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SOCIAL SCIENCE
.

PREPARED BY
R . BALAMURTHY M.A. , B . Ed. , &
S . KAVITHA M.A. , B .Ed ,
BT ASST .,
GBHSS , AVINASHI .

ALL THE BEST

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 HISTORY
1. EVOLUTION OF HUMANS AND SOCIETY
PREHISTORIC PERIOD

ANSWER IN BRIEFF;
1. Discuss how the age of speculation made humans became conscious and knowledgeable?
* In the course of evolution humans became conscious and knowledgeable.
* They turned curious and began to think and ask question about nature, organisms and the world
around them.

2.Write a short note on the impact of pastoralism on the prehistoric people in Tamil Nadu.
* In Tamil Nadu prehistoric people trained cattle for agriculture.
* They made weapons from the bones of cattle.

3. List out the features of Megalithic Burial types .

*Dolmens * Cists * Rock –cut caves * Urn burials * Menhirs.

4. Examine the tool making technical skills of lower palaeolithic people.

* Flaking the big stones and made them to hand axes.
* Biface tools like hand axe and cleavers were used.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. The developments in the fields of agriculture, pottery and metal tools are considered a land
mark in the life of megalithic period – Subsistance.
Agriculture
* Millets and rice were cultivated.
* Irrigation management developed in this period.
Pottery
* Pottery is an important evidence found.
* Potteries were used for cooking, storage and dining purposes.
* Black and red colour were used to make pots.
Metal tools
* Weapons such as swords and daggers, axes, chisels, lamps also found.
* The iron tools were also used for agriculture and hunting.

2. The history of humans is closely related to the history of the Earth. Elucidate.
* The history of humans is closely related to the history of the Earth.
* In the course of evolution humans have become sensitive and intellectual.
* The ancestor of human beings are called Hominin and their modern men are called Homosepians.
* Homohabilis were known to make tools.
* Agriculture and animal breeding were introduced in the new stone age.
* The Iron Age is known for the use of iron.

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 2. ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS
ANSWER IN BRIEF :
1. The Egyptians excelled in art and architecture. Illustrate.
* Numerous sculptures, paintings and curvings attest to the artistic skills of Egyptians.
* Monuments display the engineering architectural and human resource management skills of the
Egyptians.

2. State the features of the ziggurats.

* Zigurats were pyramid – shaped monuments found in ancient Mesopotomia.
* Zigurats were at the centre of the cities on a platform.

3. Hummurabi code is an important legal document. Explain.

* Hummurbi code specifies the laws related to various crimes.
* “The eye for eye” and “ tooth for tooth” form of justice is used in the Hummurabi code.

ANSWER IN DETAIL:
1. Define the terms Hieroglyphics and Cuneiform with their main features.

Hieroglyphics Cuneiform
* Hieroglyphics is the Egyptians writing * Cuneiform is the Sumerian writing system.
system.
*This writing system used a picto – gram * This writing system used the form of wedge.
based.
* It was developed around 3000 BCE. * It was also developed around 3000 BCE.
* They used this script in the inscriptions on * They used this script for commercial
the seals and other objects. transactions, writing letters and stories.
* They were seen on the Rosetta stones. * They were seen on the clay tablets.

2. To what extent in the Chinese influence reflected in the fields of philosophy and literature.
Lao Tze ;
* He was the master achieve keeper of chou state.
* He was the founder of Taoism.
* He argued that desire is the root cause of all evils.
Confucius ;
* Confucius was one of the famous Chinese philosophers.
* He was a political reformer.
* He insisted on cultivating of one’s own personal life.
Mensius
* He was another well-known philosopher.
* He travelled throughout china and offered his counsel to rulers.
3. Write about the hidden treasure of Indus civilization.
* Well - planned streets, lanes and drainages can be observed in Harappan town.
* T he tank called the “Great Bath” at Mohenja - Dara is an important structure.
* They cultivated wheat. Barley and various types of millets.
* The tools such as points, chisels, needles, fishhooks and rods were made of bronze.
* The Harappans developed a system of proper weights and measures.
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 3. EARLY TAMIL SOCIETY AND CULTURE
ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Archaeological sites provide evidence of past history - Discuss.
* Archaeological excavations at the early historic sites are the source of evidence of the activities of
the sangam age.
* By the evidence we came to know how the people were living in those days.

