agnar Lothbrok 

or Lodbrok[a] is a legendary[1] Viking hero, as well as a

legendary Danish and Swedish king.[2] He is known from Old Norse poetry of
the Viking Age, Icelandic sagas, and near-contemporary chronicles. According to
the traditional literature, Ragnar Lothbrok distinguished himself by conducting
many raids against the British Isles and the Holy Roman Empire during the 9th
century. He also appears in Norse legends, and according to the legendary
sagas Ragnarssona þáttr and Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum, Ragnar
Lodbrok's father was the legendary king of the Swedes, Sigurd Ring.[3][4]

Contents

 1Accounts
o 1.1The Icelandic Sagas
o 1.2Danish sources
o 1.3Poetic and epigraphic sources
o 1.4Frankish accounts of a 9th-century
Viking leader named Ragnar
o 1.5Later continental accounts
o 1.6Anglo-Saxon and Irish accounts of the
father of Ivar and Halfdan
 2Ragnar's sons
 3Sources and historical accuracy
 4In literature and media
 5See also
 6Footnotes
 7References
 8Further reading

Accounts[edit]
The Icelandic Sagas[edit]
A warrior with shaggy breeches, killing a beast, on one of the Torslunda plates.
The man has been identified with Ragnar Lodbrok in an early Swedish version of
the legend (Schück). It is more recently interpreted as a Germanic initiation ritual
where the shaggy trousers played a role, which may have contributed to the legend
of Ragnar Lodbrok.[5]
According to the Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok, Tale of Ragnar's
sons, Heimskringla, Hervarar Saga, Sögubrot, and many other Icelandic sources,
Ragnar was the son of the king of Sweden Sigurd Ring. Nearly all of the sagas
agree that the Danish king Randver was Sigurd's father, with the Hervarar
saga citing his wife as Åsa, the daughter of King Harald of the Red
Moustache from Norway. The accounts further tell that Randver was a grandson of
the legendary Scandinavian king Ivar Vidfamne by his daughter Aud (whom
the Hervarar saga calls Alfhild).[6] After the death of king Ivar Vidfamne, Aud's
eldest son by the Danish king Hrœrekr Ringslinger, Harald, conquered all of his
grandfather's territory and became known as Harald Wartooth. Harald's nephew
Sigurd Ring became the chief king of Sweden after Randver's death (Denmark
according to Hervarar saga), presumably as the subking of Harald. Sigurd and
Harald fought the Battle of the Brávellir (Bråvalla) on the plains of Östergötland,
where Harald and many of his men died. Sigurd then ruled Sweden and Denmark
(being sometimes identified with a Danish king Sigfred who ruled from about 770
until his death prior to 804). He sired a son with the princess Alfhild of the petty
kingdom of Álfheimr, Ragnar Lodbrok, who succeeded him.[7] Eysteinn Beli, who
according to the Hervarar Saga was Harald Wartooth's son, ruled Sweden
sometime after Sigurd until he was slain by the sons of Ragnar and Aslaug.[8]
In their accounts of his reign, the Sagas of Scandinavian Prehistory, known
as fornaldarsaga[9][10] tell more about Ragnar's marriages than about feats of
warfare. According to the Sögubrot, "he was the biggest and fairest of men that
human eyes have seen, and he was like his mother in appearance and took after her
kin".[11] He first killed a giant snake that guarded the abode of
the Geatish jarl Herrauð's daughter Thora Borgarhjort, thereby winning her as his
wife. The unusual protective clothes that Ragnar wore, when attacking the serpent,
earned him the nickname Lodbrok ("shaggy breeches"). His sons with Thora
were Erik and Agnar. After Thora died, he discovered Kráka, a woman of
outstanding beauty and wisdom living with a poor peasant couple in Norway, and
married her. This marriage resulted in the sons Ivar the Boneless, Björn
Ironside, Hvitserk, Ragnvald and Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye.[12] Kráka was later
revealed to actually be Aslaug, a secret daughter of the renowned hero Sigurd
Fafnesbane. As the sons grew up to become renowned warriors, Ragnar, not
wishing to be outdone, resolved to conquer England with merely two ships. He was
however defeated by superior English forces and was thrown into a snake pit to die
in agony.[13] The Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok, Tale of Ragnar's Sons,
and Heimskringla all tell of the Great Heathen Army that invaded England at
around 866, led by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok to wreak revenge against
King Ælla of Northumbria who is told to have captured and executed Ragnar.
Danish sources[edit]
The Chronicon Roskildense (c. 1138) mentions Lodbrok (Lothpardus) as father to
the utterly cruel Norse King Ywar (rex crudelissimus Normannorum Ywar) and his
brothers, Inguar (a double of Ywar), Ubbi, Byorn and Ulf, who rule the northern
peoples. They call on the various Danish petty kings to help them ruin the realm of
the Franks. Ywar successfully attacks the kingdoms of Britain, though not as an act
of revenge as in the Icelandic sagas.[14] The chronicle of Sven Aggesen (c. 1190) is
the first Danish text that mentions the full name, Regnerus Lothbrogh. His son
Sigurd invades Denmark and kills its king, whose daughter he marries as he takes
over the throne. Their son in turn is Knut, ancestor of the later Danish kings.[15]
Neither of these sources mentions Ragnar Lodbrok as a Danish ruler. The first to
do so is Saxo Grammaticus in his work Gesta Danorum (c. 1200). This work
