CHAPTER

Chemistry of
14 Representive Elements
Chapter Highlights
The chemistry of s-block (group IA, IIA ) and p-block (Group III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII) elements, Electronic con-
figuration, General properties, Oxidation states, Various trends in periodic properties and various levels of
multiple-choice questions.

s-BLOCK AND p-BLOCK ELEMENTS

ALKALI METALS (GROUP IA)

FA C T TO R E M E M B E R
• Alkali metals have a general electronic configuration
ns1, which means that their last or valence electron is  Li is the strongest reducing agent in aqueous solution
in s orbital. while Cs is the strongest reducing agent in gaseous state.
• The elements of this group: lithium (3Li7), sodium  Alkali metals have lowest ionization energy in each period
and due to very low ionization energy K, Cs are used in
(11Na23), potassium (19K39), rubidium (37Rb85) and
the photoelectric cells as these have pronounced photo-
cesium (55Cs133). Francium (87Fr223) is the radioactive
electric effect.
element in this group.
 Alkali metals are powerful reducing agents and their
• During flame test, their electrons go into an excited reducing character increases in NH3 due to the availability
state and energy is released in the form of light in the of ammoniated electron.
visible range of spectrum. Due to this, alkali metals For example,
are used in fireworks. Given below is the list of alkali M + NH3 (M+). NH3 + [e NH3]–
metals with the corresponding colour they impart to Conducts electricity, Ammoniated
the flame: paramagnetic, anion,
Li Na K Rb Cs c– gives
Crimson Golden Pale Violet Violet H2 not evolved deep blue
red yellow violet colour
 Value of II ionization potential decreases from Li+ to Cs+
Trends in Physical Properties Li+ Na+ K+ Rb+ Cs+

On moving down the group from lithium (Li) to cesium (Cs):

• Metallic bond strength decreases.
• Hardness decreases. • Atomic and ionic size increase.
• Heat of atomization decreases. • Electropositive nature increases.
• Hydration energy and specific heat decreases. • Density increases.
• Melting and boiling points decrease down the group. • The density of potassium is less than sodium due to
• Ionization energy, electronegativity, electron affinity abnormal increase in size from Na to K.
decrease. • Reactivity and metallic nature increases.
14.2 Chapter 14

• Ionic conductance of ions increases. • LiH, NaH, KH, RbH, CsH

• Reducing nature increases in gaseous state. Reducing nature, reactivity, ionic nature
increases but stability decreases
Chemical Properties of Alkali Metals
Effect of air Reaction with halogen
Alkali metals in air give oxides, hydro-xides and carbon- Alkali metals react with halogens to form metal halides,
ates, so they are kept in inert solvents like kerosene oil, which are ionic in nature.
paraffin oil to prevent their reaction with air.
O2 H2O CO2 2M + X2 2MX + heat
M M2O MOH M2CO3
Reactivity order
• M2O O2 M2O2
Reactivity order towards halogens follows the order:
• Reactivity of group IA metals towards air is
Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li
Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li
LiX NaX KX RbX CsX
Reaction with O2 Ionic nature increases, lattice energy decreases,
Alkali metals on combustion with oxygen give oxides solubility in water increases
(M2O), peroxide (M2O2) and superoxide (MO2).
O2 O2 O2
M M2O M2O2 MO2
FA C T TO R E M E M B E R
• K, Rb, Cs form MO2 (super oxides).  LiF is ionic but insoluble in water due to very high lattice
• Na forms true peroxide. energy.
• Li gives only Li2O.  LiCl, LiBr, LiI are covalent.
• Li2O Na2O K2O Rb2O Cs2O

White Pale Bright Orange Metal carbonates (M2CO3)

Yellow Yellow Alkali metals form M2CO3 type of carbonates and their
• On moving from Li2O to Cs2O, basic nature increases. solubility in H2O and thermal stability increases from
• M2O2 are colourless, diamagnetic and strong oxidiz- Li2CO3 to Cs2CO3.
ing agents. M2CO3 ∆
XX (No reaction)
• MO2 are coloured, paramagnetic and stronger oxidi-
Exception Li2CO3 is insoluble in water and decomposes
zing agents than M2O2.
on heating
• KO2 is used in space capsules for artificial respiration.
Li2CO3 ∆
Li2O + CO2 ↑
KO2 + 2CO2 2K2CO3 + 3O2 ↑

Reaction with water Metal bicarbonates (MHCO3)

Alkali metals react with water to form metal hydroxides. Alkali metals form MHCO3 type of bicarbonates and
their solubility in H2O and thermal stability increases from
2M + 2H2O 2MOH + H2 ↑
NaHCO3 to CsHCO3.LiHCO3 is insoluble in water. On
• Reactivity towards water follows this order: Cs > heating, bicarbonates decompose as follows:
Rb > K > Na > Li
2MHCO3 ∆
M2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
• LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH
Basic nature, solubility in H2O and thermal stability
increase from LiOH to CsOH
Formation of amalgam
M + Hg M.Hg + Heat
Reaction with hydrogen Metal
amalgam
Alkali metals react with hydrogen to form metal hydride Reactivity of metals to form amalgam decreases down the
which are ionic in nature. group.
2M + H2 2MH
 Chemistry of Representive Elements 14.3

Effect of Heat on Alkali Metal Salts

FA C T TO R E M E M B E R
Effect on carbonates
∆
M2CO3 No gas  Group IIA element form stronger metallic bonds than
(Group IA) group IA elements.
∆
Li2CO3 Li2O + CO2↑  Group IIA elements have greater hardness, melting
• Rest of the metal carbonates ∆
MO + CO2 ↑ point and boiling point, That is and densities than
For example, group IA elements due to their small atomic sizes.
MgCO3
∆
MgO + CO2  Be forms covalent compounds (due to its small size)
and not peroxides.
 Group IIA elements are less reducing agents than
Effect on nitrates group IA elements.
∆
2M–NO3 2M–NO2 + O2 ↑  Hydration energy of group IIA elements is five times
(Group IA) Metal nitrate
more than group IA elements.
∆
Rest of the metal nitrates metal oxide + NO2  Density of calcium is lower than magnesium due to
+ O2 ↑ higher atomic volume of calcium.
For example,  The boiling point and melting point have irregular
∆
2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 ↑ orders due to different crystal structures.

ALKALINE EARTH METALS (GROUP IIA) Chemical Properties and Compounds

Oxides (MO)
• Alkaline earth metals are called so as their oxides
are present in the earth’s crust and are alkaline in These metals react slowly with oxygen to give MO type
nuture. of oxides.
• These elements have two electrons in their valence 2M + O2 2MO
orbit and their general electronic configuration
For example,
is ns2.
• The elements this group are: beryllium (4Be9), mag- BeO MgO CaO BaO
nesium (12Mg24), calcium (20Ca40), stronium (38Sr87), Covalent Magnesia Quicklime Baryta
amphoteric
barium (56Ba137), radium (88Ra226) (radioactive)
• During flame test alkaline earth metals impart the
Trends from BeO to BaO
colours to the flame as shown below:
1. Ionic nature, solubility in water and basic nature
Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra increase.
Colourless Brick Crimson Green Crimson
red red 2. Lattice energy and stability decrease.

FA C T TO R E M E M B E R
Trends in Physical Properties
Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra  Ba, Sr also form superoxides.
∆
2BaO + O2 2BaO2 or
or 2SrO 2SrO2
On moving down the group from beryllium (Be) to radium
 All MO2 are white, solid, ionic compounds.
(Ra):
 Decreasing order of reactivity towards water is
• Solubility of compounds or salt (except sulphate), Ba > Sr > Ca > Mg
ionic size or atomic size and reducing power
increases. Also, reactivity, density and electroposi-
tive nature increase from Be to Ra. Hydroxides M(OH)2
• Electronegativity, ionization energy, electron affin- Except Be, all metals react with water to give hydroxides.
ity, hydration energy and polarizing power decreases M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2 ↑
from Be to Ra.
14.4 Chapter 14

Be(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 Carbides (MC2)

Except Be, all these metals combine with carbon to form
Basic nature and solubility in water increase
MC2 type of carbides.
• Aqueous solution of Ca(OH)2 is lime water. ∆
M + 2C MC2
• Aqueous solution of Ba(OH)2 is baryta water.
These carbides on hydrolysis give hydrocarbons.
Hydrides (MH2) For example,
Except Be, all these metals combine directly with hydrogen
to form MH2 type of hydrides. CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
Ethyne
M + H2 MH2
Be2C + 4H2O CH4 + 2Be(OH)2
BeH2 MgH2 CaH2 SrH2 BaH2 Methane

Covalent Ionic or saline Mg2C3 + 4H2O C3H4 + 2Mg(OH)2

Propyne
• Ionic nature increases but the solubility in water
decreases. Carbonates (MCO3)
• Be becomes passive due to the formation of oxide These are insoluble in water but dissolve in CO2 + H2O
layer, so BeH2 is formed as follows and the solubility decreases down the group.
2BeCl2 + LiAlH4 2BeH2 + LiCl + AlCl3 MCO3 + H2O + CO2 M(HCO3)2
• BeH2 gets polymerized by hydrogen bridges and has • Thermal stability and ionic nature increases from
a three centric banana shaped structure. BeCO3 to BaCO3.
H • Group IIA metals do not form solid bicarbonates.
Be Be • SrCO3 is used in the manufacture of glass of picture
H
tube for colour T.V.
• CaH2 is known as hydrolith and is used to prepare
hydrogen. Sulphates (MSO4)
CaH2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + 2H2 M + dil. H2SO4 MSO4 + H2 ↑
MO + H2SO4 MSO4 + H2O
Halides (MX2)
All these metals combine directly with halogen to form • Solubility in water decreases from BeSO4 to BaSO4.
MX2 type of halides. • BaSO4 is insoluble in H2O, so it is used to detect
stomach problems (barium meal).
M + X2 MX2
• Their stability increases down the group.
• In case of group IIA halides, as we move from BeX2 • MgSO4 .7H2O or [Mg(H2O)6 SO4 .H2O] is Epsom
towards BeX2 the ionic nature increases while the salt (mild laxative).
solubility decreases (except in fluorides). • K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O is potash magnesia (a fertilizer).
• BeCl2 is a covalent, polymeric halide and the struc-
ture is just like BeH2. Metal nitrates [M(NO3)2]
• These halides are ionic, hygroscopic in nature and MO + 2HNO3 M(NO3)2 + H2O
form hydrates. For example, CaCl2 . 6H2O.
These nitrates undergo decomposition on heating to give
Nitrides (M3N2) metal oxides.
All these metals combine directly with nitrogen to form 2M(NO3)2 2MO + 4NO2 + O2
M3N2 type of nitrides at high temperature.
3M + N2 M3N2 FA C T TO R E M E M B E R
• Their stability and ease of formation decreases from 125°C
Be to Ba.  Be(NO3)2 [Be O(NO ) ]
4 3 6
Basic beryllium nitrate
• These nitrides liberate ammonia on hydrolysis.
 All group IIA metals dissolve in Hg to form amalgams.
M3N2 + 6H2O 2NH3 + 3M(OH)2
 Chemistry of Representive Elements 14.5

