Philippine Artists and their Contributions to Contemporary Notable Filipino Artists in the Field of Music

Arts
Antonino R. Buenaventura
• Many exceptional Filipino artists emerge as the arts in
the country progresses. These artists aid in promoting
National Artist for Music (1988)
arts in and out of the Philippines through their
(May 4, 1904-January 25, 1996)
artworks and their contribution to their specific fields.
• The government recognizes their remarkable inputs in  Antonino Buenaventura, together with Francisca Reyes
the development of Philippine Art. Through the Aquino, National Artist for Dance, researched on and
National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCAA) popularized Philippine folk songs and dances in 1935.
and the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP), it
gives awards to these notable contemporary artists  He wrote songs and musical arrangement based on the
and the most prestigious recognition of them is the folk songs of different ethnic groups in the country.
Order of the National Artist Award (Orden ng
 Included in his works are several marches and
Pambansang Alagad ng Sining).
symphonic and orchestral music composition.
• Furthermore, the NCAA does not only focus on the
development of the modern and contemporary arts  Buenaventura was also the conductor of the Philippine
but also in the preservation of the traditional arts as Army Band that brought back the band’s prestige as
well, being the foundation of art in the country. The one of the world’s best military bands. With his lead,
government also gives recognition to the nation’s the Philippine Army Band was tagged as “the only
finest traditional artists at present through the Gawad band that can sound like a symphony orchestra.
sa Manlilikha ng Bayan or the National Living
Treasures Award José Montserrat Maceda
• Philippine artists, both modern/contemporary and National Artist for Music (1997)
traditional, who are recipients of the Order of the (January 31, 1917 – May 5, 2004)
National Artists of the Philippines and the National  Jose Maceda’s life-long musical career focused on
Living Treasures Award will be highlighted. You will understanding and popularizing Filipino traditional
also learn the significant contributions of each artist in music.
the enrichment and preservation of the Philippine Art.
DIFFERENCE B/W CONTEMPORARY AND TRADITIONAL ARTS  He conducted researches and fieldworks on traditional
• Contemporary Philippine arts from the regions refer music which resulted in his wide array of recorded
to arts made and produced by Filipino artists coming music from different parts of the country.
from the different regions in the Philippines during the
 His papers led to the understanding and appreciation
late 20th and early 21st centuries.
of the ethnic and traditional music of the Philippines,
• On the other hand, traditional art in the Philippines is locally and internationally. Apart from conducting
an art that is part of the culture of a group of people, researches, he also wrote some compositions inspired
skills and knowledge of which are passed down by traditional music.
through generations from master craftsmen to
 Maceda’s compositions, usually performed as a
apprentices. It encompass folk architecture, maritime
communal ritual, like Ugma-ugma (1963), and Udlot-
transport, weaving, carving, folk performing arts, folk
udlot (1975) are monuments to his unflagging
(oral) literature, folk graphic and plastic arts,
commitment to Philippine music. Other major works
ornament, textile, or fiber art, pottery, and other
include Agungan, Kubling, Pagsamba, Ading, Siasid,
artistic expressions of traditional culture.
Suling-suling.
• The Republic of the Philippines, through the National
Lucrecia R. Kasilag
Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the
National Artist for Music (1989)
Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP), established
(August 31, 1918 - August 16, 2008)
the Order of the National Artist Award or the Orden ng
Pambansang Alagad ng Sining on April 27, 1972, under  Lucresia R. Kasilag reinforces the Filipino’s
Proclamation No. 1001. This award seeks to give honor appreciation to music by fusing Western influences to
to the Filipino individuals with outstanding share in the Philippine ethnic music.
cultural heritage and cultural identity of the country by
means of their valuable efforts and contribution to  She integrated ethnic instruments in her orchestral
Philippine arts specifically in the areas of Visual Arts, productions like “Toccata for Percussions and Winds,
Dance, Music, Architecture Design and Allied Arts, Divertisements and Concertante,” Filiasiana, De
Broadcast and Film, Theater, and Literature. Profundis, and Misang Pilipino.
