LANDSCAPE DESIGN

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

in Architectural Design 6

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

To be Presented to
Arch./EnP. Gerelson Ray Ruloma Bernardino, uap, piep, mscm

By
Bautista, Ariane Joy R.

ARCH-3A

May 11, 2021

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………… ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………... iii

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….. 4

BODY……………………………………………………………………………….. 5

1. Landscape Design…………………………………………………………….. 5

1.1 Concepts and Principles of Green Architecture….…………..... 5

1.2 Social and Psychological Considerations………….…………… 12

1.3 Aesthetic and Physical Considerations………………………..... 23

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………….. 19

RECOMMENDATION……………………………………………………………. 20

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………. 21

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ABSTRACT

The achievement of sustainable development is the reason for this popularity. The
philosophy, science, and style of buildings designed and constructed using environmentally
friendly concepts is known as green architecture, also known as "sustainable architecture" or
"green building." Waste resulting from its components Energy, water, and new materials are used
in the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of buildings, as well as in the generation
of waste that has a negative impact on health and the environment. Efficient construction; "Green
Building Systems" must be introduced, explained, understood, and implemented.

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INTRODUCTION

Seeing as sustainability is such a large term, it is difficult to understand. It is important for

everyone because it affects the future of the human race as well as practically every other living
being on the planet. One of the primary priorities that humans have built as the ultimate blueprint
for all of their behaviors in order to create a healthy life is sustainable and eco-friendly architecture.
As a result, adopting a more environmentally friendly lifestyle is becoming more popular. As a
result, the primary goal of today's architecture is well-thought-out greener architecture.

At the rate at which the world's growth needs are depleting the earth's limited and
diminishing resources, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the future of life as we know it is
in doubt unless dramatic changes in Man's thinking and actions occur. This complex subject has
no easy solution, especially given that sustainability is a goal that everyone strives for and strives
for constantly. Green architecture provides cultural, social, and economic benefits. Green
architecture helps the environment by reducing noise, conserving natural resources, and avoiding
environmental de-gradation. Economically, it decreases the amount of money that the building's
owners would expend on water and electricity while increasing the efficiency of those who use the
plant (Thomas, 2009)

Green buildings are often designed to be aesthetically appealing while putting as little
strain on the local economy as possible. The structures in which we live, work, and play protect
us from the extremes of nature, but they can have a wide range of effects on our health and the
environment.

As the environmental impact of construction becomes clearer, a new field known as

"green building" is gaining momentum. Green architecture, also known as sustainable
architecture, is the method of creating and implementing healthier and more resource-efficient
models of design, restoration, operation, repair, and demolition.

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Landscape Design

The term "landscape" refers to a human-perceived world, the character of which is defined
by the actions and interaction of natural and/or human factors.

The Home Quality Mark defines landscape as "a perceived area whose visual features
and character are of environmental, social, and economic significance, usually as a result of the
action and interaction of natural and human factors, such as aesthetic, heritage, scenic, cultural,
and leisure benefits. "Landscape design is the arrangement and modification of elements in a
landscape, urban setting, or garden. It is also known as landscape architecture and landscaping.
It entails the development of urban and rural landscapes through the planning, construction, and
management of open spaces. Landscape architecture can be seen in a wide range of schemes,
from parks and open spaces to wetlands, sports fields, and vast estates such as apartment
buildings, industrial parks, hospitals, and hospital complexes.

Landscape can soften gaps between buildings, link spaces, provide a path for humans,
water, and animals, provide a space for contemplation, meeting, or leisure, provide a space for
planting, help improve environmental quality, and so on. A well-designed and well-maintained
landscape can attract tourists and increase property value and personal well-being

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.1.1 CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE AS APPLIED IN
SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN

Green Architecture

Green architecture is a form of sustainable building design. The designs are created with
the goal of environmental sustainability in mind, with a focus on the wider building ramifications of
environmental sustainability. Green architecture is concerned with the design of energy-efficient
and environmentally friendly homes and buildings. Natural biodiversity is a fundamental theme of
green architecture, and it serves as the building paradigm's basis.Green architecture's goal is to
create models that preserve the natural environment while also integrating well with the current
environmental setting in terms of land, energy, water, and resource use.

