Republic of the Philippines

NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

FACTORS TO RESILIENCY AMONG SURVIVORS OF CHILD ABUSE:

BASIS FOR A PROGRAM

A Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of the
Philippine National Police Academy

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Public Safety

1C CDT MICHAEL JOHN J BAÑES

1C CDT DEAN CARLO G MACUSI
1C CDT ABEMEL CARL ANDREW E OBORDO
1C CDT HEZEKIAH E TUAN

September 2021

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 Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled, “FACTORS TO RESILIENCY IN SURVIVORS OF CHILD

ABUSE: BASIS FOR A PROGRAM”, prepared and submitted by CDT 1C MICHAEL
JOHN J BAÑES, CDT 1C DEAN CARLO G MACUSI, CDT 1C ABEMEL CARL
ANDREW E OBORDO, AND CDT 1C HEZEKIAH E TUAN, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Public Safety, is hereby
recommended for oral examination.

________________________
Adviser

Approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science
in Public Safety, with a grade of ______.

________________________
Chairman

_______________________ _______________________
Member Member

Accepted as partial fulfillment for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN

PUBLIC SAFETY.

PBGEN ANGELES BALANE GEÑORGA JR

Dean of Academics

September 2021

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 Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to express their utmost gratitude and appreciation to

those who helped in making this study possible.

First and foremost, to Almighty God, who gave them faith, answered prayers and

supported them spiritually and mentally throughout the conduct of this study;

The ever-supportive parents of the researchers, for their undying support and

extended emotional and financial assistance.

To PMAJ GEN RHODERICK CUSTODIO ARMAMENTO, for giving them an

opportunity to conduct this research.

To PBGEN ARCADIO ABADIANO JAMORA JR, for his invaluable approval and

support to conduct this research study.

The researchers would like also to express their sincere gratitude to PBGEN

ANGELES BALANE GEÑORGA JR, Dean of Academics, for his incomparable support

and assistance to research programs.

To our very kind and supportive professors, MYRNA M CAMPOMANES, Ph D.

and JEZAMINE DE LEON, Ph. D, for their untiring dedication to impart their knowledge

to the development of the cadets in Philippine National Police Academy.

To our adviser, PLTCOL JULIE AMBATA CABRERA, for her advice and

guidance.

To the Mayor of Silang, Cavite, Honorable SOCORRO ROSARIO POBLET,

Sangguniang Bayan, and to barangay officials, for their cooperation and momentous

ii ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

 Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
contributions and for sharing their valuable time in answering all the data needed in the

study.

To the respondents of the study, for their participation in order for this study to be

accomplished and those who were not mentioned but, in many ways, helped in making

the study of the researcher a success.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL SHEET i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1
Theoretical Framework 3

Conceptual Framework 4

Statement of the Problem 7

Significance of the Study 7

Scope and Delimitation 9

Definition of Terms 10

Acronyms 11

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES 12

Family Support 12

Peer Support 14

Spiritual Support 15

Synthesis of the Related Literature and Studies 17

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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 20

Research Design 20

Sources of Data 21

Population and Sampling Procedure 22

Instrumentation 23

Data Gathering Procedure 24

Analysis of Data 26

Frequency and Percentage Distribution 26

Weighted Mean 26

REFERENCES 28

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

1 Table 1 Distribution of Respondents by Barangay 23

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

1 Conceptual Framework 6

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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Every child has their own rights and deserves to be treated in the most

special way. They are the hope of our country and they play a vital role in the

development of our society. An optimally healthy child is indeed a necessary part

of a community in order to assure a more productive and efficient citizen in the

future. With these statements, the Philippine government is extending their help

and support for a child’s welfare and rights.

The Philippines is a democratic country catering all the needed rights of

every Filipino citizen. An attempt to deprive an individual of his legal rights may

result in legal actions as mandated by the government and Philippine constitution

in general. Despite these efforts, cases of inhumane actions towards Filipino

children are still rampant to some areas of the country.

Republic Act 7610: Special Protection of Children Against Abuse,

Exploitation and Discrimination Act aims to provide stronger deterrence and

special protection against child abuse, exploitation and discrimination, providing

penalties for its violation and for other purposes (PCW). With this effort of the

Philippine government, there are still concerns arising in terms of child abuse

among the Filipino children all over the country.

According to UNICEF (2016) eighty percent (80%) of the 3,866

respondents aged 13 - 24 years had experienced some form of violence in their

lifetime, whether in the home, school, workplace, community or during dating.

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The Estimated total prevalence of violence against children among males

was 81.5 percent and 78.4 percent among females, about 78.8 percent of

children aged 13 - <18 year encountered these experiences of violence

compared to 80.9 percent among the older group.