  Her other works include Legend of the Sarimanok,  Some of his famous songs include Sa Ugoy ng Duyan,
Philippine Scenes, Her Son, Ang Pamana, Jose, Sisa, Lulay; choral compositions include Eastern Cantata, Sa
Awit ng mga Awit Psalms, Fantasie on a 4-Note Theme, Mahal Kong Bayan; orchestral works include The Devils
and East Meets Jazz Ethnika. Bridge, Malakas at Maganda Overture, Hope and
Ambition; and band musical compositions include
 Also, Kasilag was the music director of the Bayanihan
Dance of Fairies, and Lahing He produced numerous
Dance Company. Together with other artists, she
works like songs, orchestral compositions, chamber
made the group one of the finest cultural dance
music, and cantatas. Kaumanggi.
groups in the Philippines.
 Moreover, Maestro Lucio San Pedro was the
Ernani J. Cuenco
conductor of three bands namely Peng Kong Grand
National Artist for Music (1999)
Mason Band, The San Pedro Band of Angono, and
(May 10, 1956 - June 11, 1988)
Banda Angono Numero Uno
 Ernani J. Cuenco is one of the remarkable singer,
Antonio J. Molina
composer, film scorer, musical director, music teacher,
National Artist for Music (1973)
and musician in his time.
(December 26, 1894 – January 29, 1980)
 He wrote an outstanding and memorable body works
 Antonio Molina’s notable contribution to the
that resonate with the Filipino sense of musicality and
Philippine music is his use of folk music in his works.
which embody an ingenious voice that raises the
aesthetic dimensions of contemporary Filipino music.  He innovated the Philippine music in his time by using
folk instruments like the kulintangan and gabbang.
 Many of his songs etched a mark in the hearts of the
Filipinos due to his style of incorporating Kundiman  He composed more than 300 works and two-thirds of
elements in his ballad love songs. Many of his works which used traditional music.
served as the theme songs and musical scores for
 His works involve orchestral music like Ang Batingaw
numerous Filipino movies that led to his frame.
Choral Symphony, Kundiman-Kundangan, The Living
 . His songwriting credits include “Nahan, Kahit na World; chamber music like Hating gabu, String
Magtiis”, and “Diligin Mo ng Hamog ang Uhaw na Quartet, Kung sa Iyong Gunita; keyboard music like
Lupa”, “Pilipinas”, “Inang Bayan”, “Isang Dalangin”, Malikmata, We Were Moonlight, Dancing Fool; vocal
“Kalesa”, “Bato sa Buhangin”, and “Gaano Ko Ikaw music like Amihan, Awit ni Maria Clara, and Larawan
Kamahal”. the latter song shows how Cuenco enriched Nitong Pilipinas, among others.
the Filipino love ballad by adding the elements of
 Molina came from a family of a musician who
kundiman to it.
influenced him to play different instruments.
 Cuenco collaborated with Levi Celerio, another
 His father founded the Orchestra Molina with 22
National Artist for Music, in composing and adding
musicians who studied music for free in the Molina’s
lyrics to most of his musical compositions used in the
residence. The said band was disbanded in the Spanish
films.
period.
 Also, before entering the movie world, Cuenco was a
 Molina studied Law at the University of Santo Tomas
cellist for five years in the Manila Symphony Orchestra
and Manila Law School but later on stopped because
and a soloist for two years in the Manila Chamber of
of his father’s illness.
Orchestra.
 He then established the Rondalla Ideal and continued
 He was also a professor in the University of Santo
with his musical career until it flourished.
Tomas.
 He became known as the last musical triumvirate
Lucio San Pedro
along with two oyher musicians Nicanor Abelardo and
National Artist for Music (1991)
Francisco Santiago, who set the bar for music.
February 11, 1913- March 31, 2002
FRANCISCO FELICIANO
 Lucio San Pedro is a master composer known for
National Artist for Music (2014)
creatively using folk idioms in his musical
(February 19, 1941 – September 19, 2014)
compositions.
 Francisco Feliciano’s corpus of creative work attests to
 He produced numerous works like songs, orchestral
the exceptional talent of the Filipino as an artist.
compositions, chamber music, and cantatas.
  His lifetime conscientiousness in bringing out the Mascagni’s Iris, the title role of Salome (which
“Asianness” in his music, whether as a composer, composer Richard Strauss personally offered to her
conductor, or educator, contributed to bringing the including the special role of Princess Yang Gui Fe in Li
awareness of people all over the world to view the Tai Pe).
Asian culture as a rich source of inspiration and a
 In recognition of these achievements, she was given
celebration of our ethnicity, particularly the Philippines
the unprecedented award of “Embahadora de Filipinas
 He brought out the unique sounds of our indigenous a su Madre Patria” by Spain.
music in compositions that have high technical
Felipe Padilla de Leon
demands equal to the compositions of masters in the
National Artist for Music (1997)
western world.