Green architecture, also known as green design, is a building practice that minimizes
harmful effects on human health and the environment. The "urban" architect or planner aims to
preserve the environment by using environmentally friendly building materials and construction
methods (Roy,2008).

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 Green Architecture and Green Design

Green architecture defines an understanding of environment-friendly architecture under all

classifications, and contains some universal consent (Burcu, 2015), It may have many of these
characteristics:

- Ventilation systems designed for efficient heating and cooling

- Energy-efficient lighting and appliances
- Water-saving plumbing fixtures
- Landscapes planned to maximize passive solar energy
- Minimal harm to the natural habitat
- Alternate power sources such as solar power or wind power
- Non-synthetic, non-toxic materials

- Locally-obtained woods and stone

- Responsibly-harvested woods
- Adaptive reuse of older buildings
- Use of recycled architectural salvage
- Efficient use of space

Although most green buildings do not have any of these characteristics, the ultimate aim of
green architecture is to be fully sustainable.

Often known as: eco-design, eco-friendly architecture, earth-friendly architecture, urban

architecture, natural architecture, and sustainable construction (USGBC, 2002).

THE PRINCIPLES OF GREEN BUILDING DESIGN

The green building design process starts with a thorough understanding of the site's
beauty and complexities. An ecological approach to design seeks to align the structures being
implemented with Mother Nature's current on-site ecological functions.

These ecological functions include providing habitat, responding to sun movements,

purifying the air, and catching, filtering, and storing water. Designers may incorporate elements
into their buildings that imitate the functions of specific eco-systems. Species that thrive in natural
environments can use habitats provided by man-made structures as well. The following points
outline core concepts, techniques, and technology aligned with the five main elements of green

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building design: Sustainable Site Design; Water Conservation and Quality; Energy and
Environment; Indoor Environmental Quality; and Material and Resource Conservation.

1. Water Systems
Water, also known as the "origin of life," can be stored, preserved, cleaned, and
reused. It is a valuable resource that should be remembered during the green building
design phase. According to Art Ludwig in Create an Oasis out of Greywater, only about
6% of the water we use is for consumption. Potable water is not needed for irrigation or
sewage treatment. Rainwater harvesting, grey water networks, and living pools are all
covered in the Green Building Design course (BCKL, 2009).
Water preservation and reuse can be achieved over the life of a house by planning
for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing or by using water for car washing.
Water-saving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads will help
to reduce waste. Bidets aim to reduce the usage of toilet paper, which reduces sewage
traffic and increases the possibility of reusing water on-site. Water treatment and heating
at the point of usage increases both water quality and energy consumption while reducing
the volume of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and greywater for on-site use

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 such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer (Stephen & Harrell,
2008).

2. Natural Building
A natural building is made up of a mixture of environmentally sustainable building
systems and materials. Sustainable natural building strategies emphasize resilience and
the use of materials that are minimally manufactured, readily accessible, or recycled, as
well as those that, when reused or salvaged, provide safe living conditions and preserve
indoor air quality. Human labor, rather than robotics, is used in natural construction.
According to Michael G. Smith, it is defined by "local ecology, geology, and climate; the
character of the specific construction site; and the needs and personalities of the
builders and customers" (Smith, 2002).
3. Passive Solar Design
The use of the sun's energy to heat and cool living spaces is referred to as passive
solar architecture. By using natural energy characteristics in its materials, the home, or a
portion of it, absorbs and radiates heat produced by sun exposure. There are few moving
parts in passive systems and no mechanical systems. They need little maintenance and
can reduce, if not eradicate, heating and cooling costs (BCKL, 2009).

Passive solar design uses that to capture the sun‟s energy:

▪ Solar passive features
▪ Shape and form of buildings.
▪ Orientation of the facades.
▪ Design of Building plan and section.
▪ Thermal insulation and thermal storage of roof.
▪ Thermal Insulation and thermal storage of the exterior walls

Solar energy can be used to power homes in any area by integrating passive
solar design elements and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Passive solar
architecture can also help to reduce heating costs while increasing comfort
during harsh winters (BCKL, 2009).

