3 Parallel and

Perpendicular Lines
3.1 Identify Pairs of Lines and Angles
3.2 Use Parallel Lines and Transversals
3.3 Prove Lines are Parallel
3.4 Find and Use Slopes of Lines
3.5 Write and Graph Equations of Lines
3.6 Prove Theorems About Perpendicular Lines

Before
In previous chapters, you learned the following skills, which you’ll use in
Chapter 3: describing angle pairs, using properties and postulates, using angle
pair relationships, and sketching a diagram.

Prerequisite Skills
VOCABULARY CHECK
Copy and complete the statement.
1. Adjacent angles share a common ? .
2. Two angles are ? angles if the sum of their measures is 1808.

SKILLS AND ALGEBRA CHECK

The midpoint of }
AB is M. Find AB. (Review p. 15 for 3.2.)
3. AM 5 5x 2 2, MB 5 2x 1 7 4. AM 5 4z 1 1, MB 5 6z 2 11

Find the measure of each numbered angle. (Review p. 124 for 3.2, 3.3.)
5. 6. 7.
2 1
3 1 1358 2
1
3 2
3
388

Sketch a diagram for each statement. (Review pp. 2, 96 for 3.3.)

‹]› ‹]›
8. QR is perpendicular to WX . 9. Lines m and n intersect at point P.

1SFSFRVJTJUF
TLJMMT
QSBDUJDF
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

144
 Now
In Chapter 3, you will apply the big ideas listed below and reviewed in the
Chapter Summary on page 201. You will also use the key vocabulary listed below.

Big Ideas
1 Using properties of parallel and perpendicular lines
2 Proving relationships using angle measures
3 Making connections to lines in algebra

KEY VOCABULARY
• parallel lines, p. 147 • alternate interior angles, • paragraph proof, p. 163
• skew lines, p. 147 p. 149 • slope, p. 171
• parallel planes, p. 147 • alternate exterior angles, • slope-intercept form, p. 180
p. 149 • standard form, p. 182
• transversal, p. 149
• consecutive interior • distance from a point to
• corresponding angles,
angles, p. 149 a line, p. 192
p. 149

Why?
You can use slopes of lines to determine steepness of lines. For example, you
can compare the slopes of roller coasters to determine which is steeper.

Geometry
The animation illustrated below for Example 5 on page 174 helps you answer
this question: How steep is a roller coaster?
(EIGHTFT




        
(ORIZONTALDISTANCEFT

-AGNUM8,  /THERROLLERCOASTER

2ISE  2ISE

2UN  2UN
-AXIMUM 
(EIGHT #HECK!NSWER
3TART
3LOPE 

A roller coaster track rises a given For each track, use the vertical rise and
distance over a given horizontal distance. the horizontal run to find the slope.

Geometry at classzone.com
Geometry at classzone.com

Other animations for Chapter 3: pages 148, 155, 163, and 181

145
 Investigating
g
Geometry
g
ACTIVITY Use before Lesson 3.1
3.1 Draw and Interpret Lines
M AT E R I A L S • pencil • straightedge • lined paper

QUESTION How are lines related in space?

You can use a straightedge to draw a representation of a three-dimensional

figure to explore lines in space.

EXPLORE Draw lines in space

STEP 1 Draw rectangles STEP 2 Connect corners STEP 3 Erase parts

Use a straightedge to draw Connect the corresponding Erase parts of “hidden” lines
two identical rectangles. corners of the rectangles. to form dashed lines.

DR AW CONCLUSIONS Use your observations to complete these exercises

Using your sketch from the steps above, label the corners as shown at the
JM and }
right. Then extend } LQ. Add lines to the diagram if necessary.
‹]› ‹]›
1. Will JM and LQ ever intersect in space? (Lines that intersect
on the page do not necessarily intersect in space.)
K L
2. Will the pair of lines intersect in space?
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]› J M
a. JK and NR b. QR and MR
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
c. LM and MR d. KL and NQ
P Q
3. Does the pair of lines lie in one plane?
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
a. JK and QR b. QR and MR N R
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
c. JN and LR d. JL and NQ
4. Do pairs of lines that intersect in space also lie in the same plane?
Explain your reasoning.
5. Draw a rectangle that is not the same as the one you used in the Explore.
Repeat the three steps of the Explore. Will any of your answers to
Exercises 1–3 change?

146 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 3.1 Identify Pairs of Lines
and Angles
Before You identified angle pairs formed by two intersecting lines.
Now You will identify angle pairs formed by three intersecting lines.
Why? So you can classify lines in a real-world situation, as in Exs. 40–42.

Key Vocabulary Two lines that do not intersect are either parallel lines or skew lines. Two lines
• parallel lines are parallel lines if they do not intersect and are coplanar. Two lines are skew
• skew lines lines if they do not intersect and are not coplanar. Also, two planes that do
• parallel planes not intersect are parallel planes.
• transversal k
• corresponding Lines m and n are parallel lines (m i n).
angles m
Lines m and k are skew lines.
• alternate interior
angles T n Planes T and U are parallel planes (T i U).
• alternate exterior Lines k and n are intersecting lines, and
angles U there is a plane (not shown) containing them.
• consecutive
interior angles
Small directed triangles, as shown on lines m and n above, are used to show
that lines are parallel. The symbol i means “is parallel to,” as in m i n.
Segments and rays are parallel if they lie in parallel lines. A line is parallel
to a plane if the line is in a plane parallel to the given plane. In the diagram
above, line n is parallel to plane U.

EXAMPLE 1 Identify relationships in space

Think of each segment in the figure as part of a line. C
Which line(s) or plane(s) in the figure appear to fit the B
description? D
‹]› A
a. Line(s) parallel to CD and containing point A
‹]› F G
b. Line(s) skew to CD and containing point A
‹]› E H
c. Line(s) perpendicular to CD and containing point A
d. Plane(s) parallel to plane EFG and containing point A

Solution
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
a. AB , HG , and EF all appear parallel to CD , but only AB contains point A.
‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
b. Both AG and AH appear skew to CD and contain point A.
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
c. BC , AD , DE , and FC all appear perpendicular to CD , but only AD contains
point A.
d. Plane ABC appears parallel to plane EFG and contains point A.

3.1 Identify Pairs of Lines and Angles 147

 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES Two lines in the k
j
same plane are either parallel or intersect in a point.
P n
Through a point not on a line, there are infinitely many
lines. Exactly one of these lines is parallel to the given l
line, and exactly one of them is perpendicular to the
given line.
(FPNFUSZ at classzone.com

POSTULATES For Your Notebook

POSTULATE 13 Parallel Postulate
If there is a line and a point not on the line, P
then there is exactly one line through the
point parallel to the given line. l

There is exactly one line through P parallel to l.

POSTULATE 14 Perpendicular Postulate

If there is a line and a point not on the line, P
then there is exactly one line through the l
point perpendicular to the given line.
There is exactly one line through P perpendicular to l.

EXAMPLE 2 Identify parallel and perpendicular lines

PHOTOGRAPHY The given line markings show how
the roads are related to one another.
B C
a. Name a pair of parallel lines.
b. Name a pair of perpendicular lines. D
‹]› ‹]›
c. Is FE i AC ? Explain. M
A
Solution
‹]› ‹]› ‹]› ‹]› E
a. MD i FE b. MD ⊥ BF F
‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
c. FE is not parallel to AC , because MD is parallel
‹]›
to FE and by the Parallel Postulate there is
‹]› Niagara Falls, New York
exactly one line parallel to FE through M.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2

1. Look at the diagram in Example 1. Name the lines through point H that
‹]›
appear skew to CD .
‹]›
2. In Example 2, can you use the Perpendicular Postulate to show that AC
‹]›
is not perpendicular to BF ? Explain why or why not.

148 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 ANGLES AND TRANSVERSALS A transversal is a line that intersects two or
more coplanar lines at different points.

KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook

Angles Formed by Transversals
t t
2
4
6 5

Two angles are corresponding Two angles are alternate interior

angles if they have corresponding angles if they lie between the two
positions. For example, ∠ 2 and lines and on opposite sides of the
∠ 6 are above the lines and to the transversal.
right of the transversal t.

t t
1
3
5
8

READ VOCABULARY Two angles are alternate exterior Two angles are consecutive
Another name for angles if they lie outside the two interior angles if they lie between
consecutive interior lines and on opposite sides of the the two lines and on the same
angles is same-side transversal. side of the transversal.
interior angles.

EXAMPLE 3 Identify angle relationships

Identify all pairs of angles of the given type.
a. Corresponding b. Alternate interior 5 6
1 2
7 8
c. Alternate exterior d. Consecutive interior 3 4

Solution
a. ∠ 1 and ∠ 5 b. ∠ 2 and ∠ 7 c. ∠ 1 and ∠ 8 d. ∠ 2 and ∠ 5
∠ 2 and ∠ 6 ∠ 4 and ∠ 5 ∠ 3 and ∠ 6 ∠ 4 and ∠ 7
∠ 3 and ∠ 7
∠ 4 and ∠ 8

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 3

Classify the pair of numbered angles.

3. 4. 2 5.
1 5 4
5
7

3.1 Identify Pairs of Lines and Angles 149

 3.1 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 11, 25, and 35
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 28, 36, 37, and 39

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and complete: A line that intersects two other lines is
a ? .

2. ★ WRITING A table is set for dinner. Can the legs of the table and the top
of the table lie in parallel planes? Explain why or why not.

EXAMPLE 1 IDENTIFYING RELATIONSHIPS Think of each segment in the B C

on p. 147 diagram as part of a line. Which line(s) or plane(s) contain A
for Exs. 3–6 point B and appear to fit the description? D
‹]›
3. Line(s) parallel to CD
‹]› F
4. Line(s) perpendicular to CD
‹]› G
5. Line(s) skew to CD E
6. Plane(s) parallel to plane CDH H

EXAMPLE 2 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES Use the markings in the diagram.
on p. 148
7. Name a pair of parallel lines.
for Exs. 7–10 N
8. Name a pair of perpendicular lines. M
] ]
‹ › ‹ ›
9. Is PN i KM ? Explain. L
K
S
‹]› ‹]› P
10. Is PR ⊥ NP ? Explain.
P
R

EXAMPLE 3 ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS Identify all pairs of angles of the given type.
on p. 149 1 2
11. Corresponding 12. Alternate interior 3 4
for Exs. 11–15
13. Alternate exterior 14. Consecutive interior 5 6
7 8
15. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in saying that
∠ 1 and ∠ 8 are corresponding angles in the diagram for
Exercises 11–14.