Abnormal Behaviour of Beryllium FA C T TO R E M E M B E R

• Beryllium shows abnormal behaviour due to the
small size, high electronegativity and high polariz- Boron has a very high melting point due to its giant covalent
ing power of Be+2. polymer structure while Ga has low melting point as it consist
of only Ga2 molecules.
• Beryllium is a hard element with high boiling
point and melting point which are affected by the
atmosphere. Electropositive nature
• It does not react with water or hydrogen directly. These are less electropositive elements than those of group
• It undergoes sublimation on heating and shows no IA and IIA elements. In this group, the trend of electropos-
conductance of electricity in molten state. itive nature is as follows:
• Beryllium salts have low solubility due to high B < Al > Ga > In > Tl
hydration energy.
• Beryllium forms complexes due to its small size Electropositive nature decreases from Al onwards due
and positive charge. For example, to uneffective screening effect by d and f orbital electrons.
– –2 +2
[BeF3] [BeF4] [Be(H2O)4] Oxidation state
sp2 sp3 sp3 Boron shows only +3 oxidation state while rest show +1
• Beryllium shows similar properties to aluminium and +3 oxidation states.
due to diagonal relationship.
• Decreasing order of stability:
B+3 > Al+3 > Ga+3 > In+3 > Tl+3
BORON FAMILY (GROUP IIIA OR GROUP 13) Tl+ > In+ > Ga+ > Al+ > B+ (that is B+3 > B+)
Most stable Least stable
1. The electronic configuration of the boron family is • Boron does not show inert pair effect while this effect
ns2np1.
is maximum in Tl, so due to inert pair effect, stability
2. The element of this group are: boron (5B10), aluminum increases down the group in lower oxidation state.
(13Al27), gallium (13Ga70), indian (49In115) and thallium
• Tl+3 is an oxidizing agent.
(81Tl204).
• Aluminium is a better reducing agent than carbon as
3. On moving down the group following characteristics
Al has higher affinity for O2 than carbon.
are seen:
(a) Increase in atomic size, denisty, ionic character
Ionization energy
(b) Decrease in polarity of M+3
4. Among all the members of this family boron is a non- These elements have lower values of first ionization energy
metal while the rest are metals whose metallic charac- than those of IIA elements, however, in group IIIA, ioniza-
teristics increases down the group. tion energy order is as follows:
B > Te > Ga > Al > In
Properties of Boron Family
Ga has more ionization energy than Al due to uneffective
Atomic and ionic radii screening effect or higher Zeff value, same applies for Tl also.
They have lower value of atomic and ionic radii than that
of II A group elements. On moving down the group, atomic Nature of compounds
and ionic radius increases except that of gallium. (Poor Tendency to form ionic compounds increases down the
screening effect) group. Boron can only form covalent compounds due to its
B < Ga < Al < In < Tl. very high ionization energy.
B3+ < Al3+ < Ga3+ < In3+ < Tl3+
Reactivity
Boiling point and melting point Pure boron does not react with water. Al, Ga and In do not
Melting point first decreases from B to Ga and then increases. react with air.
Order of boiling point: B > Al > Ga > In > Tl Al, Ga do not react with highly concentrated HNO3
Order of melting point: B > Al > Tl > In > Ga Al + dil. H2SO4 XX (No reaction)
14.6 Chapter 14

CARBON FAMILY Melting and boiling points

Value of boiling point and melting point of these elements
• The electronic configuration of the carbon family in
are much more than that of boron family. On moving down
ns2np2.
the group, melting and boiling point decrease as follows:
• The element of this group are: carbon (6C12), silicon
C Si Ge Sn Pb
(14Si28), germanium (32Ge72), tin (50Sn119) and lead
M.P.(K) 4373 1693 1218 505 600
(82Pb207).
• In this family carbon and silicon are non-metals, Density
germanium is a mettaloid while tin and lead are On moving down the group the density increases as follows:
metals.
C Si Ge Sn Pb
3.51 2.34 5.32 7.26 11.34
Properties of Carbon Family
Abnormal behaviour of carbon
Atomic radii Carbon shows abnormal behaviour such as follows:
On moving down the group atomic radii increases as fol- 1. Carbon has the maximum catenation power due to
lows: maximum bond energy for catenation.
C Si Ge Sn Pb
C > Si > Ge ≈ Sn > Pb
77 118 122 140 146
2. There is no formation of hexavalent compounds or
Ionization enthalpy complex compounds (CF6) due to absence of d orbital.
On moving down the group ionization enthalpy decreases 3. Si, Ge, Sn, Pb can form sp3d2 hybridized (octahe-
as follows: dral) complexes such as: [SiF6]–2, [SnCl6]–2, [GeCl6]–2,
C Si Ge Sn Pb [PbF6]–2
1086 786 761 708 715
Hydrides
Electronegativity
1. Element of carbon family form MH4 type of hydrides
On moving down the group the electronegativity decreases as shown in the following examples:
as follows: CH4 (Methane), SiH4 (Silane), GeH4 (Germane), SnH4
C Si Ge Sn Pb (Stannane), PbH4 (Plumbane)
2.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 2. CH4 is not hydrolyzed due to absence of d orbital.
However, going from left to right in the above list:
Oxidation states
(a) Order to hydrolysis increases
All elements mainly show +2 and +4 oxidation states. (b) Reducing nature increases
• In lower oxidation state, the compounds are ionic (c) Thermal stability decreases
while in higher oxidation state the compounds are
Δ
covalent. 3. SiH4 Si + 2H2 ↑
Decomp. Pure
• On moving down the group, the +2 state becomes (semiconductor)

prominent and stable due to inert pair effect.

C+2 < Si+2 < Ge+2 < Sn+2 < Pb+2 Hydrides
Hydrides of C : Alkanes
[Increasing order of stability] (compounds are ionic Hydrides of Si : Silanes (Silico alkanes)
in nature) Hydrides of Ge : Germanes
C+4 > Si+4 > Ge+4 > Sn+4 > Pb+4
[Decreasing order of stability, oxidizing power] Halides
(covalent nature of compounds) • Element of group IV A form MX4 type halides such as:
For example, PbCl2 < PbCl4 CCl4, SiCl4, GeCl4, SnCl4, PbCl4
Ionic Covalent • Going from left to right in this list:
1. Thermal stability decreases
Allotropy 2. Order of hydrolysis increases
All elements show allotropy except Pb. • CCl4 is not hydrolyzed due to absence of d-orbital.
 Chemistry of Representive Elements 14.7

• CF4 > CCl4 > CBr4 > Cl4 Atomic radii

Thermally most Least volatile, stable On moving down the group atomic radii increases as follows:
stable, volatile N P As Sb Bi
• PbBr4 and PbI4 do not exist as Br–, I– are strong 70 110 120 140 150
reducing agents and Pb+4 is a strong oxidizing agent.
Ionization enthalpy
• All MX4 are covalent expect SnF4 which is
elctrovalent On moving down the group, the values of ionization
enthalpy decreases systematically due to increase in their
• CCl4 + H2O 500ºC COCl2 + 2HCl
atomic radii and shielding effect.
Steam Phosgene
N P As Sb Bi
• Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, can also form MX2 type of halides. 1402 1012 9477 834 703
Oxides Electronegativity
(A) Monoxide (MO) type On moving down the group electronegativity decreases as
All elements of this group can form monoxides of MO type atomic radii increases as follows:
as shown below: N P As Sb Bi
CO SiO GeO SnO PbO 3.0 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9
Neutral Amphoteric Basic
Electron affinity
(B) Dioxides (MO2) type Due to stable electronic configuration (np3), these elements
All element of this group can form dioxides of MO2 type. have zero or very low value of electron affinity.
CO2 SiO2 GeO2 SnO2 PbO2
Gas Solid crystalline Most acidic Amphoteric Most basic
Melting and boiling point
CO2 is a gas due to weak van der Waals forces. Rest are On moving down the group, melting and boiling point first
solid due to strong covalent bonds. increases from N to As due to increase in their atomic size
and then decreases in case of S and Bi due to their tenden-
• Solid carbon dioxide is known as dry ice since it does cy to form three covalent bonds instead of five, because of
not wet the surface on which it melts. It is used as a inert pair effect.
coolant for preserving fresh articles of food industry N P As Sb Bi
and for making cold baths in the laboratory. M.P. (K) 63 317.1 1089 904 544
N P As Sb Bi
NITROGEN FAMILY(GROUP VA OR B. P. (K) 77.2 554 888 1860 1837
GROUP 15)
Oxidation state
• The electronic configuration of the nitrogen family is
ns2np3. Nitrogen shows –3 to +5 oxidation states, the rest show –3,
+3, and +5 oxidation states.
• The elements of this group are: nitrogen (7N14), phos-
phrous (15P31), arsenic (35As75), antimony (51Sb122) and Catenation
bismuth (83Bi209).
Phosphorous has more catenation power than nitrogen due
Properties of Nitrogen Family to high bond energy. However, this tendency decreases
down the group.
• On moving down the group following trend is observed:
Allotropy
• Atomic size
• Metallic character All these elements except Bi show allotropy.
• Basic nature of oxide N 1. α (cubic) 2. β (hexagonal)
P 1. Red 2. White
Increase • Acidic nature of hydrideMH3
down the group 3. Black (α, β) 4. Violet
• Reducing, poisnous nature of 5. Scarlet
hydride
As 1. Yellow 2. Grey
• Gaseous nature 3. Black
• Rate of Combustion Sb 1. Yellow 2. Silver grey
3. Explosive
14.8 Chapter 14

