EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE ASIASIASTIC ARCHITECTURE

WEST ASIA
Character: simplicity, massiveness, monumentality
Material: stone and brick BABYLONEAN AND ASSYRIAN
System: columnar and trabaeted Character: simplicity, massiveness, grandeur
Comparative analysis: Material: brick
Plans- irregular and asymmetrical System: arch and vault
Wall- no windows (batter wall) Comparative analysis:
Openings- doors are square headed Plan - palaces are elevated on platforms w/
Roof- flat roof room covered by vaults
Columns- interior only, 6d Walls - are built with sun died bricks,
- bud & bell, palm, foliated, hatthor head, osiris, battlement cresting
polygonal
Mouldings- torus and gorge ASSYRIA finished w/ chiseled alabaster slab
Openings - doors are semicircular headed w/
PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS: sculptured monstrers
Roof - externally appeared flat but covered by
Egyptian Tombs: brick vaults internally
Columns - no columns
Mastaba- stairway, halfshrunk, elaborate structure Mouldings- no mouldings
elements: offering chapel w/ stele (slab) serdab Ornaments- chiseled alabaster slab
(statue chamber) sarcophagus
Principal buildings:
Pyramid- square in plan, oriented in cardinal sides Ziggurat: holy mountains
elements: offering chapel mortuary Archaic ziggurats- rectangular w/ upper temple
chapel Multi level ziggurats- 2 to 5 tiers
elevated causeway (passageway) Assyrian ziggurats- square in plan w/ continous
valley building (embalmment) ramp w/ fire altar
types: step (zoser)
slope Palace: usually built by Assyrian
blunt (seneferu) elements: seraglio- palace proper
Rock-cut- mountain side tombs harem- private family apartments
elements: passages khan- service chamber
sepultural chamber
Egyptian Temples: Palace of Sarbon, Corsabat

CULT TEMPLE- worship of the gods

PERSIAN
MORTUARY TEMPLE- to honor the pharos (architect of light and airy magnificence, open type plan)
elements: pylon (entrance or gateway) Material: stone for columns, brick for wall surface, timber for
hypaethral court (open to the sky court) roof
hypostyle hall (pillard or columnar hall) System: royal palace are built on platforms to achieve
sanctuary monumentality
: columnar and trabaeted
Comparative analysis:
MINOR TEMPLE- mammisi temple (carved along mountain)
Plan - open widely spaced columns
Wall - made of bricks covered w/ polychrome
OBELISK TEMPLE (monumental pillars, square in plan)
brickwork
Openings - windows and doors are square headed
Sphinx: (mythical monsters)
Roof - flatroof made of timber
Columns - tall & slender w/ flutted shafts, 15d &
Mastaba of Thi, Sakkara-
scroll, twin horse capital
Pyramid of Gizeh- Cheops, Chepren, Mykerinos
Mouldings- Greek & Egyptian
Tombs of the Kings, Thebes
Ornament- polychrome brickwork
The Great Temple of Arnak (greatest example of Egyptian
temple)
Palace Platform, Persopolis
Great Sphinx at Gizeh (god horus)
Propylaea, Xerxes
Palace of Darius
Egyptian Architects:
Palace of Cerces
Senusurets- built the earliest known obelisk at Heliopolis
Hypostyle Hall of Cerces
Amenemhat I- founded the great temple at Karnak
Hall of Hundred Columns
Thothmes I- began the additions to the temple of Amnon
Karnak
Amenophis III- built the famous Colossi of Memnon
Rameses I- began the hypostyle hall at Karnak
Seti I- built the temple at Abu- Simber
Ptolemy II- built the pharos of Light House
Ptolemy III- founded the Great Seradeum at Alexandria
GREEK ARCHITECTURE Prostyle, Amphi-prostyle
Character: Peripteral, Pseudo-peropteral
Simplicity & harmony Edipteral, Pseudo-dipteral
Purity of line
Perfection of proportions Comparative analysis:
Refinement of details Wall- solidly constructed of blocks or stones, use of
Material: marble dowels or clamps
System: columnar and trabaeted Openings- doors, windows & colonnade are square
headed
 Early Period/ Minoan or Mycenaean Roof- w/ sloping rafters covered w/ thin marble
Principal buildings: slab to permit light
Megaron: domestic unit - lacunaria (coffer)
elements: enclosed porch Column- principal external feature
megaron
proper Orders Introduced by Greeks:
thalamus- Doric Order
sleeping room Ionic order
Walls: Corinthian Order
1. cyclopean Parts:
2. polygonal Entablature- cornice
3. rectangular frieze
4. inclined blocks architrade
Column- capital
Tombs: shaft
Rock -Cut- rectangular chamber cut base
deep into the mountainside Proportion of Greek Orders
Tholos- is a subterranean vault, circular Doric Order- favored by Greeks
in shape Column- 4-6½ D
- dromos- passageway Tablature- ¼ height of order
Palaces: Ionic Order
Palace King Minos, Knossos Column- 9D
Tablature- 1/5 height of order
 Helenic Period- religious structures Corinthian Order
Comparative Analysis: (Greek Temples) Column- 10D
Simple & balance, symmetrical Tablature- 1/5 height of order
Rectangular Doric Order:
Principal buildings: Abachus
Temples: Echinus
elements: front portico Trachelion
crepidoma- Hypotrachelion
stylobate, steriobate Entasis
pronaos Ionic Order:
naos Abachus
epinaos/ Echinus- volute
posticum w/ or w/o opisthodomos Attic base if 2 torus
peroma- space Torus
bet the naos wall and columns Plinth
Corinthian Order:
Abachus
Cauli-coli
Acanthus leaves