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Solar buildings are built to keep the environment warm in all seasons while saving 30 to
40% on energy, with an additional 5 to 10% cost for passive functionality.

4. Green Building Materials

Green building materials are typically made from renewable energy rather than
nonrenewable energy, and they are environmentally sustainable since the effects are
considered over the product's life cycle. Furthermore, green building materials lower
long-term building maintenance and repair costs, conserve electricity, and increase
occupant well-being and efficiency. Green building products should be selected based
on features such as reused and recycled content, zero or low off-gassing of hazardous
air pollutants, zero or low toxicity, sustainably and quickly reusable harvested materials,
high recyclability, durability, performance, and local output (Cullen, 2010).

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5. Living Architecture

Nutrients and waste can be metabolized by the atmosphere in the same way as
our bodies can. Living Architecture addresses these systems by incorporating ecological
functions into buildings to collect, store, and filter water, purify air, and manage other
nutrients. Living Architecture also explores biophilia, the well-documented health
advantages of coming into contact with living structures in the built environment.

Throughout history, exterior walls and roofs of houses have been greened.
Increased ventilation (to keep cool throughout the summer and cold out in the winter),
enhanced aesthetics, improved indoor and outdoor environments, reduction of
greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen
dioxide (NO2), and increased ecological values by creating habitat for birds and insects
were among the reasons for doing so (Sheweka & Magdy, 2011).

a. Green Roofs
This serves many functions for a house, such as absorbing rainwater,
supplying ventilation, making a sanctuary for wildlife, enhancing benevolence
and decreasing tension of people around the roof by providing a more
aesthetically appealing environment, and aiding in the reduction of urban air
temperatures and mitigating the heat island impact.

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 There are two types of green roof:
1. Intensive roofs, which are thicker, with a minimum depth of 12.8 cm,
and can support a wider variety of plants but are heavier and require more
maintenance.
2. Extensive roofs, which are shallow, ranging in depth from 2 cm to
12.7 cm, lighter than intensive green roofs, and require minimal
maintenance (Volder, 2014).

The word green roof may also refer to roofs that use green energy, such
as a cold roof, a roof with solar thermal collectors, or a roof with photovoltaic
panels. Eco-roofs, vegetated roofs, living roofs, green roofs, and VCPH are all
terms for green roofs (Horizontal Vegetated Complex Partitions).

b. Green Walls
Planting trees on the building's façade, also known as vertical greenery.
Green walls, as opposed to green roofs, will cover more exposed hard surfaces
in the urban world where skyscrapers are the prevalent building form
(Jonathan, 2003).
According to Ken (Ken,2008), a skyscraper with a plant ratio of one to
seven has a façade area that is almost three times the area. So, since the
house has two-thirds of its façade covered, this has led to doubling the extent
of vegetation on land. As a result, a skyscraper will turn green, raising the
organic mass on the site.
There are three types of Green Walls:
The green walls can be divided into three fundamental types according to
the species of the plants; types of growing media and construction method.
1. Wall-climbing Green wall is the very common and traditional green walls
method. Although it is a time consuming process, climbing plants can cover
the walls of building naturally. Sometimes they are grown upwards with the
help of a trellis or other supporting systems (Wilmers, 1990).
2. Hanging-down Green Wall is also another popular approach for green
walls. It can easily form a complete vertical green belt on a multi-story
building through planting at every story compare to the wall-climbing type
(Wilmers, 1990).

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 3. Module Green Wall is the latest concept compared to the previous two
types. It requires more complicated design and planning considerations
before a vertical system can come to place. It is also probably the most
expensive green walls method (Jonathan, 2003)

1.2 SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

A process that respects both man's purpose and nature's nature will result in good planning and
architecture – Elizabeth Kassler. Several assumptions about man's life have been made in the
criteria for lodging, recreation facilities, and use areas.