APPLYING POSTULATES How many lines can be drawn that fit each
description? Copy the diagram and sketch all the lines. A
‹]›
16. Lines through B and parallel to AC
‹]› C B
17. Lines through A and perpendicular to BC

USING A DIAGRAM Classify the angle pair as corresponding, alternate

interior, alternate exterior, or consecutive interior angles.
18. ∠ 5 and ∠ 1 19. ∠ 11 and ∠ 13 1 2 9 10
3 4 11 12
20. ∠ 6 and ∠ 13 21. ∠ 10 and ∠ 15
5 6 13 14
22. ∠ 2 and ∠ 11 23. ∠ 8 and ∠ 4 7 8 15 16

150 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 ANALYZING STATEMENTS Copy and complete the statement with sometimes,
always, or never. Sketch examples to justify your answer.
24. If two lines are parallel, then they are ? coplanar.
25. If two lines are not coplanar, then they ? intersect.
26. If three lines intersect at one point, then they are ? coplanar.
27. If two lines are skew to a third line, then they are ? skew to each other.

28. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE ∠ RPQ and ∠ PRS are what type of angle pair? S R
A Corresponding B Alternate interior
C Alternate exterior D Consecutive interior P P

ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS Copy and complete the statement. List all possible
correct answers.
E G
29. ∠ BCG and ? are corresponding angles.
30. ∠ BCG and ? are consecutive interior angles. D F J H
31. ∠ FCJ and ? are alternate interior angles. C
A B
32. ∠ FCA and ? are alternate exterior angles.

33. CHALLENGE Copy the diagram at the right and extend the lines.
a. Measure ∠ 1 and ∠ 2. 2 3
b. Measure ∠ 3 and ∠ 4.
c. Make a conjecture about alternate exterior angles formed
when parallel lines are cut by transversals. 1 4

PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 2 CONSTRUCTION Use the picture of the cherry-picker for Exercises 34 and 35.
on p. 148
34. Is the platform perpendicular, parallel, or skew
for Exs. 34–35
to the ground?
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

35. Is the arm perpendicular, parallel, or skew to

a telephone pole?
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

36. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Describe two lines in your classroom that are
parallel, and two lines that are skew.

37. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the best description

of the horizontal bars in the photo?
A Parallel B Perpendicular
C Skew D Intersecting

3.1 Identify Pairs of Lines and Angles 151

 38. CONSTRUCTION Use these steps to construct a line through a given point
P that is parallel to a given line m.

T
P P
S
m m
P R P R

STEP 1 Draw points Q and R on m. ] Be sure the

STEP 2 Copy ∠ PQR on QP.
‹ ›
‹]›
Draw PQ. Draw an arc with the two angles are corresponding. Label
‹]› ‹]› ‹]›
compass point at Q so it crosses the new angle ∠ TPS. Draw PS . PS i QR .
‹]› ‹]›
QP and QR .

39. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Two lines are cut by a transversal. Suppose the
measure of a pair of alternate interior angles is 908. Explain why the
measure of all four interior angles must be 908.

TREE HOUSE In Exercises 40–42, use the photo to decide

whether the statement is true or false.
40. The plane containing the floor of the tree house is parallel
to the ground. D
B
C
41. All of the lines containing the railings of the staircase,
‹]›
such as AB , are skew to the ground. A
‹]›
42. All of the lines containing the balusters, such as CD , are
perpendicular to the plane containing the floor of the
tree house.

CHALLENGE Draw the figure described.

43. Lines l and m are skew, lines l and n are skew, and lines m and n
are parallel.
44. Line l is parallel to plane A, plane A is parallel to plane B, and line l is
not parallel to plane B.

MIXED REVIEW
Use the Law of Detachment to make a valid conclusion. (p. 87)
45. If the measure of an angle is less than 908, then the angle is acute.
The measure of ∠ A is 468.
46. If a food has less than 140 milligrams of sodium per serving, then it is low
sodium. A serving of soup has 90 milligrams of sodium per serving.

PREVIEW Find the measure of each numbered angle. (p. 124)

Prepare for
47. 48. 49.
Lesson 3.2 1208 1108 3 3
in Exs. 47–49. 1 3 508 2
2 1 2 1

152 EXTRA PR ACTICE for Lesson 3.1, p. 900 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
Investigating
g
Geometry
g
ACTIVITY Use before Lesson 3.2 classzone.com
Keystrokes

3.2 Parallel Lines and Angles

M AT E R I A L S • graphing calculator or computer

QUESTION What are the relationships among the angles formed

by two parallel lines and a transversal?

You can use geometry drawing software to explore parallel lines.

EXPLORE Draw parallel lines and a transversal

].
STEP 1 Draw line Draw and label two points A and B. Draw AB
‹ › F3
Perp B
A Parallel
] . Label it C.
STEP 2 Draw parallel line Draw a point not on AB
‹ › Perp. Bis.
Angle Bis.
‹]› C Midpoint
Choose Parallel from the F3 menu and select AB . Then
‹]› Compass
select C to draw a line through C parallel to AB . Draw a Locus
point on the parallel line you constructed. Label it D.
STEP 2

STEP 3 Draw transversal Draw two points E and F outside the

‹]›
parallel lines. Draw transversal EF . Find the intersection
‹]› ‹]›
of AB and EF by choosing Point from the F2 menu. Then E
choose Intersection. Label the intersection G. Find and B
‹]› ‹]› A G
label the intersection H of CD and EF .
D
C H
STEP 4 Measure angle Measure all eight angles formed by the
three lines by choosing Measure from the F5 menu,
then choosing Angle. F
STEP 3

DR AW CONCLUSIONS Use your observations to complete these exercises

1. Record the angle measures from Step 4 in a table like the one shown.
Which angles are congruent?

Angle ∠ AGE ∠ EGB ∠ AGH ∠ BGH ∠ CHG ∠ GHD ∠ CHF ∠ DHF

Measure 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

2. Drag point E or F to change the angle the transversal makes with the
parallel lines. Be sure E and F stay outside the parallel lines. Record the
new angle measures as row “Measure 2” in your table.
3. Make a conjecture about the measures of the given angles when two
parallel lines are cut by a transversal.
a. Corresponding angles b. Alternate interior angles
4. REASONING Make and test a conjecture about the sum of the measures
of two consecutive interior angles when two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal.

3.2 Use Parallel Lines and Transversals 153

 3.2 Use Parallel Lines
and Transversals
Before You identified angle pairs formed by a transversal.
Now You will use angles formed by parallel lines and transversals.
Why? So you can understand angles formed by light, as in Example 4.

Key Vocabulary
• corresponding
ACTIVITY EXPLORE PARALLEL LINES
angles, p. 149
Materials: lined paper, tracing paper, straightedge
• alternate interior
angles, p. 149 STEP 1 Draw a pair of parallel lines cut by a
• alternate exterior nonperpendicular transversal on lined paper.
Label the angles as shown. 1 2
angles, p. 149
3 4
• consecutive interior STEP 2 Trace your drawing onto tracing paper.
angles, p. 149
STEP 3 Move the tracing paper to position ∠ 1 of the
traced figure over ∠ 5 of the original figure. 5 6
Compare the angles. Are they congruent? 7 8
STEP 4 Compare the eight angles and list all the
congruent pairs. What do you notice about the
special angle pairs formed by the transversal?

POSTULATE For Your Notebook

POSTULATE 15 Corresponding Angles Postulate t

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, 2

p
then the pairs of corresponding angles are
6
congruent. q

∠2 > ∠6

EXAMPLE 1 Identify congruent angles

The measure of three of the numbered angles is
1208. Identify the angles. Explain your reasoning.
1208 2 5 6
Solution 3 4 7 8

By the Corresponding Angles Postulate, m∠ 5 5 1208.

Using the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem, m∠ 4 5 1208.
Because ∠ 4 and ∠ 8 are corresponding angles, by the Corresponding Angles
Postulate, you know that m∠ 8 5 1208.

154 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 THEOREMS For Your Notebook
THEOREM 3.1 Alternate Interior Angles Theorem t
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then 4 p
the pairs of alternate interior angles are congruent. 5
q

Proof: Example 3, p. 156 ∠4 > ∠5

THEOREM 3.2 Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem t

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then 1
p
the pairs of alternate exterior angles are congruent.
8 q

Proof: Ex. 37, p. 159 ∠1 > ∠8

THEOREM 3.3 Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem t

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, 3 p
then the pairs of consecutive interior angles are 5
q
supplementary.
∠ 3 and ∠ 5 are
Proof: Ex. 41, p. 159 supplementary.

EXAMPLE 2 Use properties of parallel lines

ALGEBRA Find the value of x.

1158
4 a
(x 1 5)8

Solution b

By the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem, m∠ 4 5 1158. Lines a and b

are parallel, so you can use the theorems about parallel lines.
m∠ 4 1 (x 1 5)8 5 1808 Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem

1158 1 (x 1 5)8 5 1808 Substitute 115 8 for m ∠ 4.

x 1 120 5 180 Combine like terms.

x 5 60 Subtract 120 from each side.

(FPNFUSZ at classzone.com

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2

Use the diagram at the right.

1. If m∠ 1 5 1058, find m∠ 4, m∠ 5, and m∠ 8. Tell 1 2 5 6
which postulate or theorem you use in each case. 3 4 7 8
2. If m∠ 3 5 688 and m∠ 8 5 (2x 1 4)8, what is the
value of x? Show your steps.

3.2 Use Parallel Lines and Transversals 155

 EXAMPLE 3 Prove the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
Prove that if two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of
alternate interior angles are congruent.

Solution
Draw a diagram. Label a pair of alternate interior t
WRITE PROOFS angles as ∠ 1 and ∠ 2. You are looking for an angle that 1 p
You can use the is related to both ∠ 1 and ∠ 2. Notice that one angle is a 2
information from the vertical angle with ∠ 2 and a corresponding angle with 3 q
diagram in your proof. ∠ 1. Label it ∠ 3.
Find any special angle
pairs. Then decide what GIVEN cpiq
you know about those PROVE c ∠1 > ∠2
pairs.
STATEMENTS REASONS

1. piq 1. Given
2. ∠1 > ∠3 2. Corresponding Angles Postulate
3. ∠3 > ∠2 3. Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem
4. ∠1 > ∠2 4. Transitive Property of Congruence

EXAMPLE 4 Solve a real-world problem

SCIENCE When sunlight enters a drop of rain, different colors of light leave
the drop at different angles. This process is what makes a rainbow. For violet
light, m∠ 2 5 408. What is m∠ 1? How do you know?

Solution
Because the sun’s rays are parallel, ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are alternate interior angles.
By the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem, ∠ 1 > ∠ 2. By the definition of
congruent angles, m∠ 1 5 m∠ 2 5 408.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 3 and 4

3. In the proof in Example 3, if you use the third statement before the second
statement, could you still prove the theorem? Explain.
4. WHAT IF? Suppose the diagram in Example 4 shows yellow light leaving a
drop of rain. Yellow light leaves the drop at an angle of 418. What is m∠ 1
in this case? How do you know?

