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B.E. (Instrumentation & Control) Subject: Building Automation-Ii Experiment Number: 1 Title: To Study Fire Alarm System (Fas) and It'S Architecture

The document describes the components and architecture of a fire alarm system (FAS). It discusses the key functions of detecting fires, notifying occupants, and alerting emergency services. The standard components are then outlined, including the fire alarm control panel, primary and secondary power supplies, initiating devices like manual pull stations and smoke detectors, and notification appliances. It also discusses building safety interfaces like magnetic door holders. Finally, it describes the main types of fire alarm systems as conventional or addressable and their basic architectures.

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137 views9 pages

B.E. (Instrumentation & Control) Subject: Building Automation-Ii Experiment Number: 1 Title: To Study Fire Alarm System (Fas) and It'S Architecture

The document describes the components and architecture of a fire alarm system (FAS). It discusses the key functions of detecting fires, notifying occupants, and alerting emergency services. The standard components are then outlined, including the fire alarm control panel, primary and secondary power supplies, initiating devices like manual pull stations and smoke detectors, and notification appliances. It also discusses building safety interfaces like magnetic door holders. Finally, it describes the main types of fire alarm systems as conventional or addressable and their basic architectures.

Uploaded by

Nɩĸʜɩɭ Aɱɓʀɘ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 9

B.E.

(INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL)


SUBJECT: BUILDING AUTOMATION-II
EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 1
TITLE: TO STUDY FIRE ALARM SYSTEM (FAS)
AND IT’S ARCHITECTURE

Building Automation-II Page 1


TITLE:-To Study Fire Alarm System (FAS) and it’s Architecture.

Introduction

A key aspect of fire protection is to identify a developing fire emergency in a timely manner,
and to alert the building's occupants and fire emergency organizations.

Generally a fire alarm system is installed for protection of life, property and mission. In order
for a fire alarm system to be useful, it must be able to perform these functions:
1. Detect the presence of a fire.
2. Notify the occupants
3. Notify the fire department (usually through a central station connection)
4. Operate other fire safety functions, e.g., release magnetically held open smoke doors.

What is FAS?

A Fire Alarm System (FAS) is system in which number of devices working together to
detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon
monoxide or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be activated from smoke
detectors, heat detectors or also by using manual pull stations.

Depending on the anticipated fire scenario, building and use type, number and type of
occupants and criticality of contents and mission, these systems can provide several main
functions:

First, they provide a means to identify a developing fire through either manual or
automatic methods.
Second, they alert building occupants to a fire condition and the need to evacuate.

Building Automation-II Page 2


Another common function is the transmission of an alarm notification signal to the fire
department or other emergency response organization.

They may also shut down electrical supply, air handling equipment or special process
operations, and they may be used to initiate automatic suppression system.

Building Automation-II Page 3


STANDARD FIRE ALARM SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Most fire alarm systems consist of the following components:
1. Fire alarm control panel – the system hub monitors inputs and system integrity,
controls outputs and relays information.
2. Primary power supply – primary power for your fire alarm system is usually
supplied in the form of 124V or 240V AC from the power company.
3. Secondary (backup) power supply – backup power supplies usually consist of lead-
acid batteries used to power the system in case the primary power source fails.
4. Initiating devices – these are your activation stations, and can be manual (pull
stations) or automatic (smoke detectors).
5. Notification appliances – notification appliances are things like flashing lights,
strobe lights, horns, speakers, etc. that actually let people know of the danger in your
building.
6. Building safety interfaces – these are things like exit lighting, ventilation systems,
etc. that make it easier for people to get out of the building once a fire has started.
Details of fire alarm systems components explained as below.

Fire alarm control panel

Building Automation-II Page 4


This component, the hub of the system, monitors inputs and system integrity, controls outputs
and relays information. A Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP), or Fire Alarm Control Unit
(FACU), is the controlling component of a Fire Alarm System. The panel receives
information from environmental sensors designed to detect changes associated with fire,
monitors their operational integrity and provides for automatic control of equipment, and
transmission of information necessary to prepare the facility for fire based on a
predetermined sequence. The panel may also supply electrical energy to operate any
associated sensor, control, transmitter, or relay. There are four basic types of panels: coded
panels, conventional panels, addressable panels, and multiplex systems.