Psychological Factors

Health entails more than the absence of sickness or infirmity. Health is described by the
World Health Organization as "a condition of physical, mental, and social well-being." As a result,
the third human factor dimension in environmental design is human psychological and social
needs, behavioral patterns, and tendencies. It is the most difficult of the three classes of human
factors to classify and apply to the type of the environment.

Human psychological needs and perception of the environment differ according to a

multitude of variables including age, social class, and cultural background, past experience and
motives, and daily routine of the individual. These factors influence and differentiate the need
structures of individuals and groups. Even if the same need is identified, the overt behaviour is
likely to be different. Despite the complexity of the variables and difficulties in the definition of
many needs, it is possible to suggest certain broad categories of inner needs defined on the basis
of observed behaviour and empirical evidence and social analysis. Some psychological are
stronger than the others, and our need structure changes according to the particular situation.

Our sensitivity to the environment and our adaptability or response to environmental

conditions can result in specific behaviour, although we are actually unconscious of the effect of
the environment on us. This possibility underscores the power that is in the hands of the
environmental designer. Another way, in which the influence of environment on behaviour can be
seen, is in the way places assume meaning. A church, a cemetery, a library may also result in
specific behavioural response.

For landscape Architecture, another interesting theory about the interaction of people with
the physical surroundings concerns aesthetic satisfaction. It has been suggested that the

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requirements for aesthetic enjoyment are simply the requirements for visual perception itself,
raised to a higher degree. The essential thing in each case is to have a pattern which contains
the unexpected. This seems to be the heart of what we call “beauty”.

1.3 AESTHETIC AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS

SITE CONTEXT

The term "context" refers to the surrounding area in which a construction is situated. It is
the real and immediate context in which the development sits and interacts. It may be as small
as a row of houses or as big as the middle of a village.

The Context Area is the area that will be impacted on and by the proposed development

Developments can impact upon their setting through many factors including appearance, scale,
height, setbacks, adjoining, space between buildings, landscape, and overshadowing,
overlooking, increases in traffic, activity, noise or odors. The setting may also impact upon the
development by placing constraints on its location and scale.

The Context Area is determined by estimating the physical extent of the area upon which the
development will have impacts

Even before designing starts, it should be possible to estimate the area upon which a development
will have an impact. For visual impacts, a simple method is to locate all the places from which the
development will be visible. A line drawn around all the possible viewpoints defines the Visual
Context Area. Consider using different maps to define different context areas (at different scales)
that are relevant to particular factors, such as immediate streetscape versus long range views.
Once the Context Area is defined through one or more maps, the features within it can be
described. This is the Context Description.

The Context Description describes the characteristics of the Context Area. This information is
used in analysis to evaluate the qualities of the Context Area, how the development will impact
these qualities, and how the design can optimize the development's relationship with the Context
Area. The analysis should also recognize potential site resources such as valuable views,
sunshine for living spaces, and the quality of existing vegetation.

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The Design Response is the way the designer responds to the Context Analysis. The Design
Response will vary according to the project brief, as well as the nature of the development and of
the Context Area.

In the Site Context, this involves the following steps as part of a comprehensive site
analysis:

- Review the relative values of a site's resources from a regional scale perspective
- Consider a site's relationship with its contributing catchment and receiving environments
- Ensure an appropriate site-specific WSD response in accordance with proposed land
uses.

SENSOUS QUALITIES AND FORMS

Senses mediate between self and the built environment, concept and material, they also actively
intervene between the mind and the physical body. Rodway has described the five senses as
“geographical in that they contribute to orientation in space, an awareness of spatial relationships
and an appreciation of the specific qualities of different place.” For human geographers,
understanding the role of space, place and the experience of the environment are the foci of their
studies. In the early works of Tuan, he noted the important role of human senses, suggesting that
“[a]n object or place achieves concrete reality when our experience of it is total that is through all
the senses as well as with the active and reflective mind”.