156 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 3.2 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 5, 9, and 39
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 3, 21, 33, 39, and 40

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Draw a pair of parallel lines and a transversal. Label a pair
of corresponding angles.

2. ★ WRITING Two parallel lines are cut by a transversal. Which pairs

of angles are congruent? Which pairs of angles are supplementary?

EXAMPLES 3. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE In the figure at the right,

1 and 2 which angle has the same measure as ∠ 1? 1 2
on pp. 154–155 3
A ∠2 B ∠3
for Exs. 3–16 4 5
C ∠4 D ∠5

USING PARALLEL LINES Find the angle measure.

Tell which postulate or theorem you use.
4. If m∠ 4 5 658, then m∠ 1 5 ? .
1 2
5. If m∠ 7 5 1108, then m∠ 2 5 ? .
3 4
6. If m∠ 5 5 718, then m∠ 4 5 ? . 5 6
7 8
7. If m∠ 3 5 1178, then m∠ 5 5 ? .
8. If m∠ 8 5 548, then m∠ 1 5 ? .

USING POSTULATES AND THEOREMS What postulate or theorem justifies the

statement about the diagram?
9. ∠ 1 > ∠ 5 10. ∠ 4 > ∠ 5
6
11. ∠ 2 > ∠ 7 12. ∠ 2 and ∠ 5 are supplementary. 5 8
7
2
13. ∠ 3 > ∠ 6 14. ∠ 3 > ∠ 7 1 4
3
15. ∠ 1 > ∠ 8 16. ∠ 4 and ∠ 7 are supplementary.

USING PARALLEL LINES Find m∠ 1 and m∠ 2. Explain your reasoning.

17. 18. 19.

1508
1408 1 1228
2
1
1 2
2

20. ERROR ANALYSIS A student concludes that

∠ 9 > ∠ 10 by the Corresponding Angles ∠ 9 > ∠ 10
9
Postulate. Describe and correct the error in
this reasoning. 10

3.2 Use Parallel Lines and Transversals 157

 21. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Given p i q, describe two t
methods you can use to show that ∠ 1 > ∠ 4. 1
2 p
3
4 q

USING PARALLEL LINES Find m∠ 1, m∠ 2, and m∠ 3. Explain your reasoning.

22. 23. 24.

1
1 2 1 2
1338
808 3 3
1158 2 3

ANGLES Use the diagram at the right.

‹]› ‹]› A B
25. Name two pairs of congruent angles if AB and DC are parallel.
‹]› ‹]›
26. Name two pairs of supplementary angles if AD and BC
are parallel. D C

ALGEBRA Find the values of x and y.

27. 28. 29.

3y 8
y8 x8 y8
6y 8 x8 658
458
858 2x 8 558

30. 31. 32.

4x 8
608 (3y 1 2)8 (14x 2 10)8
(5y 2 5)8
2y 8 5x8
3x 8 1358 528

33. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of y in the diagram? t

1108
A 70 B 75
m
C 110 D 115
(y 2 5)8 1 n

MN and }
34. DRAWING Draw a four-sided figure with sides } PQ, such that
}i }
MN MP i }
PQ, } NQ, and ∠ MNQ is an acute angle. Which angle pairs
formed are congruent? Explain your reasoning.

CHALLENGE Find the values of x and y.

35. 608 36. 1508

(2x 2 y)8 (5x 2 y)8

(2x 1 y)8 (5x 1 y)8

408 1308

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

158 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 3 37. PROVING THEOREM 3.2 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
on p. 156 the pairs of alternate exterior angles are congruent. Use the steps below
for Ex. 37 to write a proof of the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem.
GIVEN cpiq p
PROVE c ∠1 ù ∠2 1

a. Show that ∠ 1 ù ∠ 3. 3 2
q

b. Then show that ∠ 1 ù ∠ 2.

GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

EXAMPLE 4 38. PARKING LOT In the diagram, the lines

on p. 156 dividing parking spaces are parallel. The
for Exs. 38–40 measure of ∠ 1 is 1108.
a. Identify the angle(s) congruent to ∠ 1. 1 2 5 6
b. Find m∠ 6. 3 4 7 8
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

39. ★ SHORT RESPONSE The Toddler™ is a walking robot. Each leg of

the robot has two parallel bars and a foot. When the robot walks,
the leg bars remain parallel as the foot slides along the surface.
a. As the legs move, are there pairs of angles that are always
congruent? always supplementary? If so, which angles?
b. Explain how having parallel leg bars allows the robot’s
foot to stay flat on the floor as it moves.
6
1 25

40. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE You are designing a box like the one below.

A
2
1 1 B
3 3 2 C

a. The measure of ∠ 1 is 708. What is m∠ 2? What is m∠ 3?

b. Explain why ∠ ABC is a straight angle.
c. What If? If m∠ 1 is 608, will ∠ ABC still be a straight angle? Will the
opening of the box be more steep or less steep? Explain.

41. PROVING THEOREM 3.3 If two parallel lines are cut by a

transversal, then the pairs of consecutive interior angles
3 2 n
are supplementary. Write a proof of the Consecutive
Interior Angles Theorem. 1
GIVEN cnip p

PROVE c ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are supplementary.

3.2 Use Parallel Lines and Transversals 159

 42. PROOF The Perpendicular Transversal Theorem (page 192) t
states that if a transversal is perpendicular to one of two
parallel lines, then it is perpendicular to the other. Write a 1
proof of the Perpendicular Transversal Theorem. r
2
GIVEN c t ⊥ r, r i s
s
PROVE ct⊥s

43. CHALLENGE In the diagram, ∠ 4 > ∠ 5. }

SE bisects ∠ RSF. E
Find m∠ 1. Explain your reasoning. F 4

2
1 3 5
T S R

MIXED REVIEW
44. Find the length of each segment in the coordinate plane y
at the right. Which segments are congruent? (p. 15) B(3, 3)
A(22, 2)
Are angles with the given measures complementary,
1
supplementary, or neither? (p. 35)
O 1 D(3, 0) x
45. m∠ 1 5 628, 46. m∠ 3 5 1308, 47. m∠ 5 5 448,
m∠ 2 5 1288 m∠ 4 5 708 m∠ 6 5 468
C(0, 23)
Find the perimeter of the equilateral figure with the given
side length. (pp. 42, 49)
48. Pentagon, 20 cm 49. Octagon, 2.5 ft 50. Decagon, 33 in.

PREVIEW Write the converse of the statement. Is the converse true? (p. 79)
Prepare for
51. Three points are collinear if they lie on the same line.
Lesson 3.3
in Exs. 51–52. 52. If the measure of an angle is 1198, then the angle is obtuse.

QUIZ for Lessons 3.1–3.2

Copy and complete the statement. (p. 147)
1. ∠ 2 and ? are corresponding angles.
1 2
2. ∠ 3 and ? are consecutive interior angles. 3 4
3. ∠ 3 and ? are alternate interior angles. 5 6
7 8
4. ∠ 2 and ? are alternate exterior angles.

Find the value of x. (p. 154)

5. 6. 7.
1518
2x8 728
1288 (2x 1 1)8 (7x 1 24)8

160 EXTR A PR ACTICE for Lesson 3.2, p. 900 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
 3.3 Prove Lines are Parallel

Before You used properties of parallel lines to determine angle relationships.

Now You will use angle relationships to prove that lines are parallel.
Why? So you can describe how sports equipment is arranged, as in Ex. 32.

Key Vocabulary Postulate 16 below is the converse of Postulate 15 in Lesson 3.2. Similarly,
• paragraph proof the theorems in Lesson 3.2 have true converses. Remember that the converse
• converse, p. 80 of a true conditional statement is not necessarily true, so each converse of a
• two-column proof, theorem must be proved, as in Example 3.
p. 112
POSTULATE For Your Notebook
POSTULATE 16 Corresponding Angles Converse
If two lines are cut by a transversal so the
corresponding angles are congruent, then 2
the lines are parallel. j
6
k
jik

EXAMPLE 1 Apply the Corresponding Angles Converse

ALGEBRA Find the value of x that makes m i n.

(3x 1 5)8
Solution m
658
Lines m and n are parallel if the marked n
corresponding angles are congruent.
(3x 1 5)8 5 658 Use Postulate 16 to write an equation.

3x 5 60 Subtract 5 from each side.

x 5 20 Divide each side by 3.

c The lines m and n are parallel when x 5 20.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 1

1. Is there enough information in the diagram

to conclude that m i n? Explain. 758
m
2. Explain why Postulate 16 is the converse of
1058 n
Postulate 15.

3.3 Prove Lines are Parallel 161

 THEOREMS For Your Notebook
THEOREM 3.4 Alternate Interior Angles Converse
If two lines are cut by a transversal so the
alternate interior angles are congruent, 5 j
4
then the lines are parallel. k
Proof: Example 3, p. 163 jik

THEOREM 3.5 Alternate Exterior Angles Converse

1
If two lines are cut by a transversal so the
j
alternate exterior angles are congruent,
then the lines are parallel. k
8
Proof: Ex. 36, p. 168 jik

THEOREM 3.6 Consecutive Interior Angles Converse

If two lines are cut by a transversal
3 j
so the consecutive interior angles are
5
supplementary, then the lines are parallel.
k
If ∠ 3 and ∠ 5 are
Proof: Ex. 37, p. 168 supplementary, then j i k.

EXAMPLE 2 Solve a real-world problem

SNAKE PATTERNS How can you tell whether the sides of the pattern are
parallel in the photo of a diamond-back snake?

Solution
Because the alternate interior angles are congruent, you know that the sides
of the pattern are parallel.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 2

Can you prove that lines a and b are parallel? Explain why or why not.
3. a b 4. a b 5. m∠ 1 1 m∠ 2 5 1808
a b
1
2

162 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 EXAMPLE 3 Prove the Alternate Interior Angles Converse
Prove that if two lines are cut by a transversal so the alternate interior
angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.

Solution
AVOID ERRORS 1
GIVEN c ∠4 > ∠5 g
Before you write a 4
proof, identify the PROVE cgih 5
GIVEN and PROVE h
statements for the STATEMENTS REASONS
situation described or
1. ∠4 > ∠5 1. Given
for any diagram
you draw. 2. ∠1 > ∠4 2. Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem
3. ∠1 > ∠5 3. Transitive Property of Congruence
4. gih 4. Corresponding Angles Converse

(FPNFUSZ at classzone.com

PARAGRAPH PROOFS A proof can also be written in paragraph form, called

a paragraph proof. The statements and reasons in a paragraph proof are
written in sentences, using words to explain the logical flow of the argument.