2. How important are coins as a source of evidence for the study of sangam age?
* The coins of the Cheras, the Cholas and the Pandyas and the Roman coins are another important
source of evidence from the sangam age.
* These coins help us to know about the ancient trade, kings and foreign currency.

3. Agriculture was one of the main sources of subsistence in sangam age. Give reasons.
* Agriculture was the main factor to fulfill the basic needs of our life.
*Both wet and dry land farming were practiced.

4. Overseas interactions brought glory to ancient Tamilagam. Give example in support.

* The arrival of Roman ships to the Tamilnadu seashore were known by the Roman coins found there.
* Spices including pepper, ivory, and precious stones were exported.
* Gold, silver and copper were imported.

ANSWER IN DETAIL :
1. To what extent do you think the political powers of Tamilagam influenced Sangam Age Polity?
* Among the political powers of the Sangam Age the Cheras, the Cholas and the Pandyas occupied
pre-eminent positions.
* They controlled towns, ports and trade.
The Cheras:
Region - Present day Kerala and Western parts of Tamilnadu.
Capital - Vanci. Port – Muciri and Thondi.
Symbol - Bow and arrow.
The Cholas:
Region - Kavery delta and Northern parts of Tamilnadu.
Capital - Uraiyur. Port - Kaveripoompattinam.
Symbol - The tiger.
The Pandyas:
Region – Southern parts of Tamilnadu.
Capital -- Madurai. Port – Korkai.
Symbol – The fish.

2. Indicate how the industries and crafts of the Sangam Age contribute to their economy.
* Craft production and craft specialization were important aspects of urbanization.

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 * Iron manufacturing was an important artisanal activity.
* Gold ornaments, stone ornaments and glass materials improved their trade.
* The economy was mixed as elaborated in the Thinai concept.

4. INTELLECTUAL AWAKENING AND SOCIO- POLITICAL

CHANGES
ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Write about Hinayana and Mahayana.
* Hinayana : They regarded Buddha as their guru. They denied idol worship. They used the pali
language.
* Mahayana : Buddha was worshipped as God. They made Buddha images and offered prayers.
They used Sanskrit language.

2. Elaborate the term “Tri - Ratnas”.

The three principles of Jainism, as known as Tri- Ratnas. They are
* Right Faith.
* Right Knowledge.
* Right Action.

3. What do you know of Ajatasatru ?

* Ajatasatru, the son of Bimbisara was the king of Magatha.
* In his period, Pataliputra was the another capital of Magatha.

4. What does the Edict of Kalinga convey?

* Kalinga Edict is one of the Edicts of Asoka period.
* In this Edict, Ashoka says his honour and sorrow over the deaths which the war and conquest
caused.

5. Higlight the steps taken by Asoka to spread Buddhism.

* Asoka sent his son and daughter to Sri Lanka to preach the doctrines of Buddha.
* Third Buddhist council was held at Pataliputra by Asoka.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Discuss the five cardinal principles of Confucius.
* The five cardinal principles of Confucius are
* Humaneness * Righteousness
* Propriety * Wisdom
* Trustworthiness
*The foundation of society is the disciplined individual in an orderly family.
* The superior man`s character should be exemplary.
* The superior man of Confucius possesses three virtues: intelligence, courage and goodwill.
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 * The rulers have to be without any bias.

2. Compare and contrast the principles of Jainism and Buddhism.

Similarities:
* Both of them were in favour of non-violence.
* Both were averse to caste system.
* Both religions gave much importance to honest conduct and law of Karma.