The following points summarises the role of each senses in the city, its application and
social implications:

1. Touch

The sense of touch enlightens people about “being” in the world (Rodaway 1994).
It is of a “sensorial snail” (Classen 1998), as touching does not capture the qualities of
entities momentarily. The sense of touch is a gradual discovery of the outer world. It
is considered as the sense that has the most potential in developing democratic
spaces.
2. Sound
Soundscapes in the city represent a variety of social, cultural and political roles.
The sense of sound involves people with the external world, as Rodaway noted,
people “do not merely hear”, people “actively listen.” However, for individuals, sound

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 cannot be easily screened out like sight. Consequently, the control of soundscapes
has often been employed by authorities to achieve certain atmospheric effects and
social order. As described by Borden, “space can be demarcated by sound and
intensified as for example with a street festival where the street obtains a particular
identity through the diverse „audioscapes‟ caused by the event.” Moreover, sound may
act as linkage or barriers between places, for example the internal space of building
and the road noise from traffics.
3. Smell
The sense of smell is often linked with taste; it is “the most evasive sense to
describe. A feature that always escapes; it is formless, it cannot be articulated, it
cannot be defined in static terms.” As described by Bauman, “smells share with
Simmel‟s stranger the upsetting habit of coming unannounced, outstaying their
welcome, arriving now and refusing to go away later. In the contemporary world, smells
are often utilised to differentiate social classes and create certain identity, in which
artificially scented objects are considered more civilised than primal smells of human
odour. In addition, sense of smell is linked to the brain‟s limbic system that is
connected to emotions. As a result, odours can aid in identity shaping of spaces and
further links the social space with the inhabitants. “They subvert the immediate
experience of place by making individuals relate to other places and time.”

4. Taste
The sense of taste is the hardest one to comprehend from the observer/analysis
point of view, as “what the individual eats, no one else can eat under any
circumstance‟. Taste is a relatively timely process that is culturally acquired. Different
taste and smell of exotic food provides sense of “otherness” (Degan 2008). As noted
by Zukin, “restaurants have become incubators of innovation in urban culture. They
feed the symbolic culture – socially, materially, and spiritually.
5. Vision
Lastly, sense of sight is the most immediate and most elaborate sensory
dimension in the urban geography. Vision is a subjective sense as seeing involves
selective framings of landscapes/views. Throughout the time “it promotes fast and
immediate appropriation of the surroundings/objects” (Degan 2008). The ocular sense
upholds the most immediate pleasures of senses, where inhabitants can be drawn
easily to the difference of built forms and colours. Moreover, like other senses,

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 socialness is embodied within the sense of sight. As Simmel says, “vision is an
important component in facilitating everyday sociability in public spaces, as when
people‟s eyes meet this produces the „most complete reciprocity‟, and as this
sensuous interaction momentarily engages two or more people.” The visual
dimensions have always played a dominant role in representations of urban geography
and the objects within it; whilst, masking out other sensuous aspects of spaces
resulting in less dynamic socio-public spaces through mono-focusing on the
development of aesthetic pleasure.

Chemicals and toxins in building materials and finish

In different building materials different substances are used in their production. The
substances include the Volatile Organic Compounds which is a wide range of organic substances
that emit toxic gases. Selection of materials should be such that one takes into consideration not
only the composition and emissions of materials, but also the installation and maintenance
requirements.

Some of the chemicals according to earlier researches by GREENGUARD Environmental

Institute (2010) are associated with endocrine disorder, reproductive and developmental toxicity,
asthma and allergies. In high levels some chemicals may lead to one being in coma or to death.

To protect against toxins, designers must specify inert materials, these are materials that
outgas quickly or has had enough time to outgas sufficiently before use. . The best route is to
avoid and prevent toxins that could occur in the environment. Prevent moisture (which support
the growth of microbes and molds), filter air as it comes and goes. The last resort is to seal
offending materials completely in non-offending materials.

Light

Light either natural or artificial is the most fundamental of all materials. It has a profound effect
on the atmosphere of the room. Without it form cannot be visualized, space cannot be appreciated
and atmosphere cannot be created. Light can control and direct places, movement can be
suggested, objects and places can be illuminated and accentuated. It can be used to change
perceptions, both subtly and more dramatically. Artificial light according to is constant in quantity,
colour and direction but is often static. Daylight changes with the weather. It is bright in sunny day,
and dull in cloudy day. Its brightness is also affected by time of the day. Artificial light is always

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the same and does not move. Lighting is taken into account when a color scheme is being
determined.