Oxides enthalpies decrease from S to Po. Oxygen has low electron

All the elements of this group form two types of oxides, gain enthalpy due to its smaller size and higher electronic
namely, trioxides (M2O3) and pentoxides M2O5. repulsion.
O S Se Te Po
• The acidic strength of trioxides decreases as follows: 140.9 200.7 195.0 190.1 180.0
N2O3 > P2O3 > As2O3 Oxidation States
• The acidic strength of pentoxides decreases as In this group, elements exhibit oxidation states ranging
follows: from –2 to +6.
O –2, –1, –½, OF2
N2O5 > P2O5 > As2O5 > Sb2O5 > Bi2O5
oxides Peroxide Superoxide +2
• The acidic strength of oxides of nitrogen increases as
Oxidation states for Se and Te are + 2, + 4, and + 6.
follows:
In Po + 6 is not possible due to presence of inert pair effect.
N2O < NO < N2O3 < N2O4 < N2O5 Oxidation states for Se and Te are +2, +4, and +6. In
Non-metallic and metallic character
Po +6 is not possible due to presence of inert pair effect.
On moving down the group there is a gradual change from Acidi
OXYGEN FAMILY (CHALCOGENS)
non-metallic to metallic character.
(GTOUP VIA OR GROUP 16) • Sulphur
down the group there is a gradual change from non-metallic
Allotropy
• The electronic configuration of the oxygen family in
All the elements of this group show allotropy. Oxygen
ns2np4.
exists in twoAll the elements of this group show allotropy.
non-metallic forms, which are:
• The element of this group are: oxygen (8O16), sulphur Oxygen exists in two non-metallic forms, which are:
1. O2 2. O3
(16Su32), selenium (34Se79), tellutrium (52Te128) and 4
polonium (84Po209). Sulphur exists in the following forms:
Sulphur exists in the following forms:
1. Monoclinic (β) (Prismatic)
• Polonium was discovered by Madam Curie from
pitch blende (U3O8). 2. 1. Monoclinic (β) (Prismatic)
Rhombic (α) (Octahedral)
3. 2. Rhombic (α ) (Octahedral)
Plastic (γ)
Properties of Oxygen Family 4. 3. Plastic (γ)
Colloid or milk of S • The elec
4. Colloid or milk of S
Selenium exists in eight allotropic forms. The common
Atomic and ionic radii
Selenium exists in eight allotropic forms. The common
forms are: • The ele
On moving down the group the atomic and ionic radii forms are:
1. Red 2. Grey chlorine
increase as follows:
1. Red 2. Grey astatine
Po O S Se Te Reactivity
At. radii 74 103 119 142 168 On moving down the group, the reactivity
On moving down the group, the reactivity decreases.
Ionic radii 230 140 184 198 221
Ionization enthalpy FA C T TO R E M E M B E R • On mov
observed
On moving down the group ionization enthalpy decreases • 
is a diatomic gas while sulphur is octa atomic
O2 is a diatomic gas while sulphur is octa atomic and a
as follows: solid. •
5 5 5
O S Se Te Po 5 5 •
O=O
IE1 1314 1000 941 869 813
Small size 5
IE2 3388 2251 2045 1790 – 5 5 Increases •
π–π
π–π

Electronegativity Catenation power of S > O.
• Catenation power of S > O. the group


They have high electronegativity but less than that of

•
halogens. On moving down the group electronegativity Hydrides (H2M)
decreases as follows: H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te, H2Po
P •
O S Se Te Po
3.50 2.44 2.48 2.01 1.76 Acidic nature, reducing nature, volatile nature and covalent
Acidic increase.
nature nature, Basic
reducing nature,
nature volatile
and bond angle nature
decreaseand covalent
nature increase. Basic nature and bond angle decrease
Electron gain enthalpies or electron affinity
H2O > H2Te > H2Se > H2S radius as com
They have high electron gain enthalpy but less than those On moving d
of halogens. On moving down the group, electron gain Decreasing order of B.P., thermal stability
Decreasing order of B.P., thermal stability
increases from



4
Oxygen , ---------, Cl Ionic radii
 Chemistry of Representive Elements 14.9

Halides Atomic and ionic radii

O2F2, OF2, O3F2, O4F2 Halogen atom has the smallest radius as compared to any
Oxygen Cl2O, ClO2, ---------, Cl2O7 other element in its period. On moving down the group, the
Br2O, BrO2, ---------, BrO3 atomic and ionic radii increases from F to I.
I2O4, I4O9, I2O5 F Cl Br I
• S, Se, Te form MX4, MX6 types of halides. Atomic radii 64 99 114 133
For example, SF6, TeF6, SF4, TeF4 F Cl Br I
Ionic radii 133 184 196 220
• They form MX2, M2X2 halides (not iodides).
• SeX2, Te2X2, PO2X2 compounds are not possible due Ionization enthalpy
to presence of weak bonds. They have high ionization energy but less than that of inert
gases. On moving down the group, the ionization enthalpy
Oxides (MO2, MO3 type)
decreases from F to I.
• SO2 SeO2 TeO2 P0O2
F Cl Br I
Amphoteric Basic
1680 1256 1142 1008
Acidic nature decreases
Electronegativity
SO3 SeO3 TeO3
Halogens have highest electron-egativity in their periods.
Acidic nature decreases Fluorine is the most electronegative element in the peri-
odic table. On moving down the group, electronegativity
• Sulphur oxides are most stable.
decreases as follows:
Oxyacids F Cl Br I At
H2SO3 > H2SeO3 > H2TeO3 4.0 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.2
Most acidic
Oxidation state
H2SO4 > H2SeO4 > H6TeO6 Fluorine always exhibits –1 oxidation state.
1. Other halogens may have –1 to +7 oxidation state.
HALOGEN FAMILY (SEA SALT FORMING) 2. A positive oxidation state is possible when halogens
(GROUP VII A OR GROUP 17) are attached to more electronegative atoms.
3. Br does not show +7 oxidation state (maximum +6 in
• The electronic configuration of the halogen family is BrO3).
ns2np5.
• The elements of this group are: flourine (9F19), chlo- Nature of bonds
rine (17Cl35), bromine (35Br80), iodine (53I127) and asta- Halogens form both ionic and covalent compounds. The
tine (85At210). halides of highly electropositive metals are ionic while
those of weakly electropositive metals and non-metals are
Properties of Halogen Family covalent.
• On moving down the group following trend is
Non-metallic character
observed:
Halogens are non-metallic in nature because of their high
• Atomic size • Metallic nature ionization enthalpies. On moving down the group, the
• Boiling • Intensity of non-metallic character decreases.
point colour
Increases • Melting • Solid state Decreases Physical state
down point down
the group the group
All halogens exist as diatomic covalent molecules.

• Ionization • Intermolecular Colour

potential attraction Halogens have their characteristic colours, like, F2 is light
• Density yellow; Cl2 is greenish yellow; Br2 is reddish brown and I2
is deep violet.
14.10 Chapter 14

Bond dissociation energy or enthalpy of dissociation Properties of Noble Gases

On moving down the group, bond dissociation energy Atomic radii or van der Waals radii
decreases from chlorine to iodine.
Atomic radii of inert gases are highest in their respective
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 periods. On moving down the group, atomic radii increases
kJ mol–1 158.8 242.6 192.8 151.1 as follows:
Bond length in X2 molecule He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn
120 160 190 200 220 –
On moving down the group, bond length of halogens
increases as follows: These are taken in terms of van der Waals radii.
F–F Cl–Cl Br–Br I–I
Ionization enthalpy
143 199 228 266
Ionization enthalpies of inert gases are highest in their
Melting and boiling point respective periods. On moving down the group ionization
On moving down the groups melting and boiling point enthalpy decreases as follows:
increases as follows: He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn
Melting point (in K) 2372 2080 1520 1351 1170 037
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
54 172 266 386 Electron gain enthalpy or electron affinity
Boiling point (in K) Electron gain enthalpy of inert gases is zero due to
the stable octet state they have no tendency to accept
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 electrons.
85 239 332 458
Melting and boiling point
Electron affinity
They have minimum boiling point and melting point in
Halogens have the highest electron affinity in their periods.
their periods due to weak van der Waals forces.
Cl > F > Br > I On moving down the group, melting and boiling point
increase as follows:
Oxidizing power Melting point (in K)
Halogens have strong oxidizing power. He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 1.1 24.6 83.8 115.9 161.3 202
F2 is a better oxidizing agent in water than Cl2 due to Boiling point (in K)
presence of more hydration energy. He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn
4.2 27.1 87.2 119.7 165.0 211
Order of reactivity
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 Solublility
These gases are partially soluble in water. Solubility (or
NOBLE GASES OR ZERO GROUP polarizability) in water increases from He to Xe.
(GROUP VIIIA OR GROUP 18)
Adsorption
• All the noble gases except helium have eight valence All noble gases are adsorbed on activated wood charcoal at
electrons, so their general configuration is ns2np6. low temperatures.
• The elements of this group are: helium (2He4), neon
(10Ne20), argon (18Ar40), krypton (36Kr84), xenon Diffusion
(54At131). Radon (86Rn222) is the radioactive element in On moving down the group, the diffusion of noble gases
the group. decreases as follows:
• These gases are present in the atmosphere, except radon
which is obtained by radioactive decay of radium. He > Ne > Ar > Kr > Xe > Rn
 Chemistry of Representive Elements 14.11