In line with this, there are still several factors that contribute to a child’s

deprivement of care, support and encouragement from their family member,

community or even in school. It was found out in a study conducted by UNICEF

that about 3 out of 5 respondents (66.3%) experienced any form of physical

violence during childhood and more than half (60%) of these cases happened in

the home. Almost 3 out of 5 children have been verbally abused, threatened

and/or abandoned by their parents or guardian. About 17.1 percent of children

aged 13-<18 years experienced any form of sexual violence while growing up.

Three in five respondents reported to have ever experienced peer violence or

bullying during childhood. About 43.8 percent of children aged 13-<18 years ever

experienced cyber violence. The overall prevalence of collective violence during

childhood was 7.8 percent were significantly more males aged 13-<18 years had

these kinds of experiences than females (8.6% compared with 7.0%,

respectively).

Child abuse is not just physical violence directed at a child. It is any form

of maltreatment by an adult, which is violent or threatening for the child. This

includes neglect. When child abuse occurs in the home and the abuser is, for

example, the child's parent or care-giver, this is a form of domestic violence . The

researchers deemed the necessary of this study as a paramount concern,

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especially in times like these where everyone face a crisis due to COVID-19

pandemic that may cause further reasons to a child’s deprivement on his rights

that may contribute to child abuse cases. This study will be undertaken to identify

a child’s perception to the factors involved to resiliency after surviving a child

abuse.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored to Resilience Theory in Psychology, this theory will

define the theory as well as the possible factors contributing to the resiliency of

the children who underwent child abuse. Specifically, this theory sought to

answer the main question of the study, is there significant difference between a

child’s perception to the factors involved to resiliency after surviving child abuse

in terms of family support, peer support and spiritual support. Resilience theory

is a framework for understanding how some individuals can bounce back in life

after experiencing an adverse situation in a strength-focused approach (Masten

& Obradovic, 2007).

Natural disasters, crime, war, accidents, and abuse are unfortunate but

sometimes unavoidable parts of life. Psychologists, psychiatrists and

pediatricians have long been fascinated by the striking fact that in the face of

adversity, some children come out relatively unscathed while others crumble.

Contrary to popular beliefs, resilience is not a personality trait, but a dynamic

process, or a dynamic system to adapt successfully to threats and adversities in

life (Southwick, Bonanno, Masten et al., 2014).

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Resilience Theory is a collective resilience model contributed by many

researchers. Notable contributors are Norman Garmezy, who initiated the Project

Competence Longitudinal Study (PCLS) , and Masten, Tellegen from University

of Minnesota. The roots of resilience studies can be traced back to half a century

ago when psychologists studied the outcomes of children who were at high risk

for psychopathology. Among these children, a subgroup of them, did not develop

any psychopathological disorder and grew up with surprisingly healthy patterns

(Masten & Tellegen, 2012).

In the past, psychology researchers often focused on identifying risk

factors and vulnerabilities that could contribute to poor outcomes in children. This

deficit-focused approach in developmental research was replaced by a strength-

focused approach when resilience researchers started looking into the positive

variables that contributed to good outcomes in at-risk children (Zimmerman,

2013).The Resilience Theory was a paradigm shift that explains what and how

these promotive factors work to help children overcome the negative impacts of

risk exposure (Fergus & Zimmerman, 2005).

Conceptual Framework

The major concept of this study is focused on the factors to resiliency

among survivors of child abused: basis for a program, enhancement in handling

survivors of child abuse within the municipality of Silang, Cavite, Philippines.

This research will use the Input – Process - Output (IPO) Model. The Input

contain the data from the respondents while the process involves data gathering,

data collection, and data analysis. Lastly the Output pertains to the action plan

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for program enhancement in handling survivors of child abuse.

Figure 1 describes the conceptual framework of the study wherein the

input is consisting of the following variables: Family support, Peer support, and

Spiritual support. On the other side, the process being used is through

questionnaire, descriptive survey to gather, collect and analyze the data. The

output is to determine the factors to resiliency among survivors of child abuse.

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INPUT – OUTPUT PROCESS

Respondent’s perception
on the factors involved to
resiliency among
survivors of child abuse Data Gathering and
in terms of:
Organization
Family support; Factors to resiliency
Peer support; among survivors of
Spiritual support Data Analysis and child abuse:
2. Fostering resiliency Basis for a program
Interpretation
among survivors of child
abuse

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FIGURE 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

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Statement of the Problem

The study aims to identify the factors involved to resiliency among

survivors of child abuse in Silang Cavite from April 2021 to October 2021.

Specifically, it seek to answer the following questions:

1. What are the respondent’s perception on the factors involved to resiliency among

survivors of child abuse in terms of:

a. Family support;

b. Peer support;

c. Spiritual support?