Differences ;
* Jainism believed in the doctrine of severe penance.
Buddhist religion advocated a middle course.
* Jainism didn`t recognize the existence of God at all.
Buddha remained silent about the existence of God.

5. THE CLASSICAL WORLD

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Attempt an account of slavery in Rome.
* Prisoners of war were enslaved in Rome.
* A major source of income to the Rome State was the slave trade.
* Slaves were forced to work in farms.

2. Highlight the main contribution of Constantine.

* One of the Roman Emperors Constantine himself became a Christian.
* Christianity became the official religion of the Empire

3. What do you know about the Carthaginian leader Hannibal?

* In Punic wars, Carthage sent a general named Hannibal.
* He defeated the Roman army and made a great part of Italy a dessert.

4. What were the reasons for the prosperity of the Han empire?
* The Han empire once again threw open the silk road for trade.
* New techniques like the method of harnessing horses, techniques of building bridges and mountain
were developed.

5. Write about St. Sophia.

* St.Sophia Cathedral was built in mid- Sixth century.
* The most magnificient building in Europe at that time which was known for its innovative
architectural techniques.
ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Discuss the rise and growth of Athens, pointing out its glorious legacy.
Rise of Athens:
* Athens was a noteworthy city states among other states in Greece.
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 * The people of Athens were excelled in Maths, Physiology and Science.
Growth of Athens:
* In Athens, they practiced democracy methods.
* The law making power in Athens was vested in an assembly open to all free man.
Unique contributions:
* In Athens, towns grew with buildings, forts and temples.
* Olympia Jesus temple and Acropolis forts were examples of its architecture.
* Athens had the famous philosophers such as Socrates, Aristotle and Plato.

2. Write about India’s position during classical position?

Reign;
* The Kushan period corresponded with the last days of the Roman Republic.
* The Kushan empire sent an embassy to Augutus Caesar assembly.
Trade;
* Indian goods were sent to Babylonia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome.
* Trade with Rome flourished during this period.
Literature;
* Eighteen major works of Sangam Age such as Ettuthogai and Pathupattu were compiled during the
first three
Centuries of Common Era.

6. THE MIDDLE AGES

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. The Great wall of China.
* China built walls to defend themselves from the enemies of the North.
* During Chin Dynasty, the separate walls were joined.
* Now its length is about 6,700 kms.

2. Impact of Crusades .
* Crusades ended the Feudal relations.
* New trade centres emerged.
* One notable outcome of Crusades was the loss of Prestige suffered by the Pope and Papacy.

3. How was Feudalism organized in the Middle ages?

* The king was at the head of the Feudal regime.
* Immediately after him were the nobles.
* Third level were the viscounts who had received fief from the nobles.
* Last and final were the knights and slaves.
4. Write about the two instruments used by the Medieval Pope to assert his authority?
* Excommunication.
* Interdict.

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ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Write about Crusades and its impact.
* Crusades ended to the feudal system.
* The increasing demand for products of the East led to the expansion of trade.
* Venice, Genoa and Pisa emerged as an important commercial cities in the Mediterranean region.
* The elimination of the powerful nobles strengthened the monarchy in France and England.
* Pope and Papacy lost their power and prestige.

2. Who were the Mongols? How will they rule China?

Mongols:
* Mongols were nomads.
* They were herdsmen.
* The Mongols were experts in warfare and their remarkable chief Chengizkhan was a great military
genius.
Mongols rule in China:
* They ruled China from AD 1252-1368.
* They appointed Kublaikhan , the Governor of China.
* They were spreading the techniques of China to the West.

7. STATE AND SOCIETY IN MEDIEVAL INDIA

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Write about the military expenditions of Malik Kafur.
* Malik Kafur was Alauddin Khilji`s slave and commander.
* The purpose of his invasion was to expand his territory, to plunder the wealth and to destroy the
Hindhu temples.