mixes Norse legend with data about Danish history derived from the chronicle
of Adam of Bremen (c. 1075).[16] Here Ragnar's father Sigurd Ring is a Norwegian
prince married to a Danish princess, and different from the victor of Brávellir (who
had flourished about thirteen generations earlier). Sigurd Ring and his cousin and
rival Ring (that is, Sigfred and Anulo of recorded history, d. 812) are both killed in
battle, whereupon Ragnar is elevated to the Danish kingship (identified by Saxo
with Ragnfred, d. 814[17]).[18] His first deed is the defeat of the Swedish king Frö,
who has killed Ragnar's grandfather. Ragnar is assisted in this by a
ferocious shield-maiden named Ladgerda (Lagertha), whom Ragnar forces to
marry him. In this marriage he sires the son Fridleif and two daughters.[19] Ragnar
later repudiates his marriage to Ladgerda and marries Thora Borgarhjort, a
daughter of the Swedish king Herrauðr, after killing two venomous giant snakes
that guard Thora's residence. His sons with Thora are Radbard, Dunvat, Sigurd
Snake-in-the-Eye, Björn Ironside, Agnar and Ivar the Boneless. From a non-
marital relationship with an unnamed woman (described only as a daughter of a
man named Esbjørn), Ragnar fathered Ubbe. Another, final marriage, to Svanlaug
(possibly another name for Aslaug) produces another three sons: Ragnvald, Eric
Weatherhat and Hvitserk.[20]
The sons were installed as sub-kings in various conquered territories. Ragnar led a
Viking expedition to England and killed its king, Hama, before killing the earls of
Scotland and installing Sigurd Snake-in-the Eye and Radbard as governors.
Norway was also subjugated, and Fridleif was made ruler there and in Orkney.
Later on, Ragnar with three sons invaded Sweden where a new king called Sörle
had appeared and withheld the heritage of Thora's sons. Sörle and his army were
massacred and Björn Ironside was installed on the throne.[21] Some time later Björn
was put in charge of Norway, while Ragnar appointed another son, Eric
Weatherhat, as ruler in Sweden; he was subsequently killed by a certain Eysteinn.
One of the sons, Ubbe, revolted against his father at the instigation of his maternal
grandfather Esbjørn, and could only be defeated and captured with utmost effort.
[22]
 Saxo moreover tells of repeated expeditions to the British Isles, one of which
cost the lives of Dunvat and Radbard. Ælla, son of Hama, with the help of allies
known collectively as the Galli – possibly a group of Norse-Gaels (who were
known in Old Irish as Gall-Goídil),[23] expelled Ragnar's sub-ruler Ivar the
Boneless from England and remained a persistent enemy.[24] Finally,
the Scythians were forced to accept Hvitserk as their ruler. In the end Hvitserk was
treacherously captured by the Hellespontian prince Daxon and burnt alive with his
own admission. Hearing this, Ragnar led an expedition to Kievan Rus' and
captured Daxon who was curiously spared and exiled.[25]
Unlike the Icelandic sources, Saxo's account of Ragnar Lodbrok's reign is largely a
catalog of successful Viking invasions over an enormous geographical area.
Among the seaborne expeditions was one against the Bjarmians and Finns (Saami)
in the Arctic north. The Bjarmian use of magic spells caused foul weather and the
sudden death of many Danish invaders, and the Finnish archers on skis turned out
to be a formidable foe. Eventually these two tribes were put to flight and the
Bjarmian king was slain.[26] The historical king Harald Klak is by Saxo (based on a
passage in Adam's chronicle) made into another persistent enemy of Ragnar, who
several times incited the Jutes and Scanians to rebel, but was regularly defeated.
After the last victory over Harald, Ragnar learned that King Ælla had massacred
Ragnar's men on Ireland. Incensed, he attacked the English king with his fleet but
was captured and thrown into the snake pit, similar to the Icelandic sagas. In spite
of all his praise for Ragnar Lodbrok, Saxo also considers his fate as God's rightful
vengeance for the contempt he had shown the Christian religion.[27]
Poetic and epigraphic sources[edit]
While the narrative Norse sources date from the 12th and 13th centuries, there are
also many older poems that mention him and his kin. The Ragnarsdrápa,
ostensibly composed by Bragi Boddason in the 9th century, praises a Ragnar, son
of Sigurd, for a richly decorated shield that the poet has received. The shield
depicts the assault on Jörmunrek, the Hjaðningavíg tale, the ploughing of Gefjon,
and Thor's struggle with the Midgard Serpent. Recent scholarship has suggested
that the poem is in fact from c. 1000 and celebrates the Norse reconquest of
England. The four tales depicted on the shield would then symbolize four aspects
of the Lodbrok saga (the initial defeat of the sons of Lodbrok in England due to
recklessness, Ivar the Boneless's deceitful approach to King Ælla, Ivar's cunning
snatching of land from Ælla, Ragnar's struggle against the giant serpent in order to
win Thora).[28] The Knutsdrapa of Sigvat Thordarson (c. 1038) mentions the death
of Ælla at the hands of Ivar in York, who "carved the eagle on Ælla's back".
[29]
 From this the story of the atrocious revenge of Lodbrok's sons already seems to
be present. The reference to a "blood eagle" punishment has however been much
debated by modern scholars.[30] Another lay, Krakumal, put in the mouth of the