(May 1, 1912 – December 5, 1992)
 Major Works: Ashen Wings (1995), Sikhay sa Kabila ng
 Felipe Padilla de Leon is a composer, conductor, and
Paalam (1993), La Loba Negra (1983), Yerma (1982),
scholar.
Pamugun (1995), Pokpok Alimako (1981).
 He Filipinized western music forms, a feat aspired by
Levi Celerio
Filipino composers who preceded him.
National Artist for Music and Literature (1997)
(April 30, 1910 – April 2, 2002)  The prodigious body of De Leon’s musical
compositions, notably the sonatas, marches, and
 Levi Celerio started playing the violin when he was 11
concertos have become the full expression of the
years old.
sentiments and aspirations of the Filipino in times of
 Due to his extraordinary talent in music, Alexander strife and peace, making him the epitome of a
Lippay of the University of the Philippines “people’s musician”
Conservatory of Music recommended him at the
 He is the recipient of various awards and distinctions:
Academy of Music Manila for scholarship.
Republic Cultural Heritage Award, Doctor of
 However, Celerio had an accident resulting to a broken Humanities from UP, Rizal Pro-Patria Award,
wrist which stopped him from playing the violin but Presidential Award of Merit, Patnubay ng Kalinangan
this accident did not stop him from continuing a career Award, among others.
in music.
 De Leon’s orchestra music include Mariang Makiling
 He became a lyricist and wrote a wide range of songs Overture (1939), Roca Encantada, symponic legend
of different themes. He composed an estimate of (1950), Maynila Overture (1976), Orchesterstuk
4,000 musical works. (1981); choral music like Payapang Daigdig, Ako’y
Pilipino, Lupang Tinubuan, Ama Namin; and songs
JOVITA FUENTES
Bulaklak, Alitaptap, and Mutya ng Lahi
National Artist for Music (1976)
(February 15, 1895 – August 7, 1978) Andrea Veneracion
National Artist for Music (1999)
 Long before Lea Salonga’s break into Broadway, there
(July 11, 1928 – July 9, 2013)
was already Jovita Fuentes‘ portrayal of Cio-cio san in
Giacomo Puccini’s Madame Butterfly at Italy’s Teatro  Andrea Veneracion, is highly esteemed for her
Municipale di Piacenza. Her performance was hailed as achievements as choirmaster and choral arranger.
the “most sublime interpretation of the part”.
 Two of her indispensable contributions in culture and
 This is all the more significant because it happened at the arts include the founding of the Philippine
a time when the Philippines and its people were Madrigal Singers and the spearheading of the
scarcely heard of in Europe. Prior to that, she was development of Philippine choral music.
teaching at the University of the Philippines
 A former faculty member of the UP College of Music
Conservatory of Music (1917) before leaving for Milan
and honorary chair of the Philippine Federation of
in 1924 for further voice studies.
Choral Music, she also organized a cultural outreach
 After eight months of arduous training, she made her program to provide music education and exposure in
stage debut at the Piacenza. several provinces.

 She later embarked on a string of music performances

in Europe essaying the roles of Liu Yu in Puccini’s
Turandot, Mimi in Puccini’s La Boheme, Iris in Pietro
  Born in Manila on July 11, 1928, she is recognized as Leonor Orosa Goquingco
an authority on choral music and performance and has National Artist for Dance
served as adjudicator in international music (July 24, 1917 – July 15, 2005)
competitions.  Dubbed as the “Trailblazer”, “Mother of Philippine
Theater Dance” and “Dean of Filipino Performing Arts
NOTABLE FILIPINO ARTISTS IN THE FIELD OF DANCE
Critics”
Francisca Reyes-Aquino
 pioneer Filipino choreographer in balletic folkloric and
National Artist for Dance (1973)
Asian styles, produced for over 50 years highly original,
(March 9, 1899 - November 21,1983)
first-of-a-kind choreographies, mostly to her own
 Francisca Reyes Aquino is acknowledged as the Folk
storylines
Dance Pioneer.
 …” Seen as her most ambitious work is the dance epic
 Began her research on folk dance in the 1920’s
“Filipinescas: Philippine Life, Legend and Lore.” With it,
 “Philippine Folk Dances and Games”
Orosa brought native folk dance, mirroring Philippine
 1940 – served as a supervisor of physical education at
culture from pagan to modern times, to its highest
the Bureau of Education
stage of development.
