Section B

Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark

Number
1 (a) 2
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p

3d 4p (2)

ALLOW

4p 3d scores 1 out of 2 ‘4p 4d’ or ‘4d 4p’ gets 0

4p 5s scores 1 out of 2

ALLOW use of capital letters e.g. “3D

and/or 4P”

Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark

Number
1 (b)(i) A region / space / volume (around the Just ‘the path an electron 1
nucleus / atom) where there is a high takes orbiting around a
probability / chance / likelihood / of nucleus’
finding an electron
Just ‘Position of electrons in
an atom’
ALLOW ‘area’ / ‘sub-shell’ as
alternative for region

OR

A region where an electron is likely to

be found

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Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark
Number
1 2
(b)(ii) For s-orbital do not allow
ellipse for first mark

pi bond

d-orbitals shown below

s-orbital p-orbital

(1) (1)

Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark

Number
1 (c) 11 / eleven 1

ALLOW 2p63p5 1s22s22p63s23p5

Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark

Number
1 (d) 18 / eighteen 1s22s22p63s23p6 1

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Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark
Number
*1 (e) Enthalpy / energy / heat / heat energy “Energy given out …” 3
per mole required/needed for first mark

OR

Enthalpy / energy / heat / heat energy

change per mole (1)

to remove one / an electron (1)

from gaseous atom(s) (1)

“Energy required to remove one mole

of electrons from one mole of gaseous
atoms” scores all three marks

NOTE:
The equation:

X(g)  X+(g) + e−
scores the last two marks

NOTE:
An incorrect equation given with a
correct definition in words scores 2 out
of 3 marks
Question Acceptable Answers Mark
Number
1 (f) Ionization 2
456 691 954 1335 1661 2011 2549 2893 14136 15907
energy / 496
3 3 4 2 1 5 1 4 7 9
kJ mol—1
Ionization
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 1 10th
0th 1
number

    

All five correct = 2 marks

Four/three correct = 1 mark

Two/one/none correct = 0 marks

Total for Question = 12 marks

.

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 Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark
Number
2 (a) F mark:- 2
Makes mention of
energy/enthalpy/(heat) energy/heat “Energy given
(change) out…” for first
AND mark
to remove an electron
AND
one mole/1 mol

Second mark:
Makes mention of gaseous atom(s) Just ‘gaseous
element’/
‘gaseous
substance’
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER

Energy change per mole for (1)

X(g) → X+(g) + e(—) (1)

Mark the two points independently

IGNORE any references to standard

conditions

Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark

Number
*2(b) Any two from three:- 2
(Atomic) radius increases/there are Ionic radius
more shells/(outermost) electron increases
further from the nucleus (1)

there is ‘more shielding’ or ‘more

screening’ (down group) (1)

the nuclear attraction decreases

OR
attraction between nucleus and
(outermost) electron decreases
OR
the increased shielding/increased
distance outweighs the increased
nuclear charge (1)

IGNORE any references to ‘more

protons’ and/just ‘increasing nuclear
charge’
IGNORE references to “effective
nuclear charge”

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 Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark
Number
2(c)(i) Any ONE from: 1
(Electrons are being removed from
an) increasingly positive ion/

charge on the ion (successively)

increases/

increasing proton : electron ratio/

same number of protons (attracting)

fewer electrons /

ions get smaller/

the electron repulsion decreases/

the shielding decreases/

electrons (being removed are) closer

to the nucleus/

effective nuclear charge increases

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 Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark
Number
*2(c)(ii) First mark: Two jumps 2

Two (large) jumps (between 1st and

2nd and 9th and 10th IEs) (1)

NOTE: A sketch graph with two 1st mark if the

(large) jumps can score this first graph is
mark sketched ‘back
to front’
Note if the jumps are specified, they
must be between 1st and 2nd and 9th
and 10th IEs

Second mark: Electronic

configuration of Na

2, 8, 1 mentioned in words,
annotated on a sketch graph or
drawn out in a diagram (e.g.
electrons shown in orbits/shells
around the centre of the atom) but
NOT just inferred (1)

ALLOW “1, 8, 2” OR 1s22s22p63s1

Mark the two points independently

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 Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark
Number
2(d)(i) Credit any of the following 1
representations (but need BOTH Mg
AND Al to be correct)

Mg 1s22s22p63s2 and Al
1s22s22p63s23p1

Mg 1s22s22p63s2 and Al
1s22s22p63s23p1

Mg 1S22S22P63S2 and Al
1S22S22P63S23P1

Mg 1S22S22P63S2 and Al
1S22S22P63S23P1

Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark

Number
*2(d)(ii) NOTE: 1
ALLOW an argument focusing on
either the Al or the Mg atom

EITHER
In Al, (3p) electron (lost is) Al has one more
at higher energy/more shielded (by shell than Mg
3s electrons)/further from the
nucleus Just (lost from)
IGNORE any reference to an a new sub-shell
unpaired electron in Al
OR
In Mg, (3s) electron (lost is) Electron lost in
at lower energy/less shielded/ Mg from a
nearer to the nucleus/from a full “full shell”
subshell/from a full orbital/from
(stable) (3)s2

Any reference to an Al atom being

larger in size than an Mg atom
scores zero overall.