dying Ragnar in the snake pit, recounts the exploits of Ragnar and mentions battles
over a wide geographical area, several relating to the British isles. The poem's
name, "Kráka's lay", alludes to Ragnar's wife's Kráka,[31] though modern
philologists commonly date it to the 12th century in its present form.[32]
There is one runic inscription mentioning Lodbrok, carved on the prehistorical
tumulus of Maeshowe on Orkney in the early 12th century. It reads: "This howe
was built a long time before Lodbrok's. Her sons, they were bold; scarcely ever
were there such tall men of their hands".[33] The expression "her sons" has given
rise to the theory that Lodbrok was originally thought of as a woman,[34] mother of
the historically known sons.[35]
Frankish accounts of a 9th-century Viking leader named Ragnar[edit]
The Siege of Paris and the Sack of Paris of 845 was the culmination of a Viking
invasion of the kingdom of the West Franks. The Viking forces were led by a
Norse chieftain named "Reginherus", or Ragnar.[36] This Ragnar has often been
tentatively identified with the legendary saga figure Ragnar Lodbrok,[37] but the
accuracy of this is disputed by historians.[38][39] Ragnar Lodbrok is also sometimes
identified with a Ragnar who was awarded land in Torhout, Flanders, by Charles
the Bald in about 841 but eventually lost the land as well as the favour of the King.
[40]
 Ragnar's Vikings raided Rouen on their way up the Seine in 845 and in response
to the invasion, determined not to let the royal Abbey of Saint-Denis (near Paris)
be destroyed, Charles assembled an army which he divided into two parts, one for
each side of the river.[41][38] Ragnar attacked and defeated one of the divisions of the
smaller Frankish army, took 111 of their men as prisoners and hanged them on an
island on the Seine to honour the Norse god Odin, as well as to incite terror in the
remaining Frankish forces.[36][38] Ragnar's fleet made it back to his overlord, the
Danish King Horik I, but Ragnar soon died from a violent illness that also spread
in Denmark.[42]
Later continental accounts[edit]
Among the oldest texts to mention the name Lodbrok is the Norman history
of William of Jumièges from c. 1070. According to William, the Danish kings of
old had the custom to expel the younger sons from the kingdom to have them out
of the way. It was during the time this practice was in fashion that King Lodbrok
succeeded his unnamed father on the Danish throne. After gaining power he
honoured the said custom and ordered his junior son Björn Ironside to leave his
realm. Björn thus left Denmark with a considerable fleet and started to ravage in
West Francia and later the Mediterranean.[43] Roughly contemporary with William
is Adam of Bremen whose history of the Archbishopric of Hamburg-
Bremen contains many traditions about Viking Age Scandinavia. In a passage
referring to the Viking raids of the late 9th century, he mentions the Danish or
Norse pirates Horich, Orwig, Gotafrid, Rudolf and Inguar (Ivar). This Ivar is in
particular seen as a cruel persecutor of Christians, and a son of Lodbrok (Inguar,
filius Lodparchi).[44]
Anglo-Saxon and Irish accounts of the father of Ivar and Halfdan[edit]
According to the contemporary Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Asser's Life of Alfred,
in 878 the "brother of Hingwar and Healfden", with a naval fleet, a contingent of
the Great Heathen Army invaded Devon in England and fought the Battle of
Cynwit. There the Vikings lost, their king slain and many dead, with few escaping
to their ships. After the battle the Saxons took great plunder, and among other
things the banner called "Raven".[45] The early 12th century Annals of St
Neots further state that "they say that the three sisters of Hingwar and Hubba,
daughters of Lodebroch (Lodbrok), wove that flag and got it ready in one day.
They say, moreover, that in every battle, wherever the flag went before them, if
they were to gain the victory a live crow would appear flying on the middle of the
flag; but if they were doomed to be defeated it would hang down motionless, and
this was often proved to be so."[46] This is among the earlier references to the
legendary hero Ragnar Lodbrok.
The Irish Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib from the 12th century, with information
deriving from earlier annals, mentions king Halfdan (d. 877) under the name "mac
Ragnaill".[47] The form Ragnall may refer to either Ragnvald or Ragnar, and the
entry is a strong indication that the name of Ivar's and Halfdan's father was really
Ragnar or a similar name.[48] The early 11th century Three Fragments contains a
passage that gives a semi-legendary background to the capture of York by the
Vikings in 866. The two younger sons of Halfdan, King of Lochlann, expelled the
eldest son Ragnall who sailed to the Orkney islands with his three sons and settled
there. Two of the sons later raided the English and Franks, proceeding to plunder
in the Mediterranean. One of them learnt from a vision that Ragnall had fought a
battle where the third son had been slain and in which he himself had most likely
perished. The two Viking sons then returned home with a lot of dark-skinned
captives.[49] It has been hypothesized that this is an Irish version of Ragnar
Lodbrok's saga, the Mediterranean expedition being a historical event taking place
in 859-61.[50]