2. How can resiliency among survivors of child abuse be fostered considering the

aforecited variables?

3. Based on the findings of the study. What program can be recommended?

Significance of the Study

This study will be undertaken for the reason that it may be used to identify

a child’s perception to the factors involved to resiliency after surviving a child

abuse.

Beneficiaries of this study are the following:

Cadets. This study may help the PNPA Cadets to cope with the activities

being undertaken as part of their training inside the academy.

PNPA Professors. This study may guide the PNPA professors to identify

the needs of the children who suffered from child abuse. This will further assist

them in conducting proper actions towards the said concern.

Curriculum Development Section. This study may help the development

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section to come up with innovated ideas and approaches for children who

suffered from child abuse.

Dean. This study may enlighten the Dean of Academics to support the

research department for the cadets to have more resources in conducting

research studies.

PNPA Administration. This study will be of great help to the PNPA

Administration because it will give them the necessary information regarding the

matter being discussed in this study. Furthermore, this study will prompt them to

identify the necessary actions intended to address the problem on child abuse

within the premises.

Children. The direct recipient of the output of this research are the

survivors of child abuse. This paper may help them understand their rights as a

child and how to properly act when they experience the same action from other

people.

Parents. The results of this research may benefit the parents. This paper

will serve as a guide for them to foster and develop their child’s potential rather

than trying to exploit them with their rights as a citizen of this country. Also, this

paper will enlighten all the parents about the possible effects of maltreatment of

their child in any way.

Community. This study may greatly benefit the whole municipality of

Silang, Cavite, Philippines as well as the three barangays involved in this study,

namely, barangay Lumil, Tartaria, and Puting Kahoy. This study will make them

aware of the appropriate action towards the problem and how they can think of

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the perfect plan to eliminate this problem in their own area.

Future Researchers. The whole output of this study may serve as a

reference or basis for other researchers in conducting future studies related to

this topic in order to further expound on the study of child abuse.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Generally, the main focus of this study is to identify if there is a significant

difference with the perception on the factors involved to resiliency among the

survivors of child abuse accoring to their sex, socioeconomic status, barangay

and educational attainment from 2019 to 2020. Specifically, this study will include

the children of the municipality of Silang, Cavite, Philippines within the barangay

Lumil, Tartaria and Puting Kahoy as the respondents of the study. The

respondents of the study will be the fifty-three (53) randomly selected children of

barangay Lumil, Tartaria and Puting Kahoy who experienced and survived abuse

during their childhood days.

In this study, data about the respondent’s experience to child abuse will be

obtained from their respective barangay within the vicinity of the municipality of

Silang, Cavite, Philippines and the child’s perception towards the factors on the

resiliency after they survived child abuse will be gathered using a survey

questionnaire.

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Definition of Terms

For the purpose of clarity of terms used in this study and for better

comprehension of the readers, the following are defined operationally:

Cadets. The college students of Philippine National Police Academy for

the school year 2020 - 2021.

Public Safety. Degree taken by the of researchers inside Philippine

National Police Academy for the school year 2020 - 2021.

Child. Respondents of the study from the age of fifteen (15) to nineteen

(19) who experienced child abuse during their childhood and residing at the

municipality of Silang, Cavite, Philippines within the barangays of Lumil, Tartaria

and Puting Kahoy.

Abuse. Any form of physical, emotional and sexual maltreatment towards

the respondents of the study.

Child Abuse. Main problem of the study experienced by the children of

Silang, Cavite, Philippines, specifically the children residing within the barangays

of Lumil, Tartaria and Puting Kahoy.

Resiliency. The response of the children of barangays Lumil, Tartaria,

and Puting Kahoy after surviving child abuse cases.

Family Support. is the support of families to a member , which may

include any of the family especially the children who experience child abuse.

Peer Support. is the process of giving and receiving encouragement and

assistance to a child who experienced child abuse achieve long-term recovery

who offer emotional support and care.

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Spiritual Support. is with the help of chaplain or pastor who work with

local religious and spiritual leaders to help provide spiritual support for patients

especially children who experience maltreatment.

Silang, Cavite, Philippines. Locale of the study. It specifically includes

the barangays of Lumil, Tartaria and Puting Kahoy. It is where the problem

pertaining child abuse will be conducted.

Acronyms

PNPA - Philippine National Police Academy

BSPS - Bachelor of Science in Public Safety

PNP - Philippine National Police

BFP - Bureau of Fire Protection

BJMP - Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

PCW - Philippine Commission on Women

UNICEF - United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund

COVID19 - Coronavirus Disease 19

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The main purpose of this chapter is to assess previous studies on factors

to resiliency in survivors of child abuse: basis for a program. Recently, this

concern has been popular not only here in the Philippines but also all over the

world. The researchers are hoping that this section of the paper will give the

readers a comprehensive scope about the problem, specifically with the children

involved in the study from the municipality of Silang, Cavite, Philippines within the

vicinity of barangay Lumil, Tartaria and Puting Kahoy.