EXERCISES

Single Option Correct Type

1. Metals having ns1 as the valence electronic 10. The relative thermal stabilities of alkali metal halides
configuration are such that
(a) have a first ionization potential of more than (a) CsCl > RbCl > KCl < NaCl > LiCl
10 eV/atom (b) CsCl > RbCl < KCl > NaCl < LiCl
(b) are highly electropositive (c) LiCl > NaCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl
(c) are highly electronegative (d) CsCl > RbCl > KCl > NaCl > LiCl
(d) act as strong oxidizing reagents
11. Photoelectric effect is maximum in
2. The oxidation state of sodium in sodium amalgam is (a) K (b) Cs
(a) –1 (b) +1 (c) Na (d) Li
(c) +2 (d) 0
12. The ionic conductance of following cations in a given
3. Which of the following does not give flame concentration is in the order
colouration? (a) Li+ > Na+ < K+ < Rb+
(a) Mg (b) Ca (b) Li+ = Na+ < K+ < Rb+
(c) Sr (d) Ba (c) Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Rb+
4. Which of the following alkali metal ions has the low- (d) Li+ < Na+ < K+ < Rb+
est ionic mobility in aqueous solution? 13. Alkali metals have high oxidation potential and hence,
(a) Na+ (b) Li+ they behave as
+
(c) Rb (d) Cs+ (a) electrolytes (b) Lewis bases
5. Which type of ion does the anhydrons mixture of KF (c) oxidizing agents (d) reducing agents
and HF contain? 14. Alkali metals present in their compounds are always
– –
(a) KH+, F (b) (KF)+ (HF) (a) monovalent (b) bivalent
(c) K+, H+, F– (d) K+, HF2– (c) zerovalent (d) none of these
6. What are the products formed when Li2CO3 under- 15. An element M reacts with chlorine to form a com-
goes decomposition? pound X. The bond angle in X is 120°. What is M?
(a) LiO2 + CO (b) Li2O + CO (a) B (b) N
(c) Li2O2 + CO (d) Li2O + CO2 (c) Be (d) Mg
7. Which among the following is most soluble in alcohol? 16. As the nuclear charge increases from neon to calcium,
(a) KClO4 (b) NaClO4 the orbital energies
(c) CsClO4 (d) LiClO4 (a) increase very slowly
8. The metal that dissolves in liquid ammonia, giving a (b) increase very rapidly
dark blue coloured solution is (c) fall
(d) increase
(a) lead (b) tin
(c) silver (d) sodium 17. Which of the following has the lowest melting point?
9. The pair of elements that have similar chemical (a) Cs (b) Na
properties is (c) Li (d) K
(a) beryllium and boron 18. Which of the following has the least ionization
(b) lithium and magnesium potential?
(c) carbon and nitrogen (a) He (b) Li
(d) aluminium and magnesium (c) Zn (d) N
14.12 Chapter 14

19. As the alkaline earth metals (except Be) tend to lose (c) Be = Mg > Ca > Sr > Ba
their valence electrons readily, they act as (d) Mg < Be < Ca < Ba < Sr
(a) bases 28. The electronic configuration of group III elements is
(b) strong reducing agents
(a) ns1 np2 (b) ns1 np3
(c) weak oxidizing agents 2 1
(c) ns np (d) ns2 np2
(d) weak reducing agents
29. Which of the following is the strongest Lewis acid?
20. Which of the following has the maximum ionization
energy? (a) BBr3 (b) BCl3
(c) BI3 (d) BF3
(a) Ca Ca2+ + 2e–
(b) Mg Mg2+ + 2e– 30. Which of the following ions does not exist as octahe-
(c) Ba Ba+ + e– dral aqua ions?
(d) Be Be+ + e– (a) Al (b) Ga
21. In view of their low ionization energies, the alkali (c) Tl (d) B
metals are 31. Which one of the following is not a Lewis acid?
(a) strong oxidizing agents (a) C2H4 (b) FeCl3
(b) weak oxidizing agents (c) BF3 (d) SiF4
(c) strong reducing agents
(d) weak reducing agents 32. Ga is below Al in the periodic table, but atomic radius
of Ga is less than Al. It is because of
22. The increasing order of atomic radius for the elements (a) lanthanoid contraction
Na, Rb, K and Mg is (b) greater screening effect
(a) Mg < Na < K < Rb (c) inert pair effect
(b) Rb < K < Mg < Na (d) none of these
(c) Na < K < Mg < Rb
(d) Na < Mg < K < Rb 33. The thermal stability order for group 14 halides is
(a) SnX4 > GeX4 > SiX4 > CX4
23. Lithium is the strongest reducing agent among alkali (b) CX4 > SiX4 > GeX4 > SnX4
metals due to which of the following factors? (c) SiX4 > CX4 > GeX4 > SnX4
(a) hydration energy (d) CX4 > SnX4 > GeX4 > SiX4
(b) electron affinity
(c) lattice energy 34. Which of the following is a false statement?
(d) ionization energy (a) boron hydrides are formed when dil. HCl reacts
with Mg3B2
24. The alkali metal that reacts with nitrogen directly to (b) all the B–H bond distances in B2H6 are equal
form nitride is (c) BH3 is not a stable compound
(a) K (b) Na (d) the boron hydrides are readily hydrolyzed
(c) Li (d) Rb
35. Elements of group 14
25. Amongst the trihalides of nitrogen, which one is the (a) form M4– and M4– ions
least basic? (b) form M4+ ions
(a) NF3 (b) NCl3 (c) exhibit oxidation state of +4
(c) NBr3 (d) NI3 (d) exhibit oxidation state of +4 and +2
26. Which one of the following arrangement is in the 36. Maximum ability of catenation is shown by
order of increasing density? (a) sulphur (b) nitrogen
(a) Na < K < Li (b) Li < K < Na (c) oxygen (d) carbon
(c) K < Li < Na (d) Li < Na < K
37. The type of bonding present in tetravalent compounds
27. The decreasing order of solubility of alkaline earth of group 14 elements is
metal hydroxides [M(OH)2] is given as (a) zero (b) –2
(a) Ba > Sr > Ca > Mg > Be (c) +2 (d) –4
(b) Be < Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba
 Chemistry of Representive Elements 14.13

38. The shape of tetrahalides of group 14 elements is 49. The number of oxygen atoms bonded to each phos-
(a) tetrahedral phorous atom in P4O10 is
(b) octahedral (a) 6 (b) 5
(c) trigonal bipyramidal (c) 4 (d) 3
(d) square planar
50. dπ–pπ bonding is shown in
39. The C–X bond energy order for carbon tetrahalide is (a) P2O3, P2O5, PO43–
(a) CI4 > CBr4 > CCl4 > CF4 (b) CO, NO, CO2, NO2
(b) CCl4 > CBr4 > CI4 > CF4 (c) NH3, PH3, BiH3
(c) CF4 > CCl4 > CBr4 > CI4 (d) NO3–, NO2–, N3–, CN–
(d) CCl4 > CI4 > CBr4 > CF4
51. Which of the following fluorides does not exist?
40. Which of the following has the highest first ionization (a) PF5 (b) SbF5
potential? (c) NF5 (d) AsF5
(a) P (b) K
52. Which one of the following hydrides is most acidic?
(c) Al (d) Si
(a) H2Te (b) H2S
41. Which of the following is the most explosive? (c) H2O (d) H2Se
(a) NCl3 (b) PCl3
53. Which of the following has the most acidic character?
(c) AsCl3 (d) All
(a) HF (b) HCl
42. The strongest base is (c) HBr (d) HI
(a) NH3 (b) PH3
54. Which one of the sixth group elements has the highest
(c) AsH3 (d) SbH3
catenation power?
43. Which of the following is the most basic oxide? (a) O (b) S
(a) Al2O3 (b) SeO2 (c) Se (d) Te
(c) Bi2O3 (d) Sb2O3
55. Which of the following has the lowest bond angle?
44. Which of the following species has the highest dipole (a) H2O (b) CH4
moment? (c) H2S (d) NH3
(a) PH3 (b) NH3
56. Which one of the following elements does not form
(c) SbH3 (d) AsH3
the compound, M4O10 (M = element)?
45. Which of the following oxides will be the least (a) As (b) Bi
acidic? (c) Sb (d) Pb
(a) As4O10 (b) P4O6
57. Which of the following bonds will be mostpolar?
(c) P4O10 (d) As4O6
(a) O–F (b) N–F
46. Amongst H2O, H2S, H2Se and H2Te the one with the (c) N–N (d) N–Cl
highest boiling point is
58. Which of the following sets has the strongest ten-
(a) H2O because of hydrogen bonding
dency to form anions?
(b) H2Te because of higher molecular weight
(c) H2Se because of lower molecular weight (a) V, Cr, Mn (b) N, O, F
(d) H2S because of hydrogen bonding (c) Ga, In, Tl (d) Na, Mg, Al

47. The ionic mobility of alkali metal ions in aqueous 59. Which one of the following statements is correct with
solution is maximum for respect to the basic character?
(a) K+ (b) Rb+ (a) PH3 = NH3 (b) PH3 > P(CH3)3
(c) Li +
(d) Na+ (c) P(CH3)3 > PH3 (d) PH3 > NH3

48. Which one has the lowest boiling point? 60. The correct order for decreasing ionic nature of lead
dihalides is
(a) NH3 (b) SbH3
(c) AsCl3 (d) PH3 (a) PbF2 > PbBr2 > PbCl2 > PbI2
(b) PbF2 > PbI2 > PbBr2 > PbCl2
14.14 Chapter 14