Ragnar's sons[edit]
The saga as published by Norstedts in a large-size illustrated version (1880).
The Great Heathen Army is said to have been led by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok,
to wreak revenge against King Ælla of Northumbria who had previously executed
Ragnar by casting him into a pit full of venomous snakes.[51] Among the organizers
were at least some of the brothers: Ivar the Boneless, Ubba, Halfdan, Björn
Ironside, Hvitserk, and Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, all of which are known as
historical figures, save the slightly more dubious Hvitserk.[52] Ivar the Boneless was
the leader of the Great Heathen Army from 865 to 870, but he disappears from
English historical accounts after 870.[53] The Anglo-Saxon
chronicler Æthelweard records Ivar's death as 870.[54] Halfdan Ragnarsson became
the leader of the Great Heathen Army in about 870 and he led it in an invasion of
Wessex.[55] A great number of Viking warriors arrived from Scandinavia, as part of
the Great Summer Army, led by King Bagsecg of Denmark, bolstering the ranks of
Halfdan's army.[56]
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Danes battled the West Saxons nine
times, including the Battle of Ashdown on 8 January 871, where Bagsecg was
killed.[57] Halfdan accepted a truce from the future Alfred the Great, newly crowned
king of Wessex.[58] After Bagsecg's death Halfdan was the only remaining king of
the invading host. He may also have been a King of part of Denmark (Jutland?),
since a co-ruler Halfdan is mentioned in Frankish sources in 873.[59] According to
late sagas Björn Ironside became King of Sweden and Uppsala, although this
presents chronological inconsistencies.[60] Björn had two sons, Erik and Refil
Björnsson (Swedish Wikipedia states that Björn names one son, Refil who then in
turn had a son named Erik). His son Erik became the next king of Sweden, and was
succeeded in turn by Erik Refilsson, the son of Refil.[61] Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye is
perhaps the same person as Sigfred, brother of Halfdan, who was king in Denmark
together with Halfdan in 873.[62] According to the sagas Sigurd became King
of Zealand, Skåne and the lesser Danish Isles.[63] Sigfred-Sigurd possibly
succeeded his brother Halfdan as King of entire Denmark in about 877, and may be
the Viking king Sigfred who was killed in West Francia in 887.[64]

