
form an emulsion, the lecithin in egg yolks being a good emulsifying agent.
Essences Aromatic compounds used for flavouring confectionery. They can be natural or synthetic or
blends of both.
Fingers Small finger-shaped rolls, biscuits, meringues, sponge cakes.

Fondant A form of icing made by boiling sugar, water, glucose or a weak acid to 115¼C (140¼F),
then agitating when it is cool until it forms a mass of minute crystals. It is the reflection of
light on the tiny crystals that explains the gloss on correctly prepared fondant.
Glycerine Colourless, odourless syrup with a sweet taste. It is soluble in water and alcohol. Because it
is highly hygroscopic it is used in cake mixings to delay staling.
Grease To brush fat into cake tins or to smear fat over baking sheets.

High-Ratio Cakes The name hi-ratio is registered in the USA. The term is used to describe cakes containing
high percentages of sugar and liquids based on the weight of flour. Special flour and super
glycerinated fats are used for this type of cake.
Hygroscopic The power of attracting moisture. For instance, glycerine is hygroscopic. Other examples are
icing sugar and bi-carb soda.
Icing The coating and decoration of a cake with royal or plastic icing. The term is also used to
describe the decoration of cakes with fondant, water icing, or fudge icing.
Lecithin A phosphorised fatty substance which has a great power as an emulsion stabiliser. Egg yolks
and soya beans are both rich in lecithin.
Palette Knife A thin, flat knife with a rounded end used for spreading icing and cake batter. An offset or
crank-handled palette knife has the blade at a lower level than the handle. It is used for
 Term Explanation

spreading cake or sponge mixtures on to baking sheets.

Pan A broad, shallow baking tin.

Pound Cakes A term used at one time to describe cakes made from 1 lb (500 gm) each of butter, sugar,
eggs and flour. The term is now often used for cakes baked in a round hoop or oblong tin
such as Madeira, Genoa and cherry.
Pre-gelatinised Pre-gelatinised or soluble starch is produced commercially by blowing a starch suspension
Starch onto stem heated rotating rollers. Gelatinisation and drying take place and the dried material
is then flaked or ground to make a powder. The process ruptures the starch granules, without
completely distorting them, so that they swell in cold water to form a viscous paste.
Recipe An exact formula which will include the weights of the materials to be used for a particular
type of bread or confectionery. All other details such as temperature, times, yields, etc., will
also be recorded.
Sandwich Tins Round shallow metal tins in which sponge sandwiches are baked.

Savoy Bag A triangular shaped bag made of cloth or a plastic material into which a tube is inserted. It is
used for piping meringue, sponge fingers and drops, soft biscuits, choux paste, etc., onto
baking sheets. It is also used to pipe cream on, or in, cakes and pastries.
Scraper A small oblong piece of plastic material, with two corners rounded for scraping down mixing
bowls. The straight edge of the scraper can be used to smooth the side of a cake when
coating with cream or butter cream. The straight edge can also cut in many ways so that a
pattern can be made in the coating, for example, a comb scraper.
A metal blade in a wooden handle that is used to scrape the surface of a bench, or for
cleaning metal baking trays.
Sieve Utensil with a wire or nylon mesh through which dry materials are passed. Sieving removes
coarse particles, extraneous materials and also is a means of blending. Coarse sieves are used
for the cleaning and draining of fruit. A sieve can also be used for fluids or semifluids.
Slab Cake/Block Plain or fruited cake baked in rectangular tins or frames. The slabs generally weigh about
Cake 11/2 to 31/2 kg each according to whether they are plain or fruited.
Sodium The constituent of baking powder that liberates C02. The maximum is liberated when the
Bicarbonate correct amount of acid is present.
Soft Flour Flour containing weak gluten.

Strong Flour Flour containing strong stable gluten.

Wash To brush with egg, milk, water, before baking.

To brush with a glaze after baking.
Water Brush A soft-haired brush for washing cakes or pastries with water or other liquids before baking,
or for glazing after baking.
Whip To rapidly aerate a sponge, meringue or cream by means of a hand or machine whisk.

Whisk An implement made of wire used to whip sponges, meringues and cream by hand. A similar
implement is specially made to fix to a machine.
 Term Explanation

Yield The calculated units from the total baked weight of a particular formula.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.1-1

PREPARE AND PRODUCE PASTRIES AND FILLINGS
Pastries
Pastry by definition is a mixture of wheat flour, fats, salt and water.
Pastry comes available in several forms or types.
Types of Pastry
Several distinct varieties and mostly of European origin:
 Short Pastry: Savoury and Sweet Pastry or Shortbread
 Puff or Flaky Pastry
 Choux Pastry.
Varieties of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern origin:
 Phyllo
 Brik
 Kataifi.
These can all be classed in the short paste category.
Short Pastry
Short pastry doughs will have a short texture. Meaning that when they are mixed the dough can be
pulled apart easily rather than stretched until it broke.
Short pastry can be savoury or sweet.
Savoury short pastry will contain fat up to 50% of the flour weight, salt and water. Some enriched
doughs can contain eggs that replace water content.
Sweet short pastry (traditionally shortbread) can be made from 2 separate formulas.
 2:1:1–2 Flour: 1 Sugar: 1 Fat
 3:2:1–3 Flour: 2 Sugar: 1 Fat.
Both of these formulas will use egg or water as a binding agent in the closing stages of mixing.
Both formulas can have an aeration agent added to give a lighter eating texture.
Refer to recipes in Appendices in back of manual.
Puff Pastry
Classical European style pastry that is dough of flour salt and water
that has had fat incorporated in layers; this process is referred to as
lamination.
Lamination is also used in sweet yeast dough production; Danish,
croissant.
Ingredients
Flour
Flour should be smooth, soft, and rich in starch with low gluten content. A part of the flour can be
replaced by cornflour. It should be well sieved with the flour and baking powder (if used).
If the flour protein level is too high, then the gluten which inevitably forms will reduce shortness to a
greater degree than when low protein flour is used.
If the protein level is too low, then flow-out is possible, as some structural properties are still
required.
Rice flour
Shortbread made with rice flour, or short pastry dipped into rice flour increases crispness, e.g. Scotch
Shortbread.
Sugar
As a general rule, the sugar must be fully dissolved during the mixing process. Undissolved sugar can
have undesirable effects on the product. It can produce a crust with a gritty texture and it can cause
the appearance of dark spots of caramelised sugar on the surface of the baked product.
Dissolved sugar also has an influence on the moisture level in the dough. Another function of sugar
in the dough is that it has a gluten softening effect, which prevents the over toughening of any gluten
which is formed. Because sugar can only do this when in solution, the dissolving of the sugar is vital.
The general rule for ensuring that sugar is fully dissolved is to relate crystal size to mixing times. For
instance, most shortbread dough has a relatively short mixing cycle and do not contain a significant
level of moisture. Therefore, a small crystal size sugar such as caster sugar is required. Scotch
Shortbread, which has an even shorter mixing cycle, and contains no added moisture, requires the use
of icing sugar, to ensure that it dissolves rapidly.

Fat
The fat is the ingredient with the major influence on both flavour and consistency. Shortbread can be
made with margarine or butter, or a mixture of both.
With regard to consistency: Short pastry with a low fat content easily becomes doughy and tough, as
it has to have more milk or water to bind the flour. After baking it may shrink and get hard quickly.
Short pastry with too much fat, becomes very soft and oily, making it difficult to work with. Soft,
warm and oily fats are also unsuitable.
If the fat is too cold, a longer mixing time may be required. This is to prevent the possibility that
inadequate dispersion of the fat will allow formation of gluten from the uncoated flour particles.
If the fat is too warm and soft, oiliness could result, allowing the escape of the fat from the dough
both before and during baking. This would result in a dry and tough product.
Although Butter shortbread has the better flavour, sometimes it is advisable to replace some of the
butter with margarine to extend the working time with the pastry, especially in warmer climates or in
production areas with high room temperatures.
This is to handle the dough more successfully and to avoid excessive flour in the pastry.
Replacing fats
When replacing margarine or shortening with butter it is vital to reformulate the recipe, to produce
the similar textured shortbread.
The fat content of butter differs mostly to shortenings, which have a higher fat content. It is
recommended to check the fat content of a shortening prior to reformatting recipes.
Substituting Butter to Shortening:
Multiply weight of the butter by 0.8: = total shortening
Multiply weight of the butter by 0.15 = total addition of liquid (water or egg)
E.g. 1000 gm butter x 0.8 = 800 gm shortening
E.g. 1000 gm butter x 0.15 = 150 gm liquid addition
Substituting Shortening to Butter
Multiply weight of the shortening by 1.20: = total butter
Multiply weight of the shortening by 0.15 = total liquid subtracted from other liquid (water or egg)
E.g. 1000 gm Shortening x 1.2 = 1200 gm butter
E.g. 1000 gm Shortening x 0.15 = 150 gm liquid subtracted
Eggs
Egg yolks assist the blending and binding of the ingredients. If used
in larger quantities they can soften the dough to piping consistency.
If the egg is too cold, then a longer mixing time may be required to
bring the dough to a workable consistency. Care must be taken so that
the longer mixing time does not result in excessive gluten formation
and development as the barrier is forced or broken down.
The stability provided by the egg white does not cause toughness or
shrinkage, as opposed to gluten, which would have an adverse effect.
Baking powder
Baking powder is an optional ingredient and is used to open the texture
of the pastry.
Water
Eggs can be substituted with water but this will produce a less rich pastry.
Flavourings
Flavourings which may be used include salt, vanilla, lemon and cinnamon, the choice depends on the
desired end product. Ground nuts and almond or cocoa can also be used.
NOTE
There are a variety of short pastry types, and their consistency and handling characteristics are
governed mainly by the amount of fat in the mix, the grade of sugar used, the replacement of flour
with nuts or crumbs, and the way in which the ingredients are processed to incorporate the fat.
Varying levels of moisture can affect consistency. Higher amounts will inevitably produce toughness,
as the flour is more likely to come into contact with the moisture and form gluten.
Prevention of gluten formation during mixing and processing is a very important factor in short
pastry production.
Many of the problems attributed to poor quality products are directly associated with incorrect
handling and processing techniques.
Temperature of ingredients should be held at 16 to 21 oC, which will assist in the mixing process and
consistency of the pastry and avoids fat lumps.
Pastry made with butter should be produced the day prior to usage.

Key points for Short pastry

 Do not over mix or over handle
 Avoid excessive flour dusting
 Addition of scrap pastry up to maximum of 10% to virgin pastry.
Methods of production
The basic method for short pastry has some variations, each designed to prevent moisture coming
into direct contact with the flour, therefore producing a “short” pastry.
Rub-in method
With this method, the fat is rubbed into the flour, coating the flour grains, and preventing them from
taking up moisture thus preventing the formation of gluten.
The liquids, sugar, etc. are then carefully incorporated to form soft dough.
Too much mixing, or the use of too much pressure at this stage, could result in the breakdown of the
fat barrier allowing moisture penetration.
Blending or creaming method
This method has variations in the way in which the fat is incorporated, but in each case the objective
remains unchanged.
The fat and sugar are either creamed or blended to a paste. Then the liquids are added carefully so
that they become suspended and evenly dispersed.
This dispersion enables the balance of the flour to be added without coming into direct contact with
them.
Highly physically aerated formulae, such as Viennese or biscuit dough, are capable of being piped or
extruded, whereas a similar ratio of ingredients, made up using the rub-in method, produces a dough
which is capable of being rolled with a pin.
Other influences which dictate the final shortness of the product include the solvent or softening
effect of sugar on gluten.
It must also be remembered that dissolving sugar creates liquid, and therefore sugar/moisture
additions must be controlled, and in the correct sequence.

Flour batter method

This method is the only method ensuring the complete dissolving of
the sugar. Cream fat and half the quantity of flour, mix all the sugar
and liquid and clear through. Add remainder of flour and clear.