EXAMPLE 4 Write a paragraph proof

In the figure, r i s and ∠ 1 is congruent to ∠ 3. r s
Prove p i q.
3 p
2 1
q
Solution
Look at the diagram to make a plan. The diagram suggests that you look at
angles 1, 2, and 3. Also, you may find it helpful to focus on one pair of lines
and one transversal at a time.

Plan a. Look at ∠ 1 and ∠ 2. b. Look at ∠ 2 and ∠ 3.

for
Proof r s r s

3 p 3 p
2 1 2 1
q q

∠ 1 > ∠ 2 because r i s. If ∠ 2 > ∠ 3, then p i q.

TRANSITIONAL
WORDS
Plan a. It is given that r i s, so by the Corresponding Angles Postulate,
In paragraph proofs, in ∠ 1 > ∠ 2.
transitional words such Action
as so, then, and therefore b. It is also given that ∠ 1 > ∠ 3. Then ∠ 2 > ∠ 3 by the Transitive
help to make the logic Property of Congruence for angles. Therefore, by the Alternate
clear. Interior Angles Converse, p i q.

3.3 Prove Lines are Parallel 163

 THEOREM For Your Notebook
THEOREM 3.7 Transitive Property of Parallel Lines
If two lines are parallel to the same line, p q r
then they are parallel to each other.

Proofs: Ex. 38, p. 168; Ex. 38, p. 177 If p i q and q i r, then p i r.

EXAMPLE 5 Use the Transitive Property of Parallel Lines

U.S. FLAG The flag of the United S
States has 13 alternating red and S
S 
white stripes. Each stripe is parallel S
S 
to the stripe immediately below S
S 
it. Explain why the top stripe is S
S 
parallel to the bottom stripe. S
S 
S
S 
Solution
USE SUBSCRIPTS
The stripes from top to bottom can be named s1, s2, s3, . . . , s13. Each stripe
When you name several
is parallel to the one below it, so s1 i s2, s2 i s3, and so on. Then s1 i s3 by the
similar items, you can
use one variable with
Transitive Property of Parallel Lines. Similarly, because s3 i s4, it follows that
subscripts to keep track s1 i s4. By continuing this reasoning, s1 i s13. So, the top stripe is parallel to the
of the items. bottom stripe.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 3, 4, and 5

6. If you use the diagram at the right to prove

1 j
the Alternate Exterior Angles Converse,
what GIVEN and PROVE statements would
you use? 8 k

7. Copy and complete the following paragraph proof of the Alternate

Interior Angles Converse using the diagram in Example 3.
It is given that ∠ 4 > ∠ 5. By the ? , ∠ 1 > ∠ 4. Then by the Transitive
Property of Congruence, ? . So, by the ? , g i h.

8. Each step is parallel to the step

immediately above it. The bottom step
is parallel to the ground. Explain why
the top step is parallel to the ground.

164 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 3.3 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 11, 29, and 37
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 16, 23, 24, 33, and 39

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Draw a pair of parallel lines with a transversal. Identify
all pairs of alternate exterior angles.

2. ★ WRITING Use the theorems from the previous lesson and the
converses of those theorems in this lesson. Write three biconditionals
about parallel lines and transversals.

EXAMPLE 1 ALGEBRA Find the value of x that makes m i n.

on p. 161
3. 4. 5.
for Exs. 3–9 1358
1208 m m 1508 m
(2x 1 15)8 (3x 2 15)8
3x 8 n n n

6. m n 7. m n 8. m n

(180 2 x)8 2x 8 x8 (2x 1 20)8

x8 3x 8

9. ERROR ANALYSIS A student concluded

that lines a and b are parallel. Describe a b aib
and correct the student’s error. xº yº
xº yº c

EXAMPLE 2 IDENTIFYING PARALLEL LINES Is there enough information to prove m i n?

on p. 162 If so, state the postulate or theorem you would use.
for Exs. 10–17
10. m n 11. m n 12. r

m
r r
n

13. m n 14. r s 15. r s

m m
r
n n

16. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Use lined paper to draw two parallel lines cut by
a transversal. Use a protractor to measure one angle. Find the measures
of the other seven angles without using the protractor. Give a theorem or
postulate you use to find each angle measure.

3.3 Prove Lines are Parallel 165

 17. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Complete the steps below to
‹]› ‹]› B
determine whether DB and HF are parallel. A F
a. Find m ∠ DCG and m ∠ CGH. C G
b. Describe the relationship between ∠ DCG and 778 1158
∠ CGH.
‹]› ‹]› D 388 E H
c. Are DB and HF parallel? Explain your reasoning.

EXAMPLE 3 18. PLANNING A PROOF Use these steps to plan a proof of the Consecutive
on p. 163 Interior Angles Converse, as stated on page 162.
for Ex. 18 a. Draw a diagram you can use in a proof of the theorem.
b. Write the GIVEN and PROVE statements.

REASONING Can you prove that lines a and b are parallel? If so, explain how.

19. a b 20. 21. a b

1148 a
368
738 1448
1078 488 b
668 1448

] ] ‹ › ‹ ›
22. ERROR ANALYSIS A student decided that AD i BC based on the diagram
below. Describe and correct the student’s error.

] i BC
]
‹ › ‹ ›
AD
A B

D C

23. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Use the diagram at the right. q r

You know that ∠ 1 > ∠ 4. What can you conclude?
p 1 s
A piq B ris 2 3
C ∠2 > ∠3 D None of the above 4

REASONING Use the diagram at the right for Exercises 24 and 25.

24. ★ SHORT RESPONSE In the diagram, assume j i k. How j k

many angle measures must be given in order to find the
measure of every angle? Explain your reasoning. 1 2 5 6
3 4 7 8 t
25. PLANNING A PROOF In the diagram, assume ∠ 1 and ∠ 7 are
supplementary. Write a plan for a proof showing that lines
j and k are parallel.

26. REASONING Use the diagram at the right. F E H G

Which rays are parallel? Which rays are 588 618
not parallel? Justify your conclusions. 628 598
B C
A D

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

166 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 27. VISUAL REASONING A point R is not in plane ABC.
a. How many lines through R are perpendicular to plane ABC?
b. How many lines through R are parallel to plane ABC?
c. How many planes through R are parallel to plane ABC?

28. CHALLENGE Use the diagram. r s

a. Find x so that p i q. (2x 1 2)8
p
b. Find y so that r i s.
(x 1 56)8
c. Can r be parallel to s and p be parallel (y 1 7)8 (3y 2 17)8 q
to q at the same time? Explain.

PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 2 29. PICNIC TABLE How do you know that the top of the
on p. 162 picnic table is parallel to the ground?
for Exs. 29–30
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN
p

30. KITEBOARDING The diagram of the control bar of the kite shows the
angles formed between the control bar and the kite lines. How do you
know that n is parallel to m?

GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

31. DEVELOPING PROOF Copy and complete the proof.

GIVEN c m ∠ 1 5 1158, m ∠ 2 5 658 1 m
PROVE cmin 2
n

STATEMENTS REASONS

1. m ∠ 1 5 1158 and m ∠ 2 5 658 1. Given

2. 1158 1 658 5 1808 2. Addition
3. m ∠ 1 1 m ∠ 2 5 1808 3. ?
4. ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are supplementary. 4. ?
5. min 5. ?

3.3 Prove Lines are Parallel 167

 a b
32. BOWLING PINS How do you know that the
bowling pins are set up in parallel lines?

EXAMPLE 5 33. ★ SHORT RESPONSE The map shows part of Denver, Colorado. Use the
on p. 164 markings on the map. Are the numbered streets parallel to one another?
for Ex. 33 Explain how you can tell.

E 20th Ave.

E 19th Ave.

E 18th Ave.
Pennsylvania St.

Washington St.
E 17th Ave.

Williams St.
Franklin St.
Downing St.
Clarkson St.

Ogden St.

Gilpin St.
Pearl St.

High St.
Pa
rk
Av
e.

EXAMPLE 3 PROOF Use the diagram and the given information to write a two-column
on p. 163 or paragraph proof.
for Exs. 34–35
34. GIVEN c ∠ 1 > ∠ 2, ∠ 3 > ∠ 4 35. GIVEN c a i b, ∠ 2 > ∠ 3
} }
PROVE c AB i CD PROVE ccid
A c d
1
D a
2 E 1 2
3 4
4 3
B b
C

EXAMPLE 4 PROOF In Exercises 36 and 37, use the diagram to write a paragraph proof.
on p. 163
36. PROVING THEOREM 3.5 Prove the Alternate t
for Exs. 36–37
Exterior Angles Converse. 1 2
3 4 m
37. PROVING THEOREM 3.6 Prove the
Consecutive Interior Angles Converse. 5 6
7 8 n

38. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Use these steps to prove Theorem 3.7, the
Transitive Property of Parallel Lines.
a. Copy the diagram in the Theorem box on page 164. Draw a transversal
through all three lines.
b. Write the GIVEN and PROVE statements.
c. Use the properties of angles formed by parallel lines and transversals
to prove the theorem.

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

168 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 39. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE Architects and engineers make drawings using
a plastic triangle with angle measures 308, 608, and 908. The triangle slides
along a fixed horizontal edge.

a. Explain why the blue lines shown are parallel.

b. Explain how the triangle can be used to draw vertical parallel lines.

REASONING Use the diagram below in Exercises 40–44. How would you
show that the given lines are parallel?

d e f g
40. a and b
1148 a
41. b and c
718
42. d and f 1148 1378 668
438 b
43. e and g 668
c
44. a and c

45. CHALLENGE Use these steps to investigate the angle bisectors of

corresponding angles.
a. Construction Use a compass and straightedge or geometry drawing
software to construct line l, point P not on l, and line n through
P parallel to l. Construct point Q on l and construct }PQ. Choose
a pair of alternate interior angles and construct their angle bisectors.
b. Write a Proof Are the angle bisectors parallel? Make a conjecture.
Write a proof of your conjecture.

MIXED REVIEW
Solve the equation. (p. 875)
3 22 1
46. } x 5 21 47. } x 5 21 48. } x 5 21 49. 26x 5 21
4 3 5

50. You can choose one of eight sandwich fillings and one of four kinds of
bread. How many different sandwiches are possible? (p. 891)
51. Find the value of x if } AD and }
AB > } CD > }
AD. A D
Explain your steps. (p. 112) 9x 2 11 6x 1 1

B C

PREVIEW Simplify the expression.

Prepare for
27 2 2 0 2 (23) 3x 2 x
Lesson 3.4 in 52. } (p. 870) 53. } (p. 870) 54. } (p. 139)
8 2(24) 126 24x 1 2x
Exs. 52–54.