(c) PbI2 > PbBr2 > PbCl2 > PbF2 (c) increase in polarizability
(d) PbF2 > PbCl2 > PbBr2 > PbI2 (d) decrease in ionization energy
61. Which of the following has correct increasing order 71. The van der Waals forces in halogen decrease in the
of hydrolysis? order
(a) PCl5 < SiCl2 < MgCl2 < AlCl3 < CCl4 (a) I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2 (b) F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
(b) CCl4 < MgCl2 < AlCl3 < SiCl4 < PCl5 (c) I2 > F2 > Br2 > Cl2 (d) Cl2 > I2 > Br2 > F2
(c) PCl5 < MgCl2 < AlCl3 < SiCl4 < CCl4
72. Which of the following are arranged in correct increas-
(d) CCl4 < SiCl4 < AlCl3 < MgCl2 < PCl5
ing order of solubilities?
62. Which of the following has the least bond energy? (a) KHCO3 < NaHCO3 < CaCO3
(a) H2 (b) F2 (b) CaCO3 < KHCO3 < NaHCO3
(c) O2 (d) N2 (c) CaCO3 < NaHCO3 < KHCO3
(d) NaHCO3 < KHCO3 < CaCO3
63. Which of the following has the highest electronega-
tivity? 73. The halogen which oxidizes water to O2 exothermally is
(a) K (b) B (a) I2 (b) Br2
(c) Cl (d) Na (c) Cl2 (d) F2
64. Which of the following is the strongest oxidizing 74. Which of the following oxides is solid in nature?
agent? (a) SnO2 (b) PbO2
(a) F2 (b) Cl2 (c) SiO2 (d) all of these
(c) Br2 (d) I2
75. In Vth group, which element has highest boiling point
65. Which of the following is the correct relation with value?
regard to the electron afinity of halogen? (a) Bi (b) Sb
(a) F > Cl (b) F > I (c) As (d) P
(c) Br > F (d) Br > Cl
76. Which of the following is arranged in order of increas-
66. The configuration of inert gas with smallest size and ing thermal stability?
highest IE is (a) BaCO3 < SrCO3 < CaCO3 < MgCO3
(a) 1s2 (b) 1s2 2s2 2p6 (b) CaCO3 < MgCO3 < BaCO3 < SrCO3
2 2 5
(c) 1s 2s 2p (d) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 (c) MgCO3 < CaCO3 < SrCO3 < BaCO3
(d) MgCO3 < SrCO3 < CaCO3 < BaCO3
67. Noble gases can act as
(a) reducing agents (b) oxidizing agents 77. On dissolving moderate amount of sodium metal in
(c) both of these (d) none of these liquid NH3 at low temperature, which one of the fol-
lowing does not occur?
68. Noble gases are a group of elements which exhibit
(a) Na+ ions are formed in the solution
very
(b) liquid NH3 solution remains diamagnetic
(a) high chemical activity (c) liquid NH3 solution becomes a good conductor of
(b) less diamagnetic property electricity
(c) high electronegativity (d) blue coloured solution is obtained
(d) low chemical activity
78. Which of the following is arranged in order of decreas-
69. Noble gases are sparingly soluble in water, owing to ing solubility in water?
(a) hydrogen bonding (a) CaSO4 > BaSO4 > BeSO4 > MgSO4 > SrSO4
(b) dipole–dipole interactions (b) BeSO4 > MgSO4 > CaSO4 > SrSO4 > BaSO4
(c) dipole–induced dipole interactions (c) BaSO4 > SrSO4 > CaSO4 > MgSO4 > BeSO4
(d) induced dipole–instantaneous dipole interactions (d) BeSO4 > CaSO4 > MgSO4 > SrSO4 > BaSO4
70. The increase in boiling points of noble gases from He 79. An element (A) occurs in a short period having the con-
to Xe is due to the figuration ns2 np1. The formula and nature of its oxide is
(a) increase in atomic volume (a) AO3, acidic (b) A2O3, amphoteric
(b) increase in electron affinity (c) AO3, basic (d) A2O3, basic
 Chemistry of Representive Elements 14.15

80. In compounds of the type ECl3, where E = B, P, As or (c) NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3
Bi, the angle Cl–E–Cl for different E are in the order (d) PH3 > NH3 > SbH3 > AsH3
(a) B > P = As = Bi 89. Select incorrect statement about hydrides of group
(b) B > P > As > Bi 15 elements
(c) B < P = As = Bi
(a) the central atom in the hydride is sp2 hybridized
(d) B < P < As < Bi
(b) NH3 readily form NH4+ salts with H+; PH4+ salts
81. The catenation tendency of C, Si and Ge is in the order are formed with H+ under anhydrous condition
Ge < Si < C. The bond energies (in kJ mol–1) of C–C, (c) the tetrahedron is distorted due to repulsion
Si–Si and Ge–Ge bonds, respectively are between the lone pair of electrons and the bond
(a) 348, 180, 167 (b) 180, 167, 348 pairs
(c) 348, 167, 180 (d) 167, 180, 348 (d) the bond energy of the M–H bond decreases
from NH3 to BiH3 because of increase in the size
82. Which one of the following is correct about stability of of the element.
the given ions?
(a) Sn4+ > Sn2+ (b) Pb4+ > Pb2+ 90. Which of the following is arranged in the increasing
2+
(c) Pb > Pb 4+
(d) Si2+ > Si4+ order of enthalpy of vaporization?
(a) PH3, AsH3, NH3 (b) AsH3, PH3, NH3
83. The correct order of solubility of fluorides of alkaline (c) NH3, AsH3, PH3 (d) NH3, PH3, AsH3
earth metals is
(a) BeF2 > MgF2 > CaF2 > SrF2 > BaF2 91. The correct order of the solubility of alkaline earth
(b) MgF2 > BaF2 > SrF2 > CaF2 > BeF2 metal chlorides in water is
(c) BaF2 > SrF2 > CaF2 > MgF2 > BeF2 (a) BaCl2 > MgCl2 > CaCl2 > BeCl2 > SrCl2
(d) BeF2 > MgF2 > SrF2 > BaF2 > CaF2 (b) BeCl2 > MgCl2 > CaCl2 > SrCl2 > BaCl2
(c) MgCl2 > CaCl2 > BeCl2 > BaCl2 > SrCl2
84. In group IV A or 14 of the extended form of the peri- (d) BaCl2 > SrCl2 > CaCl2 > MgCl2 > BeCl2
odic table, with the increase in atomic number, the
oxidizing power of tetravalent species increases in the 92. Both NF3 and NCl3 are covalent but they differ in the
order extent of hydrolysis because
(a) Ge > Sn > Pb (b) Pb > Sn > Ge (a) Cl can expand its octet by using d-orbitals
(c) Pb > Ge > Sn (d) Ge > Pb > Sn (b) electronegativity of F is greater than that of Cl
(c) dipole moment of NF3 is greater than that of NCl3
85. Which element–element bond has the highest bond (d) NF3 is more stable than NCl3 and hydrolysis
energy? product of NF3, HFO does not exist.
(a) SiF4 (b) Si–Si
(c) Sn–Sn (d) Ge–Ge 93. N forms NCl3 whereas P can form both PCl3 and PCl5.
Why?
86. The correct order of stability is (a) N atoms are larger than P atoms in size
(a) SnF2 > PbF2 > GeF2 (b) P has low lying 3d orbitals, which can be used
(b) GeF2 > SnF2 > PbF2 for bonding but N does not have 3d orbitals in its
(c) GeF2 > PbF2 > SnF2 valence shell
(d) PbF2 > SnF2 > GeF2 (c) P is more reactive towards Cl than N
87. The stability of the following alkali metal chlorides (d) none of these
follows the order 94. Maximum number of covalent bonds formed by N
(a) CsCl > KCl > NaCl > LiCl and P respectively are
(b) NaCl > KCl > LiCl > CsCl
(a) 3, 6 (b) 4, 6
(c) KCl > CsCl > NaCl > LiCl
(c) 3, 5 (d) 4, 5
(d) LiCl > KCl > NaCl > CsCl
95. Thermal stability of BaCO3, CaCO3 and MgCO3 is
88. What is the order of basic nature of hydrides of group
V elements? (a) BaCO3 > CaCO3 > MgCO3
(b) BaCO3 > MgCO3 > CaCO3
(a) AsH3 > SbH3 > PH3 > NH3
(c) MgCO3 > CaCO3 > BaCO3
(b) NH3 > SbH3 > PH3 > AsH3
(d) CaCO3 > MgCO3 > BaCO3
14.16 Chapter 14

96. The oxidation states of sulphur in the anions SO32–, 104. When water is allowed to freeze in the presence of Ar,
S2O42– and S2O62– follow the order Kr or Xe under pressure, then
(a) S2O62– < S2O42– < SO32– (a) atoms noble gas (G) trapped in the crystal lattice
(b) S2O42– < S2O62– < SO32– of ice gives clathrates corresponding to the com-
(c) SO32– < S2O42– < S2O62– position 8G. 26H2O
(b) these are called noble gas hydrates
(d) S2O42– < SO32– < S2O62–
(c) both are correct
97. In case of the oxygen family (group 16) (d) all are incorrect
(a) the tendency for catenation decreases markedly as 105. Which one of the following is the correct order for the
we go down the group bond energies of halogen molecules?
(b) maximum coordination of oxygen is four due to
(a) Cl2 > Br2 > I2 (b) Br2 > Cl2 > I2
lack of d orbital, but that of other elements is six
(c) I2 > Cl2 > Br2 (d) I2 > Br2 > Cl2
due to presence of d orbitals
(c) the tendency to form multiple bonds with C, N and 106. Noble gases do not react with other elements because
O decreases as going down the group from S to Te (a) completely paired up electrons lead to stable elec-
(d) all are correct tronic configuration
98. Which one of the following sequence is correct with (b) the size of their atoms is very small
reference to the oxidation number of iodine? (c) they are found in abundance
(d) they are monoatomic
(a) HI < I2 < ICl < HIO4
(b) I2 < HI < ICl < HIO4 107. The magnitude of enthalpy for formation of alkali
(c) HIO4 < ICl < I2 < HI metal halides decreases in the order
(d) I2 < ICl < HI < HIO4 (a) fluoride > chloride > iodide > bromide
99. The correct order of hydration energy of alkaline earth (b) iodide > bromide > chloride > fluoride
metal ion is (c) fluoride > chloride > bromide > iodide
(d) bromide > iodide > fluoride > chloride
(a) Mg2+ > Be2+ > Ba2+ > Ca2+ > Sr2+
(b) Be2+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Sr2+ > Ba2+ 108. The ease of liquefaction of noble gases increases in the
(c) Ba2+ > Be2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ < Sr2+ order
(d) Be2+ > Ca2+ > Sr2+ > Ba2+ > Mg2+ (a) Ar > Kr > Xe > Ne > He
100. Bond dissociation energies of HF, HCl, HBr follows (b) Xe > Kr > Ne > Ar > He
the order ……. (c) Kr > Xe > He > Ne > Ar
(d) He > Ne > Ar > Kr > Xe
(a) HBr > HCl > HF (b) HCl > HBr > HF
(c) HF > HBr > HCl (d) HF > HCl > HBr 109. The elements which occupy the peaks of ionization
energy curve are
101. The correct order of acidic strength is
(a) Cl, Br, I, F (b) Na, K, Rb, Cs
(a) Cl2O7 > SO2 > P4O10
(c) Na, Mg, Cl, I (d) He, Ne, Ar, Kr
(b) CO2 > N2O5 > SO3
(c) Na2O > MgO > Al2O3 110. Which of the following is arranged in order of increas-
(d) K2O > CaO > MgO ing melting point?
102. The correct order of van der Waals radius of F, Cl and (a) Be < Ca < Sr < Mg
Br is (b) Sr < Mg < Be < Ca
(c) Ca < Be < Mg < Sr
(a) Cl > F > Br (b) Br > Cl > F
(d) Mg < Sr < Ca < Be
(c) F > Cl > Br (d) Br > F > Cl
111. The oxidation state of boron family shows which
103. Among the C–X bond (where X = Cl, Br, I) the correct
of  the following trend for stable +1 oxidation
bond energy order is
state?
(a) C–I > C– Cl > C–Br
(a) Al < Ga < In < Tl (+1 O.S. stability increases)
(b) C–Cl > C–Br > C–I
(b) Al < Ga < In < Tl (stability of +3 oxidation
(c) C–Br > C–Cl > C–I
states)
(d) C–Cl > C–I > C–Br
 Chemistry of Representive Elements 14.17