 1954 - , she received the Republic Award of Merit
Lucrecia Reyes-Urtula
given by the late Pres. Ramon Magsaysay for
National Artist for Dance (1988)
“outstanding contribution toward the advancement of
(June 29, 1929 – August 4, 1999)
Filipino culture”
 Studied the country’s folk and ethnic dances for four
 Her books include the following: Philippine National
decades and developed ethnic choreographies
Dances (1946); Gymnastics for Girls (1947);
applying her findings.
Fundamental Dance Steps and Music (1948); Foreign
 She was the dance director of Bayanihan Philippine
Folk Dances (1949); Dances for all Occasion (1950);
Dance Company for three decades who
Playground Demonstration (1951); and Philippine Folk
choreographed various dances for the group.
Dances, Volumes I to VI.
 These dances harvested overwhelming praises and
Ramon Arevalo Obusan
good reviews from critics from different parts of the
National Artist for Dance (2006)
world.
(June 16, 1938 – December 21, 2006)
 Among her major works are cultural dances named
 A dancer, choreographer, stage designer and artistic
Singkil, Vinta, Tagabili, Pagdiwata, and Salisid.
director.
NOTABLE FILIPINO ARTISTS IN THE FIELD OF THEATER
 He achieved phenomenal success in Philippine dance
Daisy H. Avellana
and cultural work.
National Artist for Theater (1999)
 He was also acknowledged as a researcher, archivist
(January 26, 1917 – May 12, 2013)
and documentary filmmaker who broadened and
 Daisy Avellana was the so-called First Lady of the
deepened the Filipino understanding of his own
Philippine Theater because of her magnificent
cultural life and expressions.
performances in classic Filipino and international
 Obusan promoted the Philippine ethnic dances and
theater productions and plays.
performed them with respect and authenticity.
 Some of the productions she significantly became part
 Through the Ramon Obusan Folkloric Group (ROFG),
of were Othello, Macbeth in Black, Tatarin, Portrait of
he had effected cultural and diplomatic exchanges
the Artist as Filipino, Diego Silang, Walang Sugat, etc.
using the multifarious aspects and dimensions of the
 She also popularized the Philippine theater and
art of dance.
dramatic arts by founding the Barangay Theater Guild
Alice Garcia Reyes
with her husband, National Artist Lamberto Avellana.
National Artist for Dance (2014)
 They utilize the radio and television to make theater
(born October 14, 1942 -)
and dramatic arts known to the Filipinos.
 Alice Reyes major and most significant contribution in
ROLANDO S. TINIO
the Philippine dance is the development of unique
National Artist for Theater and Literature (1997)
Filipino modern dance idiom.
(March 5, 1937 – July 7, 1997)
 She creatively interweaved Philippine ethnic dance,
 Rolando S. Tinio, a playwright, thespian, poet, teacher,
modern dance, and ballet producing a one of a kind
critic, and translator marked his career with prolific
contemporary dance routine.
artistic productions.
 She popularized contemporary dance in the
 Tinio’s chief distinction is as a stage director whose
Philippines through her concerts, tours, outreach
original insights into the scripts he handled brought
works, and lecture demonstrations in schools.
forth production notable for their visual impact and
intellectual cogency.
  Subsequently, after staging productions for the Ateneo  Lighting is the most prominent element of Amorsolo’s
Experimental Theater (its organizer and administrator painting.
as well), he took on Teatro Pilipino.  His trademark was the backlighting technique which
 . It was to Teatro Pilipino which he left a considerable makes the subjectsof his painting seem to glow.
amount of work reviving traditional Filipino drama by  He was a portrait artist and known painter of rural
re-staging old theater forms like the sarswela and Philippine landscapes.
opening a treasurehouse of contemporary Western Hernando Ocampo
drama.  Ocampo was a Filipino artist best known for his
 Aside from his collections of poetry (Sitsit sa Kuliglig, abstract paintings.
Dunung – Dunungan, Kristal na Uniberso, A Trick of  Born on April 28, 1911 in Manila, Philippines and
Mirrors) among his works were the following: film taught himself to paint.
scripts for Now and Forever, Gamitin Mo Ako, Bayad  Compared to the classical paintings, his works were
Puri and Milagros; sarswelas Ang Mestisa, Ako, Ang more radical and more poetic.