Sources and historical accuracy[edit]

Ragnar receives Kráka (Aslaug), as imagined by August Malmström.

19th-century artist's impression of Ælla of Northumbria's execution of Ragnar

Lodbrok
Whereas Ragnar's sons Ivar the Boneless, Halfdan Ragnarsson, Björn Ironside,
Ubbe and Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye are historical figures, opinion regarding their
father is divided. Contemporary academia regards most of the stories about him to
be fiction. According to Hilda Ellis Davidson, writing in 1979,
Certain scholars in recent years have come to accept at least part of Ragnar's story
as based on historical fact.[65]
The most significant medieval sources that mention Ragnar include:

 Book IX of the Gesta Danorum, a 12th-century

work by the Christian Danish chronicler Saxo
Grammaticus
  the Tale of Ragnar's sons (Ragnarssona þáttr),
a legendary saga
 the Tale of Ragnar Lodbrok , another saga, a
sequel to the Völsunga saga
 the Ragnarsdrápa, a skaldic poem of which only
fragments remain, attributed to the 9th-century
poet Bragi Boddason
 the Krákumál, Ragnar's death-song, an old and
mysterious skaldic poem
In her commentary on Saxo's Gesta Danorum, Davidson notes that Saxo's
coverage of Ragnar's legend in book IX of the Gesta appears to be an attempt to
consolidate many of the confusing and contradictory events and stories known to
the chronicler into the reign of one king, Ragnar. That is why many acts ascribed to
Ragnar in the Gesta can be associated, through other sources, with various figures,
some of whom are more historically tenable.[66]
The candidates scholars like to associate with the "historical Ragnar" include:

 the Reginherus or Ragnar who besieged Paris in
845
 the Danish King Horik I (d. 854)
 King Reginfrid (d. 814), a king who ruled part of
Denmark in tandem with his brother Harald Klak,
but was expelled by Horik I and his brothers and
later fell in a battle against them
 possibly the Ragnall (Ragnvald or Ragnar) of
the Irish Annals[67]
Attempts to reliably associate the legendary Ragnar with one or several of those
men have failed because of the difficulty in reconciling the various accounts and
their chronology. But the tradition of a Viking hero named Ragnar (or similar) who
wreaked havoc in mid-9th-century Europe and who fathered many famous sons is
remarkably persistent, and some aspects of it are strengthened by relatively reliable
sources, such as Irish historical tradition and, indirectly, the Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle.[68]

In literature and media[edit]

Ragnar Lodbrok features prominently in the following works:
  Edwin Atherstone's 1830 novel Sea-Kings in
England.
 Edison Marshall's 1951 novel The Viking.[69]
 "Ragnar le Viking", a 1955 comic book feature
written by Jean Ollivier with art by Eduardo
Teixeira Coelho, that ran in the
French Vaillant magazine up to 1969.[70]
 Richard Parker's 1957 historical novel The Sword
of Ganelon explores the character of Ragnar, his
sons, and Viking raiding culture.[71]
 The 1958 film The Vikings based on Marshall's
novel, in which Ragnar, played by Ernest
Borgnine, is captured by King Ælla and cast into
a pit of wolves; a son named Einar [sic], played
by Kirk Douglas, vows revenge and
conquers Northumbria with help from half-
brother (and sworn enemy) Eric (played by Tony
Curtis), who also had much to avenge upon King
Aella.
 Harry Harrison's 1993 alternative history
novel The Hammer and the Cross depicts Ragnar
being shipwrecked, captured and executed, as
well as his sons' revenge.[72]
 History's 2013 TV series Vikings features
Australian actor Travis Fimmel playing the lead
character of Ragnar for the first four seasons.
 The 2020 release of Ubisoft's Assassin's' Creed:
Valhalla features Ragnar's children continuing to
reign, plunder, and settle eastern England during
the 9th century.