Intercolumnation Spaces:
Hypnostyle- 1 ½ d
Systyle- space bet col 2d
Number of columns: Eustyle- space 2 1/4d
Henostyle Diastyle- 3d
Dinostyle Areostyle- 3 ½ d
Tristyle
Tetrastyle Principal buildings:
Pentastyle Temples:
Hexastyle elements: acroterion
Hectastyle pediment
Octostyle tympanum
Ennastyle entablature
Decastyle metope
Dodestyle triglyph
Arrangement of Columns: raking cornice
Antis, Amphi-antis crepidoma
 - holds
the statue of Athena
- Theater of Dionysius
- Temple of Nike
Apteros- archt
Callicrates

- Ionic
temple

Temple of Zeus, Agrigentum- 2nd largest

- archt Theron

- 3 naos

Entablature spacing: - Atlantes figure

Monotriglyph Temple of Artemis- archt Deinocrates
Ditriglyph - master
Polytriglyph sculptor- Scopas

Mouldings- Greek Theater- hallow out of hillside

parabola - 2/3 of circle
hyperbola elements: cavea
elipse orchestra- complete circle
Basis of Shape of Mouldings- at center
Cyma riversa/ olgee- Waterleaf & tongue skene- proscenia
Cyma recta- Antheneon or honey suckle (oration)
- paracenia- width
of orchestra
Ovolo- Egg & dart or egg & tongue - epicenium-
Atragal/ bead- Bead & reel background
Torus- Guilloche or plait Theater of Dionysus, Athens- prototype
Corona- Fret
Fillet cavetto escocia- Plain - largest for 30,000 people

Sculptured reliefs- free standing statuary- single or Theater of Epidauror- most beautiful &
group figures preserved
Types: bigas- 2 horse chariot - archt
Quadbigas- 4 horse chariot Polycletos