(c) Al < Ga < In < Tl (stability +1 oxidation state) 118. Alkali metals are characterized by
(d) Al < Ga < In < Tl (+3 O.S. stability increases) 1. good conductor of heat and electricity
112. Which of the following oxides is/are amphoteric? 2. high oxidation potentials
3. high melting point
1. Na2O 2. CaO
4. solubility in liquid ammonia
3. Al2O3 4. SnO2
(a) 1, 2 (b) 2, 3, 4
(a) 2, 3, 4 (b) 3, 4
(c) 1, 2, 4 (d) all of these
(c) 2, 3 (d) 1, 4
119. Which of the following orders are correct?
113. Which one of the following statements about halo-
1. stability of +3 oxidation state decrease as B > Al >
gens is incorrect?
Ga > In > Tl
(1) The electron affinities are in order 2. stability of hydrides of group 13 element decreases
F > Cl > Br > I as B > Al > Ga > In > Tl
(2) F2 has lower bond dissociation energy than Cl2 3. reducing nature of group 13 elements decreases as
(3) HF is the strongest hydrothalic acid Al > Ga > In > Tl
(4) Van der Waals forces are the weakest in iodine
(a) 1, 2 and 4 (b) 1, 3 and 4 (a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3
(c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
120. Match the following:
114. Consider the following substances:
List I
1. OF2 2. Cl2O
1. thermal stability
3. Br2O
2. acidic nature
The correct sequence of X–O–X bond angle is 3. boiling points
(a) 3 > 2 > 1 (b) 1 > 2 > 3 4. ∠MMH bond angle
(c) 2 > 1 > 3 (d) 1 > 3 > 2 List II
115. Consider the following properties of the noble (i) H2S < H2Se < H2Te < H2PO
gases: (ii) H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te
(iii) H2S < H2Se < H2Te < H2O
1. They readily form compounds which are
(iv) H2S > H2Se > H2Te = H2PO
colourless
The correct matching is
2. They generally do not form ionic compounds.
3. They have variable oxidation states in their 1 2 3 4
compounds (a) (iii) (ii ) (i) (iv)
4. Generally do not form covalent compounds (b) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
(c) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
Select the correct properties.
(d) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(a) 1 (b) 1, 3
(c) 2, 3 (d) 1, 2, 3 121. Which of the following order is incorrect?
(1) PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 < NH3 (Melting point)
116. Regarding F– and Cl– which of the following state-
(2) PH3 < AsH3 < NH3 < SbH3 (Boiling point)
ments is correct?
(3) NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
1. Cl– can give up an electron more easily than F– (Dipole moment)
2. Cl– is a better reducing agent than F– (a) only 1
3. Cl– is smaller in size than F– (b) only 2
4. F– can be oxidized more readily than Cl– (c) both (1) and (2)
(a) 1, 2 and 4 (b) 1 only (d) none is incorrect here
(c) 1 and 2 (d) 3 and 4
122. Match the following:
117. If ionization potential for hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV, List I List II
then ionization potential for He+ will be 1. most electronegative (i) I2
(a) 6.5 eV 2. most electron affinity (ii) At
(b) 54.4 eV 3. liquid halogen (iii) F2
(c) 13.6 eV 4. radio active halogen (iv) Cl2
(d) 24.5 eV (v) Br2
14.18 Chapter 14

The correct matching is: (b) (iii) (iv) (v) (i)

1 2 3 4 (c) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
(a) (iii) (iv) (v) (ii) (d) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)

More than One Option Correct Type

123. The incorrect statement/s among the following is /are 130. Which of the following names can be used for group
(a) NCl5 does not exist while PCl5 does VIII A elements?
(b) Lead prefers to form tetravalent compounds (a) Rare-earths
(c) The three C–O bonds are not equal in the carbon- (b) Inert gases
ate ion (c) Rare gases of atmosphere
(d) Both O2+ and NO are paramagnetic (d) Noble gases
124. Which of the following halogens does not turn starch 131. Which of the following compounds contain boron?
iodine paper blue? (a) Colemanite
(a) I2 (b) F2 (b) Kernite
(c) Cl2 (d) Br2 (c) Borax
(d) Cristoballite
125. Which among the following statements is/are correct
here: 132. Which of the following will displace the halogen
(a) He and Ne do not form clathrate from the solution of the halide?
(b) XeF4 and SbF5 combine to form salt (a) Cl2 added to a KBr solution
(c) He has highest boiling point in its group (b) Br2 added to an NaCl solution
(d) He diffuses through rubber and polyvinyl chloride (c) Br2 added to a KI solution
(d) Cl2 added to an NaF solution
126. Which of these is/are not true about the oxoacids of
halogens? 133. Nitrogen is prepared by heating
(a) All of them are good reducing agents (a) Microcosmic salt, NaNH4HPO4.4H2O
(b) All of them are monobasic (b) A mixture of CuO and NH3
(c) They may be monobasic as well as polybasic (c) A mixture of NH4Cl and NaNO3
(d) They have general formula HXOn. (d) Barium azide
127. Select the incorrect statement about Buckyball or 134. Graphite is a
Buckminister fullerene? (a) Good conductor of electricity
(a) It is an allotrope of carbon. (b) Good insulator
(b) It is referred as C-60 and C-70. (c) Bad conductor of heat
(c) In it carbon atoms are sp3 hybridised. (d) Good conductor of heat
(d) It is inert like diamond.
135. Chlorine behaves as an oxidizing agent upon reaction
128. Which one of the following arrangements do not tru- with
ely represent the property indicated against it? (a) Na2S2O3 (b) NaNO2
(a) Br2 < Cl2 < F2 – Electronegativity (c) Fe2(SO4)3 (d) O3
(b) Br2 < Cl2 < F2 – Bond energy
(c) Br2 < Cl2 < F2 – Electron affinity 136. Which of the following allotropes of sulphar exist as
(d) Br2 < Cl2 < F2 – oxidizing power S8 molecules with a puckered-ring structure assuming
a crown conformation?
129. Which of the following noble gases do not form any (a) α-Rhombic
compound? (b) β-Monoclinic
(a) Kr (b) He (c) γ-Rhombic
(c) Xe (d) Ne (d) γ-Monoclinic
 Chemistry of Representive Elements 14.19

137. Which of the following statements are correct for the 140. Which of the following are bent?
nitrogen molecule? (a) Br3+ (b) I3–
+
(a) It is a good ligand (c) I3 (d) F3–
(b) The bond order is 2.2
141. Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched
(c) It easily reacts with magnesium even at room
here:
temperature
(d) It is used in the Serpeck’s process (a) The strongest oxidizing agent – Iodine
(b) The most reactive halogen – Fluorine
138. Select the incorrect statement: (c) A halogen which is liquid at room
(a) Fluorine cannot show oxidation number greater temperature–Bromine
than zero (d) The most electronegative element–Fluorine
(b) Halogens do not directly combine with oxygen
142. Which of the following statements are correct for the
(c) Iodine can not displace chlorine from KClO3
P4 molecule?
(d) Euchlorine is a mixture of Cl2 and Cl2O7
(a) Its reacts with nitrogen to form a phosphorous
139. Which of the following statement is/are correct? nitrogen polymer
(a) C60 has a geodesic dome structure. (b) The electron affinity of phosphorous is negative
(b) Solid C60 has a cubic close-packed structure (c) The P–P bond distance are equal
(c) The name buckminsterfullerene was given to C60. (d) The P–P–P bond angles are 60o.
(d) The common name for C60 is ‘bucky ball’

Passage Based Questions

Passage-1 (d) Between NH3 and PH3, PH3 is a better electron
There are some deposits of nitrates and phosphates in donor because the lone pair of electrons occupies
earth’s crust. Nitrates are more soluble in water. Nitrates spherical ‘s’ orbital and is less directional
are difficult to reduce under the laboratory conditions but 145. White phosphorus on reaction with NaOH gives PH3
microbes do it easily. Ammonia forms large number of as one of the products. This is a
complexes with transition metal ions. Hybridisation easily (a) Dimerization reaction
explains the ease of sigma donation capability of NH3 and (b) Disproportional reaction
PH3. Phosphere is a flammable gas and is prepared from (c) Condensation reaction
white phosphorus. [IIT 2008] (d) Precipitation reaction
143. Among the following, the correct statement is
(a) Phosphates have no biological significance in Passage-2
humans Except fluorine, all other halogens form oxyacids of type
(b) Between nitrates and phosphates, phosphates are HXO, HXO2, HXO3 and HXO4. The thermal stability of the
less abundant in earth’s crust acids increase with increasing oxidation number of halogen
(c) Between nitrates and phosphates , nitrates are less and on that basis, their acidic strength and oxidizing power
abundant in earth’s crust show gradation.
(d) Oxidation of nitrates is possible in soil. 146. The increasing order of the oxidizing capacity of the
144. Among the following , the correct statement is oxyacids of chlorine is
(a) HClO4 < HClO3 < HClO2 < HClO
(a) Between NH3 and PH3, NH3 is a better electron
(b) HClO3 < HClO4 < HClO2 < HClO
donor because the lone pair of electrons occupies
(c) HClO4 < HClO3 < HClO < HClO2
spherical ‘s’ orbital and is less directional
(d) HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
(b) Between NH3 and PH3, PH3 is a better electron
donor because the lone pair of electrons occupies 147. Among the oxyacids of the type HXO3, the weakest
sp3 orbital and is more directional acid would be
(c) Between NH3 and PH3, NH3 is a better electron (a) HBrO3 (b) HIO3
donor because the lone pair of electrons occupies (c) HClO3 (d) al the three will be of same
sp3 orbital and is less directional strength
14.20 Chapter 14