2. Who founded the Vijayanagar kingdom? Mention the dynasties that ruled over the kingdom?
* The kingdom was established by the brothers Harihara and Bukka.
Dynasties:
* Sangama dynasty
* Saluva dynasty
* Tuluva dynasty
* Araveedu dynasty

3. Mention the two advantages that India had in cotton weaving.

* The basic raw material cotton grew in almost all parts of India.
* Indians knew the technology of producing permanent vegetable dyes in very early times.

4. What were the factors which facilitated urbanization?

* The large cities were the centers of manufacturing and marketing.
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 * Smaller towns were the marketing centers in local trade.
* Some cities emerged as pilgrim centers.

5. What is Sericulture?
* Sericulture is the process of Silk production by breeding the mulberry silkworm.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Discuss the political changes during 1526-1707 AD.
* In Tamilnadu the Cholas period was enterprising at that time.
* Trade and economy developed. New temples were built.
* The establishment of Vijayanagar empire made a great impact in Tamilnadu administration.
* The Mughal empire was founded by Babur and established in Delhi.
* The Mughal empire led to the impressive growth in the economy and trade.
* The advent of the Europeans ended at the beginning of Colonization of the British in India.

2. Explain the Commercial developments in Medieval India.

* The village was the basic geographical unit of production.
* Barter was the medium of exchange.
* A network of roads to other centers in other parts of the country.
* The business intermediaries were seen in this period.
* The major ports ( Surat, Masulipatnam, Calicut etc.,) were the nodal points in the international
maritime trade.

3. “Chola period was a enterprising period in this history of Tamilnadu”- Elucidate.

* The administrative machinery was re-organized during the Chola rule.
* The basic rule of local administration was the village followed by the sub-region and district.
* They were responsible for the maintenance of the water resources, land, temple and local needs.
* Trade and the economy expanded in Chola period.
* The another notable feature was that the great increase in the construction of the temples and new
techniques were introduced to built them.

8. THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN AGE

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Explain how the invention of the printing press influenced Renaissance, Reformation, and
Geographical discoveries.
* Printing press spread knowledge widely.
* It helped in issuing pamphlets and published books highlighting the abuse of Catholic church.
* Travelogue and geography related books increased the knowledge of sea – route.
2. Write a short note on the impact of Renaissance .
* Enriched the growth of vernacular languages.
* It played a decisive role in the discovery of new land routes and remapping of the world.

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3. Outline the differences of Martin Luther with Catholic church.
* He rejected the belief that ceremonies and penances would lead to salvation.
* He rejected the role of the church as an intermediary between the individual and God.

4. Write a brief note on Counter Refoemation.

* Pope Paul III dealt with corruption severly and stopped the sale of offices.
* He also gave official sanction to the Society of Jesus.

5. What is Columbian Exchange.

* The movement of plants, animals, technology, culture and strange disease between the America
and Europe is called Columbian Exchange.

DETAILED ANSWERS ;
1. Discuss how Renaissance, Reformation and Geographical discoveries heralded the Modern Age.
Renaissance
* This led to the emergence of a rich and vibrant urban culture.
* The idea of humanism was first expressed in literature.
Reformation
* The critical thinking and inquisitive Spirit of Renaissance humanism helped people question such
practices of the church.
* The Lutheran reformation opened the gates for other Protestant reformation .
Geographical discoveries.
* The geographical discoveries transformed the Europe as a commercial centre of the world.
* Goods and culture were transferred between Europe and Asia.
* Many Asian and African countries were under the colonization of Europe.

2. Examine the outcome of the geographical discoveries.

* The geographical discoveries transform the Europe as a commercial centre of the world.
* Many new cereals and fruits were exported from America and imported in Europe.
* Most of the countries in the world followed slavery system.
* Commercial diseases spread and many of them died during this time.
* The economic system followed during this period has been described as mercantilism.

9. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION

ANSWER IN BRIEF :
1. Who were puritans? Why did they leave England?
* Reforms who led a religions movement to reform the church of England is called Puritans.
* They could not accept the practices of the Roman Catholic. So they left England.

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2. What do you know about the Quakers?
* Quakers were laying emphasis on the Holy Spirit, rejected outward rites and an ordained ministry.
* Quakers have the reputation of actively working for peace and opposing war.

3. Point out the siginificance of “ the Boston Tea Party” ?

* The Boston tea party led to war between the rebellions colonies and England.

4. Attempt an account of “ September Massacres”.

* The people of Paris killed the supporters of monarchy under their leader Mart.
* In three days, from September 2 about 1500 suspected dissidents were put in prison.

5. Explain the composition of “ Three Estates of France “

1. The clergy.
2. The nobles and
3. The commons.

6. Sketch the role of Lafayette in the French Revolution

* Lafayette penned “ The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen “ with the help of
Jefferson and Mirabu.
* This book is about human rights which is applicable for whole world irrespective of time.

7. What was the background for the storming of Bastille prison ?

* The people of French gathered on a tennis court and started revolt against the king.
* The king tried to use force for dispressing the people but his own soldiers refused to obey his
orders.
* When the King tried to suppress the revolt, it provoked people and they set free all the prisoners
from Bastile jail.

8. What were the taxes the peasants had to pay in France on the eve of Revolution ?
I) Tithe ii) taile ( land tax ) iii) gabelle ( salt tax ) iv) labour ( corvee)

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. “ Taxation without Representation” led to the outbreak of American war of Independence .
Explain.
* The Sugar Act of 1764 prohibited the import of foreign rum from other countries.
* Imposed duties on molasses, wines, silks, coffee and other luxury items.
* The Currency Act was passed that insisted on colonies repaying the debt in gold or silver.
* “ The Quartering Act” of 1765 required colonies to pay for the cost of keeping British troops in
America.
* Based on the above acts,” No taxation without presentation” became their battle cry. These led to
American War of Independence.

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2. Highlight the contribution of French philosophers to the Revolution of 1789.
Voltaire :
* Voltaire was a prolific writer and activist.
* He wrote about the worst condition in France.
* He criticized against church activities.
Rousseau :
* His ideas played an important part in preparing people of France for the great revolution.
* His famous saying in his book Social Contract, ”Man is born free, but is everywhere in cha ins”.
Montesquieu :
* He put forward the theory of Separation of powers.

10. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. What was the condition of labourers` houses during Industrial Revolution?
* The Housing of laborers were tiny, dirty and sickly for the laboring class.
* There were many outbreaks of communicable diseases in the living places of laborers

2. Account for urbanization in England.

* With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, there was however a general decline in agriculture.
* This resulted in the flow of population.
* England became the workshop of the world.

3. Attempt a note on Haymarket massacre?

* A labor protest took place on 4 th May 1886 at Haymarket.
* What began as a peaceful rally in the support of workers striking for an eight-hour day resulted in
the killing of several workers by the police.
* This incident is called Haymarket Massacre.

4. What do you know of Louis Renault?

* In 1898 Louis Renault built the quadricycle.
* He began to produce in large quantities under his company, the Societe Renault Freres.
5. Highlight any two important results of Industrial Revolution.
* The Expansion of trade.
* Create opportunities for employment.
* Increase the population.

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ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Enumerate the causes for the second Industrialization in the USA.
* A shift from manual labour based to machine based manufacturing industry marked the industrial
revolution in the United States.
* After the civil war Industrialiazation became intensified.
* The first transcontinental railroad was completed to transport people and goods.
* Steam boat transport were introduced to improve the trade.
* Thomas Alva Edison’s invention of the Electric bulb and Alexander Graham’s invention of the
telephone led to modernaisation of America.