Themenos- sacred enclosure  Helenistic Period- civic structure

Acropolis, Athens Principal buildings:
- Propelea- gateway Agora- town square, center of social & business
- Pinacotheca- life
paintings Stoa- shed, long colonnade
- Glyptotheca- Prytaneion- senate building
sculptures Bouleuterion- council palace
- Statue of Athena Audeion- smaller scale theater, used for musical
Promochos Stadium- foot race course
- Erechtheon- Hipodrome- hose chariot racing, prototype of
unusual because of roman circus
carriage porch Palaestra- resting school
- Old Temple of Gymnasium- place for all types of physical
Athena exercises
- Parthenon- largest Tomb- mosoleum
- elements: pediment
geatest example of greek podium
architecture
-
archt. Ictinus
-
master sculptor-
Callicrates
- Doric
temple
-
naos- made of gold and
ivory
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Column- 9D
Character: Tablature- 21/4d
Vastness & magnificence Corinthian Order
Olstentation & ornateness Column- 10D
Material: pozzolana & lime Tablature- 2 1/2D
System: columnar, trabaeted & arcuated Mouldings- heavily decorated
Comparative analysis: Ornament- mosaic- floor, wall ceiling (Tesserrae)
Plan- assymetrical due to complexity of needs of types: opusteselatum- square for ceilings
romans opusectile- tesserae cut into
Walls- made of stone & concrete shapes for wall
Types:Opus quadratum opuspilatum- inchevron for
Opus incertum floor
Opus reticulatum - mural paintings
Opus testaceum - accantus scroll- most popular
Opus mixtum
- introduction of buttresses Principal buildings:
Types:Niche/ hemicycle- retaining wall, Forum- a central open shape used as a meeting
detached place, market or rendevous for
Spur buttress- attached to wall political demonstration.
Pinnacle- similar to spur but Forum Romanum- oldest & most
more pronounced important
Forum of Trajan- largest forum
Rectangular Temples
Temple of Venus, Rome- Appolodorus of
Damascus
Pantheon Rome ( Sta. Maria Rotunda)-
Agripa (corinthian temple)

elements of arch: keystone

extrados
intrados
string course
impost
abutment
plinth Basilica- hall of justice & commercial exchange
archivault Trajan’s Basilica, Rome- Appolodorus of
voussoir blocks Damascus
stilting Thermae- palatial public bath
rise Balneum- private bath for family
spring line elements:
span 1. main building- tepidarium-
warm lounge
Roof- vaulting system - calidarium-
types: semi circular/ wagon headed vault hot water bath
(made of bricks) -
cross vault sudotorium- hottest room
dome/ cupula - frigidarium- cooling room
w/ piscana
or
swimming
bath
-
unctoria- perfume & oil
2. xystus- large open space w/
landscaping
,stadium fro
various types
of athletic
sports
3. outer ring of apartments-
lecture room,
Column- exedrae, stores
Composite- Ionic volute w/ Corinthian 4. hypocaust- furnace
Tuscan- similar to Greek Doric w/ base
Column- 7D Thermae of Caracalla
Tablature- 1 3/4D Thermae Of Diocletian
Doric Order-
Column- 8D Theaters- orchestra is used by important people
Tablature- 2D - skene became the stage
Ionic Order Theater of Marcellus, Rome- concrete
 Theater Orange- partly concrete r
Amphitheatre- gladitoria contests e
Colloseum, Rome- vast ellipse
Archts- s
Vespasian e
a
Domitian l
Circus- for horse & chariot racing e
elements: spina d
carceres
Circus maximus, Rome- largest w
Tombs /
Classes:
1. Coemetera w/ a
Columbaria- a niche
i f
n r
o
t n
h t
e
s
r l
o a
c b
2.
k Monumental tombs- similar to the Greek mousoleum in form &
plan
c Mausoleum of
o Agustus, Rome
n Mausoleum of
t Hadrian, Rome (Castle of Angelo)
a 3. Pyramidal tombs
i 4. Temple shaded tombs
n 5. Sculptured memorials-
i minor tombs of varied designs
n 6. Cenotaphs- memorial
g monum
ents to
a person
s buried
h elsewh
e ere
s Commemorative Monuments
1. Triumphal arch- 3 openings, for
o emperors
f Pilar of victory/ memorial column-
record triumph of victorius generals
t Trajan’s Column-
h Doric column, arch
e Titus
3. Rostral column- victorius
d campaigns done in sea victories
e Palaces
a Palaces of Emeperors, Rome- by
d emeperor Agustus
Palace of Diocletian, Spalato- largest
Loculi- recess for Roman Houses
c Villa- country house
o Insula- tenement house for workers
r Domus- private house
p elements:
s 1. prothyrum
e 2. atrium-
entrance court
w open to the sky
/
c impluvium- water
cistern
w 3. tablium- open
e saloon
 4. peristyle- inner
colonnaded
court (open)
5. cubicula-
bedrooms
6. triclina- dining
room
7. oecus-
reception room
8. alae- reception
for
conversation
9. kitchen &
pantry
Aqueduct- for water supply of towns & cities
Aquaclaudia- Caligula & Claudius
Pontgard, Nimes- mos manificent 25
miles long
Pons- roman bridges
Fountains
Types: Locus/ Lacus- large basin of
water
Salientes- provide water