Puff pastry
Definition
Puff pastry is made up of hundreds of alternating layers of fat and dough.
As the name implies, puff pastry will puff up in the oven to produce a light flaky crisp type of
product, it does not contain any leavening agent or baking powder, but can rise up to eight times of its
original size. The pastry is suitable for sweet and savoury products, as it does not contain any sugar.
Lamination aeration
Lamination aeration is the rolling and folding of pastry so that individual layers of fat and dough are
formed.
The fat turns into oil when the pastry enters the oven; it keeps the layers of dough separate. The water
in the dough turns to steam and forces the layers of fat apart by its pressure.

Ingredients
Flour
It is necessary to use medium strength flour, which will give a gluten structure of reasonable
elasticity.
Flour with a high gluten protein level will produce a tough pastry, which is prone to breakdown of
dough layers during rolling and folding.
This factor is of extreme importance when power rollers are used, as this process tends to increase
toughness.
Fat
There is little doubt that the best quality puff pastry is made using butter, due to the melt in the mouth
quality, as butter has a low melting point.
This, however, causes many handling problems due mainly to the low melting point of butter, and its
rather unstable consistency.
The use of weaker flour, resulting in dough of softer consistency may overcome this problem, but
mostly tight temperature control of the butter will adjust the consistency to be the same as the flour
mixture.
The flavour of pastry made by this method may well justify the trouble taken. In some instances, a
small percentage of flour is combined with the butter, to increase its handling capability.
Pastry fats and margarine which are made especially for puff pastry are produced from high melting
point oils and fats. They have good spreading and moulding characteristics (i.e. they plasticise).
The high melting point slows down its absorption into the dough layers until they have begun to set.
The use of these fats enables the baker to produce pastries of attractive appearance, and good volume.
The only detrimental effect is that there is often a waxy taste left in the cooked pastry (palate cling).
This is due to the fact that the body temperature in the mouth is not high enough to melt the fat in the
crumb.
There are a number of different products available to the baker for puff pastry manufacture. Some of
these are margarines and emulsions containing up to 20% water, whilst others are 100% fat.
The quality of fat used in puff pastry can vary from method to method and is not critical provided that
there is enough present to insulate the dough layers.
The amount used can vary from 50% to 100% of the flour weight. For the best results when using
lower quantities, fewer turns may be given, but will result in a slightly reduced and more irregular
lift.
The type of pastry is usually defined by the amount of fat used, for instance:
Full pastry: 100% of fat based upon flour weight
 Used for very light and flaky products, like Vol au vents or Bouchees.
Three-quarter pastry: 75% of fat based upon flour weight
 Used mostly for all general puff pastry items, products like cream horns, turnovers or fruit
bandes.
Half pastry: 50% of fat based upon flour weight
 Used mostly for products where little lift and flake are required pies, pasties, palmiers or slices.

Margarine
As already explained, the margarine separates the layers of puff pastry dough. Therefore it must be a
margarine that is extremely extendable, so that the layers can be reduced sufficiently in thickness to
permit rapid expansion of the gluten. The margarine must also be a non-sticky type that doesn’t
penetrate the dough layers.
If the margarine penetrated the dough, the layers would be “shortened” and the puffing effect
restricted. Puff pastry margarine must also act as a frying medium. Because each dough layer is
separated by a margarine layer, the heat of the oven causes the dough layers to fry. This helps to
produce the ideal crisp, flaky texture.
During this same process, the expanded gluten becomes shortened by the margarine, and this further
improves the flavour and texture of the finished pastry.
As the flour starch gelatinises, it takes in melted fat, which stays in the crumbs, producing soft eating
quality.
Salt
Salt is mainly added to enhance the flavour and taste. It works stabilising on the gluten structure and
it increases the shelf life, as it suppresses bacteria activity. If the fat is already salted, further addition
is usually unnecessary.
Water
Water is added to the pastry at the rate of approximately 50% the flour weight. This is variable,
according to the water absorption rate of the flour.
Water binds the dry ingredients together and enables the development of the gluten in the flour. It
provides a source of steam during baking to help make the pastry rise.
Colour
Yellow food colouring is sometimes used to improve the colour of the pastry; some recipes are also
made with eggs to enrich the pastry.
Puff pastry is usually made without any colouring, as the pastry is usually egg washed prior to
baking.
Lemon Juice, Vinegar or Cream of Tartar
Acids have a toughening affect on gluten and are sometimes used for this reason, it also prevents
natural discolouration of the dough during storage.
Temperatures and equal consistency of dough and fat; if butter is used to produce high quality puff
pastry, refrigeration is necessary to keep the pastry cool and prevent the butter from softening. This is
to ensure that the fat and dough layers are even.
If the fat is too cold or too hard, breakage of the fat layer occurs during rolling of the pastry. This
would result in a detrimental effect upon the volume of the product. If the fat is too soft, it will be
squeezed out during rolling and a formation of even layers impossible. Ideal temperature for fat is
15oC – 20oC, but this also depends upon the temperature of the production area and the time taken
rolling the pastry.
For successful lamination it is important that the following precautions are taken:
 Do not roll pastry out too thinly when folding as the dough may be over-extended, causing it to
fracture
 Give sufficient rest periods between folds to allow the gluten to fully relax
 Use medium strength flour for dusting purposes, brush off any flour during the lamination
process, prior to folding
 Keep the addition of trimmings to a minimum. Use relaxed trimmings to a maximum of 10% of
virgin pastry.
If using a dough-brake, reduce the block to the required thickness very gradually, as forcing through
the rollers will quickly break down the structure.

Methods of making puff pastry

All production processes have one important factor in common–they depend for success on the
separation of dough layers by fat layers. The same recipe is used for each method. The main
processes for making puff pastry are distinguished by the means by which the fat is incorporated.
These processes are:
 French and English roll-in method -flour/water dough are made and the fat is layered and rolled
in, following a specific process. This method is producing a pastry that is fine and even, it is
mostly used for products like Chaussons, vol au vents and Pithiviers
 Scotchchop-in method - the fat is incorporated during the dough mixing process and is dispersed
roughly through the dough. This method produces a more flaky pastry, as compared to the above
method. It is only suitable where scrap pastry would normally be used, especially for pies, cream
puffs or fleurons.
English method
 Mix the dough ingredients until smooth
 Mould into a ball, cover and rest for 20 - 30 min (relaxes the dough – Proteolytic Enzyme action)
 Prepare the fat to the same consistency as the dough
 Pin out the fat to a rectangle
 Pin out the dough to a rectangle 1/2 as long again as the fat and 3 - 4 cm wider, brush off any
flour
 Place the butter or pastry margarine on top of the dough, as in diagram 1.
 Pastry
Margarine Dough

Diagram 1
Brush any flour of the dough which has no fat on it and fold it over onto the portion which is covered
with the fat, as in diagram 2, then fold the dough with the fat uppermost over (diagram 3 shows the
side view at this stage.

Dough

Diagra
m2 Diagram 3
Pin the dough out to +/- 5mm thickness and give the required number of half turns or book folds with
the appropriate rests in between turns.
French method
Mix the dough ingredients until smooth.
Mould into a ball, cut a cross on top, cover and rest for 20 - 30 Min (relaxes the dough - Proteolytic
Enzyme action).

Prepare the fat to the same consistency as the dough and shape it to a square.
Pull down the points forming the cross and pin out the dough to form a star or square, brush off any
flour.
Place the fat on top of the dough, as in diagram 2.
 Dough

Pastry
Dough Margarine Dough

Dough

Diagram 2
Brush off any flour of the dough flaps and fold them over onto the fat making sure to envelope the fat
in well.
Using a rolling pin carefully, with even pressure, roll out the dough into a rectangle.
Pin the dough out to +/- 5mm thickness and give the required number of half turns or book folds with
the appropriate rest in between turns.
Scotch (Blitz) method
 Cut the pastry margarine into cubes and add to the dry ingredients
 Add the water and mix the dough until it has just cleared (it should still have lumps of fat
showing) Do not develop
 Form into a rectangle or square and brush off any flour
 Pin the dough out to +/- 5mm thickness and give the required number of half turns or book folds
with the appropriate rests in between turns.
Alternate Method
 Cut the pastry margarine into cubes
 Mix the dough ingredients until smooth
 Add the pastry margarine cubes and mix the dough until it has just cleared (it should still have
lumps of fat showing)
 Form into a rectangle or square and brush off any flour
 Pin the dough out to +/- 5mm thickness and give the required number of half turns or book folds
with the appropriate rests in between turns
 Resting, rolling and cutting out of pastry.
Whatever method of rolling and folding is used, the pastry block is subjected to a large degree of
stretching, which builds up tensions in the block. For this reason, it is important that with each rolling
and folding operation, the pastry is rolled in the opposite direction. This will result in an even tension
in the pastry with more even shrinkage in the oven, reducing the possibility of misshaped and
distorted products.
The number of folds is also important for the following reasons:
 Too few folds will result in irregular and uneven lift, and the loss of fat during baking
 Too many folds will cause the layers to merge, resulting in a breakdown of lamination and a
shortening of the structure.
Provided that proper resting periods have been given during processing, it is not necessary to rest the
cut out pieces prior to baking.

Puff Pastry Turns

There are two types of turns given to Puff Pastry.
 Half Turns (Single)
 Book folds (Double).
Note:
The production method is irrelevant to the lamination process.
The number of turns given to puff pastry is determined by the desired lift and eating quality of the
final product.
Final turned puff pastry should achieve 100 to 2500 layers of fat in the dough. These layers can be
achieved by using half turns, book folds, or a combination of the two.
Half Turns
Puff pastry made with ½ turns requires 6 half turns.
The pastry is first pinned out to 5mm thick and kept as a rectangle, this is very important for even
layering.
Fold 1/3 of the pastry over, as in the folding in of the fat for the English Method of incorporating the
pastry margarine (diagram 1).

1/3 of the
Dough
folded over

Diagram 1 Diagram 2
Repeat this again having turned the pastry around so that the two open ends are towards and away
from you (the ends should look as in diagram 2.
Cover and rest in the fridge for 20 - 30 mins.
Repeat the whole procedure another two times to give six half turns, with the correct resting times
after every two half turns.
Book Folds
Puff pastry made with Book folds requires 3 book folds
The pastry is first pinned out to 5mm thickness and kept as a rectangle, this is very important for even
layering.
The two opposite ends are folded into the centre.

1/4 of the 1/4 of the

Dough Dough
folded over folded over

Diagram 1 Diagram 2
Repeat this again having turned the pastry around so that the two open ends are towards and away
from you.
Cover and rest in the fridge for 20 - 30 mins.
Note:
If Puff pastry is to be refrigerated over a period of time, it should receive the last turn, prior to
making it into units.
Puff Pastry with a combination of half and book turns require 2 half turns and 2 book folds.

How puff pastry aerates

The expanding property of gluten is important in the baking of puff pastry. In the paste, before
baking, there is a laminated structure consisting of thin layers of dough separated by thin layers of
margarine.
In a very hot oven, these dough layers or a very large number of them “blow up” or “blister”.
As each layer is separated from its neighbour by a margarine layer, the cumulative effect of the layers
expanding and the pressure of steam results in the puff paste growing in size, until eventually the
gluten sets and holds the pastry article in the expanded state.
It is essential to have the dough layers very thin and the oven temperature high so that the water can
be converted quickly into steam before the gluten coagulates or sets.

