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Exploring Science 8

Exploring science textbook by Pearson

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Wania Crazy Fantagian
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37K views190 pages

Exploring Science 8

Exploring science textbook by Pearson

Uploaded by

Wania Crazy Fantagian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Focus on: Anastabic respiration Exchange rates Respiration detection Cheat! Doctors and diseases Superbuge hidden world Focus on: Microbe structure Microbes in action Under attack Cholera: the evicence Stopping the spread Selt-defence Focus on: HIV and AIDS 10 12 13 4 16 18 20 2 2 a 26 a 28 29 30 32 Pay 35 35 7 38 40 42 43 “4 4s Ke Beating infections eMedicine men ‘e Mecical problems 8D The way ofthe dodo Ba Dead aso dodo a Death of the dinosaurs Ba Prehistoric plants 8b Detective work Dc Physical environmental factors 0c Focus on: Computer modeling Dd Living factors De Pyramias and poisons De The end ofthe road? Chemistry 8E Water 8 Using water {8a The solution is clear 8Eb Solubility BEe Salt ofthe Earth 8Ed What's in a solution? Be Sill water ke Focus on: Supplying water Ae Running out.. 8F Matetials and recycling fa sonted! Bfa The material world 8Fb Flementary, Afb. Focus on: Mendetee’s patience Bf Metal detecting 8Fd Compound interest fe Re-use, renew and recycle {fe Pay as you tow? 46 a 48 49 QREES 58 @ a 64 6 oe 70 2 4 %6 7 78 80 a2 86 88 30 Allthat glitters 86a All that afters 1a The elernents cf jewellery £86 Foe!’ gold {Gb Ditferent chances Gc Pure dead brant Gd The gold stondid {6d Focus on Elect jenellery Ge Meitit dewn Ge The price of ald Bic All change! Bid Theories about the Earth 8d Focus on: Pate tectonics Ble The rock cycle Bile Living in danger Physics a Ble Bla ab lc ad Ble Ble Ble Uy Ba a 8 3 Heat transfers Keep your cool Hot stuff Heating soliss Heating Puls Changing state Radiation Focus on: Protective clothing Exploring the Earth Forces and trarsport (On the move Drag act, “Tracks and trains Focus on: Stephenson's Rocket 101 102 104 105 106 108 0 m2 4 6 ue 9 120 12 124 126 128 130 132 133 134 136 138 Hoatng wine 8d. Fecing the way Be. change your atitude Be wnat nex for transport? Light What a picture! Ka Traveling ight ‘8Kb Cameras and eyes Ke Miror image Kd Lenses and ight Ke Making rainbows ‘BKe Focus on: Seeing colours Ae The power of mages 8L Sound and hearing 8a Animal sounds Bla Sound advice BLb Music to your ears BL Sound versus ight Bld ‘Ear ‘car 8L¢ Focus on: Do dolphins tal Ble Uses and abuses Ble Sound developments Glossary The periodic table Index 140 van 144 145, var v8 150 152 154 156 188. 160 161 162 164 166 168, 170 2 174 vs 182 183 How to use this book Keep your cool }— Each unit starts with a How Science Works? page. Ths introduces some of the ideas that ‘you wil lean more about, by making you think about a real-life si ey i Timeline boxes tel you about how the work of scientists has ceveloped over time Key words for the page are in bold. You Can lookup te meaning ofthese in the glossary on pages 175-181 of the book Fact boxes contain fascinating facts to think about, ‘8Bc) Into thin air “These give you extra information about the topic. 8Hd) Focus on: late tectonics @owScience@orks ‘Questions are spread throughout the page so you ‘ean answer them as you go thiough the topic. Practical boxes give you ideas for investigations ‘and practical work. Sometimes there i picture to give you ideas for planning your investigation, Where you see this How Scence Works icon, I means that the question or piece of text is about practical or enquiry skill how science bas changed over time, or how science used and applied in eal ite | _ 1 can... boxes help you to assess what ‘you've learned and check your progress. Each unit ends with a ‘How Science ‘Works’ page. Here you can apply what you've learned to 2 rea.ife situation da yes inno I you need te find formation about something, use the index on pages 183-184. ‘The Have Your say box gives you an issue for a debate or iscusson. Click on a section All of the questions in Click tis tab to see cof the page and your book come with all the key words and Iwill magrity, level end some ‘what they mean. You sothat you can example answers, so can read them of you read it easly on you can see exactly Cliceon ths cancliek’play’ and Click on thistab_ screen. Youcan Tow