 Etruscan Period
Introduced radiating arch
Tuscan column/ similar to Greek Doric w/ base
Atrium in domestic planning
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE Mosaic
Character: Mural paintings
Simplicity in design and treatment Ornaments: symbolism
Coarseness in execution Peacock- symbol of eternal life
Material: savaged from pagan structures Endless knot- eternity
Basilican plan for churches (east oriented) Chirho- Jesus Christ
System: trabaeted & arcuated
Comparative analysis: Sta. Soffia of Constantinople, Hagia Sophia- for
Plan- evolved from roman basilica emperor Justinian
built on site of saints burial places Arch. Arthemus of Tralles
elements: bell tower
atrium- with fountain Isodorus of Miletus
narthex
nave- sude aisles - now a muslim mosque
choir- cancelli (low walls) St. Mark, Venice Italy- most important example
high altar- baldochino, of Byzantine
crypt/ confessio/ cimborium
ambo
apse- for bishops & ROMANESQUE- “roman like art”
cardinals Character: Sober & Dignified
Material: stone & brick for Germany
Materials: Masonry & concrete System: arcuated
Walls- exterior- concrete w/ plain plasters principle of equilibrium through vaulting system
- interior- mosaic made up of rib & panel vaulting
Openings- arcaded, doors & windows are span w/ Comparative analysis:
semicircular arches lintels or Plan- Latin Cross plan (west oriented)
entablature External feature- towers on nave & transept,
Roofs-Nave- timber trusses facades
Side aisles- semicircular arches Walls- supported by pilaster strips
Apse- side dome
Columns- 4 roman columns
Mouldings- roman mouldings are adapted, very
crude
Ornament- linked to Christian religion
2 basic ornaments: mosaic
mural
paintings
Example of Basilican Churches:
Basilican Church of St. Peter, Rome
Church of St. John Lateran

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
Removed the atrium Windows- rose or wheel windows
Narthex became the entrance
Covered by dome roof- external features
Character:
Simplicity in external design Roof: Rib & panel Vaulting
Richness in internal treatment 1. quadripartite
Material: bricks used for walls & concrete for domes
Marble for columns
System: fusion of domical construction
Classic columnar & trabaeted style 2. sexpartite
Comparative analysis:
Plan- Greek cross plan
Walls- bricks Column:
Exterior- brick in various design
Interior- mosaic & marble
Openings- are spanned by semicircular arches
or lintels
Windows- 3” thick translucent marble
Roof- dome Mouldings- are usually in horizontal courses,
Types: Simple- pendentives, dome deviated from roman
Compound- supported by Ornamets- fresco paintings- principal
drum - vegetable & animals forms
Melon shaped- with flutings
Principal buildings:
Columns: dosseret block, soffit, capitals Monastery
Elements: Monastery church
Mouldings: Billet moulding Cloister court
 Inner court Roof- ribbed & paneled vaulting
Common court Column- group column
Mouldings- 45 deg from wall
Ornaments- stained glass & figured sculpture
Countries that adapted Romanesque:
Countries that adapted Gothic:
 ITALY
 FRENCH GOTHIC
Central Italy- ornamental façade- rising one from 1. Primary/ Lancet Period- pointed arches &
another geometric tracery windows
North Italy- rose window 2. Rayonnant Period- circular windows w/ wheel
tracery
Pizza Cathedral 3. Flamboyant Period- flame like or free flowing
Pizza Campanile tracery
Cathedral
Baptistery Principal Buildings:
Cathedrals
Notre Dame, Paris- oldest Gothic
Cathedral
By bishop
Maurice De Sully
Finest &
most characteristic French gothic
Chartres Cathedral- 130 stained galss
windows
 FRENCH ROMANESQUE Profussion
of sculptured figures in west front
Southern France- Muslim influence due to pointed Rheims Cathedral- coronation church of
arch kings of France
Northern Italy- flanking towers 500
carved statues on west facades
Madeleine Vezelay- earliest form of Ameins Cathedral- archt Robert de
cross-pointed vault in France Luzarches
Abbaye-Aux Homes, Caen Order- Typical
prototype of Gothic French cathedral
Carved
 GERMAN ROMANESQUE woodwork on choir stalls
Beauvais Cathedral- tallest in Europe,
East & west apse 157’ to the vault
1 of the
Worms Cathedral- emperor wonders of medieval in France
Charlemagne
Fortified Towns
Carcassone- 50 towers, moat & walls
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
France- style ogivale Castles
- lofty & aspiry quality Chateau de Perrefonds- elongated
- structural honesty location, overlooking town
- economy in use of material Arch.
System: Arcuated w/ Pointed Arches Viollet- le- Duc
Material: stone
Principal building: Cathedral- Latin Cross (west oriented)  ENGLISH GOTHIC
Plan- asymmetrical
Walls- rubble masonry, buttress to support walls English gothic vaulting: formerets
diagonal ribs
ridge ribs
transverse ribs
tierceron
boss- covering of ribs (pendant)