Although much of researchers’ findings indicate that maltreated children

are more likely to exhibit aggressive behavior (Shackman & Pollak, 2014), a

growing number of researchers have examined factors that promote positive

adaptation in adverse environments (Vanderbilt-Adriance, Shaw, Brennan, et al.,

2015).

Family Support

By definition, child maltreatment (CM) by a family caregiver is parenting

gone away. That prevention of CM would not directly involve the strengthening of

parenting is not an easily defended position. However, it is also widely accepted

that broader contextual conditions and factors, including those associated with

pronounced poverty, adversely affect families and parenting, and exacerbate risk

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for CM. Parenting-focused intervention is not the only piece needed in a

prevention strategy, but it is a critical piece nonetheless. Another contextual

consideration, often overlooked, is the collective modeling and contagion effect of

parenting across the entire community, for better or worse. Ronald J. Prinz

(2015) Coercive and problematic parenting practices do not arise in a vacuum,

nor do pro-social ones. Interventions to improve parenting are important to CM

prevention but need to be embedded in a broader public health strategy.

Parent and family-based preventive interventions have a rich history and

evidence base, but the terms referencing these interventions in the CM field and

among policymakers are sometimes narrow and potentially misleading. For

example, the term parent education crops up from time to time. Parent education

stereotypes parenting intervention and misses the range and depth of parent

consultation/intervention. When a parent consults a primary care provider about

their child's health problem, we would not construe the physician's or nurse's

service narrowly as health education. Similarly, parenting interventions go

substantially beyond education to address challenges that parents want to solve,

improvement of parent–child relations, alternatives to coercive practices, and

parental stress reduction. The term parent training also has less than ideal

connotations. Historically, parent training as a concept and approach originated

in the 1960s to displace more traditional child therapy. Rather than implying that

parents needed training because of deficiencies in parenting, the presumption

was that parents could be trained analogous to the training of mental health

professionals to conduct therapeutic activities at home and throughout the week,

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which provided more intensive and ecological impact than what a professionally

trained child therapist could accomplish in one or two hours per week.

Nonetheless, the parent training label has gone mostly by the wayside to avoid

unintended negative connotations. Wald (2015) In this article, I use the

term parenting-focused interventions to denote interventions which directly target

the improvement of parenting and parent–child interaction.

Peer Support

Tracy and Whittaker (1987) provide a list of types of social support

interventions, three of which may be embodied by parent peer support programs:

support groups, network facilitation, and skills training. Goodson (2005)

documented a variety of program mechanisms connected to parent support

programs, including case management, support groups, educational seminars,

provision of concrete goods and services, telephone/web-based support, and

formal and informal social networking. Support groups provide members with the

opportunity to give and receive help from others who are in similar situations or

who have experienced similar situations in the past (Riessman & Carroll, 1995).

The relationship is reciprocal; those who are providing help to others are

also receiving help from those same individuals, perhaps simultaneously or at a

later time. The theoretical benefit lies in helping as well as being helped; helping

others empowers parents, thereby increasing self-efficacy.

The support provided by parents in peer support programs strives to

improve outcomes for the population served. In programs serving families in the

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child welfare system, the outcomes sought may include reducing child

maltreatment outcomes (e.g. parental distress, rigidity, psychological aggression,

and physical abuse), reducing risk factors (e.g. parental stress, life stressors,

domestic violence, drug/alcohol abuse) and increasing protective factors (e.g.

quality of life, emotional and instrumental support, general social support, family

functioning, etc.) (FRIENDS, 2008; Pion-Berlin et al., 2011; Polinksy et al., 2010).

Spiritual Support

Abuse or neglect not only impacts a child physically and emotionally

(Felitti & Anda, 2010), it can also impact a child spiritually (Russell, 2018).

Spirituality has been defined as a “search or quest for the Sacred” or as a

“private, personal, affective experience with ‘the Divine’” (Walker, Reid, O’Neill, &

Brown, 2009). Religiousness is more commonly thought of as “an institutional set

of beliefs and practices” (Walker, et al, 2009). Although academics differentiate

between religiosity and spirituality, most laypersons consider them to be

interchangeable terms (Walker, et al, 2009).

However the term is defined, child abuse often impacts a child’s sense of

spirituality. For example, in a study of 527 male victims of child maltreatment,

researchers found significant spiritual injuries including feelings of guilt, anger,

grief, despair, fear of death, and a belief that God is unfair (Lawson, Drebing,

Berg, Vincellente, & Penk, 1998).