148. The oxidizing power of HXO4 type compounds of (b) HIO4 > HClO4 > HBrO4
halogens is in the order (c) HBrO4 > HIO4 > HClO4
(a) HIO4 > HBrO4 > HClO4 (d) HClO4 > HBrO4 > HIO4

Match the Column Type

149. Match the following 152. Match the following

Column–I Column–II (Structure) Column–I Column–II

(Allotropic form) (a) Diamond (p) sp2-hybridisation
(a) Engel’s sulphur (p) Crystalline form-
(b) Graphite (q) sp3-hybridisation
yellow crystals
(c) Fullerene (r) Tetrahedral
(b) χ – sulphur (q) Fibrous or rubber like
(d) Norbide (s) Carbide
(c) Rhombic sulphur (r) Puckered S8 rings
(crown configuration) 153. Match the following
(d) γ-monoclinic (s) S4 rings, chair
conformation, Column–I Column–II
unstable (a) F2 (p) pale yellow coloured gas

150. Match the following (b) Cl2 (q) violet colour solid
(c) Br2 (r) orange red liquid
Column–I Column–II (d) I2 (s) greenish coloured gas
(a) Boron (p) Amphoteric oxide
154. Match the following
(b) Carbon (q) Acidic oxide
(c) Silicon (r) Catenation Column–I Column–II
(d) Phosphorous (s) Allotropy (a) F2 (p) Oxidizing nature
151. Match the following (b) Cl2 (q) Reaction with dil or conc. NaOH
(c) Br2 (r) Pale greenish yellow
Column–I Column–II (d) I2 (s) No bleaching action
(a) F2 (p) Metallic lusture
155. Match the following
(b) Cl2 (q) Most electronegative
(c) Br2 (r) Highest bond energy Column–I Column–II
(d) I2 (s) Reddish liquid (a) Oxygen (p) Octa atomic
(b) Sulphur (q) Diatomic
(c) Nitrogen (r) Paramagnetic
(d) Chlorine (s) Diamagnetic

Previous Years' Questions

156. PCl3 and PCl5 both exists; NCl3 exists but NCl5 does (d) statement is itself incorrect
not exist. It is due to [2002]
157. Number of P–O bonds in P4O10 is [2002]
(a) lower electronegativity of P than N
(a) 17 (b) 16
(b) lower tendency of N to form covalent bond
(c) 15 (d) 6
(c) availability of vacant d orbital in P but not in N
 Chemistry of Representive Elements 14.21

158. What may be expected to happen when phosphine gas (a) the reactivity decreases in the alkali metals but
is mixed with chlorine gas? [2002] increases in the halogens with increase in atomic
(a) the mixture only cools down number down the group
(b) PCl3 and HCl are formed and the mixture warms (b) in both the alkali metals and the halogens the
up chemical reactivity decreases with increase in
(c) PCl5 and HCl are formed and the mixture cools atomic number down the group
down (c) chemical reactivity increases with increase in
(d) PH3–Cl2 is formed with warming up atomic number down the group in both the alkali
metals and halogens
159. Which one of the following substances has the high- (d) in alkali metals the reactivity increases but in
est proton affinity? [2003] the halogens it decreases with increase in atomic
(a) NH3 (b) H2O number down the group
(c) PH3 (d) H2S
167. The ionic mobility of alkali metal ions in aqueous
160. The solubilities of carbonates decrease down the solution is maximum for [2006]
magnesium group due to thedecrease in [2003] (a) K+ (b) Rb+
(a) inter ionic interaction (c) Li+ (d) Na+
(b) lattice energies of solids
(c) entropy of solution formation 168. The decreasing values of bond angles from NH3
(d) hydration energies of cations (106°) to SbH3 (101°) down group 15 of the periodic
table is due to [2006]
161. The solubilities of carbonates decrease down the (a) increasing bp–bp repulsion
magnesium group due to a decrease in [2003] (b) increasing p orbital character in sp3
(a) lattice energies of solids (c) decreasing lp–bp repulsion
(b) hydration energies of cations (d) decreasing electronegativity
(c) entropy of solution formation
(d) inter ionic attraction 169. The stability of dihalides of Si, Ge, Sn and Pb
increases steadily in the sequence [2007]
162. Which one of the following ion has the highest value (a) SiX2 < GeX2 < PbX2 < SnX2
of ionic radius? [2004] (b) SiX2 < GeX2 < SnX2 < PbX2
− 2–
(a) F (b) O (c) PbX2 < SnX2 < GeX2 < SiX2
(c) B3+ (d) Li+ (d) GeX2 < SiX2 < SnX2 < PbX2
163. Which one of the following ion has the highest value 170. In which of the following arrangements, the sequence
of ionic radius? [2004] is not strictly according to the property written against
– 2–
(a) F (b) O it? [2009]
(c) B3+ (d) Li+ (a) HF < HCl < HBr < HI : increasing acid
164. Based on lattice energy and other considerations strength
which one of the following alkali metal chlorides is (b) NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 : increasing basic
expected to have the highest melting point? [2005] strength
(a) LiCl (b) NaCl (c) B < C < O < N : increasing first ionization
(c) KCl (d) RbCl enthalpy
(d) CO2 < SiO2 < SnO2 < PbO2 : increasing
165. The correct order of the thermal stability of hydrogen oxidising power
halides (H–X) is [2005]
171. Which one of the following orders presents the cor-
(a) HCl > HF > HBr > HI
rect sequence of the increasing basic nature of the
(b) HI > HCl > HF > HBr
given oxides? [2011]
(c) HI > HBr > HCl > HF
(d) HF > HCl > HBr > HI (a) Na2O < K2O < MgO < Al2O3
(b) Al2O3 < MgO < Na2O < K2O
166. Following statements regarding the periodic trends of (c) MgO < K2O < Al2O3 < Na2O
chemical reactivity of the alkali metals and the halo- (d) K2O < Na2O < Al2O3 < MgO
gens are given. Which one of these statements gives
the correct picture? [2006]
14.22 Chapter 14

172. Which of the following statement is wrong? [2011] 174. Which of the following represents the correct order of
(a) Single N – N bond is weaker than the single P – P increasing first ionization enthalpy for Ca, Ba, S, Se
bond and Ar? [2013]
(b) Nitrogen cannot form dπ – pπ bond (a) Ba < Ca < Se < S < Ar
(c) The stability of hydrides increases from NH3 to (b) Ca < Ba < S < Sr < Ar
BiH3 in group 15 of the periodic table. (c) Ca < S < Ba < Se < Ar
(d) N2O4 has two resonance structures. (d) S < Se < Ca < Ba < Ar
173. The molecule having smallest bond angle is [2012]
(a) SbCl3 (b) AsCl3
(c) NCl3 (d) PCl3

ANSWER KEYS

Single Option Correct Type

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (d) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (b) 45. (d) 46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (c) 50. (a)
51. (c) 52. (a) 53. (d) 54. (b) 55. (c) 56. (b) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (d)
61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (c) 64. (a) 65. (b) 66. (a) 67. (d) 68. (d) 69. (c) 70. (c)
71. (a) 72. (c) 73. (d) 74. (d) 75. (b) 76. (c) 77. (b) 78. (b) 79. (b) 80. (b)
81. (a) 82. (c) 83. (a) 84. (b) 85. (a) 86. (d) 87. (c) 88. (c) 89. (a) 90. (a)
91. (b) 92. (d) 93. (b) 94. (c) 95. (c) 96. (d) 97. (d) 98. (a) 99. (b) 100. (d)
101. (a) 102. (b) 103. (b) 104. (c) 105. (a) 106. (a) 107. (c) 108. (d) 109. (d) 110. (d)
111. (a) 112. (b) 113. (b) 114. (a) 115. (c) 116. (b) 117. (b) 118. (c) 119. (d) 120. (c)
121. (d) 122. (a)

More than One Option Correct Type

123. (b) and (c) 124. (b), (c) and (d) 125. (a), (b) and (d) 126. (a), (c) and (d)
127. (c) and (d) 128. (b) and (c) 129. (b) and (d) 130. (b), (c) and (d)
131. (a), (b) and (c) 132. (a) and (c) 133. (b) and (d) 134. (a) and (d)
135. (a) and (b) 136. (a), (b) and (d) 137. (a) and (d) 138. (c) and (d)
139. (a), (b), (c) and (d) 140. (a) and (c) 141. (b), (c) and (d) 142. (c) and (d)

Passage Based Questions

143. (c) 144. (c) 145. (b) 146. (a) 147. (b) 148. (c)

Match the Column Type

149. (a) →(s); (b) →(q); (c) →(p) ; (d) →(r)
150. (a) →(p), (s); (b) → (q), (r) and (s), (c) →(q), (r) and (s); (d) →(q), (r) and (s)
151. (a) →; (q); (b) →(r); (c) → (s) ; (d) → (p)
152. (a) →(q), (r); (b) →(p); (c) →(p) ; (d) →(s)
153. (a) →(p); (b) →(s); (c) →(r) ; (d) →(q)
154. (a) →(p), (q), (r); (b) →(p), (q), (r); (c) →(p), (q) ; (d) →(p), (q), (s)
155. (a) →(q), (r); (b) →(p); (c) →(q), (s) ; (d) →(q), (s)
 Chemistry of Representive Elements 14.23

Previous Years' Questions

156. (c) 157. (b) 158. (c) 159. (a) 160. (d) 161. (b) 162. (b) 163. (b) 164. (b) 165. (d)
166. (d) 167. (b) 168. (d) 169. (b) 170. (b) 171. (b) 172. (c) 173. (a) 174. (a)
14.24 Chapter 14