The English method

 1/2 Butter Dough

Turns Layers Layers

At Start 2 3

1 6 7

2 18 19

3 54 55

4 162 163

5 486 487

6 1458 1459

Total Layers 2917

The French method

1/2 Butter Dough

Turns Layers Layers

At Start 1 2

1 3 4

2 9 10

3 27 28

4 81 82

5 243 244

6 729 730

Total Layers 1459

Activity
Observe a demonstration of the production process for Puff Pastry.
Produce Puff Pastry using the English and French method.
Puff Pastry 3/4 puff

Item Ingredients Weight (gm) Method

A Plain Flour 1500

Salt 20
Water 750
Lemon Juice (optional) 20
Margarine (soft) 125

B Puff shortening 1000

Or Butter

Total 3395

If using butter to produce this dough it is advisable to make the dough and chill in cool room
overnight.
This will help to keep the butter cool while the ‘turning process’ takes place.
Especially in warm climates the dough needs to be chilled.
If this is not possible then use only ‘Puff Pastry shortening’. This has been specially developed to
have a high melting point of 45°C.
Recommended that students do both styles:
 French
 English.
Both have different characteristics.
English method

 Mix "A" to a smooth dough and rest covered for 15 minutes

 Ensure that fat and dough are of the same consistency
 Shape the butter to a rectangle (30x40 cm)
 Roll the dough out to 30x 60 cm and place the fat onto it, leaving the dough 1/3 uncovered
 As shown on previous page
 Fold the remaining pastry onto the fat and fold in half again, so that there are 2 layers of fat and
three layers of pastry (Half turn)
 Repeat the half turn another five times, while changing the rolling direction after each turn. (Keep
the open ends towards and away from you when rolling out, ensuring excessive flour is removed
after each turn)
 Rest for 30 minutes after every 2 half turns
 After 6 half turns Puff Pastry is completed
 Rest for 30 minutes before use.

French method
 Mix "A" to a smooth dough and rest covered for 15 minutes
 Ensure that fat and dough are of the same consistency
 Shape the butter to a square (30x30 cm)
 Roll the dough out to 45x 45 cm and place the butter diagonally in the centre of the dough
 As shown on previous page
 Fold over each corner of the dough to meet in the centre completely enveloping the fat
 Roll the dough out to 30x 60 cm. Give half turn
 Proceed as for English Method.
Docking
This is placing lots of holes into the puff pastry dough with a special hand machine or using a fork.
Pastry items are docked to:
 Reduce volume, as in puff pastry
 Allow air to escape from under blind baked pastry cases, e.g. flans.
Do not dock pastry cases if liquids are going to be the filling, e.g. Egg Custard, as it will leak out
through the holes.
Storage of puff pastry
When pastry is made up on the day before use, it is a good policy to leave the
final fold until ready to use.
The stored pastry should be covered to prevent skinning, and stored in a cool
place.
The best material for this is plastic sheet, which is impervious to air and can
be washed frequently, and is more hygienic than other coverings.
Puff pastry can be kept indefinitely in a deep freeze.
To defrost, it can be removed from the freezer and left in the bakery for at
least six hours.
It may also be placed in a refrigerator overnight where it
will keep in a useable state for up to two days.
If refrigerated or frozen, the pastry will require bringing to
certain temperature before rolling; depending on the fat
which was used.
When it is brought back to required temperature, it should
be used as soon as possible.
If the raw pastry is kept at above refrigeration temperature,
production of acids formed by bacteria will cause sourness
to develop and make the pastry unsuitable for use.
Choux Pastry
Definition
The word ‘Choux’ is of French origin and its literal meaning is ‘Cabbage-like.’ Visually, a cream
puff has a cabbage-like appearance due to the typical rough surface texture.
High quality items of good volume and fine internal walls prepared from a base panada that, when
sufficiently cooled, has the addition of whole egg which is responsible for producing aeration during
the baking process.
Choux pastry, also known as ‘Cream Puff Pastry, has a wide
application range, it can be deposited as; fancy fine scroll, lattice,
bulbs, fingers and a range of decorative units. It is used as a basis for
confections, gateaux, ornaments, as savoury cases for fish, meat and
other fillings.
Due to the bland flavour characteristic of choux paste it can be used
for containing an extensive range of plain, fancy or decorative savoury
and sweet fillings finished as single or multi-grouped units.
Choux paste also readily blends with a range of finishing materials, examples being: fondant, glace
icing, chocolate, ganache icing sugar, slightly caramelised sugar syrup, prior to bake grated cheese,
herbs and spices may be used to enhance end product qualities.
Cheese is often added into the mix for savoury products, to enhance the flavour.
The production process for choux pastry is unique as in no other product, with the exception of boiled
short pastry, is the flour starch gelatinised prior to baking.

Ingredients
Choux pastry is made from four simple basic ingredients – water, fat, flour and egg.
Flour
Medium strength flour is most suitable, due to the protein content. Although the flour proteins are
denatured in the preparation of the panada, a reasonably high level of this coagulated protein must
intermingle with the egg protein to provide the structure necessary for expansion during baking.
Fat
Butter is often recommended as the ideal fat for choux pastry; however, many choices are available.
There is a popular perception that the firm fats such as shortbread or pastry margarines produce a
more stable batter, which therefore results in better products, but these fats leave a fat cling to the
palette, due to their high melting points.
Therefore it is really a matter of personal choice and taste what fat to use.
Water/Whole Milk
Water/Whole Milk are both used in a particular formula to:
 Scale the flour
 Partially gelatinise flour starch
 Partially coagulate flour protein
 Act as a moistening agent
 Adjust panada consistency
 Provide moisture generation during the baking process.
Ratio of these two ingredients is most important because tests on formulae with high liquid ratio in
base panada resulted in thick tough dense walled products.
In contrast low ratio of formula liquid in the panada results in misshapen products.
Egg
Whilst egg pulp is suitable, fresh eggs are considered ideal due to the greater stability of the albumen,
essential to the aeration process for this product. If frozen egg pulp is used, it needs to be used after
thawing and at a moderate temperature, for increased stability.
Eggs are essential because they provide:
 Moistening
 Aeration adjust paste consistency
 Flavour and influence eating qualities
 Structure and determine character of product
 Unique bases for this type of trade product
 Provide moisture for steam generation during the baking process
 Base for both sweet and savoury type product.
Sugar
Sugar rarely used in most formulae; purpose for use would be to assist crust colour and impart a
negligible degree of product tenderness. Application would be for produce intended on sweet
complement finishing.