Kiri, Ana Maria; the komedya Orosman at Zafira; and  He developed a new style of abstraction through his
Larawan, the musical. use of fierce and striking colors.
Honorata “Atang” Dela Rama  His works proved that abstract and non-traditional
National Artist for Theater and Music (1987) style of painting can also result to nationalistic art
(January 11, 1902 – July 11, 1991) Carlos Francisco
 Honorata “Atang” Dela Rama was formally honored as  Carlos “Botong” Francisco was a muralist from
the Queen of Kundiman in 1979, then already 74 years Angono, Rizal
old singing the same song (“Nabasag na Banga”) that  For nearly three decades, Francisco painted murals
she as a 15-year old girl in the sarswela Dalagang showing the historical past of the Philippines.
Bukid.  Most of his subjects depict the life in his hometown
 Atang became the very first actress in the very first and highlight the lives of the farmers and the
locally produced Filipino film when she essayed the fishermen.
same role in the sarsuela’s film version.  .Francisco is one of the so-called “The Triumvirate”
 As early as age seven, Atang was already being cast in along with other modernists Galo Ocampo and
Spanish zarzuelas such as Mascota, Sueño de un Vals, Victorio Edades, who introduced modern art to the
and Marina. country.
 The songs she popularized are Pakiusap, Ay  His major works include Blood Compact, The
Kalisud, Madaling Araw, and Kung IIbig Ka. Martyrdom of Rizal, Bayanihan, Sandugo, Portrait of
The sarswelas she wrote are Puri at Bahay, Purita, First Mass at Limasawa.
Anak ni Eba, and Aking Ina. Benedicto Cabrera
Severino Montano  Benedicto Cabrera, popularly known as BenCab, is an
National Artist for Theater (2001) awardwinning painter and printmaker who was tagged
(January 3, 1915 – December 12, 1980) as a master of the Philippine contemporary art.
 Hailed as the “Titan of the Philippine Theater”,  The most popular subject of his painting was “Sabel”,
Severino Montano took the lead in promoting the woman scavenger roaming the streets of his
“legitimate theater” in the country. hometown when he was young.
 As Dean of Instruction of the Philippine Normal  Sabel depicts poverty and inequalities in the Philippine
College, Montano organized the Arena Theater to society.
bring drama to the masses.  He was awarded National Artist of the Philippines for
 He trained and directed the new generations of Visual Arts (Painting) in 2006.
dramatists including Rolando S. Tinio, Emmanuel  He has been noted as "arguably the best-selling
Borlaza, Joonee Gamboa, and Behn Cervantes. painter of his generation of Filipino artists."
 He established a graduate program at the Philippine Cesar Legaspi
Normal College for the training of playwrights,  Cesar Legaspi is one of the Thirteen Moderns, who
directors, technicians, actors, and designers. promoted modern arts in the country.
NOTABLE FILIPINO ARTISTS IN THE FIELD OF VISUAL ARTS  He was a neo-realist whose important contribution to
Fernando Amorsolo modern art was his refinement of cubism in the
 On May 30, 1892, Fernando Amorsolo, declared as the Philippine context.
first National Artist in Painting in 1972 and the so-  He indigenized cubism and produced artworks
called "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art", was born in showing local temperament.
Paco, Manila.  Some of his major art pieces are The Beggars, The
Stairway, The Ritual, The Survivor, Gadget I and II,
 Flight, Struggle, Peace, Bayanihan, Façade, Ovary, Idols his works like different types of hardwood, stones, and
of the Third Eye, among others. metals.
Abdulmaria Asia Imao  He was also the sculptor who started the trend in
 Abdulmaria Asia Imao is a visual artist from Sulu, who mixing different materials, like metal and stone, in
articulated the Muslim culture and art in the country. making sculptures.
 He preserved and promoted the Philippine indigenous  Among his notable works are Nine Muses, Kaganapan,
art through the use of ethnic themes like the ukkil, Stations of the Cross, Sunburst, and The
sarimanok, and naga in his paintings and sculptures. Transfiguration.
 Through his works, Imao empowered cultural groups Francisco Coching
to take part in promoting equality and in building a  Tagged as “Dean of Filipino Illustrators”, Francisco
better society. Coching was popular for his komiks drawings
 His artworks include murals like the industry Brass  The significant features of Coching’s work were their
Mural of the Philippine National Bank, Industrial Mural fluid drawings and dramatic storyline.
of the Central Bank of the Philippines, and the Mural  Fantasy, love and adventure were the usual themes of
Relief in Filmaking painted in the Manila City Hall. his works drawing inspiration from awit and korido.