Spatial Arrangement

Effective activity areas help individuals feel welcome and invited to explore and learn and variety
of them provide for individualism by allowing them to choose their activities. Designers tend to
create spaces with squared off corners, but unusual shaped areas, like a round, curvilinear or
oblong area may bring more delight to persons. When the physical features are supportive of the
behaviour and activities intended for a specific area, then the activity area takes on a personality
of its own.

There is an opportunity to create a more open floor plan with loose and flexible organization of
activity areas or these areas can be more permanent and clearly defined.

It is recommended that fixed features should be used to guide the space layout. Once the layout
of the activity areas has been determined, then it is necessary to establish clear pathways and
boundaries between each node of activity. The boundaries can be fixed, created by architectural
features or furniture placement or they can be more flexible, suggested by change in flooring or
lighting levels. Boundaries that are clear to humans can be structural and symbolic. Examples of
symbolic boundaries include a change in lighting, colour, or flooring material. When boundaries
are created within an area, they should still provide visual access to the surrounding environment.

Psychology of colour

There are three types of colours, the Primary colours, secondary colours and the tertiary colours.
Primary colours are red, yellow and blue and colours produced from them are secondary colours.
Colour is a sensation produced in the brain, by the light which enters the eye, and while the
sensation of a particular colour is usually triggered off by the eye receiving the light of a particular
composition. Many other physiological and psychological factors also contribute.

It is a property causing visual sensation. Colour enhances viewer‟s response in different levels; it
also heightens the viewer‟s perception and intensifies emotional and psychological reaction. It is
more emotional and based on one‟s opinions or feelings than being objective

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Since the ancient times, colour was used to indicate status, value and it was used for its signal
function. Psychologists suggest that color selection can influence mood and behavior, stimulate
the brain and body and even affect one‟s health. Perception refers to how people become aware
of and understand any sensory information that they receive. Scientific studies have found that
exposure to certain colours can improve sleep habits, increase memory power and even enhance
academic performance.

CONCLUSION

As a result, the following principles of green architecture have been identified: water
features and their management; natural building design; passive solar design; green building
materials; and living architecture. To achieve an eco-friendly building, these principles are applied
in a sustainable manner. Any architect can change an entire building process by specifying
materials with low carbon dioxide emissions to provide a healthier and safer environment.

Green building standards are available for almost every type of building on a global basis
and these standards are well developed and are regularly being updated; they cover all phases
of a building‟s life cycle from design through demolition. Buildings that have been designed
according to sustainability standards need to be operated and maintained according to these
same standards, while buildings that were built prior to enacting these sustainability standards
can also be upgraded to meet the standards that have subsequently been put in place.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

From the information and conclusions obtained, the researcher further recommends the
following:

1. The researcher recommends that all planners/architects/engineers carefully analyze

the site position to assess its developmental and environmental responses to the
adjacent area resources.
2. Since that it is found out that green architecture helps so much with the environment,
it is highly recommended by the researcher to let architects/engineers/planners to
adopt this in every plan and design.
3. The researcher recommends integrating sustainable design elements into both site
planning and design to save time and make the project more cost efficient, as it has
been discovered to greatly benefit the environment. As it has been discovered that
design can optimize the development's relationship with the Context Area, it is highly
recommended to use and evaluate the Context Area's qualities.

REFERENCES

BREEAM Hard landscaping and boundary protection.

Ragheb (2016). Green Architecture: A Concept of Sustainability

Huseynov, Emir Fikret oglu. "Planning of Sustainable Cities in View of Green

Architecture." Procedia Engineering 21 (2011)

Wines, James and Philip Jodidio (2008). Green Architecture.

H. Rubenstein (2013). A guide to Site planning and Landscape Construction

Mirko Guaralda (2016). Sensuous geography: the role of sensuous experience and their
contemporary implications

Margallo (2019). Social and Psychological Considerations

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