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 Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark
Number
3 (a) First mark 3
The energy (allow enthalpy / heat) Energy /
required (allow change) per mole enthalpy
(1) produced

Second mark
to form (gaseous) singly charged
positive ions
Or
to remove (1 mole of) electrons (1)

Third mark
from gaseous atoms (of the Just gaseous
element) (1) element

X(g) X+(g) + e(-) scores last 2

marks

Ignore standard conditions

Per mole scores at any point

Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark

Number
3 (b) Nuclear charge / effective nuclear charge density 3
charge / number of protons / atomic
number increases (1)

Two of

(Outer) electrons in the same orbitals, sub-

(quantum) shell / same number of shell
electron shells (1)

Shielding (of nucleus)(about) the

same (1)

Distance from nucleus/atomic radius

less (1)

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 Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark
Number
3 (c) Route 1 2
Electrons (in the p sub-shell) are
paired (for the first time) (in S) /
two electrons occupy the same (p)
orbital / full orbital / electrons-in-
boxes diagram (1)

repulsion between the (paired)

electrons (reduces IE) (1)

Route 2
P has a half-filled p sub-shell / half-
filled p orbitals which is stable (1)

(on ionization) S gains a half-filled p

sub-shell / half-filled p orbitals (1)

Question Acceptable Answers Reject Mark

Number
3 (d) 200 – 490 (kJ mol–1) Negative values 1

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Question Correct Answer Reject Mark
Number
4 (a) 3
element
element str bonding

sodium Giant metallic

Giant (atomic)/
silicon macromolecular/ covalent
giant molecular

simple / small
molecules covalent or van
der Waals’
OR forces/ London
forces/
sulfur
(simple) intermolecular
molecular forces/dispersion
forces/induced-
OR dipole forces
S8 molecules

IGNORE the word “lattice” OR “crystalline”

6 boxes correct (3)

5,4 boxes correct (2)
3,2 boxes correct (1)
1,0 boxes correct (0)

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Question Correct Answer Reject Mark
Number
4 (b) Si : covalent bonds / many bonds/ any reference to intermolecular 2
strong bonds (between atoms) (1) forces in Si

S : weak forces /van der Waals’ suggestion that covalent bonds

forces/London forces/dispersion are broken
forces/intermolecular
forces/induced-dipole forces (1)
(need to be overcome)

Question Correct Answer Reject Mark

Number
4 (c) Cations/ions decrease in size (from atoms decrease in size 2
QWC Na+ to Al3+)
OR
charge increases/charge density on
(cat)ions increases/ “effective
nuclear charge” increases (from Na+
to Al3+) (1)

more e– (per atom in ‘sea’ of any mention of “molecules”/

delocalized electrons) / more “covalent bonds”/
delocalized electrons “van der Waals’ forces”/
“ionic bonds” (0) overall
OR
(force of) attraction between
(cat)ions/nucleus and (delocalised)
electrons increases (from Na to Al)
(1)

IGNORE “nuclear charge increases”/

“increasing no. of protons”

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Question Correct Answer Reject Mark
Number
4 (d)(i) • Add MgO to acid/react MgO with 5
QWC acid/dissolve MgO in acid (1)

[NOTE: mention of heating not

required. IGNORE water
bath/reflux]

• Filter (1)

• Heat/boil filtrate /MgSO4 solution

(until volume reduced by half) Just “warm” the filtrate/MgSO4
(1) solution
• Leave to cool/leave to
crystallise/evaporate
slowly/leave to evaporate (1)

(decant / filter / pick out crystals,

then)
Leave to dry/pat dry/dry between
filter papers/put in an oven/put
in a desiccator/dry the crystals
(1) Use of a desiccant (added to
crystals)
IGNORE any washing of crystals
immediately prior to drying them

Question Correct Answer Reject Mark

Number
4 (d)(ii) Rinse with (plenty of) water /use a Any named strong alkali/just 1
damp cloth or damp (paper) towel / “strong alkali”
add a (named) weak alkali
(e.g. solid or aqueous sodium
hydrogencarbonate)

Question Correct Answer Reject Mark

Number
4 (e)(i) Insoluble strontium 1
sulfate/insoluble SrSO4
(forms on the strontium carbonate)

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Question Correct Answer Reject Mark
Number
4 (e)(ii) Sr2+(aq) + SO42− (aq) → SrSO4(s) 2
species (1)
state symbols (1)

2nd mark is cq on first mark

Sr2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + 2Na+(aq)

+ SO42–(aq) → SrSO4(s) + 2Cl–(aq) +
2Na+(aq)
scores (1)

SrCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) Æ SrSO4(s) +

2NaCl(aq)
scores (1)

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