Salt
Salt is rarely used in choux paste lines, infrequently it is contained as a formula ingredient in produce
intended for savoury complement finishing.
A general disadvantage could be seen in that it has an effect of tightening protein structure.
Chemical Aerating Agents
Chemical Aerating Agents, the use of baking powder appears well established. Its importance is one
of having a slight opening effect of produce structure.
Traditional method found that ‘Vol’ was used in common practice. This type of aerator (Ammonium
bicarbonate) works well in choux paste conditional that it is used in precise amounts.
A disadvantage is that slight excess can cause internal discolouration, off odour, unpleasant eating
quality and distortion of goods.
Because baking powder does not require the same precise quantity and that it is more commonly
found in all trade production, its use is more widespread.
In certain formulae, additional ingredients may be required.
These materials are more generally used to complement and enhance flavour of the final product, e.g.
Vanilla, Mace.
Choux paste is versatile in setting in that it can be:
 Baked in an oven
 Deep fried
 Poached in hot water for small savoury lines.
Method
The water is brought to the boil with the fat.
The flour is sieved and added to the boiling mixture, while on the heat, and is stirred in very quickly
to prevent lumps forming, this is known as a panada.
The mixture needs to be heated until a smooth shiny mass is formed, which leaves the sides of the
saucepan. The cooking or heating of the panada is vital to gelatinise the starch, which occurs when
starch grains take up moisture; swell, burst and form a gel with the water (thicken).
To gelatinise starch; temperatures of minimum 78oC to 80oC are required.
Cooked panada should be removed from the stove as soon as it reaches the desired temperature, to
prevent burning.
The mixture is now cooled to below 50oC, on a table; by spreading it out to give a larger surface area
so that it cools quickly or by stirring it on slow speed in the mixer for a few minutes.
The correct addition of egg is important, and should not be done too quickly, as complete
incorporation at each addition is critical.
To ensure even distribution of the egg, it is necessary to repeatedly scrape down the bowl. If the
batter is too slack, it will run out on the baking sheet before and during baking, the resulting products
lacking volume, and often being difficult to dry out sufficiently in the oven.
On the other hand, if the batter is too firm, it will create too much resistance to steam pressure, and
the low moisture content will lessen the production of steam in the product.
Both of these factors result primarily in loss of aeration in the oven.
The aim is to produce stable, but smooth dough with a ‘silky’ texture. It should be firm enough to
retain its shape when piped or deposited.
Clean trays should only be very lightly greased. It is important that the base of the product actually
grips the tray.
This ‘holding down’ allows for greater expansion of the product without forming hollows in the base,
which can distort their shape, (particularly Éclairs, where an upturned banana shape is common).
Silicone paper will defeat this purpose and is not recommended.
Baking conditions vary with the product, however it is generally accepted that a moist environment is
best suited to products which require maximum expansion (e.g. Cream Puffs), whilst a dry heat is
best for Éclairs, Profiteroles etc., where a smooth surface is a requirement.
The baking conditions are controlled with the use of the damper, or by covering the products during
baking.
It is important that the oven is not opened until the product has set or coagulated, as this may cause
the product to collapse.
Choux pastry can also be fried and at a temperature of 180°C. These items are called beignets and
are normally filled with sweet or savoury fillings and served hot with an accompanying sauce.
Piping Choux Pastry
Choux paste is commonly piped onto very lightly greased baking trays. Only a slight smear of fat is
required to ensure good tray adhesion by the paste.
Well-greased trays cause produce to slip during piping and presents considerable difficulty in both
speed of depositing and piping efficiency. Release of the paste on well
greased trays is difficult because there is a tendency for the paste to lift
and not break clean.
Depositing should be practised with a large Savoy bag with a half bag
split to improve flow control, secure desired shape and develop speed
of depositing. (With bulbs and rounds the bag is held vertically with the
diameter of the nozzle just above the surface of the tray).
Paste is extruded with a gradual lifting of the bag until a bold, distinctive shape and required size is
formed.
The desired shape should be retained with a clean sharp lift or cut-off being achieved. Tails must be
avoided; also, irregular volume to either side, symmetry is most essential to quality products.
Fingers are deposited with the nozzle held in contact with the tray and at an angle of 45 to 60 degrees.
Uniform pressure must be applied to secure a uniform, consistent and straight appearance to the
finger.
Cut off should be made with a slight release of pressure and slight reverse of direction of nozzle
travel with a clean lift to secure a uniform line of paste.
Spacing of items is most important to retain individual items or a distinctive shape to other variety
goods.
Regular well placed depositing will ensure best use of baking space and achieve quality appearance
to final products.
Close and irregular spacing will not give best results to items because baking will not be either
uniform or consistent.
Skill must be developed to secure optimum produce results with both speed and efficiency. Attention
must be given to:
 Required depositing technique
 Correct size of item
 Uniformity of items on the same tray
 Clean, sharp and distinctive shape
 Uniform and consistent spacing on trays
 Consistent lines of depositing (travel of nozzle).
Ensure that there are no air bubbles in the batter when piping; this could cause breakages and
inconsistency in the piped fingers. Remember that consistency of size is very important, particularly
for even baking.
Some professionals prefer to use a star tube for piping éclairs, and whilst this will produce a
decorative surface, it does not produce the smooth surface, which when iced, has the finish usually
associated with the traditional éclair.
In English text books, éclairs piped in this fashion are called ‘Leopolds’ and are sprinkled with coarse
sugar prior to baking. They are then split and creamed when cold, requiring no further finishing.
Baking
Traditionally choux paste was baked in enclosed containers that allowed steam to be evaporated from
the baking items and assist the baking process. This practice allowed maximum volume with an open
porous thin walled finely structured product.
Improved volume and quality characteristics of choux paste goods are attained with steam utilisation
during the initial baking stage.
Advantage to certain paste produce has been found by baking items with lines such as sausage rolls,
puff pastry goods or yeast goods.
Excessive steam must be avoided or grossly misshapen products will result. Another practice is
(where possible) oven dampers are closed for the initial baking period to allow optimum volume to
be attained.
Required oven temperature will vary according to variety of choux paste produce. In general, high
oven temperature is advised between 210oC and 230oC.
 Low oven temperature prevents items reaching optimum volume prior to setting and hence
products have dense heavy quality with thick under baked walls
 Excessive oven temperature will also cause poor shape, lack of volume, and under baked thick
dense walls.
Baking times will vary according to a number of conditions:
 Size and shape of items
 Uniformity of depositing
 Type and distribution of oven heat
 Recovery temperature of oven
 Damper control
 Capacity of the baking chamber.
Storage
Choux pastry should be open inside with a dry outer shell. A small amount of water should remain
inside the shell to prevent brittleness and the possibility of cracking in storage.
Baked shells can be stored in a protected cool environment for up to one week, or may be deep
frozen. Freezing is best done soon after the product is baked as it is important to retain a percentage
of moisture for satisfactory results. Products which are very dry will crumble and break very easily
when thawed. To achieve crisp products, baked frozen may be baked again.
Factors Controlling the Volume
When choux paste is being baked, any air that has been beaten into it will expand and the water in the
paste will be converted to steam. The expanded air, as well as the steam, tries to escape from the
paste but to a large extent it is prevented from doing so because both are trapped and retained within
the paste by films of coagulated flour protein and uncoagulated films of egg albumen.
The egg albumen is extensible and will be inflated and distended by the internal pressures – air and
steam. Thus the pastries increase in volume, and expansion only ceases when the egg albumen films
lose their extensibility and gas holding powers.
However, the moisture which is near to the surface of the paste is driven off fairly quickly, after
which the temperature of this outer layer of paste can rise well above the temperature of boiling
water.
During the latter part of this period and as the paste has already reached very considerable volume,
the egg proteins are coagulated and set. The natural sugars from the flour will soon begin to
caramelise to a rich brown colour when the moisture has been driven out of the surface layer of paste
of an éclair case or puff shell.
Whatever the strength of the flour, protein will have been coagulated during the preliminary cooking
of the water, fat and flour which occurs prior to the addition of eggs in making choux paste. The
gluten, therefore, will have lost both extensibility and gas-holding powder.
The presence of strong films of uncoagulated egg protein in the paste at the moment that it is placed
into the oven to bake is of the utmost importance for the achievement of satisfactory volume in choux
pastries.
Savoury short pastry
Savoury short pastry is mainly used for quiches, pies, biscuits, savoury tartlets and cheese fours.
The difference between sweet short pastries is the sugar content, which is little or none in savoury
pastry. Due to the softening effect of sugar, savoury pastry tends to have increased gluten
development, which increases the possibility of shrinkage during baking.
The main ingredients of savoury short pastry are fat and flour, usually ata ratio of:
 2 fat 3 Flour; or 1 fat 2 flour; other ingredients are eggs, salt, water or milk. Please refer to the
notes in Sweet Short Pastry for ingredient functions preparation and production.
For best flavour savoury pastry is mostly or partly made with pig lard.
Methods of savoury pastry production
Note: The same recipe can be used for all methods.
Boiled: This method produces a very brittle short pastry; traditionally it is used in the
production of Pork Pies.
Boil water with salt and lard, ensuring that the fat is melted. Pour the boiling water directly into the
sifted flour and mix to a paste. Once the pastry is cool, it is ready to use.
Note:
This method is only very rarely used, as the hot method makes a better pastry.
Hot: This method produces a shorter eating quality pastry than the boiled method. Rub the flour and
fat into a crumble. Boil water and salt. Pour boiling water mix over the flour and fat mixture and
combine, cool and use.
Cold: All methods as for sweet pastry production can be used. The method described is the best
suitable.
Rub lard and flour into a crumble, mix cold water and salt, pour onto fat and flour mixture
and mix until cleared.
This method is used for Cornish Pasties, Quiches, Tartlets and Barquettes.
Reasons for boiling water or water/fat mix
The reason is to gelatinise some of the starch, which enables the paste to take on more crust colour.
The heat melts the fat and as the paste cooks, the fat sets more firmly than it was originally and helps
to hold the shape of the pork pie (pork pies are traditionally baked without tins or hoops).
This prevents the pies collapsing when they are first placed in the oven. It provides sufficient
structure long enough for the crust to form during the early stages of baking.
The other advantage is that the gelatinised starch gives greater plastic properties to the paste enabling
the pies to be raised more easily.
Strudel and Filo Pastry
Little History
Filo pastry is believed to have originated in East Asia, but
in modern times the Greeks have claimed it as their own. A
slight change by the Hungarians to the recipe formula and
in the production method developed the strudel pastry.
Strudel was made famous by the Austrians, who understood
the production of specialty fillings and created pastries, like
no others. Even in today’s time Viennese Strudels have
worldwide reputation.
Definition and Production Method of Pastry
The basic water-pastry is made from medium to strong flour and water, with the addition of eggs, oil
and/or cornflour in some cases.
The dough is mixed to full gluten development, well rested, and then stretched out to wafer thickness,
without breaking.
Many experts in Strudel making like to demonstrate that the pastry is thin enough if it is possible to
read the print of a newspaper through the dough.
A piece of dough weighing 1.7 kg should cover an area of 1.5 to 1.8m.
Although filo and strudel pastry are not exactly the same, they are interchangeable. Both of the
pastries have the same outcome, to produce a pastry simular to puff pastry, crisp and flaky when
baked.
The difference between puff pastry and filo or strudel pastry is that the fat is brushed or sprayed onto
the stretched dough in comparison to rolling and folding the fat layers.
The principle of lamination aeration is the same as for puff pastry.
In today’s time a wide range of commercially produced filo pastry is readily available.
In commercial manufacture of filo pastry the extrusion method is used, followed by a cutting devise.
This filo pastry comes in paper thin leaves, it is available fresh (refrigerated) or frozen, with excellent
shelf-life to several weeks in the refrigerator.

Ingredients
Flour
Itis necessary to use medium to high strength flour, which gives a gluten structure of reasonable
elasticity.
This is important, in order to be able to pull the pastry out, without breakage.
Water
Water is added to a rate of approximately 50% of the flour weight, depending on the strength of the
protein content.
Water binds all the dry ingredients and enables the development of gluten.
Fat
The addition of fat is recommended, as it retains the moisture in the pastry, therefore the pastry does
not dry too quickly.
Fat also softens the gluten strand, which enables the pastry to be pulled out paper thin.
Eggs
The addition of eggs enhances the structure of the pastry when baked, due to the coagulation of
proteins.
It provides moisture, elasticity and colour in the dough.
Other ingredients:
Lemon Juice: May be used to strengthen the gluten of the flour.
Salt: Works stabilising on the gluten structure.
Cornflour: May be used to weaken the gluten structure for softer eating qualities. Cornflour is also
added to weaken the structure to ease the pulling out of the pastry.
Strudel Pastry Handling Techniques
To stretch the pastry without tearing the following points should be followed:
The ideal pastry should be soft, covered with oil (prevents skinning) and lukewarm for the ease of
stretching.
Use lightly floured hands and surfaces to prevent sticking.
The pastry is usually rolled out first, and then stretched by laying it over the back of the hands
(circulating it in a horizontal motion).
When the paste is too large to handle it is placed onto a floured table cloth and anchored to a corner
of the table to ease the stretching.
It is now again stretched carefully using the back of the hands until it is wafer thin.
The thicker ends are cut off, prior to adding the filling. The scrap pastry could be used for dumplings
in soups.
Splitting or tearing is prevented by using lightly floured hands and by working the paste quickly, to
avoid drying out.
All rings should be removed from the fingers to reduce the possibility of snagging the paste.

1. Select required commodities according to recipe and production

requirements
Ingredients for recipes
All Pastry has base ingredients of flour and water.
Better quality pastry also has a fat added to give eating qualities. Salt can be added to give strength to
gluten structure and adds to the flavour
Sweet pastry has an addition of sugar but this has effects
on the gluten that needs to be controlled by altering recipe
ratio
All these pastries have a closed consistency and after they
are baked are very heavy in the eating qualities.
Addition of aeration to the pastry achieves better eating
quality so giving a more pleasant sensation from
consumption.
Aeration can be achieved by the addition of chemical
compound (baking powder) or by the addition of fat and different methods of incorporating these fats
into the dough give a different result.
The addition of fat also adds to the food value to the dough or batter.
Flour
Strong flour is needed for the production of puff pastry, choux and strudel pastry items while medium
or weaker flour is required for the production of sweet short pastry, shortbread and savoury pastry
items.
Sugar
Caster or finer grain sugar is preferred for pastry making due to its capacity to dissolve more easily
during the baking process.
Salt
Sodium Chloride is used to give flavour and it also has a strengthening effect on the protein structure
of the flours making the dough more readily able to be stretched over great distance without tearing.
Fats
Butter is the fat of choice for flavour when making pastries but alternatives are available due to the
fact that butter is hard to handle in warmer climates due to its low melting point.
Margarines and shortenings that have a higher melting point can be adapted to all recipes and
flavours can be added to give a more pleasant eating sensation.
Eggs
Eggs added to pastries add food value but also add to the cost. Eggs add colour but colouring agents
can be used to overcome this issue. Eggs can be fresh or powdered.
Aerating agents
Baking powder is the most common. Adding baking powder will give a more open texture to the
pastry and make it easier to eat.
Addition of fats into dough can have an aerating effect on the pastry such as Puff Pastry.
Flavouring Agents
Spices, essences and intensely aromatic liquids can be added to pastry to enhance the eating
sensation.
The compulsory standard is that it must be fit for human consumption and give no harmful side
effects.
Nuts
All nuts can be used in pastries. Some can be added raw while some have their flavour enhanced by
roasting nuts before use.
Milk
Milk can be used. It is can be fresh or powdered. Most commercial bakeries will use it as a dry
ingredient, due to convenience of storage and handling.

Ingredients for Fillings in Pastries

Any food can be used as a filling in pastry
The base ingredient in the filling is normally cooked before it is place into the pastry.
 This is due to the fact that the pastry may cook before the filling and that can be dangerous to
public health.
If the filling is cooked, the moisture must be stabilised before it is placed into the pastry.
 Filling is stabilised by adding a starch based ingredient that will absorb the moisture and hold it in
suspension during the baking process.
Pastries with filling that contain high moisture content need to be cooked
quickly so the filling does not boil inside the pastry. If it boils it creates
too much steam and breaks the pastry open spoiling the visual affect of
the finished product.
Savoury fillings
Vegetables need to be cooked before being placed into pastries due to their high water content.
Meat needs to be small enough pieces to be cooked by the penetrating heat before the pastry is
cooked.
Cheese can be used as it is, but the cooking process will have an effect on the eating quality of the
cheese.
Sweet Fillings
Fruits need to be cooked before being used in fillings as the water content would spoil the pastry my
making it soggy or water logged.
Sugar need to be in a starch gel mix because as it is exposed to any moisture it will dissolve and add
extra moisture to the filling and also make pastry soggy.

2. Prepare a variety of Pastries

Activity
Observe a demonstration of the production process for Sweet Short pastry.
Produce Sweet Short pastry as directed.