you're doing tab tofind all fsten to someone at anytimeto also zoom in. and how to improve. the electronic else read them out search for help on photos and These are on your fileson the for you, tohelpwith onhow touse diagrams on the teacher's CD-ROM ActiveBook._ pronunciation. the Activetook page xersion of the book. COC CUEUIcsTC (Chek on any of the words inbold to sex Puneet ‘a box with Gece ‘the word and what it means. You can reac them or you con cick play and lsien to Someone else read them fut for you to help with pronunciation. You can. ‘Glick this button’ Click these Clicehere to Youcan turn toone choose to see toseeall the links buttons to view return tothe page at a tme, or you thepages of to electronic files, the page asa contents page, _cantype in the number thebeok turn, ifycudovtwant single page or or go back to of the page and go cor not. toseethese links adouble page. thestartof——_straght to that page. ‘you can return to the unit. Youcan go to the end of book view. the book by clicking mi JE) Advertising food Health experts are wortied that children are eating too many unhealthy foods, which ‘makes them fat. The experts are trying to get young people to eat more healthily. The Office of Communications (Ofcom) controls what can be broadcast on radio and television. Health experts helped to persuade Ofcom that advertising unhealthy foods on TV was part of the problem. In 2007 Ofcom banned adverts for unhealthy foods from being shown during children’s TV programmes. In April 2007, scientists at Liverpool University cafried out an investigation to see if the ban might have an effect. They took 60 children and sowed them either food adverts followed by a cartoon, or toy adverts followed by a cartoon. The children were then offered some food. The scientists found that the children who had seen the food adverts ate about twice as much as those who had seen the toy adverts 3 chicrn tckingparin te invesigaton ct lierpool Uniersiy orks 2) None of these foods can be advertised on chiktron's ‘1 a Whattheory did health experts use to help explain why some children ate too many unhealthy foods? bb How did scientists at Liverpool University test this theory? «Do the results from this investigation provide evidence for or agains its theory? 2 8 Think up another theory shat might explain why childcen are general fatier today than they were 40 years ago. b Briefly describe how youwould test your theory. 3 What do you think the foods that cannot be advertised on children’s TV contain? | diet ye) What does our food contain? In science, the word diet means ‘what you eat’. Your food provices raw materials for your body, which are needed for: ‘© growth and repair * energy (to move, ete.) Packaged foods have nutrition information labels, Look at the left-hand column of label A and you will see the names ‘of the things in the Food. Apart from eneray, which is not a substance, the other things are food substances that your, body needs, Nutrition labels were introduced in 1980. ‘They have changed over the years as we have ‘wanted to know more about our food. One of the latest changes has been to clearly show any substances to which people can be allergic (c.g. nuts), The Food Standards Agency is in charge ‘of making sure that the labels are correct. Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals are all nutrients. Nutrients are food substances that provide ravy materials for the body. We also need fibre and water in our diets. Fibre is made of plant cell walls. Our bodies cannot use it but eating it helps to keep our intestines clean and healthy. It also stops our intestines getting klocked up (constipation), ‘A good source of fiore is wholemeal bread, © health. 1 What do scientists mean by the word diet? (hae atestier way “ouhealthier hear, “But dos thank us “Thank Wholegrain Goodness. acta 2a Lookat label A. List the sixfood substances shown, O00 b If you add up the masses of each food substance in the left-hand column, they do not come to 1003, The rest of fe mass is moter. Ignoring the minerals, wort cut how much ‘water there i in 100g ofthe bread. 3 You are in charge of marketing a new breakfast cereal called Fullan, which contains a lot of fibre. ire a slogan for a newspaper adverisemant. 200 ‘About 65% of a person is water! Water dissolves things so that they can be carried around the body. It also fils up cells so that they hold thelr shapes and cools you down ‘when you sweat. You must drink lots of water each day to stay healthy. 