See also[edit]

 List of legendary kings of Denmark

 List of legendary kings of Sweden

Footnotes[edit]

1. ^
  Old Norse: Ragnarr Loðbrók [ˈrɑɣn
ˌɑrː ˈloðˌbroːk], "Ragnar shaggy
breeches"
 Modern Danish: Regnar Lodbrok
 Modern Icelandic: Ragnar
Loðbrók [ˈraknˌar ˈlɔðˌprouːk]
 Modern Norwegian: Ragnar
Lodbrok
 Modern Swedish: Ragnar Lodbrok

1. ^ Harrison 1993, p. 16.

2. ^ Du Chaillu, Paul B. (2015). The Viking Age
Vol. 2 (of 2) (Illustrations): The early history,
manners, and customs of the ancestors of the
English-speaking nations. The Viking Age
Series. J.J. Little & Co. p. 291. ISBN 978-
0599543584. Retrieved 1
June2020. Gutenberg Project version,
published 13 Dec 2017.
3. ^ Lindbergh, Katarina Harrison
(2017). Nordisk mytologi: Från a till
Ö. ISBN 978-9175453705.
4. ^ Butler, Josh "The Real Ragnar
Lothbrok." Historic UK. Retrieved 21 April
2020.
5. ^ McTurk (1991) Studies in 'Ragnar's Saga
Lodbrokar' and Its Major Scandinavian
Analogues. Society for the Study of
Mediaeval Languages Lit. p. 10, 15, 36, 37
6. ^ Tolkien, Christopher, & Turville-Petre, G.
(eds) (1956) Hervarar Saga ok Heidreks.
London: Viking Society for Northern
Research, p. 68-9. [1]
7. ^ Sögubrot, Chapter 10
8. ^ The Tale of Ragnar's Sons, Chapter 2
9. ^ http://fasnl.ku.dk/
10. ^ fornaldarsögur, chapter 25
11. ^ Sögubrot, Chapter 10
12. ^ Ragnars Saga Lodbrokar, Chapters 4 and 7
13. ^ Ragnars Saga Lodbrokar, Chapter 15
14. ^ Chronicon Roskildense, p. 16
15. ^ Sven Aggeson, p. 106
16. ^ Storm (1877), p. 387-9
17. ^ Storm (1877), p. 399
18. ^ Saxo Grammaticus, Book 9, p. 539-41
19. ^ Saxo Grammaticus, Book 9, p. 542-3
20. ^ Saxo Grammaticus, Book 9, p. 545, 550
21. ^ Saxo Grammaticus, Book 9, p. 551
22. ^ Saxo Grammaticus, Book 9, p. 557
23. ^ Smyth (1977).
24. ^ Saxo Grammaticus, Book 9, p. 560-1
25. ^ Saxo Grammaticus, Book 9, p. 558-9
26. ^ Saxo Grammaticus, Book 9, p. 558-9
27. ^ Saxo Grammaticus, Book 9, p. 562-3
28. ^ "Ragnarsdrápa", Reallexikon der
germanischen Altertumskunde, Vol. 24, p.
115.
29. ^ Smyth (1977), p. 193-4.
30. ^ Rory McTurk, "Kings and kingship in
Viking Northumbria", [2]
31. ^ "Krákumál", Reallexikon der germanischen
Altertumskunde, Vol. 17 (2001), p. 299-300.
32. ^ Smyth (1977), p. 73-80.
33. ^ Smyth (1977), p. 81.
34. ^ Gustav Storm (1877), "Ragnar Lodbrok og
Lodbrokssønnerne; studie i dansk oldhistorie
og nordisk sagnhistorie", Historisk
TidskriftII:1 [3]
35. ^ Rory McTurk, "Kings and kingship in
Viking Northumbria", [4];
36. ^ Jump up to:a b Kohn 2006, p. 588.
37. ^ Reallexikon der germanischen
Altertumskunde, Vol. 24, p. 111, 113, 116.
38. ^ Jump up to:a b c Jones 2001, p. 212.
39. ^ Sprague 2007, p. 225.
40. ^ Sawyer 2001, p. 40.
41. ^ Duckett 1988, p. 181.
42. ^ Storm (1877), p. 438
43. ^ Guillaume de Jumièges, Histoire des ducs
de Normandie, p. 11-3
44. ^ Adam von Bremen, Hamburgische
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45. ^ Garmonsway, G.N. (1972), The Anglo-
Saxon Chronicle. London: Dent, p. 75-7.
46. ^ Garmonsway, G.N. (1972), The Anglo-
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47. ^ James Todd (1867), Cogadh Gaedhel re
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48. ^ Smyth, Alfred P. (1977) Scandinavian kings
in the British Isles 850-880. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, pp. 263, 279.
49. ^ Smyth, Alfred P. (1977) Scandinavian kings
in the British Isles 850-880. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, p. 62.
50. ^ Smyth, Alfred P. (1977) Scandinavian kings
in the British Isles 850-880. Oxford: Oxford
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51. ^ Karasavvas, Theodoros. "Ragnar
Lothbrok: The Ferocious Viking Hero that
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0521829922
54. ^ Giles, J. A., ed. (2010). Six Old English
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References[edit]