When the perpetrator is a member of the clergy or otherwise closely

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connected to the child’s faith tradition, the spiritual impact may be particularly

pronounced (Pargament, Murray-Swank, & Mahoney, 2008; McLaughlin, 1994).

Researchers have found that “religion-related abuse has significantly more

negative implications for its victims' long-term psychological well-being” than

similar abuse not inflicted in the name of God (Bottoms, Nielsen, Murray &

Filipas, 2004). There also appears to be an age difference with young children

being more spiritually impacted than older children—perhaps because their

spirituality is still in development (Gall, 2007). There may also be differences

among survivors of different faith traditions or denominations (Collines, O’Neill-

Arana, Fontes, & Ossege, 2014).

Although these studies highlight the spiritual harm inflicted as a result of

child abuse, there is also a significant body of research that spirituality can be a

source of resiliency and may aid an abused child or other victims of violence in

coping physically and emotionally (Bryant-Davis, et al, 2012; Walker, et al, 2009).

Even without meaningful intervention, child abuse victims maintaining a

connection to their faith communities have fewer mental health conditions

throughout their life (Reinert, Campbell, Roche, Lee, & Szanton, 2016).

Two scholars provide this summary: The research around religious and

spiritual coping shows strong and convincing relationships between

psychological adjustment and physical health following trauma. Spirituality

provides a belief system and sense of divine connectedness that helps give

meaning to the traumatic experience and has been shown over and over to aid in

the recovery process (Gwinn & Hellman, 2019).

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Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Related Studies

Studies conducted reveal conflicting conclusions regarding factors to

resiliency in survivors of child abuse. Shackman & Pollak (2014) found out that

maltreated children are more likely to exhibit aggressive behavior. White, Jarrett

& Ollendick (2013) have identified internalizing behavior problems as a risk factor

for aggressive behavior in physically abused children and other high-risk and

clinical samples. Vanderbilt-Adriance, Shaw, Brennan, et al., (2015) have

examined factors that promote positive adaptation in adverse environments.

Howell, Miller-Graff, Maples et al., (2014) asserts that while developmental

periods are important, investigating protective factors relevant for young children

(i.e., 4–10 years) is critical to understanding the development of resilient

functioning in children who are currently experiencing or have recently

experienced physical maltreatment. Manly, Kim, Rogosch & Cicchetti (2001)

added that younger children may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of

maltreatment. Furthermore, Broidy, Nagin, Tremblay, Bates et al., (2003) stated

that the early development of aggressive behavior in children can lead to

persistent patterns of maladaptation through adolescence and adulthood.

Norman, Byambaa, De, et al., (2012) found out that the results of

longitudinal studies of resilience in maltreated children indicate that

approximately 10%–20% of maltreated children exhibit resilient functioning.

Masten (2011) highlights the role of resilience theory of developmental timing on

the manifestation of resilience in children.

O’Connell, Boat & Warner (2009) discussed protective factors that

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promote resilience in maltreated children; that is, protective factors can outweigh

the risk factors within children’s environments, allowing some children to achieve

healthy and positive adaptations despite risk and adversity. Afifi & MacMillan

(2011) added that various protective factors at the individual and family level that

may buffer the risk of maladaptive behaviors and promote successful behavioral

adjustment for maltreated children. Furthermore, Lösel, Bender, Nantel-Vivier,

Pihl et al., (2014) findings from several longitudinal studies indicate that

protective factors may have enduring effects in promoting resilience in children.

Lösel & Bender (2014) discovered that individual level possessing

prosocial skills (e.g., self-control, cooperation, assertion, responsibility) has been

identified as a protective factor associated with resilience to externalizing

behavior problems. In a longitudinal study conducted by Masten (2011) spanning

from infancy to preadolescence, prosocial skills emerged as a significant

protective factor against aggression.

Moreover, longitudinal designs conducted by Wolfe, Wekerle, Scott, et al.,

(2004) have found internalizing well-being hasprotective effects on aggressive

behavior among maltreated children.

Jarrett, Siddiqui, Lochman & Qu (2014) suggests that protective effects of

high internalizing well-being, or the absence of internalizing problems, in some

circumstances. Nantel-Vivier, Pihl, Cot, Tremblay (2014) asserts that the

absence of parental substance-use problems, depression, and other mental

health problems has been identified as a protective factor that buffers the

negative effects of child maltreatment on later behavior problems and prevents

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the development of aggression in high-risk children. Manly, Oshri, Lynch,

Herzog, & Wortel (2013) added that the absence of maternal drug dependence;

few symptoms of mental health problems by Jaffee, Caspi, Moffitt, Polo-Tomas,

& Taylor (2007) and less maternal depressive symptoms by Rakow, Smith, Begle

& Ayer (2011) have been linked to lower levels of externalizing problems in

maltreated and other high-risk children

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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter gives an outline of research methods to be followed in the

study entitled “Factors to Resiliency in Survivors of Child Abuse : Basis for a

Program”. It provides information on the research design, population and

sampling procedures, instrumentation, data gathering procedure, and analysis of

data.