Guillermo Tolentino  His works illustrated gallant men and beautiful ladies
 Guillermo Tolentino was the master sculptor who and the victory of good over evil. Among his works are
introduced classical sculpture in the country. Lapulapu, Pedro Penduko, Hagibis, El Nido, and
 His works, though classical in style, are still identifiable Maldita.
Filipino.
 He was known for creating monuments and bust
figures of Philippine heroes like Andres Bonifacio and
Jose Rizal and Philippine presidents like Manuel
Quezon and Ramon Magsaysay.
 He was the one who created the UP Oblation, which
became the representation of the academic freedom
of the university.
Vicente Manansala
 Vicente Manansala was a cubist painter who painted
with a wide range of subject matters from the happy
and bountiful rural to poverty-stricken urban set ups.
 Manansala contributed in the modernism of Philippine
visual arts by his style of transparent cubism.
 Unlike the usual Paris Cubism, Manansala’s style of
cubism does not fragmentize human figures.
 He reorganized human forms in transparent planes
instead.
 After finishing a degree in Fine Arts at the University of
the Philippines, he worked as an illustrator of the
Philippine Herald where he became acquainted with
Hernando Ocampo, Carlos Francisco, and Cesar
Legaspi.
 Manansala admired Botong Francisco the most who
influenced his art making.
Ang Kiutok
 Ang Kiukok was known for his highly expressionistic
works containing powerful meaning.
 Angst, anguish, and anger are the glaring emotions
contained in his cubistic works as these were created
in the time of Martial Law.
 Some of his famous paintings include Geometric
Landscape, Pieta, and Seated Figure.
Napoleon Abueva
 Napoleon Abueva is the Father of Modern Philippine
Sculpture, who made use of wide range of materials in
  Ifugao, Lanao del Sur and Sarangani ranked high
because of their high vulnerability to disasters while
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE (W6) Rizal ranked the lowest.
NATURAL PROCESSES AND HAZARDS Human Activities Speed Up or Trigger a Landslide
EARTHQUAKES  Clearcutting is a method done by logging companies to
 Since 1968, PHIVOLCS has recorded 12 destructive cut down every marketable tree from a selected area
earthquakes in the Philippines. to harvest timber. Deforestation or removal of trees
 The top ten provinces that are at risk to earthquakes that hold water and topsoil may cause landslides.
are:  Slash-and-burn or kaingin system is a method that
Surigao Del Sur Tarlac cuts down and burns off the existing vegetation. It is a
La Union Ifugao form of deforestation because the land is converted to
Benguet Davao Oriental other uses.
Pangasinan Nueva Vizcaya  Mining and quarrying operations use explosives in
Pampanga Nueva Ecija their blasting techniques to break rocks and gather ore
 La Union and Pangasinan are prone to earthquakes, deposits. They cause land areas to slide due to the
especially the deep-focused ones, due to the Manila vibrations from the blast.
Trench while Surigao del Sur and Davao Oriental have  Construction activities such as building of roads and
earthquake hazards due to Philippine Trench and railways may interfere or change the natural drainage
nearby active faults. of water.
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Ways to Lessen the Occurrence of Landslides
 Philippines lies within the Ring of Fire, a region of  Floods
subduction zone volcanism surrounding the Pacific  Flash floods
Ocean. This explains the distribution of most volcanoes  Urban Floods
in the Philippines.
 Coastal floods
 In 1991, Mt. Pinatubo eruption was well known to be
 Cyclones
the most violent eruption in the 20th century.
 La Niña
Philippine Volcanoes are classified as Active, Inactive
 Hurricane
and Potentially active. Twenty-two (22) historically
 Typhoon
active volcanoes are distributed all over the
 Tornadoes
archipelago.
 Since volcanoes are not present in some provinces,
Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards
these particular areas have no risk to volcanic
 Northeast Monsoon
eruptions. The top ten provinces at risk are:
 Southwest Monsoon
Camiguin Sorsogon
Sulu South Cotabato
1. Tropical Cyclone and Wind Speeds
Biliran Laguna
2. Public Storm Warning System
Albay Camarines Sur
The following practices and methods can help coastal areas
Bataan Batanes
cope with coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater
 Camiguin has the highest risk because the land area is
intrusion.
so small such that a volcanic eruption can affect the
 Seawalls and bulkheads
whole province.