Moulding- nail head

 Double cone Manor House
Hampton Court Palace- archt Cardinal
Wolsey
Dog tooth cable
University
University of Oxford
Ball flower Cambridge University

Tablet flower
 BELGIUM & DEUTCH GOTHIC
-eastern & western apse
Embatled sandwich
Principal Buildings:
Hall Church
Classification of English Gothic Mouldings: St. Elizabeth, Manburg- typical church in
1. bowtel- ¾ of a circle Germany
2. pointed bowtel- roll moulding in w/c Cologne Cathedral- largest gothic church
2 faces meet in a blunt arris in Northern Europe
3. bracket/ brace- double ogee
4. wave moulding- a slight connexity  ITALIAN GOTHIC
followed by hallows
5. keel moulding Milan Cathedral- 2nd largest church in Europe
6. scroll archt Henrich Von Gmunden
7. casement Sienna Cathedral- stripped marble found in walls &
8. hood & label tiers of church
Santo Corce- Arnolfo de Cambio, 1 of largest in
Types of Trusses: Europe
1. tie beam Florence Cathedral- combination of gothic &
2. trusted rafter renaissance
3. hammer beam Arnolfo de Cambio
4. collar beam Famous group bldg
5. aisle roof in the world
Doge’s Palace in Italy- civic example gothic in Italy
Giovanni &
Principal Buildings: Bartolome Buon
Cathedrals Ca D’ Oro- one of the famous palatial homes
1st div- Cathedral of the Old Foundation- during gothic period
served by secular clergy
York Cathedral- largest  SPANISH GOTHIC
cathedral among English cathedral - influenced by Muslim art- excessive ornament
Salisbury Cathedral- English foun in retablo
gothic caharcteristic - retablo & grilles or rajas- back of altar

Monastic Foundation- served by monks or regular clergy Civic Cathedral- largest Cathedral in Europe
herbury Cathedral- 1st Norman church
hester Cathedral- longest gothic cathedral in Europe Largest Church:
St. Peter’s Cathedral
rd
3 div- Cathedrals of the New Civic Cathedral
Foundation- served by bishops William Cathedral
presence of 2 chapels- lady Colon Cathedral
chapel- Virgin Mary St. Pauls, London

- chantry chapel- patrons are burried

Monastery RENAISSANCE- “rebirth of classical”

Westminster Abbey- largest Benedictine Character: Dignity & Formality achieved thru symmetry
Founation System: Trabaeted and Arcuated
Triple Elements: pediment, horizontal cornice, columnar arcade
group of monastery
Baroque- curve lines
Coronation church & burial place for Eng kings 1. twisted column/ solomonica
Royal 2. pediment
Palace- parliament & Big Ben segmented
Westminster Church- highest
scrolled
Castles
Tower of London- builder Bishop open
Gundolf for William I
 swan neck Baldazar Peruzzi- went back to Greek
cross plan
broken Antonio de Sangallo- younger, extended
vestibule
Rococo
Comparative analysis: Designed the campanile
Plans- symmetrical
Walls- often constructed w/ ashlar masonry, bricks Proposed central dome
for Germany Michael Angelo- change to Greek cross
Exterior wall- rustification- dado height plan
1.20m Redesigned
Doors & windows- semi circula head w/ greek surrounding chapels & apses
entablature Designed the
Roof- semi- circular vaults dome
- dome or drum w/ semi circular windows Giacomo Della Porta w/ Dominico
Columns- classic orders Fontona- completed the dome
Mouldings- roman mouldings Vignola- added side dome
Ornaments- fresco paintings Carlo Maderna- change into Latin cross
Exterior color effect- sgrafitto (colored plan & colonnade
plaster) Bernini- designed the entrance piazza
containing 284 ionic columns

