CSI Analysis Reference Manual

application.
Currently only axial Deformation Load is available. The specified axial deforma-
tion is converted to axial Strain Load by simply dividing by the element length.
The computed strain loads are assumed to be constant along the length of the
element.

See Chapter “Load Patterns” (page 321) for more information.

Target-Force Load
Target-Force Load is a special type of loading where you specify a desired axial
force, and deformation load is iteratively applied to achieve the target force.
Since the axial force may vary along the length of the element, you must also
specify the relative location where the desired force is to occur. Target-Force
loading is only used for nonlinear static and staged-construction analysis. If
applied in any other type of Load Case, it has no effect.

Unlike all other types of loading, target-force loading is not incremental. Rather,
you are specifying the total force that you want to be present in the frame
element at the end of the Load Case or construction stage. The applied
deformation that is cal- culated to achieve that force may be positive, negative, or
zero, depending on the force present in the element at the beginning of the
analysis. When a scale factor is applied to a Load Pattern that contains Target-
Force loads, the total target force is scaled. The increment of applied deformation
that is required may change by a dif- ferent scale factor.

See Topic “Target-Force Load” (page 331) in Chapter “Load Patterns” and Topic
“Target-Force Iteration” (page 444) in Chapter “Nonlinear Static Analysis” for
more information.

Internal Force Output

The Frame element internal forces are the forces and moments that result from
in- tegrating the stresses over an element cross section. These internal forces are:
• P, the axial force
• V2, the shear force in the 1-2 plane
• V3, the shear force in the 1-3 plane
• T, the axial torque

1. 142 Target-Force Load

 Chapter VII The Frame
Element
Axis 2

P Axis 1
T
Positive Axial Force and
Torque

T Axis 3

V2
Compression Face
Axis 2
Positive Moment and Axis 1
Shear in the 1-2
Plane

M3 M3

Axis 3

V2 Tension Face

Positive Moment and

Shear in the 1-3 Axis 2
Axis 1
Plane M2

Tension Face

V3
V3
Compression Face

Axis 3
M2

2. Figure 39
Frame Element Internal Forces and Moments

• M2, the bending moment in the 1-3 plane (about the 2 axis)
• M3, the bending moment in the 1-2 plane (about the 3 axis)
 Chapter VII The Frame
Element 3. Internal Force Output 143
CSI Analysis Reference Manual

These internal forces and moments are present at every cross

section along the length of the element, and may be requested
as part of the analysis results.
The sign convention is illustrated in Figure 39 (page 143).
Positive internal forces and axial torque acting on a positive 1
face are oriented in the positive direction of the element local
coordinate axes. Positive internal forces and axial torque acting
on a negative face are oriented in the negative direction of the
element local coordi- nate axes. A positive 1 face is one whose
outward normal (pointing away from ele- ment) is in the
positive local 1 direction.

Positive bending moments cause compression at the positive 2

and 3 faces and ten- sion at the negative 2 and 3 faces. The
positive 2 and 3 faces are those faces in the positive local 2 and
3 directions, respectively, from the neutral axis.

Effect of End Offsets

When end offsets are present, internal forces and moments are
output at the faces of the supports and at points within the clear
length of the element. No output is pro- duced within the length
of the end offset, which includes the joint. Output will only be
produced at joints I or j when the corresponding end offset is
zero.

See Topic “End Offsets” (page 127) in this Chapter for more information.

Stress Output
Axial stress results are available for graphical display and
tabular output along with the internal forces described above.
The axial stress is denoted S11 and is computed at any point in
the frame cross section as:
P M3 M2
S11   x2  x3
4. a i33 i22
where
P is the axial force, and M2 and M3 are the bending m