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 3.3, p. 900 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 169
 MIXED REVIEW of Problem Solving STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com

Lessons 3.1–3.3
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Use the diagram of 4. SHORT RESPONSE A neon sign is shown
the tennis court below. below. Are the top and the bottom of the Z
q
parallel? Explain how you know.
p
n
418
418
m

k 5. EXTENDED RESPONSE Use the diagram of

the bridge below.
a. Identify two pairs of parallel lines so each
pair is on a different plane.
b. Identify a pair of skew lines.
238
c. Identify two pairs of perpendicular lines.
1
2. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Use the picture of the
tile floor below.

r l m n
2 (2x 1 1)8
1 4 s
3 6
5 7 a. Find the value of x that makes lines l and
8 m parallel.
b. Suppose that l i m and l i n. Find m ∠ 1.
Explain how you found your answer. Copy
the diagram and label any angles you
a. Name the kind of angle pair each angle need for your explanation.
forms with ∠ 1.
6. GRIDDED ANSWER In the photo of the picket
b. Lines r and s are parallel. Name the angles
fence, m i n. What is m ∠ 1 in degrees?
that are congruent to ∠ 3.

3. OPEN-ENDED The flag of Jamaica is shown.

Given that n i p and m∠ 1 5 538, determine 1
the measure of ∠ 2. Justify each step in your m
argument, labeling any angles needed for
your justification. 308
n
N
P

7. SHORT RESPONSE Find the values of x and y.

 Explain your steps.

a b

648 928 c
M
y8 x8
888 d

170 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 3.4 Find and Use Slopes
of Lines
Before You used properties of parallel lines to find angle measures.
Now You will find and compare slopes of lines.
Why So you can compare rates of speed, as in Example 4.

Key Vocabulary The slope of a nonvertical line is the ratio of y

• slope, p. 879 vertical change (rise) to horizontal change (run)
run
• rise, p. 879 between any two points on the line. x2 2 x1
• run, p. 879 If a line in the coordinate plane passes through rise
y2 2 y1 (x2, y2)
points (x1, y1) and (x2, y 2) then the slope m is
(x1, y1)
rise change in y y2 2 y1
m5} 5}5} .
run change in x x2 2 x1
x

KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook

Slope of Lines in the Coordinate Plane
n y
Negative slope: falls from left to right, as in line j j k

Positive slope: rises from left to right, as in line k

x
Zero slope (slope of 0): horizontal, as in line l l
Undefined slope: vertical, as in line n

EXAMPLE 1 Find slopes of lines in a coordinate plane

REVIEW SLOPE Find the slope of line a and line d. y a d b
For more help with
slope, see p. 879. Solution (0, 4) (6, 4) c
y2 2 y1 22
Slope of line a: m 5 } 5 4} 5}2
5 21
x2 2 x1 628 22 (8, 2)
y 2y 20 1
2
Slope of line d: m 5 } 1
5 4} 4
5} , (4, 0) (6, 0) x
x2 2 x1 626 0
1
which is undefined.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 1

Use the graph in Example 1. Find the slope of the line.

1. Line b 2. Line c

3.4 Find and Use Slopes of Lines 171

 COMPARING SLOPES When two lines intersect in a coordinate plane, the
steeper line has the slope with greater absolute value. You can also compare
slopes to tell whether two lines are parallel or perpendicular.

POSTULATES For Your Notebook

POSTULATE 17 Slopes of Parallel Lines y

In a coordinate plane, two nonvertical lines are

parallel if and only if they have the same slope.
x
Any two vertical lines are parallel.
m1 5 m2

POSTULATE 18 Slopes of Perpendicular Lines y

READ VOCABULARY In a coordinate plane, two nonvertical lines are

If the product of two perpendicular if and only if the product of their
numbers is 21, then slopes is 21.
x
the numbers are called
negative reciprocals. Horizontal lines are perpendicular to vertical lines.
m1 p m2 5 21

EXAMPLE 2 Identify parallel lines

Find the slope of each line. Which lines k1 y k2 k3
are parallel? (4, 5)
(22, 4)
Solution
Find the slope of k1 through (22, 4) (6, 3)
2
and (23, 0). (3, 1)

024 24 (23, 0) 1 x
m1 5 } 5} 54
23 2 (22) 21 (5, 22)
Find the slope of k 2 through (4, 5)
and (3, 1).
25 24
m2 5 1} 5} 54
324 21
Find the slope of k 3 through (6, 3) and (5, 22).

m3 5 22 23
}5}55
25
526 21
c Compare the slopes. Because k1 and k 2 have the same slope, they are
parallel. The slope of k 3 is different, so k 3 is not parallel to the other lines.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 2

3. Line m passes through (21, 3) and (4, 1). Line t passes through (22, 21)
and (3, 23). Are the two lines parallel? Explain how you know.

172 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 EXAMPLE 3 Draw a perpendicular line
Line h passes through (3, 0) and (7, 6). Graph the line perpendicular to h
that passes through the point (2, 5).

Solution
STEP 1 Find the slope m1 of line h through (3, 0) and (7, 6).
20
m1 5 6} 6
5} 3
5}
723 4 2
y h
STEP 2 Find the slope m2 of a line perpendicular
(7, 6)
to h. Use the fact that the product of the
(2, 5)
slopes of two perpendicular lines is 21.
REVIEW GRAPHING 22
3
Given a point on a line } p m2 5 21 Slopes of perpendicular lines (5, 3)
2 3
and the line’s slope, you
22 2
can use the rise and run m2 5 } Multiply each side by }.
3
1
3 (3, 0)
to find a second point
1 x
and draw the line. STEP 3 Use the rise and run to graph the line.

★ EXAMPLE 4 Standardized Test Practice

A skydiver made jumps with three parachutes. Parachutes

The graph shows the height of the skydiver from y
the time the parachute opened to the time of the

Height (ft)
landing for each jump. Which statement is true? 4000

ELIMINATE CHOICES A The parachute opened at the same 2000 c

a b
The y-intercept height in jumps a and b.
represents the height 0
when the parachute
B The parachute was open for the same 0 2 4 x
opened, so the heights amount of time in jumps b and c. Time (minutes)
in jumps a and b were C The skydiver descended at the same rate in jumps a and b.
not the same. So you
can eliminate choice A. D The skydiver descended at the same rate in jumps a and c.

Solution
The rate at which the skydiver descended is represented by the slope of the
segments. The segments that have the same slope are a and c.
c The correct answer is D. A B C D

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 3 and 4

4. Line n passes through (0, 2) and (6, 5). Line m passes through (2, 4) and
(4, 0). Is n ⊥ m? Explain.
5. In Example 4, which parachute is in the air for the longest time? Explain.
6. In Example 4, what do the x-intercepts represent in the situation? How can
you use this to eliminate one of the choices?

3.4 Find and Use Slopes of Lines 173

 EXAMPLE 5 Solve a real-world problem
ROLLER COASTERS During the climb on the Magnum XL-200 roller coaster,
you move 41 feet upward for every 80 feet you move horizontally. At the crest
of the hill, you have moved 400 feet forward.
a. Making a Table Make a table showing the
height of the Magnum at every 80 feet it
moves horizontally. How high is the roller
coaster at the top of its climb?
b. Calculating Write a fraction that
represents the height the Magnum climbs
for each foot it moves horizontally. What
does the numerator represent?
c. Using a Graph Another roller coaster, the
Millenium Force, climbs at a slope of 1.
At its crest, the horizontal distance from
the starting point is 310 feet. Compare
this climb to that of the Magnum. Which
climb is steeper?

Solution
a.
Horizontal distance (ft) 80 160 240 320 400
Height (ft) 41 82 123 164 205

The Magnum XL-200 is 205 feet high at the top of its climb.
41 rise 41 4 80 0.5125
b. Slope of the Magnum 5 } 5 } 5}5}
run 80 80 4 80 1
The numerator, 0.5125, represents the slope in decimal form.
c. Use a graph to compare the climbs.
Roller Coaster Slopes
Let x be the horizontal distance and
let y be the height. Because the slope y
of the Millenium Force is 1, the rise (310, 310)
is equal to the run. So the highest Millenium
Height (ft)

(400, 205)
point must be at (310, 310). 200 Force

c The graph shows that the Millenium Magnum

Force has a steeper climb, because
the slope of its line is greater 0
(1 > 0.5125). 0 200 400 x
Horizontal distance (ft)
(FPNFUSZ at classzone.com

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 5

7. Line q passes through the points (0, 0) and (24, 5). Line t passes through
the points (0, 0) and (210, 7). Which line is steeper, q or t?
8. WHAT IF? Suppose a roller coaster climbed 300 feet upward for every
350 feet it moved horizontally. Is it more steep or less steep than the
Magnum? than the Millenium Force?

174 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 3.4 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 7, 13, and 35
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 34, 35, and 41
5 MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS
Ex. 37

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Describe what is meant by the slope of a nonvertical line.

2. ★ WRITING What happens when you apply the slope formula to a

horizontal line? What happens when you apply it to a vertical line?

EXAMPLE 1 MATCHING Match the description of the slope of a line with its graph.
on p. 171
3. m is positive. 4. m is negative. 5. m is zero. 6. m is undefined.
for Exs. 3–12
A. y B. y C. y D. y

x x x x

FINDING SLOPE Find the slope of the line that passes through the points.

7. (3, 5), (5, 6) 8. (22, 2), (2, 26) 9. (25, 21), (3, 21) 10. (2, 1), (0, 6)

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the slope of the line.

11. 12.
4
m5} y Slope of the line through
3 (2, 7) and (4, 5)
4
(6, 4) y 2y
725 251
m5}
2 1
5} 5}
3 x2 2 x1 422 2
1
(2, 1)
2 x

EXAMPLES TYPES OF LINES Tell whether the lines through the given points are parallel,
2 and 3 perpendicular, or neither. Justify your answer.
on pp. 172–173
13. Line 1: (1, 0), (7, 4) 14. Line 1: (23, 1), (27, 22) 15. Line 1: (29, 3), (25, 7)
for Exs. 13–18
Line 2: (7, 0), (3, 6) Line 2: (2, 21), (8, 4) Line 2: (211, 6), (27, 2)

GRAPHING Graph the line through the given point with the given slope.
1 5 2
16. P(3, 22), slope 2} 17. P(24, 0), slope } 18. P(0, 5), slope }
6 2 3

EXAMPLES STEEPNESS OF A LINE Tell which line through the given points is steeper.
4 and 5
19. Line 1: (22, 3), (3, 5) 20. Line 1: (22, 21), (1, 22) 21. Line 1: (24, 2), (23, 6)
on pp. 173–174
Line 2: (3, 1), (6, 5) Line 2: (25, 23), (21, 24) Line 2: (1, 6), (3, 8)
for Exs. 19–22

22. REASONING Use your results from Exercises 19221. Describe a way to
determine which of two lines is steeper without graphing them.