Countries that adapted Rennaisance:

Panthenon, Rome- largest dome
 ITALY- “ birth place of renaissance” Roman
Florence- birthplace, typical form Florence Cathedral, Italy- 138’
Rome- typical Renaissance
Venice- receded frontage, contextualization w/ St Peter’s Basilica, Italy- 137 1/2 ‘
environment Renaissance
St Paul, London- 112’
Brunelleschi- most famous architect in Italy Renaissance
Dome of Florence Cathedral- Sta Soffia, Constantinople- 107”
gothic & renaissance Byzantine
Palazzo Pitti- largest except
for Vatican
Alberti- author of first architecture book after  FRENCH RENAISSANCE
invention of printing Chateau de Bury (typical French chateau)
“De re Aedificatoria” Chateau de Blois (spiral shell staircase)- Leonardo
Church of Santa Andrea, Mantua- da Vinci
prototype of later renaissance
Bramante- first Roman architect of renaissance Principal Buildings:
time Palaces
Pazzo Della Cancellaria Palais de Louvre (historical artifacts)-
Vatican Palace, Rome Pierre Lescot
Raphael- cousin, pupil of baramnte & one of the Palais de Tuilleries- Philbert de L’arme
greatest painters
Vatical Loggie (residence of French rulers till
Vignola- 1879)
Villa of Pope Julius, Rome Palais de Versailles (for Louis xiv)- Le
Palazzo Farnese, Caprarola- most Vau
maginificent of Roman palaces Churches
Gesu Church, Rome- prototype of Church of the Sorbonne- Le Mercier
Jesuit Church in baroque style Dome of the Invalides (niche of
Michael Angelo- Napoleon Boniparte)
Medici Mausoleum- wealthiest family in
Italy
Capitol, Rome- mos successful civil  GERMAN RENAISSANCE- French style, use of bricks
work Heidelber Castle
Longhena- Salzberg Cathedral
Sta. Maria Della Salute, Venice-
structure in the middle of canal  SPANISH RENAISSANCE- plateresque style
- churrigueresque
St. Peter’s Basilica- most famous in Italy, style (Spanish
Renaissance period baroque)
Bramante- first architect, plan in form of
Greek cross plan Plateresque- fancy design by silver crafts
Givliano da Sangallo- continued, after 2 Churrigueresque- inspired by Jose de
yrs died Churrigueresque
Fra Giacondo- died - high baroque of Spanish
Raphael- changed plan into Latin cross renaissance
 S. W. Chambers-
Palace of Charles V. Granada- Pedro Machuca, Somerset House
best example S. John Soane- Bank of
Escorial (art works)- Julian de Bautista, Julian de England
Herera 1850-1875 HIGH VICTORIAN 1848- 1870 SECOND
w/ monastery, Gothic Revival EMPIRE
collage, church & place Renaissance Revival High Neo
Granada Cathedral- Diego de Silde Personalities Renaissance
One of the grandest S.G. Scott- Liver Pool Ex. Fernstel- Votive
cathedral in Spain Cathedral Church, Vienna
Tomb of Ferdinand S. Charles Barry-
& Isabela & others Westminter Palace
1875-1901 LATE VICTORIAN 1870-1914 THIRD
 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE Romanesque, Byzantine REPUBLIC
Elizabethan Mansion Baroque, Flemish, Neo- Baroque
Features: Renaissance Ex. Charles Garnier- Paris
Towers Opera House
Gable roof
Parapets  ENGLAND
Balustrade Queen Anne Style- popularized by Norman Shaw
Chimneystacks applied on domestic
Bay & oriel window houses
Topiary work- landscaping sculpture
Elements:
Great hall EARLY 20TH CENTURY
Grand staircase
Long Gallery (upper floor)- most striking  BRITAIN
feature Art Nouveau- Charles Rennie Mckintosh
Solar (withdrawing room)- warmest room