 Groynes and jetties
 Sulu ranked second because it has the most number of
 Breakwaters
active and potentially active volcanoes.
 Beach nourishment
LANDSLIDES
 Sandbags
 Most of the provinces, except Palawan, are
Reducing Coastal Erosion
susceptible to landslide hazards.
• Development of infrastructures must be constructed in
 The top ten provinces that are at risk to earthquake- safe distances from the coasts.
induced shallow landslides are: • Beach dewatering involves pumping out water from
Ifugao Bukidnon the shores to prevent erosion.
Lanao Del Sur Aurora • Artificial seaweeds can be placed in the water near the
Sarangani Davao del Sur coasts to reduce the speed of current that promote
Benguet Davao Oriental erosion.
Mountain Province Rizal
 • Ban of mining activities near coasts prevents erosion
caused by mining.
• Plant cover and vegetation around coasts aid in
protecting coasts from erosion.
Coping with Saltwater Intrusion
• Monitoring and assessment ensure effective
management of saltwater intrusion cases.
• Regulations from governing units aid in coping with
saltwater intrusion. Structures must be regulated to
have a safe distance from the sea to prevent excessive
groundwater extraction from the reservoir that
contributes to saltwater intrusion.
• Artificial recharges pump freshwater to the reservoir
to prevent saltwater from intruding through the
coasts.
• Barriers can be constructed along coasts to prevent
further advancement of saltwater if already present.
CHRISTIAN LIVING (W8) learned from others by heart. Thieves,
LOVE & FRIENDSHIP because they speak using other people’s
St. Augustine on Being A Student words. “How can they claim them as theirs if
 For Augustine, being a student is a lifelong task for all, the words of their mouths are denied by what
not a role restricted to those who attend classes or are they do?”
enrolled in courses. The fundamental task of the Secondly, there are those who are like the
student is to learn about themselves and what they signposts on the side of a road. They show
are intended to become. Ultimately, being a student is you the route but they themselves are at a
about discovering those things about oneself, one’s ,standstill. They speak but don’t act.
world and the transcendent that are necessary for Finally, there are those who offer themselves
happiness in both this world and the next. for IMITATION by their students. Not only do
Restless, Striving, Searching they show the way, but they lead the way.
 You have made us, Lord, for yourself, and our hearts They act on what they say.
are restless until they rest in you. (Confessions, 1, 1, 1). Knows that Truth is Shared
Open to Others, Rejecting Arrogance  The truth is neither mine nor yours, so that it can be
 The first step in the search for truth is humility. yours and mine. (Commentary on the Psalms, 103, 2,
Naturally, that doesn’t mean that humility is the only 11).
virtue necessary for the discovery and enjoyment of Promotes a Climate of Kindness and Understanding
truth. But if the other virtues aren’t preceded,  Teach with happiness. Sadness darkens the
accompanied and followed by humility, pride will find atmosphere and it withers our words. (Catechesis of
an opening and infiltrate them and, sooner or later, Beginners, 10, 14).
finish up destroying good intentions. Gives Good Example: The Best Lesson
 All other vices are recognized when we are doing  Teachers offer themselves for imitation. In many cases
wrong; but pride is to feared even we do right. Test this is what we mean by teaching. (Music, 1, 6).
those things which are done in praiseworthy manner  The good behavior of those who exercise authority is
lest they be spoiled by the desire for praise itself. the best and most effective confirmations of the truths
(Letter 118, 3, 22). that they teach. (Order, 2, 27).
 The proud are like grass that grows in the tiles on the  There are teachers that are like milestones: they show
roofs of houses. It is very high, but does not have any the way to others, but they themselves are at a
roots. It grows and dies very quickly. (Commentary on standstill. (Sermon 119, 2).
the Psalms, 128, 11)  If you are not blessed with great eloquence, at least
Human and Understanding make your manner of life, an eloquent speech.
 There is a certain friendliness of well wishing, by which (Christian Teaching, 4, 29, 61).
we desire at some time or other to do good to those
whom we love.
 The benevolence, the wishing well, of itself is sufficient
for the one that loves. (Treatise on the First Letter of St
John, 8)
A Seeker of Harmony and Balance
 The one who holds onto more is not the happier,
rather the one who needs less. (Rule, 3, 5).