Sweet Short Pastry

(Flour - batter method)

Item Ingredients Weight (gm) Method

A Shortbread Margarine 320

Cake Flour 240
Caster Sugar 160

B Egg #1 60
Lemon, Vanilla, Salt

C Medium Flour 240

Total 1020

Method:
 Mix "A" to a crumb only
 Add "B" and mix to a clear dough, creaming lightly
 Add "C" and mix until clear (do not over mix).
(Creaming Method)

Ite Ingredients Weight (gm) Method

m

A Butter 350
Caster Sugar 200

B Egg 50
Lemon & Vanilla to taste

C Medium Flour 500

Total 1100

Method:

 Cream "A" together (do not over cream)

 Mix "B", adjust temperature and add slowly to "A"
 If added too quickly, mixture will curdle
 Add "C" and mix to a smooth short paste (do not over mix)
 Store dough in Refrigerator until set.
Activity
Produce a range of savoury short pastry products, as directed.

Short Pastry
Yield 3x 22cm fluted mould:

Item Ingredients Weight (gm) Method

A Medium Flour .600

Salt .005
Milk Powder .035

B Butter .150
Lard .150

C Water .120

Total 1.060

Method:
 Sieve “A”
 Rub "B" into "A" to a crumbly consistency
 Mix in "C" to a light smooth paste (do not over mix)
 Rest for 30 min before use.
Note:
Medium flour may be replaced with soft flour and baking powder may be added to lighten the texture
of the pastry.
This pastry is also used for sweet flans and pies (Apple Flan) If used for sweet pastry, Lard needs to
be replaced with butter or shortening.

Activity
Observe a demonstration of the production process for Puff Pastry.
Produce Puff Pastry using the English and French method.
Puff Pastry - 3/4 puff

Item Ingredients Weight (gm) Method

A Plain Flour 1500

Salt 20
Water 750
Lemon Juice (optional) 20
Margarine (soft) 125

B Puff shortening 1000

Or Butter

Totals 3395

English method
 Mix "A" to a smooth dough and rest covered for 15 minutes
 Ensure that fat and dough are of the same consistency
 Shape the butter to a rectangle (30x40 cm)
 Roll the dough out to 30x 60 cm and place the fat onto it, leaving the dough 1/3 uncovered
 Fold the remaining pastry onto the fat and fold in half again, so that there are 2 layers of fat and
three layers of pastry (Half turn)
 Repeat the half turn another five times, while changing the rolling direction after each turn. (Keep
the open ends towards and away from you when rolling out, ensuring excessive flour is removed
after each turn)
 Rest for 30 minutes after every 2 half turns
 After 6 half turns Puff Pastry is completed
 Rest for 30 minutes before use.
French method
 Mix "A" to a smooth dough and rest covered for 15 minutes
 Ensure that fat and dough are of the same consistency
 Shape the butter to a square (30x30 cm)
 Roll the dough out to 45x 45 cm and place the butter diagonally in the centre of the dough, fold
over each corner of the dough to meet in the centre completely enveloping the fat
 Roll the dough out to 30x 60 cm. Give half turn
 Proceed as for English Method.
Choux Pastry
Using the recipe below, produce Choux Pastry

Item Ingredients Weight (gm) Method

A Butter 200
Water 500
Salt pinch
Sugar pinch

B Flour, hard 350

C Eggs + / - 550

Total 1510

Method:
 Boil "A"
 Add sifted "B" into "A" while stirring
 Cook on low heat until the fat /flour mixture loosens from the bottom of the pan. The mixture has
to reach 80ºC, for the proteins of the flour to coagulate. Cool down the mixture
 When cool add the eggs slowly, clear mixture after each addition of egg
 Scrap bowl down occasionally
 Mixture has to have piping consistency, it should be soft, but has to be able to hold its shape
 Depending on products most choux pastry goods are
 Baked at 220ºC until golden brown in colour
 Place onto cooling wires on removal from oven.

Activity
Using the recipe below, produce Strudel Pastry as directed
Strudel Pastry 1
Item Ingredients Weight (gm) Method

A Flour, hard 300

Oil, vegetable 50

B Eggs #1

C Water 100
 Total 500

Method:

 Mix “A” into a crumble, using sifted flour

 Mix "B" and "C" and add to the flour
 Mix dough until clear and well developed
 Mould round and cover with oil and plastic to prevent skinning
 Rest dough 30 minutes before use.

Tin/tray preparation
Tins and trays used for baking sweet short pastries should be clean and free from foreign matter.
The nature of this pastry does not require the use of a releasing agent to prevent sticking.
Greasing of tins can lead to shrinkage during baking, being more obvious in the deeper style pans.
Rolling out or pinning out of short pastry
Shortbread should be blocked into a shape suitable for rolling, and should not be folded, layered or moulded.
Roll carefully with smooth, even pressure on the pin.
Do not hit or bash down with the pin.
 Move the dough piece frequently to ensure adequate dust between it and the table surface
 Do not attempt to move large rolled pieces with the hands, but rather, roll tightly around the pin
and move as necessary.
If the dough piece sticks to the table surface during rolling, then continued rolling will only stretch
out the top surface, the under surface being held firmly in place.
When hand rolling for a tray sized piece, check progress by placing the tray over the rolled surface to
ensure that suitable size has been reached.
Check
Before processing the Sweet Short pastry, further check that:
 The bench surface is level, smooth and clean
 The rolling pin is not damaged or pitted, is dry, and has no dry dough adhering to it, and the pin
has the correct rolling capacity
 An adequate supply of clean flour is available, and conveniently placed
 Tray, tins etc. are prepared.

Cutting Pastry
When using metal cutters to produce discs from a rolled sheet of pastry, firm pressure on the cutter or
a chopping motion may be used.
A slight twist of the cutter will usually cause the disc
to stick in the cutter, which allows it to be moved
clear of the scrap pastry.
Cut discs should be stacked evenly and not too high to
maintain shape and reduce the possibility of
distortion.
Large discs, such as those for plate pies should be
handled carefully, and not be picked up by the edge,
when cracking or breaking is possible.
Activity
Observe a demonstration of the rolling out of sweet short pastry.
Using a manual rolling pin, roll out 150 gm of pastry to an even thickness of 4mm for Shortbread
Fingers. Cut the fingers 1.0cm x 5.0 cm. Place them on a clean tray and bake them at 190 oC until
golden brown in colour (Straw).
The fingers are used to evaluate the different short pastries in texture, flavour and handling
properties. Please use the evaluation sheet to compare.
Scrap retrieval
Scrap pastry should always be incorporated into unused dough and not used alone to produce similar
products. It will have toughened considerably during rolling and reshaping. When incorporating into
fresh dough, this should be done with a minimum of mixing or pressure. Only incorporate a
maximum of 10% scrap into virgin pastry.
Lining into tins/foils/trays
The importance of consistency in this operation cannot be over-emphasised.
When discs of a particular shape and size are cut out, it is intended that these pieces will fit neatly
into the containers without trimming.
This can be achieved by careful manipulation of the dough piece without distorting it, cracking, or
leaving thumb and finger marks on the surface.
Air must not be trapped between the container and the dough, as this will expand during baking and
cause distortion. It also reduces the interior volume of the pie or tart.
Fluted edges require very careful handling as they are easily damaged during the lining process.
Floor time prior to baking
Resting time prior to baking is recommended, but under ideal circumstances, a lengthy floor-time
would not be necessary except where an excessive amount of scrap pastry has been used.
If a prepared product has been refrigerated or frozen, then it is advisable to bring it back to room
temperature before baking, as under-baking, and/or some shrinkage could occur.
Baking
Due to the sugar content, caramelization is rapid once the crust temperature reaches about 148ºC. For
this reason, this type of pastry is baked at a reasonably moderate temperature.
As a general guide the baking temperature for sweet short pastry is 190ºC to 215ºC, furthermore the
baking temperature depends on: size and shape, density, the sugar content and product characteristic.
The baking temperature for savoury goods is 200ºC – 230ºC. Savoury pastry can be baked at higher
temperatures because of the low sugar content; this also ensures that the pastry is cooked before the
filling boils.
Pre-bake finishes: Sweet Short Pastry can be left plain, Egg-washed or washed and sprinkled with
sugar to enhance the appearance.
Blind-or Pre-baking of shortbread
When pre-cooked fillings or cold fillings are used, it is necessary to pre-bake the pastry shells.
The main problem with this process is the shrinkage or distortion of the pastry during baking. The
absence of a filling provides nothing to hold the pastry in shape.
There are various methods employed to overcome these problems. The more common are as follows:
 Bake on upturned foils or tins
 Sandwich between two foils or tins
 Dock dough pieces well and place in open tins or foils
 Line into tins or foils, cover with foil or greaseproof paper and fill cavity with split peas, rice,
beans or similar product.
At a later stage of baking, these second foils or fillings are removed to allow for completion of baking
process.
For some shortbread products like slices it is important to pre-bake the bases, which guarantees that it
will be properly cooked through, this also shortens the baking time and lessens the possibility of the
filling boiling prematurely. The main problem with pre-baking is that there is a possibility of
shrinkage at this time, which creates difficulties should the filling overlap the edges of the base.
For pre-baked bases, the pastry should be docked to prevent build-up of gasses under the sheet during
baking, which could result in distortion of the base.
Remember
Docking of dough pieces is not satisfactory where a very liquid filling such as jelly or baked custard
is used, due to seepage through the crust.

Post Bake Handling

It is important not to damage the product at this very vulnerable stage. Because of the soft nature of
the product at this time, careless handling could easily damage it.
Products can be finished with caster sugar, which is sprinkled onto the hot product on removal from
oven, or dusted with icing sugar when cold.
Packaging and Presentation
Most short pastry articles in hotels or restaurants are presented on mirrors, plates and/or platters using
doyleys and/or petit pans. For articles to take away, it is mostly wrapped in cellophane wrap or bags,
as this packaging allows the product to “breathe”. This also retains the quality of the product and
increases its shelf-life.
When serving shortbread tarts or pies hot, it is recommended to warm it on the serving dish, as the
transfer may distort the product.
Shelf-Life
Unbaked Short pastry has an excellent shelf-life, due to the high sugar and fat content. It freezes very
well, but must be protected to avoid freezer burn.
Baked short pastry articles are unsuitable for freezing
Ideally short pastry is baked freshly every day, but it can be stored for longer periods of time if
protected from moisture.

3. Produce a variety of pastries according to standard recipes and enterprise

standards
Product characteristics that customers look for come from the following:
Colour of the product when it is finally removed from the oven is important to the visual appeal of
the product. Colour stimulates the senses and encourages the customer to purchase.
Appearance is about form and shape. It is important that all pieces have the same appearance.
Consistency and texture is about how it feels in the mouth when the customer is consuming the
product.
Moisture content adds to the shelf life and mouth feel of the product.
Mouth feel and eating properties
This is achieved by maintaining consistency of production. Nobody is allowed to move away from
the given formula, shape design.
Recipes need to be followed and each recipe should state the yield from each production run, defining
weights and number of units.
To achieve this each product must be moulded the same and must all look the same.
Enterprise standards can be determined by:
 Expectations of customers
 Skill of the artisan pastry cook
 Quality of ingredients used
 Market penetration point established by the enterprise.
Activity
Observe a demonstration of the rolling out of sweet short pastry.
Using a manual rolling pin, roll out 150gm of sweet short pastry to an even thickness of 4mm for
Shortbread Fingers.
Cut the fingers 1cm x 5cm.
Place them on a clean tray and bake them at 190oC until golden brown in colour (Straw colour).
The fingers are used to evaluate the different short pastries in texture, flavour and handling
properties. Please use the evaluation sheet to compare.
Activity
Using portion the Sweet Short Pastry you have produced.
Produce the following:
Frangipane Tartlets
Yield: 10

Item Ingredients Weigh (gm)t Ratio

A Sweet Short Pastry .200

B Raspberry jam .050

C Frangipane .500

D Almonds, flaked .005

F Apricot Jam .050

Total .800
Method:
 Roll out sweet paste to 3mm thickness
 Line out tartlet or brioche mould
 Pipe raspberry jam into each base (only very little)
 Fill 2/3 with frangipane
 Sprinkle flaked almonds on top
 Bake at 180°C until golden brown
 Brush with boiled apricot jam, while tarts are still warm, or dust with icing sugar when cold.