Primary power supply

Commonly the non-switched 120 or 240 Volt Alternating Current source supplied from a
commercial power utility. In non-residential applications, a branch circuit is dedicated to the
fire alarm system and its constituents. "Dedicated branch circuits" should not be confused
with "Individual branch circuits" which supply energy to a single appliance.

Building Automation-II Page 5


Secondary (backup) power supply

This component, commonly consisting of sealed lead-acid storage batteries or other


emergency sources including generators, is used to supply energy in the event of a primary
power failure.
Initiating Devices
There are two types of initiating devices: manual and automatic.
Manual initiating devices

break glass station, buttons, pull stations and the like are all considered manual initiating
devices. They should be located near the exits of your building and should be easily
accessible, identified and operated.
Automatic initiating devices

Smoke Detector
There is a pretty wide variety of automatic initiating devices out there, including heat
detectors, smoke detectors, flame detectors, CO detectors, water flow detectors, etc. These
will all sense changes in the environment and react automatically in the event of an
emergency. New innovations in automatic initiating devices use cameras and computer
algorithms to analyze visible effects of fire and movement in ways that other detection
devices can’t.

Building Automation-II Page 6


Notification Devices

Audible Notification Device Audio-Visual Notification Device


Notification devices are arguably the most important parts of your fire alarm system.
Notification devices can use audible, visible, tactile, textual and even smell-based stimuli to
alert the people in your building of fire. The most common types of notification devices are
audio-visual, with a horn, bell or siren and flashing or strobe light combo.

Building Safety Interface


More and more, advanced building safety interfaces are being introduced that make escaping
from burning buildings safer and easier. Examples of building safety interfaces include:
Magnetic smoke door holders – these use wall- or floor-mounted electromagnets controlled
by the fire alarm system magnetically hold doors in the open position. On command from the
fire control (or failure of the power source), the doors close automatically and restrict the
passage of smoke from one area to another.
Duct smoke detectors– duct smoke detectors are designed to sense smoke moving through
your ducts and will shut off fans and close dampers to prevent the smoke from moving to
other parts of the building.

Building Automation-II Page 7


TYPES OF FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS:

Conventional Fire Alarm System

In a Conventional Fire Alarm System, a number of call points and detectors are wired to the
Fire Alarm Control Panel in Zones. A Zone is a circuit and typically one would wire a circuit
per floor or fire compartment. The Fire Alarm Control Panel has a number of Zone Lamps.
The reason for having Zones is to give a rough idea as to where a fire has occurred. This is
important for the fire brigade and of course for the building management. The accuracy of
knowing where a fire has started is controlled by the number of Zones a Control Panel has
and the number of circuits that have been wired within the building. The Control Panel is
wired to a minimum of two sounder circuits which could contain bells, electronic sounders or
other audible devices. Each circuit has an end of line device which is used for monitoring
purposes.

Addressable Systems

The detection principle of an Addressable System is similar to a Conventional System


except that the Control Panel can determine exactly which detector or call point has initiated
the alarm. The detection circuit is wired as a loop and up to 99 devices may be connected to
each loop. The detectors are essentially Conventional Detectors, with an address built in. The
address in each detector is set by dil switches and the Control Panel is programmed to display
the information required when that particular detector is operated. Additional Field Devices

Building Automation-II Page 8


are available which may be wired to the loop for detection only i.e. it is possible to detect a
normally open contact closing such as sprinkler flow switch, or a normally closed contact
opening. Sounders are wired in a minimum of two sounder circuits exactly as a Conventional
System. Loop Isolation Modules are available for fitting on to the detection loop/loops such
that the loop is sectioned in order to ensure that a short circuit, or one fault will only cause the
loss of a minimal part of the system.

Conclusion:

Building Automation-II Page 9

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