2. What were the effects of Industrial Revolution of England on India?

* India became the platform for producing the raw materials for the industries of England.
* Indian handloom lost their market value.
* India had become the selling place for their finished products.
* The weaves and their families died of starvation.
* The unemployment led to major crisis.
* Food production decreased.

11. COLONIALISM IN ASIA AND AFRICA

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Distinguish between Colonialism and Imperialism.
Colonialism Imperialism

* The transfer of population to a new territory, * One country exercises power over another
where the arrivals lived as a permanent settlers. country.

2. Write a note on Zulu tribe.

* The zulu tribe was known for its strong fighting spirit.
* Shaka Zulu played a prominent role in building the largest Zulu nation in South – Eastern Africa.

3. State the three phases in the colonialisation of Indian economy.

a) Phase I - Mercantilist Capitalism.
b) Phase II - Industrial Capitalism.
c) Phase III - Financial Capitalism.

4. Colonel Pennycuick :
* An Army Engineer – Civil Servant - a member of the Madras Legislative Council.
* When the construction of Mullai Periyar Dam, he could not get adequate funds from the British
government.
Pennycuick went to England and sold his family property to mobilize money to fund the project.
Then he completed it in 1895.

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5. Explain Home Charges.
* The dividends on East India’s stock.
* Interest on Debt.
* Savings from salaries and the pensions of officers.
* Establishments and buildings in the India office at London.
* Transporting cost of British troops to and from India .

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Discuss the economic impact of British Rule in India.
* British government created a class of Zamindars or landlords in India.
* The Ryotwari System was a different revenue system introduced in India.
* Under this system, the peasant was the proprietor and paid tax on the land.
* Peasants had to even mortgage or sell their property.
* Major irrigation plans introduced to India for the purpose of agriculture.

2. Explain the process of colonization in Africa.

Between 1881 and 1941 European power established their colonies in African territories.
Britain :
* Natal , Cape colony , Johannesburg , Rhodesia , Kenya , Uganda and Zanzibar were conquered by
Britain.
Dutch :
* Dutch conquered Transvaal and Orange free state.
French :
* French was holding Senegal annexing Guinea , Ivory Coast and south part of Sahara desert.
Belgium :
* Belgium conquered Congo territories.

GEOGRAPHY
1. LITHOSPHERE - I ENDOGENETIC PROCESSES
Distinguish - between :
1. CORE CRUST

* Innermost layer of the earth. * Outer layer of the earth.

* It is composed mainly of Nical and Iron. * It is composed mainly of Silica and Aluminium.
* It is called NIFE. * It is called SIAL.

2. EPICENTRE HYPOCENTRE

* Epicentre is a point on the Earth’s surface that * The point of origin of an Earthquake is called
lies directly above the focus. focus.
* The impact of the earthquake is felt the most at
the epicenter. * It generates a series of elastic waves
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 3. DIVERGENT BOUNDARY CONVERGENT BOUNDARY

* The plates pull away from each other. * The plate moves towards each other.
* Magma pushes up from the mantle. * A plate sinks under another.

4. PRIMARY WAVES SECONDARY WAVES

* These waves are the fastest of all the earthquake *These waves are slower than primary waves.
waves.
* These waves passes through solids, liquids and * These waves passes through only solids.
gases.
5. SHIELD VOLCONO VOLCANIC DOME

* The lava of the volcanic flows out in all * As the lava is rich in silica with intense viscosity,
directions to create shield. it deposits a circular mound formed.
* Ex., Mauna Lao, Hawai. * Ex., Paricutin, Mexico.

ANSWER IN BRIEFLY ;
1. Write a brief note on the various spheres of the Earth.
Lithosphere - the solid outer part of the Earth.
Atmosphere - thin layer of gases that surrounds the Earth.
Hydrosphere - watery part of the Earth ‘ s surface.
Biosphere - the layer of Earth where life exists.