Being an Educator
 According to Augustine, the educator is not rightly
called teacher or ‘master’, but rather one who serves
or ministers to students. The true teacher is “the
Teacher within”.
 To continue to be a good teacher, the teacher must
continue to be a good student. Teaching is a calling
that requires ongoing formation on the part of the
teacher.
 The best lesson teachers can give is their own GOOD
EXAMPLE, their own authenticity. Their authority
comes, mainly, from their own enthusiasm and
competence.
 According to Augustine there are three types of
educators:
Firstly those that “sell words in exchange for a
salary.” Augustine compares them to parrots
and THIEVES. Parrots, because they don’t do
anything more than repeat what they have
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 In general, businesses are designed to focus
Chapter 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY on either generating profit or improving
FEASIBILITY STUDY society.
 A feasibility study is an analysis that takes all Categories of business organization: (1) sole
of a project's relevant factors into account— proprietorship (2) partnership (3) corporation
including economic, technical, legal, and 5. Total Project Cost
scheduling considerations—to ascertain the All costs which have been or are estimated
likelihood of completing the project to be incurred by the Company with respect
successfully. Project managers use feasibility to the acquisition, design, development,
studies to discern the pros and cons of construction, debt financing, leasing, and
undertaking a project before they invest a completion of a Project, which Total Project
lot of time and money into it. Costs (including without limitation tenant
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY allowances) are initially estimated in the
 An executive summary is the first section of a Development Budget.
business plan and is generally considered the 6. Financing Sources
most important. Typically 2-4 pages long, the Financing Sources means the Persons that
executive summary is often written last, have committed to provide or otherwise
after the entire plan has been finalized. The entered into agreements in connection with
executive summary then covers the highlights the Debt Financing in connection with the
of all the other sections. transactions contemplated hereby, including
COMPONENTS: the lenders under the Debt Commitment
1. Name of Business Letters and any joinder agreements,
A business name is the name your business is indentures or credit agreements entered into
known by. It might be your own personal pursuant thereto or relating thereto together
name, or it might be something entirely with their Affiliates, officers, directors,
different and unique to your business. employees, attorneys, agents, advisors and
Your business name will be used on a daily representatives involved in the Debt
basis, so it’s important that you pick the right Financing and their successors and assigns.
one. Find out more about choosing the right 7. Partners’ Contribution
name for your business. In business and partnership law, contribution
2. Location may refer to a capital contribution, which is
The place where a firm decides to site its an amount of money or assets given to a
operations. Location decisions can have a big business or partnership by one of the owners
impact on costs and revenues. or partners. The capital contribution
A business needs to decide on the best increases the owner or partner's equity
location taking into account factors such as: interest in the entity.
š Customers - is the location convenient for 8. Return of Investment
customers? Return on Investment (ROI) is a performance
š Staff - are there sufficient numbers of local measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an
staff with the right skills willing to work at the investment or compare the efficiency of a
right wage? number of different investments. ROI tries to
š Support services - are there services directly measure the amount of return on a
offering specialist advice, training and particular investment, relative to the
support? investment’s cost.
š Cost - how much will the premises cost? 9. Payback Period
Those situated in prime locations (such as The payback period refers to the amount of
city centers) are far more expensive to rent time it takes to recover the cost of an
than edge-of-town premises. investment. Simply put, the payback period
3. Proponents is the length of time an investment reaches a
A person who puts forward a proposition or break-even point.
proposal. The desirability of an investment is directly
4. Form of Business Organization related to its payback period. Shorter
The term business organization describes paybacks mean more attractive
how businesses are structured and how investments.
their structure helps them meet their goals. 10. Implementation
 Implementation is the process of executing a
plan or policy so that a concept becomes a
reality. To implement a plan properly,
managers should communicate clear goals
and expectations, and supply employees with
the resources needed to help the company
achieve its goals.
11. Vision
A vision is a vivid mental image of what you
want your business to be at some point in
the future, based on your goals and
aspirations. Having a vision will give your
business a clear focus, and can stop you
heading in the wrong direction.
12. Brief Description of the Business
The business description usually begins with
a short description of the industry. When
describing the industry, discuss the present
outlook as well as future possibilities. You
should also provide information on all the
various markets within the industry,
including any new products or
developments that will benefit or adversely
affect your business.
13. Introduction
“You need to persuade the decision maker to
even consider any sort of alternative. You
need to convince them to even read your
report first. Tell them what they will gain
personally or as an organization by
considering your work.”