Why Homogenization?

Vg = velocity
g = force of gravity
p = particle diameter
ρ hp  = density of the liquid
ρ lp  = density of the particle
t = viscosity
 Homogenization
● Homogenization was invented by a French named :

Gaulin, in 1899 described it in French as “fixer la composition des

liquides”.

● Homogenization primarily causes disruption of fat globules into

much smaller ones

● The homogenisation reduces fat globule size from an average of 3.5

μm in diameter to below 1 μm, this is accompanied by a four- to six-
fold increase in the fat/plasma interfacial surface area.
 Homogenization
● The newly created fat globules are no longer completely covered
with the original membrane material. Instead, they are surfaced
with a mixture of proteins adsorbed from the plasma phase.

● Casein is the protein half of the complex and it is associated with the
fat fraction through polar bonding forces.

● The casein micelle is activated at the moment it passed through the

valve of the homogeniser, predisposing it to interaction with the
lipid phase.
 Process requirements
● The physical state and concentration of the fat phase contribute
most

● Homogenisation below 40 °C results in incomplete dispersion of

the fat phase.

● Products of high fat content are more difficult to homogenise &

also more likely to show evidence of fat clumping.

● Increasing the homogenisation temperature decreases the visocity

of milk & improves the transport of membrane material to the fat
globules.

● Homogenisation : Temp 55 – 80 °C & pressure is between 10 and

25 MPa (100 – 250 bar)
 Flow characteristics
● When the liquid passes the narrow gap, the flow
velocity increases The speed will increase until
the static pressure is so low that the liquid starts
to boil

● The maximum speed depends mainly on the

inlet (homogenization) pressure

● When the liquid leaves the gap,

the speed decreases and the pressure
increases again. The liquid stops boiling
and the steam bubbles implode

The Homogenization Valve
 Homogenisation theories

● The theory of globule disruption by turbulent eddies (“micro

whirls”):

● A lot of small eddies are created in a liquid travelling at a high

velocity.

● If an eddy hits an oil droplet of its own size, the droplet will
break up.

● Higher velocity gives smaller eddies.

● This theory predicts how the homogenising effect varies with

the homogenising pressure. This relation has been shown in
many investigations.
 Homogenisation theories

● The cavitation theory

● Shock waves are created when the steam bubbles implode

disrupt the fat droplets.

● Homogenisation takes place when the liquid is leaving the gap,

so the back pressure which is important to control the
cavitation is important to homogenisation. This has also been
shown in practice.

● However, it is possible to homogenise without cavitation, but it

is less efficient.
 The homogeniser
● A high pressure homogeniser is basically a pump with
homogenization device (valve)
 Single-stage and two-stage homogenisation
● Homogenisers may be equipped with one homogenising device or
two connected in series

● In two-stage homogenisation the back pressure (P2) is created by

the second stage.

● Using modern devices, the best results are obtained when the
relation P2/P1 is about 0.2

● The second stage also reduces noise and vibrations in the outlet
pipe.
Single-stage and two-stage homogenisation

● Single-stage homogenisation may be used for

homogenisation of products with high fat content
demanding a high viscosity (certain cluster formation)

● Two-stage homogenisation is used primarily

to reach optimal homogenisation results and
to break up fat clusters in products with a
high fat content.

Disruption of fat
globules  In first &
second stages of
Homogenization
 Effect of homogenisation
● Smaller fat globules leading to less cream-line formation

● Whiter and more appetizing colour

● Reduced sensitivity to fat oxidation

● More full-bodied flavour, and better mouthfeel

● Better stability of cultured milk products Disadvantages

● Somewhat increased sensitivity to light – sunlight and fluorescent

tubes – can result in “sunlight flavour”

● The milk might be less suitable for production of semi-hard or hard

cheeses because the coagulum will be too soft and difficult to
dewater
The homogenization valve
● The distance between the seat and the
forcer is approximately

0.1 mm or 100 times the size of the fat

globules in homogenised milk.

● The velocity of the liquid is normally 100 –

400 m/s in the narrow annular gap.

● The higher the homogenisation pressure,

the higher the speed.

● Homogenisation takes 10 – 15
microseconds.
 The homogenization valve
● The piston pump boosts the pressure of the milk from about 300
kPa (3 bar) at the inlet to a homogenization pressure of 10 – 25 MPa
(100 – 250 bar)

● The oil pressure on the hydraulic piston and the homogenisation

pressure on the forcer balance each other.