4-2 Which food substances are nutrients? 'b What oer substances doyou need in your di? «¢ What are these other substances needed for? Sclemists athe Fcod Standards Agency test foods to make sure they contain nhat their packets claim they conten. They use test ike these: G Starch (0 carbohydrate): Os Protemn: Flace a food. GB fet ub a small dry food Add tno drops ofiodine solution sample in a test tube to.adepth sample on some white paper "a food sample ifthere is ofabout lcm. Add five diops ‘Hold the pape! up wo the light starch you wil see a blue/Black of Eiuret sclution. f there is Fat leaves a greasy mark colour protein you will see @ purple ‘oIour within «few minutes Hoi would you test the fonds in photn Fto see which nutrients they contained? (The tests for starch and protein need the food sample to be mixed with an equal volume of water) “Carden of Life’ fie bars were stopped from being sold in 2007 They ‘were advertised as dairy free’ but fod scientists found proteins from milkin them parmesancheese 5 Gita tested her butter and bread wi iodine solution. Which nutrient vas she testngfor? 000) eon 6 a Sugars are < type of carbohydrate, You can aso do food tests for re sugars. Whic ofthese foods do you think wll have alot of suger | Ea Rest uu in them? fish fizy crirk potato chocolate sausages bb Name one oer sort of carbohydrate. Teer a What is a balanced diet? Different foods contain different food substances. No on2 food contains all the substances that you need and so you need. many different foods. If you eat the right ‘amounts of a wide variety of foods you have a balanced diet. A food pyramid can help you to plan a balanced diet. 4 Whatis a balanced diet? Food substances for energy ‘Carbohydrates are good sources of energy. Starch and sugar are two kinds of carbohydrate. Starch is found in foods like bread, rice, pasta and potatoes. Sugars are found in many foods (including sweets and cakes). ‘When carbohydrates are not used up, they can be tumed into fat in your body. Fats are also, found in foods like milk, cheese, butter and eggs. Fat is stored to be used for energy in the future. Some fat is stored under your skin to help stop heat escaping from your body. Different people need different amounts of food. You need more food if you are very active and you need more food if you are a bboy. The amount of chemical energy that 2 food contains is measured in kilojoules (kd). 10 ee) Sheu on nave ieee sn occostonal en pe Gee: be Says andnuts Ilsrecommandes that ou eat Bie orton: outa egeabesevery dy products Itinas ade ©) Hard exerose con use up 3-4 grams of ‘carbohydrates each minute, Long distance athletes Grnk liquids containing glucose during races ~ although ‘itcan Be quite hord getting these to a summer! 2 a Starch and sugar are examples of what food substance? bb Name two sources of starch. «¢ Name wo sources of suger. 3 Howisfat used in your body? Table C shows the recommended daily amounts of the meres acer eed bene, Theor ofefomaten fund on tea ala amass of 50g, How much of come | won yor! the folewing does it contain? eens Brecon sie 2 protein b fibre ov mm |a0w xe C carbetyerate = OO ly Err on 5 a AS0$sice of wholemeal at a wo 058 breaeis spread with 10g of ta my 258 m4 bute How much chemical oe ue BE er oe energy inthis snack? vias (soe eong (Oe 0 b ifthis snack wore tested win [30mg [soe io one usingiodine solution, what lin | mong (eoing (2h re would the result be? SO G 19 (ritigram) = 0001. 1ug (mixcgram) = 0000001. Food substances for growth and repair Proteins are needed to ‘make new calls to help us to grow and repair our bodies. Proteins are found in foods like meat, fish, eogs, cheese, beans and milk Sg 4 6 a Name wo geod sources of | pods b Iders eat lot of protein. They often eat special foods that protein ue them exta prose, Why do you naed proteins in your dew Food substances for health 7 How many sans of oranges yiarmins and mineral salts (usually just called minerals) are would youneedtogetthe needed in small quantities. They are often found in fruits and aaa ee er vegetables. They help to keep our bodies healthy. For example, aytaninG, HHO suse to mate re oo cls, and vain Chel x ee eoen) int: to stick together property best source of ron? QO Eee) a cei 9 Do youtthink you eat a balanced diet? Explain your id reasoning, Re eco ca See eee eee eee eet oe ghee eet scot 12 What problems can diet cause? Different diets from different cultures can all be balanced diets. + Explain why the haan meal in photograph A is balanced. In some parts of the world, people ‘cannot get enough to eat and they starve. In other areas people get diseases caused by a lack oa particular nutrient. This boy has 9 big tummy’ because he i sfering fiom a disease called hwashiorkor, caused by @ lack of protein. 