Research Design

This study will utilize descriptive research design in order to determine a

child’s perception on the factors involved to resiliency among the survivors of

child abuse in terms of their Family support, Peer support, and spiritual support.

Descriptive research design will be used since it is a type of design that

describes a population, situation, or phenomenon that is being studied. It focuses

on answering the how, what, when, and where questions of a research problem,

rather than the why.

Based from the definition of Calderon and Gonzales (2007), descriptive

research is concerned with conditions of relationships that exist; practices that

prevail; beliefs; process that are going on; effects that are being felt, or trends

that are developing. The process of descriptive research goes beyond mere

gathering and tabulation of data. It involves the elements or interpretation of the

meaning or significance of what is described. Thus, description is often combined

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY 22

with comparison and contrast involving measurements, classifications,

interpretation, and evaluation.

Furthermore, this research intends to identify how can resiliency among

the survivors of child abuse be fostered considering their Family support, Peer

support, and spiritual support.

Sources of Data

In order to carry out the results, information will come from primary and

secondary sources. Data will be gathered through the conduct of survey and

distribution of questionnaires to the residents of Silang Cavite. Due to pandemic,

there will be limited sources because of observance of different health protocols.

Primary sources pertain to those that will generate firsthand information. In

order to get the perception of the children in 3 barangays in Silang, Cavite. The

primary sources include 60 respondents living in the muncipality of Silang,

Cavite. Compromising of 20 respondents in Lumil, 15 repondents in Puting

Kahoy, and 25 in Tartaria.

Secondary data, on the other hand, are information that has been

processed but may have some significance to the study. This secondary data

was gathered from a variety of sources, including papers, journals, periodicals,

books, reports, and othe

pertinent publications, as well as online resources. The benefits of

secondary data is that it is easier and possible to obtain information.

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PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY 23

Population and Sampling Procedure

The researchers will utilize Slovin’s Formula in order to determine the

sample size of the study based on the given population. In the study, there are a

total of sixty (60) respondents from the three chosen barangays of the

municipality of Silang, Cavite. Out of the sixty (60) population, the researchers

were able to derive a sample size of fifty-three (53) through the use of Slovin’s

Formula.

This sampling technique of stratified which randomly selected the

population enables the researchers to establish a study with 95% confidence

level and a margin of error of 5%. This will also make sure a fair chance among

the target population to become a part of the sample size. Stratified random

sampling will also be utilized to determine the number of sample sizes per

barangay. Barangay Lumil with 18, Barangay Tartaria with 22, and Barangay

Puting Kahoy with 13 strata sample size.

Sampling Procedure using Slovin’s Formula:

N 60 60 60 60
2= 2= = = = 52.17 or 53
1+ N e 1+(60)(0.05)❑ 1+(60)(0.0025) 1+ 0.15 1.15

n is the sample size

N is the population size

e is the margin of error

1 is the constant value

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY 24

Stratified Sampling Technique:

Table 1 Population and Sample size of Respondents by Barangay

Barangay Population Sample Size Percentage

Lumil 20 18 90%
Tartaria 25 22 88%
Puting Kahoy 15 13 87%
Total 60 53 88.33 %

Instrumentation

Data gathering was done using questionnaire and test material as the

major sources of information to answer the research problem.The researchers

employ a self-made survey questionnaire in conducting the research design.

The first instrument was a survey questionnaire. The survey questionnaire

is divided into two parts. The first part concentrated on the personal profile of the

respondents such as age, sex, and educational attainment. The second part

identified the factors in which the respondent became resilient to the variables

given: Family support, peer support, and spiritual support. Its content was

adopted from Perceptual Learning-Style Preference Questionnaire by Reid

(1984). The respondents were requested to rate the items in the questionnaire on

how they recognize the resiliency among the victims of child abuse. The last part

will be about the respondent’s assessment on the factors to resiliency among

survivors of child abuse. The self-made questionnaire will be obtained through

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PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY 25

group discussion of the researchers. It will be validated by the researcher adviser

then to the research instructors and seek approval with a statistician.