Frangipane
For 4 students

Ite Ingredients Weigh (gm)t Ratio

m

A Butter .300
Caster Sugar .300
Lemons Zest 1 each
Vanilla to taste

B Eggs .300

C Ground Almonds .300

Soft Flour .040

Total 1.250

Method:
 Finely grate the zest of the lemon
 Cream "A" until light
 Add half the quantity of "B" gradually
 Mix "C" and add half to "A" and "B"
 Add remainder of “B” gradually
 Add the remaining flour and almonds and mix until smooth.
Note:
By topping the tart with poached fruit, different flavours and textures are achieved.
This formula for frangipane is also used for the base of upside down cakes.
Fruit Flan
Yield: 10 small
Item Ingredients Quantity Ratio
(gm)

A Almond Short Pastry .300

B Chocolate, white .080

C Crème patisserie .600

Fruit As required
D
any fresh and/or poached (600)

E Flan Gel 100g

TOTALS 1.580

Method:
 Roll out sweet paste to 3mm thickness
 Line out Flan Moulds
 Following resting time “blind bake” bases at 200°C
 When cold, brush bases with melted chocolate and 3/4 fill with crème patisserie
 Wash, peel and cut fruit
 Arrange neatly on top of the crème
 Glace with flan gel. Sample recipe follows.
Note:
Toasted nuts may be used to decorate the sides of the flan.
Equipment needed for this exercise:
 Rolling pin
 Pastry cutters
 Metal or aluminium foil moulds 2 – 3cm width
 Baking trays
 Pots hand balloon whisk
Crème Patissiere (Vanilla Custard)
Ite Ingredients Weigh Ratio
m (gm)t

A Milk 1.000
Vanilla Essence .010
Caster Sugar .100

B Eggs .200
Caster Sugar .100

C Cake flour .050

Corn flour .050

Total 1.460

Method:

 Slit the vanilla bean lengthwise, scrape out the seeds and add into a saucepan with sugar 1; Bring
to the boil
 Whisk egg-yolk with sugar and add sifted “C”
 Add half of the boiling milk into the flour mix whilst stirring
 Place all the flour-mix back into the remainder of the boiling milk and bring back to the boil, until
it thickens
 Strain crème patissiere through a strainer, sprinkle with caster sugar and plastic wrap, to prevent a
crust from forming.
Note:
In some formulae for crème patissiere the cornflour is replaced with custard powder.
Custard powder is cornflour with yellow food colour and vanilla flavour.

Flan Gel

Ingredients:

100 gm Flan Gel

 75 ml Water

Method:

 Mix together and bring to the boil

 Glace Fruit Flan with “hot” mixture
 Water can be replaced with fruit juice (E.g. apricot brine from tinned apricot).
4. Use appropriate equipment to prepare and bake pastries

Equipment may include:

Baking Ovens

Measuring Scales

5.
Spreading sponge batter on papered tray Sprinkle sugar on baked sponge sheet

Removing baked sponge sheet from tray Rolled Swiss roll

 5. Use correct techniques to produce pastries to enterprise standards

When a customer purchases a product from bakery it is based on 2 reasons;

 They like the look of the product; visual stimulation
 They purchased before and want the same thing again.

If the product is not consistent then the customer will not be satisfied and will then complain.
Consistency in product manufacture is achieved by the following.
 Correct weighing of Ingredients
 Formula balance
 Bakery products are consistent when formula balance is maintained
 Scaling weights accurately
 Mixing the dough/batter the same every time
 Cutting or weighing to correct size
 Moulding to correct shape
 Baking the same every time.

These are the skills and technique that will return a consistent bakery product everytime.
After baking the product might need to be cut again into portions.

Everything must look the same

Then when all is ready for sale then all must be sold the same way. Either:
 By portion, each
 By weight, kg or gm.

Skills required by the technician: pastry cook/cook/patissier includes the following:

 Beating can be vigorous combing of butter and sugar to aerate the batter before adding eggs
 Blending is slowly combining ingredients so as to not lose volume or break up ingredients. This can be
done with a spoon or spatula
 Whisking is using a whisk to aerate; many types on a whisk passing through the cream introduces air into
the cream and so aerates the cream
 Folding is layering over the product again and again
 Rolling is done with rolling pin or stick. Roll pastry or dough to make thinner
 Laminating is done to Puff pastry, Danish and Croissants dough. It is layering dough and fats, rolling and
turning. The layered fats in dough cause the dough to split during baking and it helps to aerate the product
leading to more gentle texture and easier eating
 Creaming is blending of fat and sugar or just fats to incorporate air to lighten the texture
 Kneading is working dough to increase gluten development in bread dough.
Recipe of good baking
 Weigh all ingredients. Do not measure them.
What is the difference?
 Weight is measured by scaling ingredients on the same set of weighing scales
 Measuring is done with cups and is by volume. Weigh is inconsistent each time.
Example
 1 kilo weighs 1 kilo
 200gm weighs 200gm
 1 cup of water measures 250ml, it weighs 250 gm.
But
1 cup of flour measures 250 ml; it weighs 120gm-150gm depending on several factors.
Let’s deal with the weight difference
Volume measuring by cup is good but the density of each ingredient is different so you get a different weight
from each ingredient.
Water weight is same as volume; 1 kilo measures 1 litre; 1 litre weighs 1 kilo.
Dry ingredients all have a different density so therefore the weight of the same volume is different. For
example: 1 cup of weighs?
Sugar 225gm Flour 150gm Almonds Whole 120gm
Rice, uncooked 220gm Honey 375gm Almonds, ground 125gm

Standard for measure I cup volume: level to top of cup, not packed.
Consistency of results in baking comes with consistent measurements: WEIGH.

6. Bake pastries to enterprise requirements and standards

Product characteristics that customers look for come from the following:
 Colour of the product when it is finally removed from
the oven is important to the visual appeal of the
product. Colour stimulates the senses and
encourages the customer to purchase
 Appearance is about form and shape. It is important that all pieces have the same appearance
 Consistency and texture is about how it feels in the mouth when the customer is consuming the product
 Moisture content adds to the shelf life and mouth feel of the product
 Mouth feel and eating properties.
This is achieved by maintaining consistency of production. Nobody is allowed to move away from the given
formula, shape design.

7. Select correct oven conditions for baking pastries

Pastries
Savoury short pastry and puff pastry need a solid heat in the high temperature range:
 180°C – 230°C.
When pastry is used on bottom of pies and quiche a higher heat is recommended to be able to penetrate the
multiple layers of metal or foil and baking tray.
Shortbread or sweet pastry it is recommended that a lower heat setting is used because of the sugar used in the
dough:
 160°C- 210°C.
Gentler heat will result in less shrinkage during the baking process.
 Task Sheet 2.2-1
Title:

WORK PROJECT

Performance Objectives:
It is a requirement of this Unit you complete Work Projects as advised by your Trainer. You must submit
documentation, suitable evidence or other relevant proof of completion of the project by the agreed date.
The student will need to produce a report on three types of pastries that they will be completing:
Supplies:

Equipment:

NONE

Steps/Procedure:

1. A brief history of the style will need to be presented

2. Define the ethnic origin of the pastry
3. Does it have any significance about it? Special occasions, festival time.

Assessment Mthod:

Use the Performance Criteria Checklist

 Performance Criteria Checklist for
Task Sheet 2.1-1

Criteria YES NO
1. Produce a list of 3 different types of pastries that will be produced.
 Puff pastry
 Shortbread
 Savoury short pastry.

2. Complete a list of all ingredients to complete selection.

 Different types of flour
 Different types of sugar
 Milk fresh or powdered?

3. Complete list of ALL equipment needed, both large and small.

 Describe the listing of large equipment
 Small hand tools
 Consumables required.
 Learning Outcome # 2 Decorate and Present Pastry Products

Contents:
1. Decorative techniques and rules for garnishing
2. The tools in decorating
3. Tips how to present finished baked products
4. Standard and procedure in pastry and yeast goods

Assessment Criteria:

1. Presented pastries products according to specified techniques involved and proper garnishing.
2. Required and appropriate filling of pastry and yeast goods in accordance with standard recipes and/or enterprise
standards and customer preferences.
3. Finished pastry items according to desired product characteristics
4. presented pastry according to standard and procedures established

Conditions:
Students/Trainees must be provided with the following:
 decorative tools:
 spatula parchment paper
 piping bag
 pastry brush
 turntable
 serrated knife
 grater

Methodology:
 Lecture/Demonstration
 Demonstration /Application
 Actual Presentation

Assessment Method:
 Oral –recitation
 Written examination
 Observation checklist

Learning Experiences / Activities

Learning Outcome # 2
 Decorate and present pastry products
Learning Activities Special Instructions

This Learning Outcome deals with the development of

Read: Information Sheet 2.2-1
the Institutional Competency Evaluation Tool which
trainers use in evaluating their trainees after finishing a
DECORATE AND PRESENT PASTRIES competency of the qualification.
1. Prepare a variety of fillings coating, icing, glazes and
Go through the learning activities outlined for you on
decorations for pastries the left column to gain the necessary information or
 Fruit slice filling knowledge before doing the tasks to practice on
 Pie apricot filling performing the requirements of the evaluation tool.
The output of this LO is a complete Institutional
 Pie apple filling
Competency Evaluation Package for one Competency
 Streusel / crumble topping of BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII.
 Fruit pies Your output shall serve as one of your portfolio for
 Half puff pastry your Institutional Competency Evaluation for
Preparing and Producing Bakery Products.
 Sausage roll filling
 English Cornish pastie filling mix Feel free to show your outputs to your trainer as you
 Meat pie fillings accomplish them for guidance and evaluation.
 Austrian apple strudel fillings
This Learning Outcome deals with the development of
 Spanakopita filling the Institutional Competency Evaluation Tool which
2. Decorate pastries using coating, icing and decorations trainers use in evaluating their trainees after finishing a
according to standards recipes and/or enterprise competency of the qualification.
standards and/or customer requests
Go through the learning activities outlined for you on
3. Present/display pastries to enterprise standards using
the left column to gain the necessary information or
appropriate service equipment knowledge before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the evaluation tool.
Perform: Task Sheet 2.2-1
After doing all the activities for this LO2: Decorate
and Present Pastry products; you are ready to proceed
to the next LO3: store Pastry Products.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.2-1

DECORATE AND PRESENT PASTRIES

1. Prepare a variety of fillings coating, icing, glazes and decorations for

pastries
Fillings can be savoury or sweet.
Savoury fillings for pies, samosas, curry puffs, meat based or vegetarian.
It is only limited by the imagination of the Patissier.
Requirements for fillings:
 Must be cooked
 Must have moisture content controlled.
Pastry must cook before filling boils out during the baking process.
The variety of pastry possible is immense.
There are standard European style recipes that are produced around the world in leading hotels.
As these universal pastries encroach on local ethnic cuisines they will take on characteristics of the local
ingredients.
As cuisines from all countries are now embraced by many countries variations will creep into the style.
It is in the interest of the Student to study styles and recipes from other countries and try to reproduce the
product as faithfully as possible to the original style.
Activity
Produce a variety of fruit fillings suitable for use in a fruit slices.

Item Ingredient Weight (gm) Method

1 Mixed Peel .100 Mix together until fully

combined.
Sultanas .600
Spread evenly onto the
Currants .200
shortbread base.
Diced Apples .300
Brown Sugar .300
Mixed Spice .020
Cake Margarine .100

Total weight 1.620

Fruit slice filling (may be used in place of commercial fruit mince)

Pie Apricot Filling

Item Ingredient Weight (gm)t Method

1 Caster Sugar .250 Mix together thoroughly.

Instant Starch .100

2 Pie Apricot 2.200 Fold apricot through starch

and sugar mix

Total weight 2.575

Pie Apple Filling

Item Ingredient Weight (gm) Method

1 Pie Apple 2.200 Mix apples.

 Cinnamon .003

2 Caster Sugar .250 Blend 2 together thoroughly.

Instant Starch .050 Vigorously fold 1 & 2
together.