1 Eating too much fat can help to cause certain types of cancer and heart disease, In heart cisease fat blocks the supply of blood to the heart muscle. The muscle starts to die and can cause 2 painful squeezing feeling Inthe chest. Many cats eat are richin proteins. sets which If you eat foods containing more energy ‘than you use up you may get fat, (Overweight people have more health problems, including heart disease. People who are very fat are said to be obese. Some scientists want to ban adver's for very fatty or sugary foods. Some people become ill by going on ‘diets’ that are not balanced or contain too little food. People who do not eat ‘enough often feel weak and tired. In some cases this can lead to a disease called anorexia. Fashion companies are often criticised for advertising their clothing using very thin models. Some scientists thnk that this advertising can change people’s behaviour. People learn to associate fashion with being very thin and so go on dangerous diets. 2 For each of these diseases state one cause and one symptom: a heart disease b anoresia_c knashiorkor 3 Why do you thirk doctors advise against eating no fa? 4 Should adverts for very ftty or sugary foods be banned? Explain your reasoning. 1 re ey '5 The 2006 Madrid Fashion Show banned models who were too thin. What do you tink of ths idea? Explain your reasoning, §— QOD ar wew can BRE. Cy ) Focus on: Diabetes and diet How can diabetes be controlled? @ow@cience@orks Disks caucas Fg eva of mucaienlouie op Whe oo, which can damage the brain, eyes and kidneys, Insulin is a 1a How can diet help to cause chemical made in the pancreas that causes cells to take glucose, Be ldabetes) sutclitcbioed tercessedintheblcca when me queoie — someawh pel Pee ea ncaa ee eee | cannot meke insuin. The bodies of people with ‘typeI diabetes Pees do not produce enough insulin or cannot use it properly. Obese Nod weneae eal people ae at rsk a ceveloping type I diabetes, became tail Treatment or Some people with diabetes have to inject themselves with insulin to make sure that their blood glucose does not get too high. Others can control their diabetes by cutting down on the | amounts of fatty and sugary foods that they eat, Discovery About 2500 years ago an Indian doctor, Susruta, tested for diabetes by seeing if ants were attracted to people's urine, The disease was callec ‘madhu-meb' or ‘sweet urine’ In 1776, Yorkshire dactor Matthew Dobson (1731-1784) ‘evaporated urine from a diabetic patient and showed that it 2 Why are people with diabetes contained sugar. He also found sugar in the patients blood. ‘encouraged to aveid too many stgary foods? tn 1889, German scientist Oscar Minkowski (1858-1931) was 3 Why do you think diabetes studying digestion. In his stucies he removed the pancreases cert from some dogs. The dogs became very illand one of Aue teicseen Minkowski’ assistants noticed that ants were attracted to thelr may Mintonslt Whet Urine. Minkowski hed heard about the ants in ancient Incia eta ciueant ‘and made the connection. ans ‘This encouraged other scientists to find out how the pancreas altered the glucose levels in blood. In 1921, Canadian scientist Sir Frederick Banting (1891-1941) and his student Charies Best (1899-1978) finally extracted insulin from pancreases. They Used their insulin to successfully reduce glucose levels in the G__ blood ofa 14-year-ole boy, and so contol the boy's ciabetes. B Banting won a Nobel Prize for is work on insulin 8Ac) You've fete TGS What do the parts of the digestive system do? A process called digestion turns food into a form that your body can use. It 0 ‘oilfoad passes down a iitie nade op of ‘your body different organs, called the gut. (like the liver) also help with digestion, The gut and these ather organs make up the digestive syste. Puiting food in your mouth is called ingestion. Your teeth

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