Prior to the composition of the self-made survey questionnaire, a self-made

interview guide will be made by the researchers for the pilot study in determining

the factors to resiliency among survivors of chiild abuse in selected barangays

Silang, Cavite in terms of the following variables;

1. Family support;

2. Peer support; and

3. Spiritual support

The final survey questionnaire will be composed of the following points:

Part I – Respondent’s demographic profile

Part II – Respondent’s perception factors in which the respondent became

resilient to the variables given

Part III – Respondent’s assessments respondent’s assessment on the

factors to resiliency among survivors of child abuse

Data Gathering Procedure

A letter of permission to conduct study will be sent to the Dean of

Academics followed by an approval letter to the municipality of Silang, Cavite to

conduct the study within the barangay of Lumil, Tartaria and Puting Kahoy. It is

also necessary that the researchers will seek proper authorization and

permission to conduct the study from instituted authorities. Upon receiving the

consent to conduct study, the researchers will precede into giving the

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY 26

respondents the questionnaire.

The researchers conducted a pilot study in order to come up a valid

survey questionnaire. The result of the pilot study will be the basis in the

formulation of the research survey questionnaire which is done with the

brainstorming of the researcher which will be approved and validated by subject

matter exerts which is composed of the research adviser, research instructor and

a statistician.

The sample population was randomly selected. The survey questionnaire

will be handed to the respondents, with ample time to finish the survey. The

responses of the respondents will give light on how the respondents became

resilient despite experiencing child abuse.

Prior to the distribution of survey questionnaire, the researchers will fully

inform the participants about the procedures and risks involved in research and

must give their consent to participate. The informed consent will be distributed

and gathered. The researchers will assure to the participants that their identity

will remain anonymous and confidential that will keep the respondents away from

any form of harm. The first participants will distribute the survey questionnaire as

many as possible number of respondents and will ask for their informed consent.

The researchers will give enough time for the respondents to answer the

questionnaire.

Once all survey questionnaire are being gathered together with the

informed consent, it will be tallied and tabulated. The data gathered will be

statistically treated and will be interpreted for the purpose of the study.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY 27

Analysis of Data

The following statistical formulas will be used to process the data to find

out the answers to the research questions:

1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution

To determine the ratio of the frequency (f) of the responses to the total

number of respondents (N) for the given category, percentage (p) will be use,

particularly in the analysis of the respondents’ profile.

f
P= x 100
N

Wherein:

P – percentage

f – frequency

N – number of respondents

2. Weighted Mean

This will be utilized in computing the data revealed by the questionnaire to

determine the factors to resiliency among survivors of child abuse in selected

barangays in Silang, Cavite as perceived by the children who experience child

abuse.

In order to quantify the responses, the Likert Scale will be used. In this

manner, researchers could identify the factors to resiliency among survivors of

child abuse in Silang, Cavite as perceived by the children. Each statement will be

scaled, which classified under the degree of frequency with weights of 1,2,3,4

and 5. The weighted average will become the verbal description.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY 28

( w )( f )
Wm=
N

Wherein:

Wm - Weighted mean score

w- weight or scale of the response

N- number of participants

f- number of responses within the given weight

The equivalent point assigned to each indicated item indicates the extent of

existence of the conditions as perceived by the respondents was determined by

estimating each weighted average, which becomes the verbal description.

Scale Weighted Mean Verbal Description

5 4.50 – 5.0 = Strongly Agree (SA)

Highly Recommended (HR)

4 3.50 – 4.49 = Agree(A)

Recommended (R)

3 2.50 – 3. 49 = Moderately Agree (MA)

Moderately Recommended (MR)

2 1.50 – 2. 49 = Disagree (D)

Less Recommended (LR)

1 1.0 – 1.49 = Strongly Disagree (SD)

Not Recommended ( NR )

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

 PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY 29

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regulation of negative affect and aggression. US National Library of Medicine

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Vivier, A. N., Pihl, R. O., Cot, S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2014). Developmental association

of prosocial behaviour with aggression, anxiety and depression from infancy to

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preadolescence. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(10), 1135-

1144. https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jcpp.12235.

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link between reactive aggression and internalizing and externalizing behavior

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Wolfe, D. A., Wekerle, C., Scott, K., Straatman, A. L., & Grasley, C. (2004). Predicting

abuse in adolescent dating relationships over 1 year: the role of child

maltreatment and trauma. APA Psycnet, 113(3), 406-415.

https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-17366-005.

Zimmerman, M. A. (2013). Resiliency Theory: A Strengths-Based Approach to

Research and Practice for Adolescent Health. Sage Journals, 40(4), 71-82.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198113493782.

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

 Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

September 2021

PMAJGEN RODERICK CUSTODIO ARMAMENTO

Director, Philippine National Police Academy
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite

Dear Sir:

Please be informed that the undersigned cadets are currently conducting their
undergraduate thesis entitled,“Factors To Resiliency Among Survivors Of Child
Abuse: Basis For A Program”. This study aims to assess the factors to resiliency
among survivors of child abuse from selected barangay in Silang, Cavite.