Total weight 2.503

Remember–‘The pastry should be baked before the filling boils.’

Streusel/crumble topping
Item Ingredient Weight (gm) Method

1 Butter .160 Mix Group 1 together

Caster Sugar .130 and cream only slightly.

2 Plain Flour .220 Sieve 2 and rub into 1

Cinnamon .003 until crumbly

Total weight .513

Top the filling with the mixture and bake at 200ºC for 20 – 25minutes.

Activity
Basic fruit mince recipe
Item Ingredient Weight (gm) Method

1 Suet, finely chopped .250 Peel apples, process and

Apples, finely .250 add to suet.
chopped
2 Raisins .250 Chop raisins and citrus
Chopped citrus peel .125 peel. Mix with the
sultanas, currants, lemon
Sultanas .250 juice and zest.
Currants .250 Add to group 1
Lemon .100

3 Sugar .250 Stir in the sugar. Add the

Mixed Spice .008 mixed spice and ground
almonds to the above
Ground Almonds .035

4 Brandy .150 Finally stir in the brandy

and mix groups together
thoroughly.
Keep for at least 2 days
before transferring to
smaller storage
containers.
Seal well.
Store in a cool, dry place
until required.

TOTAL WEIGHT 1.918

Fruit pies
Fillings for pies
Apple, plum, blackberry, gooseberry, cherry, red currant,
blackcurrant, rhubarb and dates are examples of fruit which may be
used in pies.
The fruit filling should be 500g of which not more than 60g is juice.
Alternatively, 250g of solid fruit and 120g of juice thickened with
pre-gelatinised starch could be used.
Additional ingredients may be added to enhance the flavour of the
filling. These may include fruit such as apple and rhubarb, dried fruit such as sultanas or use of spices such as
Pre-gelatinised starch
Canned apple is unsweetened, and the addition of sugar alone results
in a very wet and sloppy filling which is not suitably stable as a pie
or slice filling.
The excessive moisture created by the dissolving sugar slows baking
of the bottom crust, induces premature boiling of the filling during
baking, and shortens the shelf-life of the product.
The addition of pre-gelatinised "instant" starch will produce a filling
which remains stable under a wide range of conditions and
temperatures, and is more economical as it allows the addition of
extra liquid to the mix.
Pre-gelatinised or soluble starch is produced commercially by
blowing a starch suspension onto steam-heated rotating rollers.
Gelatinisation and drying take place and the dried material is then flaked or ground to make a powder.
The process ruptures the starch granules, without completely distorting them, so that they swell in cold water
to form a viscous paste. Because of this "instant" characteristic, great care is needed to prevent lumping as
moisture and starch come together.
Ideally the starch should be dispersed into the sugar before moisture is added.

Activity
Using the apple filling for apple pie or an alternative filling, liberally top with the crumble mixture.
Bake at 200°C until the mixture is golden brown and has formed a crust.
Product evaluation
When evaluating covered sweet pies here are some features to look for:
Texture
 A crisp but not tough pastry shell
 Pastry and filling should hold their shape when cut. Apple or other fruit should not fall away from the
pastry
 Crumble should be crisp on top.
Colour
 Pastry and crumble should have a golden brown finish
 Fruit mince should be dark brown in colour.
Taste
 Pastries should be sweet but not overpowering
 Fruit mince should be rich with a complex fruity, spicy flavour
 Pie fillings should reflect the major fruit used and not be overpowered by additional flavourings.
Activity
Produce Australian Sausage rolls
After observing a demonstration, alter the following recipe and produce half puff pastry, scotch method from
2kg of flour. Allow to rest. Alternate folding, using rolling pin and dough brake.

Half puff pastry

Item Ingredient Weigh (gm)t

1 Bakers flour 1.200

Salt .010
Water .600

2 Pastry Margarine .600

Total weight 2.410

 Mix water, salt and flour until nearly dough stage

 Add margarine pieces to Group1 and finish mixing
 Lumps of margarine should still be showing at finish
 Rest dough 15 minutes before use
 Block up the dough and roll out so that it is three times as long as it wide, and approximately lcm thick
 Give a three-fold by half tum and immediately repeat this operation. Cover and let rest for 10 – 15minutes
 Give two more three-fold by half turn, give a further rest and repeat until 6 x 3 folds have been completed.
Remember
 Safety and hygiene requirements when using hand dough-brake
 Correct resting periods between folds
 Minimum use of dusting flour.
Sausage Roll Filling
Item Ingredient Weight (gm) Method

1 Minced meat .550 Chop the onions very finely

and mix all of group 1
Sausage Mince .250
together.
Egg .100
Onions .150
Pepper .005
Beef Booster .005
Salt .010
Worcestershire sauce .005
Chicken Booster .005

2 Bread Crumbs .250 Add breadcrumbs and mix

through group 1.
Water to piping .250
consistency Pipe onto prepared strips of
puff paste.

Total Weight 1.200

Make up procedure

 Produce 1
 Pin the finished paste out 2.5mm in thickness and cut into strips 110mm wide
 Using a large plain tube, pipe the meat filling along the top edge of the strips
 Wash the bottom edge of the strips with water and roll over to enclose the filling. Ensure that the seam is
directly underneath
 Bring all the rolls close together and mark into 100mrn lengths
 Cut, egg wash and place onto prepared baking sheets
 Bake at 220°C for 15 – 20minutes
 Remove from baking tray onto a cooling wire.
Activity
English Cornish Pastie filling mix
Item Ingredient Weight (gm) Method

1 Potatoes .450 Peel wash and chop

vegetables.
Carrots .250
Mix meat and vegetables
Onions .050
together thoroughly.
Frozen peas .050
Minced Beef, raw .150

2 Salt .010 Add seasoning to group 1.

Pepper .005 Mix thoroughly.

Total Weight .965

Make up procedures
 Roll out puff pastry to a thickness of 5mm
 Cut 12 discs at 18cm in diameter
 Wash half of each disc with water
 Divide the filling mixture between the discs
 Fold over and seal edges
 Egg wash and snip with scissors
 Place onto lightly greased baking tray—care should be taken not to have them too dose together
 Bake at 220°C for approximately 20 minutes
 Remove from baking tray onto a cooling wire.
Student needs to produce 500gm of flour into a savoury short pastry or 500gm ¾ puff pastry using English
method to complete these English pasties
Meat Pie Fillings
Yield: 35 units

Price
Item % Weight (gm) Method Price Unit
(KG)

1 1.250 Minced beef

1.250 Water
.010 Salt
.004 Black pepper
.030 Beef Booster
.010 Chicken booster
.010 Worcestershire sauce

2 .500 Water
.250 Flour
to colour Blackjack, Parisienne
Essence

Total Weight

The student will need to produce

 Savoury short pastry for the pie bottom
 Puff pastry for the top (half puff).

Austrian Apple Strudel filling:

Price
Group Weight (gm) Method Price Unit
(KG)
1 1.000 Apples, fresh
.005 Cinnamon, ground
.125 Caster sugar
.080 Cake crumbs
.050 Almonds, flaked
.100 Sultanas
.050 Butter, Clarified

1.510 Total Weight

Activity
Produce a quantity of spinach filling
Process into spinach triangles using commercially produced filo pastry, bake and finish as directed.
Yield: 16 pieces.

Required:

Filo pastry 4 sheets

Clarified butter 100gm

Spanakopita Filling
Price
Group Weight (gm) Method Price Unit
(KG)

1 .700 Spinach or silver beet

.100 Olive oil
1 Onion, finely diced, sautéed
pinch Nutmeg, ground
 .005 Dried parsley
.175 Fetta cheese, crumbled
.050 Cheese, parmesan, grated
.005 Salt
.002 Nutmeg

Total Weight

 Wash spinach, blanch in boiling water for 30 – 60seconds

 Remove and drain, remove all water by squeezing tightly
 Place all ingredients in bowl and mix together thoroughly.
Spanakopita make up procedure
Take four sheets of filo pastry. Brush bottom three sheets with melted butter. Top sheet brush lightly with
water:
 Cut pastry in half for large pastries
 Cut pastry into thirds for medium pastries
 Cut pastry into quarters for small party pastries.

Spinach filling
 Fold pastry to form an elongated rectangle approximately 10.5cm x 23.5 cm
 Place 40-50 grams filling on both bottom right corner of sheet
 Fold corner over to form a triangle
 Repeat till all pastry is used up
 It will result in a filling which is enclosed in a laminated pastry.
Final Shape

Brush over with a light coating of olive oil.

Place triangles on silicone papered trays and

bake in solid 220°C for 15-20 minutes.
 2. Decorate pastries using coating, icing and decorations according to
standard recipes and/or enterprise standards and/or customer requests

Fondant Icing
Is applied to many puff pastry items; it can be applied thick or very thinly.
The end result should be that it has a shine and is touch dry when it cools to room temperature. This is
achieved by correct tempering.
Glazes
Glaze is a term used to describe a covering that highlight a product to catch the eye of the consumer and entice
them to consume the product.
A glaze should protect the product from things like migrating moisture from inside the product and from
outside air making the product soft.
It will also add flavour and eye appeal to the product.
Gum Arabic that is used on gingerbreads and heavy honey breads like Basel leckerli will on add shine. There
is no flavour added.
Decorations
Decorations can be many things:
 Roasted nuts
 Items made of another ingredient like sugar and coloured; non-
pariels
 Smaller baked pastry added to product after main product is baked.
Icing sugar
Icing sugar sifted over baked pastries after they have been
removed from the oven can be used as a glaze.
Icing sugar applied before baking will caramelise in the high baking
temperature and leave an appealing shine to the cooled product.

3. Present/display pastries to enterprise standards using appropriate service

equipment

Presentation of product is dependent on where and how it is to be sold.

From the bakery
Presented on tray laying flat showing filling if any; the filling will have eye appeal
 Apple Danish should have lots of apple pieces
 Apricots need to be visible
 Nut Danish: need to see the nuts.
At times they may be stacked to show abundance but this can cause product on the bottom to be squashed.
Display in bakery
Most are displayed on trays that contain up to 12
portions. Service is taken from the back of the tray.
Larger pieces might be presented individually on
doyley and cardboard bases.
Doyleys are used extensively in presentation as t is a
barrier between the product and service ware.
From the restaurant show case or buffet trolley
When purchasing your morning coffee a selection of
bakery goods will be displayed for customer
selection.
At the café they will be behind a safety barrier.
In fine dining hotel it can be displayed on a trolley that is wheeled up to the table for the customer to choose.
This is an old practice and is not used in many places in the modern age.
Service ware
These are the platters trays and plates that are used to display and serve product in cafes and dining rooms.
These can also be used with doyleys between product and service ware.

Task Sheet 2.2-1

Title:

WORK PROJECT

Performance Objectives:
It is a requirement of this Unit you complete Work Projects as advised by your Trainer. You must submit
documentation, suitable evidence or other relevant proof of completion of the project to your Trainer by
the agreed date.

Supplies:

Equipment:

NONE

Steps/Procedure:

1. A brief history of the style will need to be presented

2. Define the ethnic origin of the pastry
3. Does it have any significance about it? Special occasions, festival time.

Assessment Mthod:

Use the Performance Criteria Checklist

Performance Criteria Checklist for

Task Sheet 2.2-1

Criteria YES NO
1. The student will need to produce a diagram of a pastry that they will be
decorating.
  A brief history of the style will need to be presented
 Define the ethnic origin of the pastry
 Does it have any significance about it? Special occasions, festival time.