2. Mention the layers of the interior of the Earth.

* The layers of the interior of the Earth is divided into three. They are the crust, the mantle and the
core.
3. Define - Plate tectonics.
* The lithosphere is divided into a number of huge slabs of rocks called Tectonic plates.
* These tectonic plates are divided into major and minor plates.

4. What is Tsunami ?
* Large seismically generated sea waves caused by Earthquakes, submarine explosions and
landslides. It is called Tsunami.

5. What is a volcano? Mention its major components ?

* A volcano is a vent of the Earth crust through which hot magma erupt out to the surface from the
Earth ‘s interior.
Components;
* Magma chamber * Vents * Volconic cone * Crater

6. What is an Earthquake and how it occurs ?

* Earthquakes are generally caused by the sudden vibrations in the Earth’s crust.
* The point of origin of an earthquake is called focus which generates a series of elastic waves.
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7. What are seismic waves and mention its types ?
* Earthquake generates seismic waves.
Types ;
1. Primary waves 2. Secondary waves 3. Surface waves.

8. Write about the Pacific Ring of Fire.

* The Pacific Ring of Fire is an around the pacific ocean where many volcanoes are found.
* The Ring of Fire is the most seismically and volcanically active zone in the world.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Describe the structure of the Earth.
* The structure of the Earth ‘s interior is divided into three layers namely the crust , the mantles , and
the core.
Crust ;
* Crust is the outer layer of the Earth where we live.
* It is about 5 to 30 Kms.
* It is the solid layer of the Earth.
* The major elements of crust are Silica and Aluminium.
Mantle :
* The interior part beneath the crust is called mantle.
* It is about 2,900 Km thick .
* The major elements of the mantle are Silica and Magnesium.
Core :
* The core is the innermost part of the Earth.
* It is the hottest layer.
* The core is divided into solid inner core and the liquid outer core .
* The major elements of core are Nical and Iron .

2. Write a note on the internal and external processes of Earth.

Internal processes :
* The forces that act from the Earth ‘s interior towards the Earth ‘s surface are called Internal
processes.
External processes :
* The forces that act on the surface of the Earth are called External processes.
* Running water , glacier , wind , waves etc., are some natural agents on the earth surface .

3. How are volcanoes classified based on the periodicity of their eruptions ?

* Based on the periodicity of eruptions volcanoes are classified into
I . Active volcano
II. Dormant volcano
III. Extinct volcano

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I . Active volcano :
* These volcanoes are constantly eject volcanic lava , gases and fragmented materials .
Ex., Mount St. Helens in the USA .
II. Dormant volcano :
* These type of volcanoes do not show any sign of volcanic activity for a long period of time.
Ex., Mt . Fugi, Japan.
III . Extinct volcano :
* Some volcanoes permanently stops its volcanic activity . These are called dead or Extinct volcanoes.
Ex., Mt . Kilimanjaro , Tanzania .

4. Expain the effects of volcanoes .

( i ) Constructive effects :
* Enrich the soil fertility that promotes agricultural activities.
* These are the most attractive tourist spots of the world.
* Most of the volcanic materials are used as building material.
( ii ) Destructive effects :
* Volcanic eruption causes Earthquake , fast floods , mud slide and rock fall.
* The large amount of dust and ash makes breathing hard and irritable.
* Volcanic eruption can alter the weather changes.

