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A. Van Deemter Equation in Chromatography. Solution

The van Deemter equation describes the factors that contribute to peak broadening in chromatography. It relates the plate height (H) to the mobile phase velocity (u) and includes terms for A) eddy diffusion, B) axial diffusion, and C) mass transfer. The mass transfer coefficient in ultrafiltration can be estimated through film theory and models of pore flow. A breakthrough curve plots the effluent concentration over time in adsorption and provides information about column capacity utilization from the breakthrough and exhaustion concentrations.

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162 views4 pages

A. Van Deemter Equation in Chromatography. Solution

The van Deemter equation describes the factors that contribute to peak broadening in chromatography. It relates the plate height (H) to the mobile phase velocity (u) and includes terms for A) eddy diffusion, B) axial diffusion, and C) mass transfer. The mass transfer coefficient in ultrafiltration can be estimated through film theory and models of pore flow. A breakthrough curve plots the effluent concentration over time in adsorption and provides information about column capacity utilization from the breakthrough and exhaustion concentrations.

Uploaded by

Sourav Panda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Write short notes on the following: [20]


a. Van Deemter equation in chromatography.

Solution:
The van Deemter equation is the basic interpretive equation of column efficiency,
which provides an insight into the factors that lead to broadening of a compound as
it travels along the column. The equation considers various contributions to
diffusion broadening of the chromatographic band, and so incorporates various
terms that include diffusion coefficients in each of the phases.

It is a theoretical treatment of the peak broadening within a chromatographic


column. The equation, which describes the band broadening processes, is given
by equation:
The theoretical plate height can be determined from the van Deemter equation:
𝐵
H = A + + Lu
𝑢

Where A = eddy diffusivity component (m)


B = axial diffusion constant (m2/s)
L = transfer constant (s)
u = mobile phase velocity (m/s)

A depends on the variability of path length followed by the mobile phase within
the column. This in turn depends on the nature of column packing, particularly the
particle diameter and size distribution. The smaller the particle size and particle
size distribution, the smaller is the value of A.

B depends on the axial diffusion of the solute in the


column. Axial diffusion becomes more significant at
lower mobile phase flow rates.

L represents the solute transfer between mobile phase


and stationary phase

Given Fig. shows the van Deemter plot which is


basically a plot of H versus u.
At lower values of mobile phase velocity, increasing the velocity decreases the
plate height. In other words, the efficiency of chromatographic separation increases
with increase in velocity. In this velocity range, the second term i.e. (Blu) is
dominant.

The value of H decreases with increase in u to a minimum value referred to as


HETPmin or simply Hmin.
The corresponding value of u is referred to as the uopt or the optimum mobile phase
velocity. Further increase in velocity results in increase in the value of H. In this
mobile phase velocity range, the third term i.e. (Lu) dominates.

b. Estimation of mass transfer coefficient in ultrafiltration.


Solution:
Through the integration of the film theory with a pore flow model it is possible to
predict the ultrafiltration performance at different operating conditions and for
membranes of various pore sizes.The transport of a solute from one medium to
another across an interface is called inter-phase or interfacial mass transfer. Such
type of material transport is quite common in separation processes such as liquid-
liquid extraction, leaching, chromatography and membrane separation. As an
example of inter-phase mass transfer, the transport of a solute from a liquid to
another immiscible liquid will be discussed here. For the sake of simplicity the two
liquids are assumed to be stagnant thus eliminating the need for considering
boundary layers.

Given Figure shows the steady-state


solute concentration profile close to the
interface between the two liquids.
The solute flux across the interface which takes place from liquid 1 to liquid 2 is
given by:
(𝑐1−𝑐𝑖1) (𝑐𝑖2−𝑐2)
J = D1 = D2
𝑥1 𝑥2

Where
c1 = solute concentration at x1 distance from interface in liquid 1
c2 = solute concentration at x2 distance from interface in liquid 2
ci1 = interfacial solute concentration in liquid 1
ci2 = interfacial solute concentration in liquid 2
D1 = diffusivity in liquid 1
D2 = diffusivity in liquid 2
The interfacial solute concentrations in the two liquids are linked by the partition
coefficient:
ci2 = Kci1
Where K = partition coefficient (-)

c. Breakthrough curve in adsorption and its relation to column capacity.


Solution:

A breakthrough curve in adsorption is the course of the effluent adsorptive


concentration at the outlet of a fixed bed adsorber Breakthrough curves are
important for adsorptive separation technologies and for the characterization of
porous materials.
A plot of the target molecule concentration in the effluent stream as a function of
time or cumulative effluent volume is referred to as the breakthrough curve
The breakthrough curve provides a simple way by which to analyze the performance
of a packed bed since the nature of the breakthrough curves yields vital information
about the extent of adsorption and efficiency of binding capacity utilization. It is
hence useful for understanding and optimizing packed bed adsorption processes.
Generally speaking, the sharper the breakthrough curve, the greater is the efficiency
of binding capacity utilization.
Breakthrough analysis is based on identification of two characteristic exit stream
concentrations these being:
• The breakthrough concentration (C) is the highest concentration of target
molecule in the effluent stream that could be discarded along with the
impurities.
• The exhaustion concentration (C") represents the concentration corresponding
to saturation of the packed bed with the target molecule.

The column capacity factors tells the extent to which your component will bind
to the column with respect to your unretained components or you can say first
baseline disturbance. The capacity of the adsorbent at breakthrough is given by:
Absorbate feed rate x Flow rate
Bed Volume

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