2. Describe the filling that may be used in the cake

 Does the pastry have a filling

 What is the role of the filling?

3. Describe the process of glazing the pastry

 What type of glaze will be used?

 Fondant
 Ganache

4. State how the pastry is going to be presented

 Is it going to be sold whole?

 Is the pastry going to be sliced and sold in pieces?
 Will the customer take the pastry home?
 Will the pastry be consumed on the premises?

Learning Outcome # 3 Store Pastry

Products

Contents:
1. Different kinds of packaging materials to be used
2. Shelf-life of pastries and other baked products based on the standard and procedure
3. Standard and procedures of pastry products
4. Operational Health safety (OHS)

Assessment Criteria:
1. Used packaging materials according to types, kinds and classification of pastry and other bake
products
 2. Determined shelf-life of pastries and other baked products
3. Stored pastry products according to established standards and procedures
4. Selected packaging are used for the appropriate preservation of product freshness and eating
characteristics

Conditions:

Students/trainees must be provided with the following:

 Storage area
 Packaging materials
 Pastries and baked product

Methodology:
 Lecture/Discussion
 Demonstration/application
 Actual presentation

Assessment:
 Oral-recitation
 Written examination
 Direct observation

Learning Experiences / Activities

Learning Outcome # 3

Store pastry products

Learning Activities Special Instructions
 This Learning Outcome deals with the development of
Read: Information Sheet 2.3-1
the Institutional Competency Evaluation Tool which
trainers use in evaluating their trainees after finishing a
STORE PASTRIES competency of the qualification.
1. Store at correct temperature and conditions of storage
Go through the learning activities outlined for you on
2. Maintain maximum eating quality, appearance and the left column to gain the necessary information or
freshness knowledge before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the evaluation tool.
The output of this LO is a complete Institutional
Perform: Task Sheet 2.3-1
Competency Evaluation Package for one Competency
of BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII.
Your output shall serve as one of your portfolio for
your Institutional Competency Evaluation for
Preparing and Producing Bakery Products.

Feel free to show your outputs to your trainer as you

accomplish them for guidance and evaluation.

This Learning Outcome deals with the development of

the Institutional Competency Evaluation Tool which
trainers use in evaluating their trainees after finishing a
competency of the qualification.

Go through the learning activities outlined for you on

the left column to gain the necessary information or
knowledge before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the evaluation tool.

After doing all the activities for this LO2: Decorate

and Present Pastry products; you are ready to proceed
to the next LO3: store Pastry Products.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.3-1

STORE PASTRIES

1. Store at correct temperature and conditions of storage

Bakery products tend to be stable at room temperature. No special storage requirements need to be
applied for daily use.
Any product that is to be served after the day of manufacture the product will need to be covered and
protected from outside contamination.
 Products with cream filling will need to be kept chilled
 Cream patisserie can stand at room temperature for the day but must be discarded and not.
Most bakery products are sold or used the same day that they are produced.
If they are to be stored at room temperature:
Store at Room Temperature
Festive product may be stored for a couple of days. Longer storage is best to freeze
If the baked product does not contain dairy products then it can be stored at room temperature.
 Protected from the environment by being covered.
When food is chilled it can lose essential parts of the flavour.
When storing it is always important to make sure product is labelled and it is stored away from strong
odours like onion or cleaning chemicals.
Freezing
If freezing baked bakery products care must be taken not to squash them
when wrapping.
This will cause them to be deformed when thawed out. When freezing be
sure to label with the date of freezing and use the FIFO rule.
Storing in Cool room
Product with dairy ingredients like cream and crème patisserie need to be
kept chilled to stop bacterial activity rising above acceptable limits.
Never store for too long in cool room:-fresh cream, same day only.
Product degradation will be too great and eating quality diminishes.
2. Maintain maximum eating quality, appearance and freshness
All bakery products will stale.
Staling is the process where the optimum eating fades.
Staling can be in several forms.
 Air passes through the product and dries the product out
 Moisture from the air enters the product so it loses some of the eating quality
 Crisp product goes soft.
To maintain the eating quality of bakery items
 Use as soon as possible
 Cover to protect from environment
 Keep chilled
 Keep dry.
Different methods for different product
Bread: keep in plastic bags to prevent staling. Bread should not be kept in plastic bags at room
temperature too long as mould can grow with warmth and moisture.
If bread is to be stored for long periods it is best to freeze. Bread stales fastest when in the cool room
for extended periods. Freezing is best
Croissants will be considered stale the next day when they lose crispness. After baking it is best to
freeze if you wish to store them for any period of time.
 Thawing is quick as they product is light
 Thaw best at room temperature.
Danish pastry is best consumed on the day that it was produced.
 Can be stored and re heated at later time, but eating quality is reduced.
Muffins
 American style are best consumed on the day that they were produced
 English style is like bread.
Any yeast product is best consumed on the day that it was produced.
Gingerbreads can be stored for periods if they are protected from the moisture in the air.It makes the
product go soft.

Task Sheet 2.3-1

Title:

WORK PROJECT

Performance Objectives:
It is a requirement of this Unit you complete Work Projects as advised by your Trainer. You must submit
documentation, suitable evidence or other relevant proof of completion of the project to your Trainer by
the agreed date.
The student will need to present a report on the following points
Supplies:

Equipment:

NONE
 Steps/Procedure:

1. A brief history of the style will need to be presented

2. Define the ethnic origin of the pastry
3. Does it have any significance about it? Special occasions, festival time.

Assessment Mthod:

Use the Performance Criteria Checklist

Performance Criteria Checklist for

Task Sheet 2.3-1

Criteria YES NO

1. What temperature are you going to store your finished pastries and cake
product?

 You need to cite standards and explain why these standards are being
implemented
 Students can use photographic evidence to demonstrate how this will be
implemented
Recommended reading

Beranbaum, Rose Levy: 2009; Rose's Heavenly Cakes; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt;
Boyle, Tish; 2006; The Cake Book; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Bullock-Prado, Gesine; 2013; Bake It Like You Mean It: Gorgeous Cakes from Inside Out ; Stewart, Tabori and
Chang
Editors of Martha Stewart Living ; 2013; Martha Stewart's Cakes: Our First-Ever Book of Bundts, Loaves,
Layers, Coffee Cakes; Clarkson Potter
Kasne, Karen; 2011; Extraordinary Cakes: Recipes for Bold and Sophisticated Desserts; Rizzoli
Maree, Aaron; 1995; Cakes, Tortes and Gateaux of the World: Exotic and Delightful Recipes, Icings, Toppings
and Decorations; Cassell Illustrated
Mörwald, Toni; Austrian Desserts: Over 400 Cakes, Pastries, Strudels, Tortes, and Candies; Skyhorse
Publishing
Rowe, Anna; 2013; TOP 30 Easy And Delicious Cake Recipes; Amazon Digital Services
Rettke, Amanda; 2014; Surprise-Inside Cakes: Amazing Cakes for Every Occasion; William Morrow
Cookbooks
Richardson, Julie; 2012; Vintage Cakes: Timeless Recipes for Cupcakes, Flips, Rolls, Layer, Angel, Bundt,
Chiffon, and Icebox Cakes for Today's Sweet Tooth; Ten Speed Press
Trainee evaluation sheet

Error: Reference source not found

The following statements are about the competency you have just completed.

Don’t Do Not Does Not

Please tick the appropriate box Agree
Know Agree Apply

There was too much in this competency to cover

without rushing.

Most of the competency seemed relevant to me.

The competency was at the right level for me.

I got enough help from my trainer.

The amount of activities was sufficient.

The competency allowed me to use my own

initiative.

My training was well-organised.

My trainer had time to answer my questions.

I understood how I was going to be assessed.

I was given enough time to practice.

My trainer feedback was useful.

Enough equipment was available and it worked

well.

The activities were too hard for me.

The best things about this unit were:

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

The worst things about this unit were:

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

The things you should change in this unit are:

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Trainee Self-Assessment Checklist

 PREPARE AND PRODUCEPASTRY PRODUCTS Yes No*
Prepare and bake cakes and filings
1.1 Select required commodities according to recipe and production requirements.

1.2 Prepare variety of cakes to dsire product characteristics.

1.3 Produce a variety of cakes according to standard recipes and enterprise

standards.
1.4 Use appropriate equipment to prepare and bake cakes

1.5 Use correct techniques to produce cakes to enterprise standards

1.6 Bake cakes to enterprise requirements and standards

1.7 Select correct oven condition for baking cakes

Decorate and present/display cakes

2.1 Prepare a variety of fillings and coating/icing, glaces and decorations for cakes.
2.2 Decorate cakes using filings and coating/icing and decorations according to
standard recipes and/or enterprise standards and/or customer requests
2.3 Present /display cakes to enterprise standards using appropriate service
equipment.
Error: Reference source not found prepare and produce pastries and fillings
3.1 Select required commodities according to recipe and production requirements.

3.2 Prepare a variety of pastries

3.3 Produce a variety of pastries according to standard recipes and enterprise

standards.
3.4 Use appropriate equipment to prepare and bake pastries

3.5 Use correct techniques to produce pastries to enterprise standards

3.6 Bake pastries to enterprise requirements and standards

3.7 Select correct oven conditions for baking pastries

Error: Reference source not found Decorate and present pastries

4.1 Prepare a variety of filings coating, icing, glazes, amd decorations for pastries
4.2 Decorate pastries using coating, icing and decorations according to standard
recipes and/or enterprise standards and/or customer requests
4.3 Present/display pastries to enterprise standards using appropriate service
equipment
Store cakes and pastries
5.1 Store at correct temperature and conditions of storage

5.2 Maintain maximum eating quality, apperance and freshness

 PREPARE AND PRODUCEPASTRY PRODUCTS Yes No*
The trainee’s underpinning knowledge was:
Satisfactory o Not Satisfactory o

Feedback to trainee:

The trainee’s overall performance was:

Satisfactory o Not Satisfactory o
Assessor’s signature: Date:

Demonstration with Questioning Checklist

Trainee name:
Trainer name:
Qualification: BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II
Unit of competency: Prepare and Produce Pastry Products
Date of assessment:
Time of assessment:
Instructions for demonstration
Given the necessary tools, the candidate will be able to demonstrate, Preparing and Producing
Pastry Products following standard procedures within 15 minutes.
 to show if evidence is
DEMONSTRATION demonstrated

Yes No N/A
During the demonstration of skills, did the candidate:

 Demonstrated ability to produce a range of specialist bakery products,

both sweet and savory according to establishment standards and   
procedures.

 Demonstrated ability to produce a quantity of bakery products according   

to establishment standards and procedures.

 Demonstrated ability to store and package bakery products according to  

establishment standards and procedures.

 Demonstrated application of hygiene and safety principles according to

established standards and procedures.

The candidate’s demonstration was:

Satisfactory  Not Satisfactory 

THIRD PARTY REPORT

Candidate name:
Name of third party: Contact no.
Position:
Relationship with □ employer □ supervisor □ colleague □ other
candidate:
Please specify ________________________________________________
Please do not complete the form if you are a relative, close friend or have a
conflict of interest]
Dates the candidate worked with you From: To:

Competency Standards: BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII

Unit of Competency: Prepare and Produce Pastry Products

The candidate is being assessed against the competency standards for

We are seeking your support in the judgment of this candidate’s competence. Please answer these
questions honestly as a record of the candidate’s performance while working with you. Thank you for
your time.
Comments regarding candidate performance and experience
I can verify the candidate’s ability to: Yes No Not Comments to support my
(tick the correct response] sure responses:
 Check the availability of all resources
required for training.
□ □ □
 Identify alternative resources for
contingency measures.
□ □ □
 Identify and arrange appropriate training
locations according to training needs.
□ □ □
 □ □ □
 □ □ □
Third party signature: Date:
Send to: