A- dread Medulla

Introduction :

adrenal
o
ft in the inner
part of gland and it forms 20%
of the

mass g gland .

cords
• Made
up of interlacing of cells known as chroma f- fin cells .

. Chroma f fin cells are also called Pheo chrome cells or chromo
phil cells .

[ Adrenaline cell ]
°
Two
types g chroma ffin
-
cells :
- Sec

(a) Adrenaline -

secreting cells (90%1

bi Non adrenaline cells

(
secreting ( 10%1
-

Hormones -f Adrenal Medulla :

They are amines derived from catechol and

[ Non adrenaline see cells]
called
-

so these hormones are catecholamines .

.
Catecholamines :

(a) Adrenaline / Epinephrine

(b) Noradrenaline / Norepinephrine
(c)
Dopamine -

Plasma level Catecholamines

of
°
:

Adrenaline
3µg 1dL
ca , :

b, Noradrenaline
30µg 1dL
( :

(c)
Dopamine : 3.5
µg 1dL

Half minutes
Life 2
• -
=
.

Synthesis of Catecholamines :

From tyrosine chroma cells adrenal medulla

• amino acid in
f- fin of .

hormones
°
These are
formed from phenylalanine also .

But converted
phenylalanine has to into tyrosine
•

.
 Stages : ④ Meditates
( med notes . in )

F-

Metabolism :

• 85%
of Non adrenaline in taken
up by sympathetic adrenergic
Neurons .

Non adrenaline adrenaline

°

Remaining 15%
g
and are
degraded .

Catecholamines removed
.
are
from
body through urine in 3
forms :

cis 157
. as
free adrenaline &
free Nor A - -

ciii soy .
as
free / conjugated meta -
adrenaline
and meta - noradrenaline .

ciii , 357 .
as
vanillylmandelic acid

( VMA )
 Receptors :

Actions :

°
Adrenaline & Non adrenaline
-
have similar
effect of sympathetic
stimulation but with tox
prolongation ; as action g hormones
we slow .

( i,
Onmelsm ( via a
IP receptors )
metabolism it increases Oz consumption Co2
° On
geneal ,
& removal .

gt
- increases BMR , so it in called
Calonigenic hormone -

Carbohydrate metabolism : St increases

glucose level .

.
Fat metabolism : Cannes mobilization g FFA from adipose tissues .

(2) On blood ( via Preceptors )

-

It decreases blood time

.

coagulation
.

blood
o St increase RBC count in
by contracting smooth muscle

of splenic capsule and

releasing RBCs
from spleen into circulation .

(3) On ( via B receptors)

adrenaline
• Adrenaline has
stronger effects on heart than nor - .

o 9T increases overall
activity of heart i. e :

Heart Rate ( chromo

cis
Tropic effect )
dis Force
of contraction ( inotropic effect )
 heart
ciiis
Excitability of muscle ( bath inotropic effect )
aim
conductivity in heart muscle ( dnomo tropic effect )
(4) On biodiesel ( via a &
13-2 Receptors )
.

Nonad has
strong effects on blood vessels .

constriction
.
It causes
of
vessels via A -

Receptors .

°
Adrenaline also causes vasoconstriction .

. But dilation
of blood vessels in skeletal muscle ,
liver ,

and heart through B - 2-

Receptors .

• Catecholamines need the

presence of glucocorticoids for .
these
vascular effects .

On Blood Pressure (
(5)
-
via d I
13 -

Receptors )
•
Adrenaline increases systolic blood
pressure by increasing
theory contraction of heart and cardiac output .

But it decreases diastolic blood the total

•

pressure by reducing
resistance
peripheral .

Norane increases diastolic due to

pressure general
•

vasoconstriction .

gt the systolic blood to

also increases
slight extent
•
a
pressure
by its actions on heart -

(6) On
Respiration ( via B -
2
Receptors )
•

g t increases Rate & force .

°
Cannes broncho deration .

(f) On skin ( via de B - 2

Receptors )
#

o gt causes contraction og Arrechor pill .

9T also increases the secretion

of sweat
.
 (8) On
skeletal Muscle ( via d &
P -
2
Receptors )
contraction
Gt severe and
quick fatigue
o
causes .

9T and Vasodilation
glycogen olysis
°

causes causes .

On smooth Muscle ( via

(g ,
-
d & B Receptors )
•

Camecontrahon of smooth muscles

following :

organs
in

cis
splenic capsule lull Dilator
papillae of Iris
cii , sphincters of GI tract
Nictitating membrane cat
'

am ,
of .

Liii , Ar rector pili

( in Gallbladder
( ill uterus

Cainukaxakon g :

l " Non -

sphincteric part y GI tract .

[ Esophagus ,
stomach .
Intestine)

Iiis Bronchioles
liiis Bladder
Urinary
.

On
( lol
Ints ( via B Receptors ]
It increases the
activity of Brain
°
.

9T chances the cortical arousal and other

facilitatory functions
°

en .

1111
Other Effects :

(a) On
salivary gland ( via a e
p -
z
receptors ) Mild increase in secrets
On
'

lb,
-

sweat
on
gland ( via B - 2
) : secretion I

(c) On lacrimal
gland ( via a ) : secretion 19

(d) On ACTH ( via a ) o

. ACTH Sec I

(e) On Nerve fibers ( via a ) :

latency I. .
Activity 9

if , On Renin secretion ( via 13 ) : Renin secretion I

 Applied :

[ Pheochromocytoma ]
Condition characterised Hyper secretion
•

by
cause ,
of catecholamines .

It caused
by
is tumor chromo phil
•

g cells in

adrenal medulla Gt also caused

rarely by
-
is

tumor
g sympathetic ganglia .

T
Extra adrenal
pheochromocytoma
-
.

Signs d
Symphony :

o
Hypertension o Nausea &
Vomiting
•

Anxiety .
Palpitation
• Chest Pain o
Poly ceria &
glucosuria
Fever
sweating d
flushing
•
o

•
Headache o

Tachycardia
•

Hyperglycemia . Kit -
loss .

•
Metabolic disorders .

tests :

detected and Hani llylmandelic

gt in
by measuring metanephrines
o

acid and
in urine catecholamines in
plasma .

① Meditates
( med notes . in )