In view of this, we would like to respectfully request for your approval with regard
to the conduct of the study. Rest assured that all information gathered will be treated
with utmost confidentiality.

Thank you very much.

Very truly yours,

1C CDT MICHAEL JOHN J BAÑES

1C CDT DEAN CARLO G MACUSI

1C CDT ABEMEL CARL ANDREW E OBORDO

1C CDT HEZEKIAH E TUAN

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

 Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

September 2021

PBGEN ANGELES BALANI GEÑORGA

Dean of Academics, Philippine National Police Academy
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite

Dear Sir:

Please be informed that the undersigned cadets are currently conducting their
undergraduate thesis entitled,“Factors To Resiliency Among Survivors Of Child
Abuse: Basis For A Program”. This study aims to assess the factors to resiliency
among survivors of child abuse from selected barangay in Silang, Cavite.

In view of this, we would like to respectfully request for your approval with regard
to the conduct of the study. Rest assured that all information gathered will be treated
with utmost confidentiality.

Thank you very much.

Very truly yours,

1C CDT MICHAEL JOHN J BAÑES

1C CDT DEAN CARLO G MACUSI

1C CDT ABEMEL CARL ANDREW E OBORDO

1C CDT HEZEKIAH E TUAN

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

 Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

September 2021

_______________________
_______________________
_______________________

Dear Respondent:

Please be informed that the undersigned cadets are currently conducting their
undergraduate thesis entitled,“Factors To Resiliency Among Survivors Of Child
Abuse: Basis For A Program”. This study aims to assess the factors to resiliency
among survivors of child abuse from selected barangay in Silang, Cavite.

In view of this, we would like to respectfully request for your approval with regard
to the conduct of the study. Rest assured that all information gathered will be treated
with utmost confidentiality.

Thank you very much.

Very truly yours,

1C CDT MICHAEL JOHN J BAÑES

1C CDT DEAN CARLO G MACUSI

1C CDT ABEMEL CARL ANDREW E OBORDO

1C CDT HEZEKIAH E TUAN

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

 Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Michael John Java Banes

Birthdate : September 29, 1997

Address : Ungka II, Pavia, Iloilo

Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary : Ungka II Elementary School

Secondary : Iloilo National High School

Tertiary : West Visayas State University

Course : Bachelor of science in Business Administartion

TRAININGS & SEMINAR ATTENDED

Training : International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance

Program (ICITAP)

Close Quarter Battle (CQB)

Basic Internal Security Operations Course (BISOC)

Air-Ground Operation Seminar (AGOS)

Water Search and Rescue (WASAR)

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

 Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Jungle Environment Survival Training (JEST)

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Dean Carlo G Macusi

Birthdate : June 12, 1997

Address : RG MACUSI ST., Poblacion,

Sudipen, La Union

Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary : Supiden Central School

Secondary : Regional Science High School For region 1

Tertiary : Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Course : BS Mechanical Engineering

TRAININGS & SEMINAR ATTENDED

Training : International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance

Program (ICITAP)

Close Quarter Battle (CQB)

Basic Internal Security Operations Course (BISOC)

Air-Ground Operation Seminar (AGOS)

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

 Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Water Search and Rescue (WASAR)

Jungle Environment Survival Training (JEST)

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Abemel Carl Andrew Eyao Obordo

Birthdate : February 7, 1999

Address : Maninang, Sapian, Capiz

Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary : Sapian Elementary School

Secondary : Our Lady of Grace Academy

Tertiary : University of San Agustin

Course : AB Political Science

TRAININGS & SEMINAR ATTENDED

Training : International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance

Program (ICITAP)

Close Quarter Battle (CQB)

Basic Internal Security Operations Course (BISOC)

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

 Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Air-Ground Operation Seminar (AGOS)

Water Search and Rescue (WASAR)

Jungle Environment Survival Training (JEST)

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Hezekiah Evidente Tuan

Birthdate : October 23, 1996

Address : Magpet, North Cotabato

Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary : Tagbac Central Elementary School

Secondary : Magpet National High School

Tertiary : University of Southeastern Philippines

Course : BS ECONOMICSp

TRAININGS & SEMINAR ATTENDED

Training : International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance

Program (ICITAP)

Close Quarter Battle (CQB)

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022

 Republic of the Philippines
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMICS GROUP
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Basic Internal Security Operations Course (BISOC)

Air-Ground Operation Seminar (AGOS)

Water Search and Rescue (WASAR)

Jungle Environment Survival Training (JEST)

ALAB-KALIS CLASS 2022