 Duckett, Eleanor S (1988). Carolingian

Portraits: A Study in the Ninth Century.
University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-472-06157-
0.
 Harrison, Mark (1993). Viking Hersir 793–1066
AD. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-318-
6.
 Holman, Katherine (2003). Historical dictionary
of the Vikings. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow
Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4859-7.
 Jones, Gwyn (2001). A History of the Vikings.
Oxford University. ISBN 978-0-19-280134-0.
 Kohn, George C. (2006). Dictionary of
Wars. ISBN 978-1-4381-2916-7.
 Magnusson, Magnus (2008). The Vikings:
Voyagers of Discovery and Plunder. Osprey
Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-340-7.
 Sawyer, PH (2001). Illustrated History of the
Vikings. Oxford University. ISBN 978-0-19-
285434-6.
 Saxo Grammaticus (1980) [1979]. Davidson,
Hilda Roderick Ellis (ed.). Gesta
Danorum [Saxo Grammaticus: The history of the
Danes: books I–IX]. 1 & 2. Translated by Peter
Fisher. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. Chapter
introduction commentaries. ISBN 978-0-85991-
502-1.
 Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum. c. 1200.
 Sprague, Martina (2007). Norse Warfare: the
Unconventional Battle Strategies of the Ancient
Vikings. New York: Hippocrene
Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-1176-7.

Further reading[edit]
  Forte, Angelo, Richard Oram, and Frederik
Pedersen (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge
University Press, ISBN 0-521-82992-5.
 "Krákumál", Reallexikon der germanischen
Altertumskunde, Vol. 17 (2001), p. 299-302.
 McTurk, Rory (1991). Studies in Ragnars saga
loðbrókar and Its Major Scandinavian
Analogues. Medium Aevum Monographs. 15.
Oxford. ISBN 0-907570-08-9.
 "Ragnarsdrápa", Reallexikon der germanischen
Altertumskunde, Vol. 24 (2003), p. 112-117.
 "Ragnars saga Loðbrókar",Reallexikon der
germanischen Altertumskunde, Vol. 24 (2003),
p. 108-112.
 Schlauch, Margaret (transl.) (1964). The Saga of
the Volsungs: the Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok
Together with the Lay of Kraka. New York:
American Scandinavian Foundation.
 Smyth, Alfred P. (1977). Scandinavian kings in
the British Isles 850-880. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
 Storm, Gustav (1877), "Ragnar Lodbrok og
Lodbrokssønnerne; studie i dansk oldhistorie og
nordisk sagnhistorie", Historisk Tidskrift II:1 [7]
 Strerath-Bolz, Ulrike (1993). Review of [[Rory
McTurk, Studies in "Ragnars saga loðbrókar"
and Its Major Scandinavian
Analogues], Alvíssmál 2: 118–19.
 Todd, James H. (1867), Coghad Gaedhel re
Gallaibh, London: Longman [8]
 Waggoner, Ben (2009). The Sagas of Ragnar
Lodbrok. The Troth. ISBN 978-0-578-02138-6.

Legendary titles

Preceded by King of Sweden Succeeded by

Sigurd Ring in West Norse tradition Eysteinn Beli
 Succeeded by
Preceded by
King of Denmark Sigurd Snake-in-
Sigurd Hring
the-Eye

Preceded by King of Denmark Succeeded by

Siwardus Ring in Gesta Danorum Siwardus III

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