3.4 Find and Use Slopes of Lines 175

 PERPENDICULAR LINES Find the slope of line n perpendicular to line h and
passing through point P. Then copy the graph and graph line n.
23. y
h 24. y h 25. y
(3, 1) (3, 4) 1 x
1 21

2 x P(6, 1) (25, 23)

1
h
(23, 22) 1 x (2, 24)
P(3, 23) (5, 22) P(24, 26)

26. REASONING Use the concept of slope to decide whether the points
(23, 3), (1, 22), and (4, 0) lie on the same line. Explain your reasoning
and include a diagram.

GRAPHING Graph a line with the given description.

27. Through (0, 2) and parallel to the line through (22, 4) and (25, 1)
28. Through (1, 3) and perpendicular to the line through (21, 21) and (2, 0)
1
29. Through (22, 1) and parallel to the line through (3, 1) and (4, 2})
2

CHALLENGE Find the unknown coordinate so the line through the points
has the given slope.
1
30. (23, 2), (0, y); slope 22 31. (27, 24), (x, 0); slope } 32. (4, 23), (x, 1); slope 24
3

PROBLEM SOLVING
33. WATER SLIDE The water slide is 6 feet
tall, and the end of the slide is 9 feet
from the base of the ladder. About what
slope does the slide have?
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EXAMPLE 5 34. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which car has better gas mileage?
Gas Mileage
on p. 174
A A B B
for Exs. 34–37
C Same rate D Cannot be determined
remaining

B
Gas

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Distance driven

35. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Compare the graphs of the three lines described
below. Which is most steep? Which is the least steep? Include a sketch
in your answer.
Line a: through the point (3, 0) with a y-intercept of 4
Line b: through the point (3, 0) with a y-intercept greater than 4
Line c: through the point (3, 0) with a y-intercept between 0 and 4

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED 5 MULTIPLE

176 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE REPRESENTATIONS
36. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Ladder safety guidelines include the following
recommendation about ladder placement. The horizontal distance h
between the base of the ladder and the object the ladder is resting against
should be about one quarter of the vertical distance v between the
ground and where the ladder rests against the object.

a. Find the recommended slope for a ladder.

b. Suppose the base of a ladder is 6 feet away from a building. The ladder
has the recommended slope. Find v.
c. Suppose a ladder is 34 feet from the ground where it touches a
building. The ladder has the recommended slope. Find h.

37. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS The Duquesne (pronounced “du-KAYN”)

Incline was built in 1888 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to move people up
and down a mountain there. On the incline, you move about 29 feet
vertically for every 50 feet you move horizontally. When you reach the
top of the hill, you have moved a horizontal distance of about 700 feet.
a. Making a Table Make a table showing the vertical
distance that the incline moves for each 50 feet of
horizontal distance during its climb. How high is
the incline at the top?
b. Drawing a Graph Write a fraction that represents
the slope of the incline’s climb path. Draw a graph
to show the climb path.
c. Comparing Slopes The Burgenstock Incline in
Switzerland moves about 144 vertical feet for every
271 horizontal feet. Write a fraction to represent the
slope of this incline’s path. Which incline is steeper,
the Burgenstock or the Duquesne?

38. PROVING THEOREM 3.7 Use slopes of lines to write a paragraph proof of
the Transitive Property of Parallel Lines on page 164.

AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE In Exercises 39 and 40, slope can be used to

describe an average rate of change. To write an average rate of change,
rewrite the slope fraction so the denominator is one.
39. BUSINESS In 2000, a business made a profit of $8500. In 2006, the
business made a profit of $15,400. Find the average rate of change in
dollars per year from 2000 to 2006.
40. ROCK CLIMBING A rock climber begins climbing at a point 400 feet above
sea level. It takes the climber 45 minutes to climb to the destination,
which is 706 feet above sea level. Find the average rate of change in feet
per minute for the climber from start to finish.

3.4 Find and Use Slopes of Lines 177

 41. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE The line graph shows the regular season
attendance (in millions) for three professional sports organizations
from 1985 to 2000.
a. During which five-year period did the 02/&%33)/.!,30/243!44%.$!.#%
NBA attendance increase the most?
Estimate the rate of change for this

!TTENDANCEMILLIONS
five-year period in people per year. 
b. During which five-year period did the
NHL attendance increase the most? 
Estimate the rate of change for this
five-year period in people per year.
c. Interpret The line graph for the NFL 
   
seems to be almost linear between
1985 and 2000. Write a sentence about .ATIONAL"ASKETBALL!SSOCIATION."!
what this means in terms of the .ATIONAL&OOTBALL,EAGUE.&,
real-world situation. .ATIONAL(OCKEY,EAGUE.(,

42. CHALLENGE Find two values of k such that the points (23, 1), (0, k),
and (k, 5) are collinear. Explain your reasoning.

MIXED REVIEW
43. Is the point (21, 27) on the line y 5 2x 2 5? Explain. (p. 878)
44. Find the intercepts of the graph of y 5 23x 1 9. (p. 879)

Use the diagram to write two examples of each postulate. (p. 96) Œ
A
45. Through any two points there exists exactly one line.
E
46. Through any three noncollinear points there exists exactly
C D
one plane. P F

PREVIEW Solve the equation for y. Write a reason for each step. (p. 105)
Prepare for
1 5
Lesson 3.5 in 47. 6x 1 4y 5 40 48. } x2} y 5 210 49. 16 2 3y 5 24x
2 4
Exs. 47–49.

QUIZ for Lessons 3.3–3.4

Find the value of x that makes m i n. (p. 161)
1. 2. 3.
(3x 2 5)8 888
2x8 m m m
548 1458
n (4x 2 12)8 n
n

Find the slope of the line that passes through the given points. (p. 171)
4. (1, 21), (3, 3) 5. (1, 2), (4, 5) 6. (23, 22), (27, 26)

178 EXTR A PR ACTICE for Lesson 3.4, p. 901 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
Technology
ACTIVITY Use after Lesson 3.4 classzone.com
Keystrokes

3.4 Investigate Slopes

M AT E R I A L S • graphing calculator or computer

QUESTION How can you verify the Slopes of Parallel Lines Postulate?

You can verify the postulates you learned in Lesson 3.4 using geometry
drawing software.

EXAMPLE Verify the Slopes of Parallel Lines Postulate

STEP 1 Show axes Show the x-axis and the y-axis by

choosing Hide/Show Axes from the F5 menu.

STEP 2 Draw line Draw a line by choosing Line from the A

F2 menu. Do not use one of the axes as your line.
Choose a point on the line and label it A.
STEPS 1–3
STEP 3 Graph point Graph a point not on the line by
choosing Point from the F2 menu.

STEP 4 Draw parallel line Choose Parallel from the F3 F5

Hide/Show
menu and select the line. Then select the point Alph-Num
not on the line. Display
-2 Measure
A Coord.&Eq.
STEP 5 Measure slopes Select one line and choose Calculate
Measure Slope from the F5 menu. Repeat this Clear
step for the second line.
STEPS 4–5

STEP 6 Move line Drag point A to move the line. What

do you expect to happen?

-2
PRACTICE -2
A
1. Use geometry drawing software to verify the Slopes of
Perpendicular Lines Postulate.
STEP 6
a. Construct a line and a point not on that line. Use Steps
1–3 from the Example above.
b. Construct a line that is perpendicular to your original
line and passes through the given point.
c. Measure the slopes of the two lines. Multiply the slopes.
What do you expect the product of the slopes to be?

2. WRITING Use the arrow keys to move your line from Exercise 1. Describe
what happens to the product of the slopes when one of the lines is
vertical. Explain why this happens.

3.4 Find and Use Slopes of Lines 179

 3.5 Write and Graph
Equations of Lines
Before You found slopes of lines.
Now You will find equations of lines.
Why? So you can find monthly gym costs, as in Example 4.

Key Vocabulary Linear equations may be written in different forms. The general form of a
• slope-intercept linear equation in slope-intercept form is y 5 mx 1 b, where m is the slope
form and b is the y-intercept.
• standard form
• x-intercept, p. 879
• y-intercept, p. 879
EXAMPLE 1 Write an equation of a line from a graph
Write an equation of the line in slope-intercept form. y
(0, 4)
Solution
STEP 1 Find the slope. Choose two points on the
graph of the line, (0, 4) and (3, 22). 1

64 2 (22) 1 x
m5}5} 5 22
023 23
STEP 2 Find the y-intercept. The line intersects the (3, 22)
y-axis at the point (0, 4), so the y-intercept is 4.
STEP 3 Write the equation.
y 5 mx 1 b Use slope-intercept form.

y 5 22x 1 4 Substitute 22 for m and 4 for b.

EXAMPLE 2 Write an equation of a parallel line

Write an equation of the line passing through the point (21, 1) that is
parallel to the line with the equation y 5 2x 2 3.

Solution
STEP 1 Find the slope m. The slope of a line parallel to y 5 2x 2 3 is the
same as the given line, so the slope is 2.
LINEAR EQUATIONS
STEP 2 Find the y-intercept b by using m 5 2 and (x, y) 5 (21, 1).
The graph of a linear
equation represents y 5 mx 1 b Use slope-intercept form.
all the solutions of the
equation. So, the given 1 5 2(21) 1 b Substitute for x, y, and m.
point must be a solution 35b Solve for b.
of the equation.
c Because m 5 2 and b 5 3, an equation of the line is y 5 2x 1 3.

180 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 CHECKING BY GRAPHING You can check that y
equations are correct by graphing. In Example 2,
you can use a graph to check that y 5 2x 2 3 is y 5 2x 1 3
parallel to y 5 2x 1 3. (21, 1)
1
(FPNFUSZ at classzone.com
2 x

y 5 2x 2 3

EXAMPLE 3 Write an equation of a perpendicular line

Write an equation of the line j passing through the point (2, 3) that is
perpendicular to the line k with the equation y 5 22x 1 2.

Solution
STEP 1 Find the slope m of line j. Line k has a slope of 22.
22 p m 5 21 The product of the slopes of ⊥ lines is 21.

1
m5} Divide each side by 22.
2
STEP 2 Find the y-intercept b by using m 5 }1 and (x, y) 5 (2, 3).
2
y 5 mx 1 b Use slope-intercept form.

1
35} (2) 1 b Substitute for x, y, and m.
2
25b Solve for b.

1
c Because m 5 } and b 5 2, an equation k y
2
1
of line j is y 5 } x 1 2. You can check y 5 12 x 1 2
2 j
that the lines j and k are perpendicular y 5 22x 1 2
by graphing, then using a protractor to (2, 3)
measure one of the angles formed by 1
the lines.
2 x

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1, 2, and 3

1. Write an equation of the line in the graph y

at the right. (3, 1)
1
2. Write an equation of the line that passes
2 x
through (22, 5) and (1, 2).
(0, 21)
3. Write an equation of the line that passes
through the point (1, 5) and is parallel to the
line with the equation y 5 3x 2 5. Graph the
lines to check that they are parallel.
4. How do you know the lines x 5 4 and y 5 2 are perpendicular?