Ritz Hotel- first building made of reinforced
Architects: concrete & glass after war
Inigo Jones- deciple of Italian - Mewes & Davies
Renaissance Schools- Ecole Des Beaux-Arts- Architectural
characterized by the Design
use of bricks Ecole de polytechnique- Engineering
Banqueting House, White Hall
Queen,s House, Grenwich Art Nouveau
Sir Christopher Wren- deciple of French France- Le Modern Style
renaissance Germany- Jugensdstil, Bandwurmstil, Tapeworm
St Paul’s Cathedral- greatest Austria- Sezessione
masterpiece, model English Italy- Stile Liberty, Stile Inglese, English Style
53 London churches Spain- Modernismo
Grenwich Observatory & hospital
Fountain court & garden façade of Architects of Modern Period:
Hampton Palace Britain: Wells Coates
A.D. Connel
C.A. Lucas
REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE- 19TH CENTURY Edwin Maxwell Fry
ARCHITECTURE B.R. Ward
Marked by Battle of Style- conflict between F.R.S. Yorke
GOTHIC & CLASSIC C. Europe: B. Lubetsrin
W. Gropius
Arts & Craft Movement- alliance of artists & Serge Chermayeff
factories, paved way to … E. Mendelsohn
Art Nouveau- organic & dynamic forms Marcel Breuer
curving designs
whiplash line German Exponents Of Arts & Crafts:
August Endel
Victorian Architecture- Britain revival architecture Henri Vande Velde
Viennese Architects
BRITAIN CENTRAL EUROPE Otto Wagner
1830-1850 EARLY 1830-1848 JULY J.M. Olbrich
VICTORIAN MONARCHY Important architects of 1900-1916
Greek Revival & Graeco Neo Renaissance Peter Behrens- Germany
Roman Ex. Vignon, Madeleine Auguste Perret- France
Ex. Railway Buildings Paris Adolf Loos- Austria
Personalities Chalgrin- Arc de Foremost architects of Modern Period
Awn Pugin Triomphe Erich Mendelson- Germany
S. Joseph Paxton- Brandenburg Gate Ragnar Ostberg- Sweden
Crystal Palace Ivar Tengbon- Sweden
 Sven Markelious- Sweden Predominant style:
Gunnar Asplono- Denmark Gothic Revival- initiated by
Prominent Art Nouveau Architects Henry Richardson later by
Mckintosh- Scotland
Antonio Gaudi- Spain (undulating lines) Sagrada Louis Sullivan
Familia End of
Victor Horta- Belgium Gothic Revival Frank Loyd Wright
19th century Precedents of Modern Architecture Beaux-Arts- more academic in
Crystal palace- Joseph Paxton character
Halles Centralles (market)- Baltard
Bibioteque Nationale (lib)- Henry Labrouste St. John the Divine Cathedral, NY- Le
Pioneers of Modern Architecture Farge
Otto Wagner- Austria Marshal Field Store, Chicago- Henry
Peter Behrens- Germany Richardson
August Perret- France
Hendrik Berlage- Holland Skyscraper- dominant: innovations
Louis Sullivan- U.S. metal frame construction
19th Century Inventions: non- load bearing curtainwall
combination of glass & steel elevator
folded slab- introduced by Eugene Freyssinet
flat slab- by Robert Millart 4. 1930- Modern Period in America
laminated timber (plywood) Walter Gropius
Erich Mendelsohn
AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE Mies Vander Rohe
Georgian/ Colonial Architecture Eliel Saarinen
Bauhaus
White House, Washington- Mckim, Mead & White
Independence Hall, California- Andrew Hamilton
MUSLIM ARCHITECTURE
 NATIONAL PHASE Principal building: Masjid/ Mosque
1. Post Colonial Period- 1790-1815 3 types:
Departure from English Fami Masjid/ Friday Mosque- biggest
architecture to French influence Madrasa- colligiate mosque, learning
Revival period in U.S.A. Tomb Mosque