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

Single Option Correct Type

1. ns1 electronic configuration represents alkali metals, that is, 42. Ammonia acts as the strongest base out of these and the
IA group, alkali metals are highly electropositive. order of basic nature is
2. Sodium amalgam is an alloy of Na and Hg. It is a mixture, so NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3
sodium is in metallic state. Hence, its oxidation state is zero. 43. More the oxidation state of the central atom, more is its
4. Li+ ion due to excessive hydration, has lowest ionic mobility acidity. Hence, ScO2 (O.S. of Sc = +4) is acidic. Further,
in aqueous solution. for a given O.S., the basic character of the oxides increases
5. KF + HF K+ [HF2]– with the increasing size of the central atom. Thus, Al2O3 and
–
In HF2 there exists a hydrogen bonding such as Sb2O3 are amphoteric and Bi2O3 is basic.
F– ….. H–F 44. Order of dipole moment
8. Sodium dissolves in liquid ammonia to give dark blue NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3
solution. (based upon electronegativity)
9. Lithium and magnesium show diagonal relationship due to 45. Oxidation number of the central atom of the compounds
same electronegativity. increases the acidic strength.
14. Alkali metals always show monovalency in their compounds. +5 +3 +5 +3

16. After neon the next electron enters into 4s orbital which is P4 O10 > P4 O6 > As4 O10 > As4 O6
lower in energy than 3d orbitals. 46. H2O has the highest boiling point due to H-bonding in it.
18. Alkali metals, because of their large sizes have lowest values 47. Due to higher electronegativity (4.0), F pulls the lone pair
of ionization potential. of electrons on N towards itself resulting in the decrease in
19. Alkaline earth metals act as strong reducing agents. basic character. The basic character in the increasing order is
20. IE2 of Mg is maximum. NF3 < NCl3 < NBr3 < NI3
23. Li due to highest hydration energy among the alkali metals is 48. Due to the absence of H-bonding, PH3 has the lowest boiling
the strongest reducing agent. point. The arrangement of the V group hydrides according to
their boiling point
24. 6 Li + N2 2 Li3N.
BiH3 > SbH3 > NH3 > AsH3 > PH3
25. Due to greater electronegativity (4.0), F pulls the lone pair
51. Except nitrogen and bismuth, all elements of this group
of electrons on N towards itself resulting in the decrease in
form pentahalides especially pentafluorides. Nitrogen can-
basic character.
not form pentahalides because it cannot expand its octet due
The basic character in the increasing order is to non-availability of d orbitals. Bismuth does not form pen-
NF3 < NCl3 < NBr3 < NI3 tahalides because of inter pair effect, that is, reluctance of the
27. In alkaline earth metal hydroxides, solubility increases down 6s electrons of bismuth to participate in bond formation.
the group since the lattice energy is decreasing down the 52. The increasing order of acidic nature is H2O < H2S < H2Se
group. < H2Te. This is because of decreasing stability of the hydride
30. Al, Ga, In and Tl ions exist as octahedral aqua ions, with increasing electropositive character of central atom.
[M(OH2)6]3+ in aqueous solution and many salts like halides, 53. ‘I’ atom is very big in size. H–I bond strength is less hence
sulphates, nitrates exist as hydrates but boron does not exist here it easily dissociated H+ ions.
as octahedral aqua ions. 55. The bond angles of the given molecules are as follows:
31. C2H4 is not a Lewis acid as it has no electronegative atom CH4 – 109° 28'
such as N, O and F which can bring positive charge on car- NH3 – 107°
bon. It can donate π electrons. H2O – 104.5°
37. Tetravalent compounds of group 14 elements are covalent H2S – 92°
which are formed by mutual sharing of electrons. 57. Polarity of the bond depends upon the difference in electro-
38. The shape of tetrahalides of group 14 elements are tetrahe- negativity of the two atoms forming the bond. Greater the
dral where the element involves sp3 hybridization. electronegativity difference, more is the polarity of the bond.
40. Out of P, K, Al and Si, P has the smallest size so it has higher N–Cl O–F N–F N–N
ionization potential. 3.0–3.0 3.5–4.0 3.0–4.0 3.0–3.0
 Chemistry of Representive Elements 14.25

58. N, O and F are highly electronegative non–metals and will S2O62– = +5. So, the correct order is
have the strongest tendency to form anions by gaining elec- S2O42– < SO32– < S2O62–
trons from metal atoms.
–1 0 +1 +7
60. Larger anion are more easily deformed to produce covalent 98. H I < I2 < I Cl < H I O4
nature. 99. Smaller the ion more is the hydration energy.
62. In F2 due to greater inter electronic repulsions. 101. Acidic strength increases as the electronegativity of the atom
63. VII A group elements are more electronegativity than other increases, hence, Cl2O7 > SO2 > P4O10.
group elements. 103. The atomic size increases from Cl to I.
64. As fluorine is most electronegative so it is the strongest oxi- 106. Elements other than F and O, due to their lower electronega-
dizing agent. tivity, cannot unpair and remove (oxidize) the electron from
68. Noble gases have very low chemical activity. completely paired np closed electron shells (ns2 np6) of noble
69. Water has a permanent dipole and it induces a dipole in the gases and thus do not react to form compounds.
neighbouring atoms of noble gas. Because of this weak inter- 109. Peaks of ionization energy represent its highest values. Since
action, the noble gases are sparingly soluble. noble gases have highest ionization energy values in their
71. Larger is the size and molecular weight stronger are the van respectively periods, these occupy peak positions in the ion-
der Waals forces among molecules. ization energy curve.
73. F2 oxidizes water to O2 exothermally. 111. Oxidation states are +3 and +1, the stable oxidation state is
2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2 +1 and its stability increases in the sequence
77. On dissolving moderate amount of Na metal in liquid NH3, Al < Ga < In < Tl
the solution is blue in colour and paramagnetic but not increasing stability of +1 O.S.
diamagnetic. 112. Na2O and CaO are basic while Al2O3 and SnO2 are
80. BCl3 > PCl3 > AsCl3 > BiCl3. amphoteric.
85. Si–F bond dissociation energy is highest. Its value is 540 kJ 113. As bond dissociation energy of F2 is less than Cl2 so it is
mol–1. correct.
Whereas, Si–Si = 215 kJ mol–1 114. F–O–F Cl–O–Cl Br–O–Br
Ge–Ge = 165 kJ mol–1 103° 111° >110°
Sn–Sn = 152 kJ mol–1 116. Due to high electronegativity of fluoride ion they are high
–
86. The stability of fluorides increase as the size of central atom reducing agents. Further, the size of F– is smaller than Cl .
increases. The correct order is 117. The ionization energy of any hydrogen like species (having
PbF2 > SnF2 > GeF2 one electron only) is given by the equation
87. More negative is the heat of formation, greater is the stabil- 2 π2 Z2 m e4
I.E. = h2
or I.E. is ∝ Z2
ity ∆Hf = –97.7, –98.6, –103.5, –104.2 kcal for LiCl, NaCl,
Since the atomic number of H is 1 and that of He is 2, there-
CsCl and KCl respectively.
fore, the I.E. of He+ is four times (22) the I.E. of H, 13.6 × 4
90. Enthalpy of vaporization increases with increase in molecu- = 54.4 eV
lar mass. However, NH3 has exceptionally high enthalpy of
118. As melting points of alkali metals are low.
vaporization due to intermolecular H-bonding. Therefore,
the correct order is: 131. In case of halides of alkali metals, the melting point decreases
going down the group because lattice enthalpies decreases
PH3 < AsH3 < NH3
as size of alkali metal increases. But LiCl has lower melt-
91. The solubility of alkaline earth metal halides decreases ing point in comparison to NaCl due to covalent nature. So,
down the group. NaCl is expected to have the highest melting point among
93. Nitrogen has no d orbitals in its valence shell. given halides.
96. Oxidation states of sulphur in S2O42– = +3, SO32– = +4, and

More than One Option Correct Type

123. As lead prefers to form divalent compounds because + 2 127. As in it carbon atoms are sp2-hybridised and it is reacting
oxidation state of Pb is most stable due to inert- pair effect. just like graphite.
In carbonate ion, all the three C – O bonds are equal due to 138. As iodine can displace chlorine from KClO3 and Euchlorine
resonance is a mixture of Cl2 and ClO2.
14.26 Chapter 14

Passage Based Questions

Passage-1 147. For different halogens having same oxidation number (+5),
the structure of the acids would be :
143. Due to greater solubility and nature to be prone to microbial
action, nitrates are less abundant is earth’s crust O
H–O–X
..
144. NH3 is better electron donor because the lone pair of elec- O
trones occupies sp3− orbital is more directional Among the three halogens, Cl has the greatest tendency to
145. White phosphorus on reaction with NaOH gives PH3 as one draw electrons by −I effect. Hence, HClO3 will be the stron-
of the product in disproportionation reaction. gesvt acid and HIO3 is the weakest
P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O → 3NaH2PO2 + PH3 148. The electrode potentials for the reaction
Passage-2 XO4− + 2H+ + 2e− → XO3− + H2O,
where X = Cl, Br, I
146. In ClO4−, Cl is in +7 state and halogen- oxygen bond is most
for ClO4− , Eo = 1.23 V
stable. So ClO4− is the stablest among the conjugate bases and
ClO− is the weakest. Hence, ClO4− (and hence, HClO4) is the For BrO4−, Eo = 1.8 V
poorest oxidizing agent and ClO− (and hence HClO) is the For IO4−, Eo = 1.64 V
strongest oxidizer. Hence, HClO4 is the weakest and HBrO4 is the strongest
oxidizer.

Previous Years' Questions

165. The correct order is HF > HCl > HBr > HI 172. The stability of hydrides decreases from NH3 to BiH3 du to
169. Due to inert pair effect, the stability of +2 oxidation state increase n size of the central atom.
increases as we move down this group. The correct order is 173. The correct decreasing bond angle order is
SiX2 < GeX2 < SnX2 < PbX2 NCl3 > PCl3 > AsCl3 > SbCl3
170. As the correct basic strength is as follows 174. Here I.ε increases as follows
NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 Ba < Ca < Se < S < Ar
171. The basic character of metal oxide increases with increase in
electropositive of metal so
Al2O3 < MgO < Na2O < K2O