3.5 Write and Graph Equations of Lines 181

 EXAMPLE 4 Write an equation of a line from a graph
GYM MEMBERSHIP The graph models the total
Gym Membership Cost
cost of joining a gym. Write an equation of the
line. Explain the meaning of the slope and the y

Cost (dollars)
400 (5, 363)
y-intercept of the line.

Solution 200 (2, 231)

STEP 1 Find the slope. 0

0 2 4 x
2 231
m 5 363
} 5 } 5 44
132 Months
522 3
STEP 2 Find the y-intercept. Use the slope and one of the points on
the graph.
y 5 mx 1 b Use slope-intercept form.

231 5 44 p 2 1 b Substitute for x, y, and m.

143 5 b Simplify.

STEP 3 Write the equation. Because m 5 44 and b 5 143, an equation of the

line is y 5 44x 1 143.
c The equation y 5 44x 1 143 models the cost. The slope is the monthly fee,
$44, and the y-intercept is the initial cost to join the gym, $143.

STANDARD FORM Another form of a linear equation is standard form. In

standard form, the equation is written as Ax 1 By 5 C, where A and B
are not both zero.

EXAMPLE 5 Graph a line with equation in standard form

Graph 3x 1 4y 5 12.

Solution
CHOOSE A METHOD
The equation is in standard form, so you can use the intercepts.
Another way you could
graph the equation is STEP 1 Find the intercepts.
to solve the equation
for y. Then the equation To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0. To find the y-intercept, let x 5 0.
will be in slope-intercept 3x 1 4y 5 12 3x 1 4y 5 12
form. Use rise and run
from the point where 3x 1 4(0) 5 12 3(0) 1 4y 5 12
the line crosses the
y-axis to find a second x54 y53
point. Then graph STEP 2 Graph the line.
the line.
The intercepts are (4, 0) and y
(0, 3). Graph these points, then (0, 3)
draw a line through the points.
1

1 (4, 0) x

182 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 ✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 4 and 5

5. The equation y 5 50x 1 125 models the total cost of joining a climbing
gym. What are the meaning of the slope and the y-intercept of the line?

Graph the equation.

6. 2x 2 3y 5 6 7. y 5 4 8. x 5 23

WRITING EQUATIONS You can write linear equations to model real-world

situations, such as comparing costs to find a better buy.

EXAMPLE 6 Solve a real-world problem

DVD RENTAL You can rent DVDs at a local store for $4.00 each. An Internet
company offers a flat fee of $15.00 per month for as many rentals as you want.
How many DVDs do you need to rent to make the online rental a better buy?

ANOTHER WAY Solution

For alternative methods
STEP 1 Model each rental with an equation.
for solving the problem
in Example 6, turn Cost of one month’s rental online: y 5 15
to page 188 for the
Problem Solving Cost of one month’s rental locally: y 5 4x, where x represents the
Workshop. number of DVDs rented

STEP 2 Graph each equation.

Monthly DVD Rentals

24
Cost (dollars)

(3.75, 15) y 5 15
16

8
y 5 4x

0 The graphs intersect

0 2 4 6 at the point (3.75, 15).
Number of rentals

READ VOCABULARY
c The point of intersection is (3.75, 15). Using the graph, you can see
The point at which the
costs are the same is
that it is cheaper to rent locally if you rent 3 or fewer DVDs per month.
sometimes called the If you rent 4 or more DVDs per month, it is cheaper to rent online.
break-even point.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 6

9. WHAT IF? In Example 6, suppose the online rental is $16.50 per month
and the local rental is $4 each. How many DVDs do you need to rent to
make the online rental a better buy?
10. How would your answer to Exercise 9 change if you had a 2-for-1 coupon
that you could use once at the local store?

3.5 Write and Graph Equations of Lines 183

 3.5 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 17, 23, and 61
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 9, 29, 64, and 65

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY What does intercept mean in the expression slope-intercept
form?
2. ★ WRITING Explain how you can use the standard form of a linear
equation to find the intercepts of a line.

EXAMPLE 1 WRITING EQUATIONS Write an equation of the line shown.

on p. 180
3. y 4. y 5. y
for Exs. 3–22 1 1
(23, 4)
1 (3, 0) x 1 x
(0, 22)
1

(25, 23) 1 x
(0, 24) (1, 22)

6. (23, 3) y 7. y 8. y
1
(5, 6)
(25, 21) 1 x
1

1 x (1, 23)

1
(2, 23) (1, 0)
2 x

9. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which equation is an y

equation of the line in the graph? (22, 2)
1 1 22
A y 5 2}
2
x B y 5 2}
2
x11 x
4 1
C y 5 22x D y 5 22x 1 1

WRITING EQUATIONS Write an equation of the line with the given

slope m and y-intercept b.
10. m 5 25, b 5 212 11. m 5 3, b 5 2 12. m 5 4, b 5 26
5 4 2 11
13. m 5 2}, b 5 0 14. m 5 } , b 5 2} 15. m 5 2}
5
, b 5 212
2 9 9

WRITING EQUATIONS Write an equation of the line that passes through the
given point P and has the given slope m.
16. P(21, 0), m 5 21 17. P(5, 4), m 5 4 18. P(6, 22), m 5 3
2 1
19. P(28, 22), m 5 2} 20. P(0, 23), m 5 2} 21. P(213, 7), m 5 0
3 6

22. WRITING EQUATIONS Write an equation of a line with undefined slope

that passes through the point (3, 22).

184 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

EXAMPLE 2 PARALLEL LINES Write an equation of the line that passes through point P
on p. 180 and is parallel to the line with the given equation.
for Exs. 23–29 1
23. P(0, 21), y 5 22x 1 3 24. P(27, 24), y 5 16 25. P(3, 8), y 2 1 5 } (x 1 4)
5
26. P(22, 6), x 5 25 27. P(22, 1), 10x 1 4y 5 28 28. P(4, 0), 2x 1 2y 5 12

29. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Line a passes through points (22, 1) and (2, 9).
Which equation is an equation of a line parallel to line a?
1 1
A y 5 22x 1 5 B y 5 2}
2
x15 C y5} x25 D y 5 2x 2 5
2

EXAMPLE 3 PERPENDICULAR LINES Write an equation of the line that passes through
on p. 181 point P and is perpendicular to the line with the given equation.
for Exs. 30–35
7
30. P(0, 0), y 5 29x 2 1 31. P(21, 1), y 5 }x 1 10 32. P(4, 26), y 5 23
3
33. P(2, 3), y 2 4 5 22(x 1 3) 34. P(0, 25), x 5 20 35. P(28, 0), 3x 2 5y 5 6

EXAMPLE 5 GRAPHING EQUATIONS Graph the equation.

on p. 182
36. 8x 1 2y 5 210 37. x 1 y 5 1 38. 4x 2 y 5 28
for Exs. 36–45
39. 2x 1 3y 5 29 40. y 2 2 5 21 41. y 1 2 5 x 2 1
42. x 1 3 5 24 43. 2y 2 4 5 2x 1 1 44. 3(x 2 2) 5 2y 2 4

45. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding the x- and
y-intercepts of the graph of 5x 2 3y 5 215.

To find the x-intercept, To find the y-intercept,

let x 5 0: let y 5 0:
5x 2 3y 5 215 5x 2 3y 5 215
5(0) 2 3y 5 215 5x 2 3(0) 5 215
y55 x 5 23

IDENTIFYING PARALLEL LINES Which lines are parallel, if any?

46. y 5 3x 2 4 47. x 1 2y 5 9 48. x 2 6y 5 10

x 1 3y 5 6 y 5 0.5 x 1 7 6x 2 y 5 11
3(x 1 1) 5 y 2 2 2x 1 2y 5 25 x 1 6y 5 12

USING INTERCEPTS Identify the x- and y-intercepts of the line. Use the
intercepts to write an equation of the line.
49. y 50. y 51. y
1 x
21 20

1
10 x
1 x

52. INTERCEPTS A line passes through the points (210, 23) and (6, 1).
Where does the line intersect the x-axis? Where does the line intersect
the y-axis?

3.5 Write and Graph Equations of Lines 185

 SOLUTIONS TO EQUATIONS Graph the linear equations. Then use the graph
to estimate how many solutions the equations share.
53. y 5 4x 1 9 54. 3y 1 4x 5 16 55. y 5 25x 1 6
4x 2 y 5 1 2x 2 y 5 18 10x 1 2y 5 12

56. ALGEBRA Solve Exercises 53–55 algebraically. (For help, see Skills
Review Handbook, p. 880.) Make a conjecture about how the solution(s)
can tell you whether the lines intersect, are parallel, or are the same line.

57. ALGEBRA Find a value for k so that the line through (21, k) and
(27, 22) is parallel to the line with equation y 5 x 1 1.

58. ALGEBRA Find a value for k so that the line through (k, 2) and (7, 0) is
28
perpendicular to the line with equation y 5 x 2 } .
5

59. CHALLENGE Graph the points R(27, 23), S(22, 3), and T(10, 27). Connect
them to make nRST. Write an equation of the line containing each side.
Explain how you can use slopes to show that nRST has one right angle.

PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 4 60. WEB HOSTING The graph models the total Web Hosting
on p. 182 cost of using a web hosting service for y
300
for Exs. 60–61

Cost (dollars)
several months. Write an equation of the
(10, 280)
line. Tell what the slope and y-intercept 200
mean in this situation. Then find the total
cost of using the web hosting service for 100
one year. (0, 50)
0
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Months

61. SCIENCE Scientists believe that a Tyrannosaurus

Rex weighed about 2000 kilograms by age 14. It
then had a growth spurt for four years, gaining
2.1 kilograms per day. Write an equation to
model this situation. What are the slope and
y-intercept? Tell what the slope and y-intercept
mean in this situation.
GPS
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Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois

EXAMPLE 6 62. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A national park has two options: a $50 pass for all
on p. 183 admissions during the year, or a $4 entrance fee each time you enter.
for Exs. 62–65 a. Model Write an equation to model the cost of going to the park for a
year using a pass and another equation for paying a fee each time.
b. Graph Graph both equations you wrote in part (a).
c. Interpret How many visits do you need to make for the pass to be
cheaper? Explain.

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

186 on p. WS1 TEST PRACTICE
 63. PIZZA COSTS You are buying slices of pizza for you and your friends.
A small slice costs $2 and a large slice costs $3. You have $24 to spend.
Write an equation in standard form Ax 1 By 5 C that models this
situation. What do the values of A, B, and C mean in this situation?