Classic Revival example: Characteristics of Friday Mosque:

Capitol, Washington D.C.- Thornton, Minaret- tower
Hallet & Latrobe Maqsura- screen
University of Virginia- Thornton, Hallet & Dikka- reading desk
Latrobe Mihrab- niche
Montecillo Virginia- Thornton, Hallet & Mimbar- palpit
Latrobe Liwanit- colonnade
Plan of Washington D.C.- Charles Pierre Fawara- fountain
L’ Enfant Sahn- open space
Federal Hall, Washington D.C.- Charles
Pierre L’ Enfant Characteristics of mosque:
Washington Monument, Washington Dome
D.C.- Robert Mills Colonnade- trefoil, ogee, horseshoe,
Philadelphia Exchange- William lancet
Stricklamp Ornaments- Mnemonic inscription (text)
Superimposed
Revival of Gothic example: ornaments- in layers
Trinity Church, New York- Richard Upjan Stalactite- found in
St. Patrick’s Cathedral- James Wrenwick pendentives (muqarna)
3d
2. 1st Eclectic Period- 1815-1860 corbels
predominant style of Greek Examples of Muslim Architecture:
architecture Arabian Saracenic-
balloon frame introduction in Great Mosque Mecca
building construction Assyrian Saracenic-
use of cast iron as building Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem-
material holiest place
Spanish Saracenic
3. 2nd Eclectic Period- 1860-1930 Great Mosque Cordova-
most important period in capital of Islam religion in West
architecture in U.S.A. Giralda, Seville- most beautiful
Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia- towers
1876 Alhambra Granada- part of
Worlds Columbian Exposition, royal palace, most famous
Philadelphia- 1893 Turkish Saracenic
 Taj Mahal, Agra- most Modular planning of house & palaces
important, made of marble thru use of tatami 3’x5’

CAMBODIAN ARCHITECTURE- Stone Carving

INDIAN ARCHITECTURE Angkor Thom- founder Jayavarman
Characterized by Buddhist, Jain, Hindu - center of town Bayon (main
temple 54 towers)
Buddhist- Angor Wat- one of architectural wonders of world
Stambha/ Lath- monumental pillars - largest religious structure in the
Stupa/ Tope- domical sacred mound world, behive shape towers
Chaitya- Indian Buddhist temple
Vihara- Indian Buddhist monastery
Hindu temple elements:
Mandapa- hall for religious dancing & INDONESIAN ARCHITECTURE- Hindu influenced (stone
music carving)
Garbhagriha- unlighted shrine Borubodur- largest budhist temple
Vimana- sanctuary Stupa in Java

Great Stupa Sanchi- characteristic of Indian MIYANMAR ARCHITECTURE (BURMA)

architecture Principal buildings:
Golden Temple of Sikhs- holiest temple Chedi- Burmese stupa
Shwedagon pagoda, pangun
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE Kya- ung- Burmese monastery
Roof characteristics Thein- ordination hall for monks
1. steep gable roof w/ spreading Pitakat-taik- Buddhist library
eaves
2. extensive use of roof tiles- NEPALIST ARCHITECTURE- Budhist
yellow, green, blue- imperial Stupa- 13 tiers, symbolizes heaven
palace Swayambhunath Stupa, Katmandu- square base
red- mandarin w/ eyes of Buddha
black or gray- citizens
3. scultural works found on roof TIBETAN ARCHITECTURE
ridges- dragon, fish Chorten- stupa
Sakya Monastery- famous for collection
Principal buildings: of Tibetan manuscript
Pai- Lou- Chinese gateway (3 openings) Potala Palace, Lhasa- palace for
Pagoda/ Tais- houses relic of Buddha entertaining important people
Temples- contains statue of Buddha
Elements: THAI ARCHITECTURE
Temple proper Wat- group of religious buildings
Dagoba Bot- temple
Bell tower Phra chedi- stupa w/ a round tower
Pagoda Phra prang- stupa w/ elliptical tower
Library Pra sat- royal throne hall
Monks dwelling Mondop- library
House- generally one storey Sala- pavilion for resting
Emperor- 9 bays Kuti- monastery
Prince- 7 bays
Mandarin- 5 bays Phra Pathom Chedi- most important architectural
Ordinary citizens- 3 bays landmark in Thailand

Great Wall of China- built by emperor- Si- Huang-

Ti FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
The Gussho System- based on rigidity of the
triangle
Features:
Roof construction:
1. Kiruzuma/ Gabled Roof
2. Hogyo/ Pyramidal Roof
3. Shichu- Hip- Ridge Roof
4. Irimoya- Hip & Gabled
Roof
Incorporation of Buddhist altar in
Japanese mansion
Incorporation of stupas in monastery
Chasitsu or tea house in Japanese
dwellings