● The hydraulic unit can supply both first and second stage with an
individually set pressure. The homogenization pressure is set by
adjusting the oil pressure

● Homogenization always takes place in the first stage. Second stage

basically serves two purposes:

● Supplying a constant and controlled back-pressure to the first

stage, giving best possible conditions for homogenization

● Breaking up clusters formed directly after homogenization as

shown in
Transmission electron micrograph of milk fat globules

16000X
Bar = 500nm

66000X
Bar = 200nm

Non­homogenized

26000X
Bar = 5000nm

Homogenized
Merits of Homogenization
⚫ No formation of cream layer/plug
⚫ Fat will not churn
⚫ Thick body and rich appearance
⚫ Produces soft curd, easily digestible
⚫ Less susceptibility to oxidation
Demerits
Increased cost of production
⚫ Fat from returned homogenized milk is
difficult to salvage.
⚫ Sediment is greater
⚫ May produce rancidity if temperature is
not kept adequately high.
 Product specific purposes of Homogenization
● Market milk - creaming of fat is avoided & taste improvement is
achieved

● Coffee cream, evaporated milk - avoids creaming & improved the

whitening power in coffee

● Cheese milk - enhances the biochemical fat degradation especially in

mould ripened cheeses

● Acidified dairy products - improvement in consistency & taste, more

stable acid gel and reduced whey syneresis

● Milk mix beverages – improving body, good distribution of

stabilizer & additives

● Ice cream mix – reduced buttering of fat during freezing process

 Factors Affecting ⚫ Efficiency of Homogenization
Homogenization ⚫ Degree of homogenization
⚫ Homogenization pressure
defined as ­ ratio of the volume of fat
two-stage homogenization is
with fat globules diameter of < 0.7 µ
needed
to the total fat content of milk or
to prevent fat clustering pressure
cream.
of
⚫  The value of 0.7 µ was based on the
140 bar (2000 psi) and 35 bar
fact that fat globules with smaller
(500
diameter­ do not form clumps
psi) in the first and second stage because they break up again due to
respectively are applied in two- Brownian movements.
stage ⚫  Farrall index
homogenization. It is a widely accepted microscopic
⚫ Stage of homogenization method ­ determining the
milk with more than 6% fat, homogenization efficiency.
twostage homogenization is better. ⚫  This index may be defined as the
Temperature of homogenization number of fat globules having < 2 µ
enzyme lipase should be in diameter.
inactivated prior to ⚫ The efficiency of  homogenization is
homogenization by pre-heating apparently based on the number
milk to a temperature of 60°C of fat globules larger than 2 µ (if
or above. any), as measured under
specified conditions.
 Homogenizer in the processing line
● In general, the homogenizer is placed upstream, i.e. before the
final heating section in a heat exchanger. In most
pasteurization plants for market milk production, the
homogenizer is usually placed after the second regenerative
section

● In production of UHT milk, the homogenizer is generally placed

upstream in indirect systems but always downstream in direct
systems, i.e. on the aseptic side after UHT treatment. In the
latter case, the homogenizer is of aseptic design
 Factors affecting the fat globule size
● Homogenization pressure

● Stages of homogenization

● Fat content & ratio of amount of surfactant (usually protein) to

amount of fat

● Temperature

● Proper operation of the homogenizer

 Homogenisation efficiency
1. Size distribution analysis

                                                                               Size distribution curve
 Homogenisation efficiency
2. Studies of the creaming rate

a. 1 000 ml is stored for 48 hours, after which the fat content of the
top 100 ml is determined, as well as the fat content of the rest.
Homogenization is reckoned to be sufficient if 0.9 times the top fat
content is less than the bottom fat content

b. Creaming index by centrifugal method: 50 ml of milk is

centrifuged at 1000 rpm/5 min in 3 sets. Top 5 ml milk is
separated and fat content determined for both the fractions :

Creaming index = (A-B)/B x 100, A = fat% of top, B = fat% of

bottom

Quality of homogenization: Excellent up to 10, Good 11- 20, Fair

21-30 & Bad over 30
 Homogenisation efficiency
3. Farrall index: efficiency in excellent when upon microscopic
examination 90% of the fat globules has average diameter ≤ 2μ
 Overall effect of Homogenization
● Reduction of size of the fat globules accompanied by four- to six-fold
increase in the fat/plasma interfacial surface area

● Creation of new MFGMs and adsorption of disrupted casein micelles

on the new MFGMs

● Slight increase in viscosity

● Increased foaming properties

● Increased digestibility

● Whiter and more appetizing colour

● More full-bodied flavour, and better mouthfeel

● Reduction in heat stability

● Increased in foaming properties

● Somewhat increased sensitivity to light – sunlight and fluorescent

tubes – can result in “sunlight flavour”