64. ★ SHORT RESPONSE You run at a rate of 4 miles per hour and your friend
runs at a rate of 3.5 miles per hour. Your friend starts running 10 minutes
before you, and you run for a half hour on the same path. Will you catch
up to your friend? Use a graph to support your answer.

65. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE Audrey and Sara are making

jewelry. Audrey buys 2 bags of beads and 1 package of
clasps for a total of $13. Sara buys 5 bags of beads and
2 packages of clasps for a total of $27.50.
a. Let b be the price of one bag of beads and let c be the
price of one package of clasps. Write equations to
represent the total cost for Audrey and the total cost
for Sara.
b. Graph the equations from part (a).
c. Explain the meaning of the intersection of the two
lines in terms of the real-world situation.

66. CHALLENGE Michael is deciding which gym membership to buy.

Points (2, 112) and (4, 174) give the cost of gym membership at one gym
after two and four months. Points (1, 62) and (3, 102) give the cost of
gym membership at a second gym after one and three months. Write
equations to model the cost of each gym membership. At what point do
the graphs intersect, if they intersect? Which gym is cheaper? Explain.

MIXED REVIEW
PREVIEW Find the length of each segment. Round to the nearest tenth of a unit. (p. 15)
Prepare for
67. y 68. y 69. y
Lesson 3.6 A(1, 4) 1 1 S(1, 1)
N(2, 0)
in Exs. 67–69.
2 x 1 x
B(4, 2)
1 M(23, 23)
1 x T (6, 23)

Describe the pattern in the numbers. Write the next number in the pattern. (p. 72)
70. 22, 27, 212, 217, . . . 71. 4, 8, 16, 32, . . . 72. 101, 98, 95, 92, . . .

Find m∠ 1 and m ∠ 2. Explain your reasoning. (p. 154)

73. 74. 75.
648 m
1 2 1
m 1 1578 2
m n
828
n 2
n

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 3.5, p. 901 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com

3.5 187
 Using ALTERNATIVE METHODS
LESSON 3.5
Another Way to Solve Example 6, page 183

MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In Example 6 on page 183, you saw how to

graph equations to solve a problem about renting DVDs. Another way you can
solve the problem is using a table. Alternatively, you can use the equations to
solve the problem algebraically.

PROBLEM DVD RENTAL You can rent DVDs at a local store for $4.00 each. An
Internet company offers a flat fee of $15.00 per month for as many
rentals as you want. How many DVDs do you need to rent to make
the online rental a better buy?

METHOD 1 Using a Table You can make a table to answer the question.

STEP 1 Make a table representing each rental option.

DVDs Renting Renting

rented locally online
1 $4 $15

2 $8 $15

STEP 2 Add rows to your table until you see a pattern.

DVDs Renting Renting

rented locally online
1 $4 $15
2 $8 $15

3 $12 $15

4 $16 $15

5 $20 $15

6 $24 $15

STEP 3 Analyze the table. Notice that the values in the second column
(the cost of renting locally) are less than the values in the third
column (the cost of renting online) for three or fewer DVDs. However,
the values in the second column are greater than those in the third
column for four or more DVDs.

c It is cheaper to rent locally if you rent 3 or fewer DVDs per month.

If you rent 4 or more DVDs per month, it is cheaper to rent online.

188 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 METHOD 2 Using Algebra You can solve one of the equations for one of its variables.
Then substitute that expression for the variable in the other equation.

STEP 1 Write an equation for each rental option.

Cost of one month’s rental online: y 5 15
Cost of one month’s rental locally: y 5 4x, where x represents the
number of DVDs rented

STEP 2 Substitute the value of y from one equation into the other equation.
y 5 4x
15 5 4x Substitute 15 for y.

3.75 5 x Divide each side by 4.

STEP 3 Analyze the solution of the equation. If you could rent 3.75 DVDs, your
cost for local and online rentals would be the same. However, you can
only rent a whole number of DVDs. Look at what happens when you
rent 3 DVDs and when you rent 4 DVDs, the whole numbers just less
than and just greater than 3.75.

c It is cheaper to rent locally if you rent 3 or fewer DVDs per month.

If you rent 4 or more DVDs per month, it is cheaper to rent online.

P R AC T I C E

1. IN-LINE SKATES You can rent in-line skates 4. MANUFACTURING A company buys a new
for $5 per hour, or buy a pair of skates for widget machine for $1200. It costs $5 to make
$130. How many hours do you need to skate each widget. The company sells each widget
for the cost of buying skates to be cheaper for $15. How many widgets do they need to
than renting them? sell to earn back the money they spent on the
machine?
2. WHAT IF? Suppose the in-line skates in
Exercise 1 also rent for $12 per day. How 5. WRITING Which method(s) did you use to
many days do you need to skate for the cost solve Exercises 1–4? Explain your choice(s).
of buying skates to be cheaper than
renting them? 6. MONEY You saved $1000. If you put this
money in a savings account, it will earn
3. BUTTONS You buy a button machine for 1.5% annual interest. If you put the $1000 in
$200 and supplies to make one hundred fifty a certificate of deposit (CD), it will earn 3%
buttons for $30. Suppose you charge $2 for annual interest. To earn the most money,
a button. How many buttons do you need to does it ever make sense to put your money in
sell to earn back what you spent? the savings account? Explain.

Using Alternative Methods 189

 3.6 Prove Theorems About
Perpendicular Lines
Before You found the distance between points in the coordinate plane.
Now You will find the distance between a point and a line.
Why? So you can determine lengths in art, as in Example 4.

Key Vocabulary
• distance from a
ACTIVITY FOLD PERPENDICULAR LINES
point to a line
Materials: paper, protractor
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

 
 

Fold a piece of paper. Fold the paper again, Unfold the paper.
so that the original fold
lines up on itself.
DRAW CONCLUSIONS
1. What type of angles appear to be formed where the fold lines intersect?

2. Measure the angles with a protractor. Which angles are congruent?

Which angles are right angles?

The activity above suggests several properties of perpendicular lines.

THEOREMS For Your Notebook

THEOREM 3.8
If two lines intersect to form a linear pair of g
congruent angles, then the lines are perpendicular.
1 2 h
If ∠ 1 > ∠ 2, then g ⊥ h.
Proof: Ex. 31, p. 196

THEOREM 3.9
b
If two lines are perpendicular, then they intersect to
form four right angles. 1 2 a
If a ⊥ b, then ∠ 1, ∠ 2, ∠ 3, ∠ 4 are right angles. 3 4
Proof: Ex. 32, p. 196

190 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 EXAMPLE 1 Draw conclusions
‹]› ‹]›
In the diagram at the right, AB ⊥ BC . What can
you conclude about ∠ 1 and ∠ 2? A
1 2
D B C

Solution
‹]› ‹]›
AB and BC are perpendicular, so by Theorem 3.9, they form four right angles.
You can conclude that ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are right angles, so ∠ 1 ù ∠ 2.

THEOREM For Your Notebook

THEOREM 3.10
If two sides of two adjacent acute angles are
perpendicular, then the angles are complementary. A
‹]› ‹]› 1
If BA ⊥ BC , then ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are complementary. 2
Proof: Example 2, below B C

EXAMPLE 2 Prove Theorem 3.10

Prove that if two sides of two adjacent acute angles are
perpendicular, then the angles are complementary. D
]› ]›
GIVEN c ED ⊥ EF 7
8
PROVE c ∠ 7 and ∠ 8 are complementary.
F E
STATEMENTS REASONS

1.
]› ]›
ED ⊥ EF 1. Given
2. ∠ DEF is a right angle. 2. ⊥ lines intersect to form 4 rt. ?.
(Theorem 3.9)
3. m ∠ DEF 5 908 3. Definition of a right angle
4. m ∠ 7 1 m ∠ 8 5 m ∠ DEF 4. Angle Addition Postulate
5. m ∠ 7 1 m ∠ 8 5 908 5. Substitution Property of Equality
6. ∠ 7 and ∠ 8 are complementary. 6. Definition of complementary angles

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2

1. Given that ∠ ABC > ∠ ABD, what can you

A
conclude about ∠ 3 and ∠ 4? Explain how
3
you know. 4
C B D

2. Write a plan for proof for Theorem 3.9, that if two lines are perpendicular,
then they intersect to form four right angles.

3.6 Prove Theorems About Perpendicular Lines 191

 THEOREMS For Your Notebook
THEOREM 3.11 Perpendicular Transversal Theorem
j
If a transversal is perpendicular to one of two
parallel lines, then it is perpendicular to the other. h

If h i k and j ⊥ h, then j ⊥ k. k

Proof: Ex. 42, p. 160; Ex. 33, p. 196

THEOREM 3.12 Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem

In a plane, if two lines are perpendicular to the m n
same line, then they are parallel to each other.
If m ⊥ p and n ⊥ p, then m i n. p
Proof: Ex. 34, p. 196

EXAMPLE 3 Draw conclusions

Determine which lines, if any, must be parallel in the s t u
diagram. Explain your reasoning.
p
Solution
Lines p and q are both perpendicular to s, so by
Theorem 3.12, p i q. Also, lines s and t are both q
perpendicular to q, so by Theorem 3.12, s i t.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 3

Use the diagram at the right. a b

3. Is b i a? Explain your reasoning. c

4. Is b ⊥ c? Explain your reasoning.

DISTANCE FROM A LINE The distance from a point to a line is the length of
the perpendicular segment from the point to the line. This perpendicular
segment is the shortest distance between the point and the line. For example,
the distance between point A and line k is AB. You will prove this in Chapter 5.
A C E
m

k
B D F p
Distance from a point to a line Distance between two parallel lines

The distance between two parallel lines is the length of any perpendicular
segment joining the two lines. For example, the distance between line p
and line m above is CD or EF.

192 Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 EXAMPLE 4 Find the distance between two parallel lines
SCULPTURE The sculpture below is drawn on a graph where units are
measured in inches. What is the approximate length of }
SR, the depth of
a seat?
Y



3


2



0






     X

Solution
You need to find the length of a perpendicular segment from a back leg to a
front leg on one side of the chair.
Using the points P(30, 80) and R(50, 110), the slope of each leg is
110 2 80 30 3
} 5 } 5 }.
50 2 30 20 2
The segment SR has a slope of
120 2 110 10 2
} 5 2} 5 2}.
35 2 50 15 3
The segment }
SR is perpendicular to the leg so the distance SR is
}}}
d 5 Ï (35 2 50)2 1 (120 2 110)2 ø 18.0 inches.

c The length of }
SR is about 18.0 inches.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 4

Use the graph at the right for Exercises 5 and 6. A y c d

2
5. What is the distance from point A to line c?
6. What is the distance from line c to line d? 2 x

7. Graph the line y 5 x 1 1. What point on the line is the shortest

distance from the point (4, 1)? What is the distance? Round to the
nearest tenth.

3.6 Prove Theorems About Perpendicular Lines 193