2. LITHOSPHERE - II EXOGENETIC PROCESSES

Distinguish between ;
1. PHYSICAL WEATHERING CHEMICAL WEATHERING

* It is the break down of rocks due to action of * It is the break down of rocks due to chemical
physical force. reactions.
* The agents of physical weathering are constant * The agents of chemical weathering are
freezing and excess heating. oxidation,
Carbonation, solution and hydration.
2. DELTA ESTUARY

* Delta is formed where the river lying area * Estuary is formed where the river meets the sea.
formed its mouth.
* It’s shape of deposition is triangular. * There is no deposition.
* Ex., Cauvery delta. * Ex., Narmatha and Tapti.
3. STALACTITE STALAGMITE

* When the calcite hangs from the ceiling * When the calcite rises upward like a pillar
stalactite are formed. stalagmites are formed.
* It hangs from ceiling of a cave. * It grows from the cave’s floor.
4. LONGITUDINAL TRANSVERSE SAD DUNES

* Longitudinal dunes are long narrow ridges of * Transverse dunes are asymmetrical in shape.
sand. * They are formed by alternate slow and fast
* They are formed by extend in a direction winds that blow from the same direction.
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parallel to the prevailing winds.
5. INSELBERGS YARDANGS

* These hard rocks like igneous rocks are more * In arid regions these rocks have hard and soft
resistant to wind action. layers arranged vertically.
* These are seen like island mountains. * These are seen irregular crests.
6. SPIT BAR

* A spit is a ridge attached to the land on one end * A Bar is an elongated deposit of sand , shingle
and terminating in open water on the other end. or mud found in the sea.
* Spits are common at the mouth of estuaries. * Bars are almost parallel to the shoreline.

ANSWER IN BRIEF :
1. Define weathering.
* Weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of materials of the earth’s crust by their
exposure to atmosphere.

2. What do you mean by biological weathering?

* Biological weathering occurs due to penetration of plants, animals and some human activities.

3. Mention the three courses of a river with any two land forms associated to each course.
( i ) The upper course - ‘ V ‘ shaped valleys, gorges.
( ii ) The middle course - Alluvial fans, food plains.
( iii ) The lower course - Deltas, estuaries.

4. What are ox – bow lakers?

* Meanders in due course of time become almost a complete circle with narrow necks.
* This in turn gets connected forms a lake.

5. How does a sea cave differ from a sea arch?

* When two caves approach one another from either side of a headland and unite , they form an arch.

6. List out any four karst topographical areas found in India .

* Guptadham caves _ Western Bihar .
* Robert caves _ Uttarakhand .
* Pandav caves _ Madhya Pradesh .
* Borra caves _ Andhra Pradesh .

7.What do you mean by a hanging valley?

* These are valleys eroded by tributary glacier and that hangs over the main valley.
8. Define : a ) Moraine b) Drumlin c) Esker
a ) Moraine :
* Landforms formed by the glacial deposits of valley or continental glaciers are termed as moraines.

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b ) Drumlin :
* Drumlins are deposits of glacial moraines that resemble giant inverted teaspoons or half cut eggs.
c ) Esker :
* Long narrow ridges composed of boulders gravel and sand deposited by streams of melting water
which run parallel to a glacier are called eskers.

9. Mention the various features formed by wind erosion.

* Mushroom rocks * Inselbergs * Yardangs
10 . What are wave cut platforms?
* Flat surface found at the foot of the sea cliffs are called as wave cut platforms.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Write a note on weathering classify and explain.
* Weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of materials of the earth’ s crust by their
exposure to atmosphere.
There are three types of weathering;
* Physical weathering
* Chemical weathering
* Biological weathering
Physical weathering ;
* It is the breakdown of rocks due to action of physical force. Ex., Heat and Cold.
Chemical weathering ;
* It is the breakdown of rocks due to chemical reactions. Ex., Oxidation, Carbonation.
Biological weathering ;
* Biological weathering occurs due to penetration of plants, animals and some human activities.

2. Explain the erosional landforms formed by underground water.

* Erosional landforms of underground water are :
( i ) Terra Rossa
( ii ) Lappies
( iii ) Sinkhole
( iv ) Caves and Caverns
Terra Rossa :
* Deposition of red clay soil on the surface of the Earth is due to the dissolution of limestone content
in rocks is called terra rossa.
Lappies :
* When the joins of Limestone rocks are corrugated by ground water , long furrows are formed and
these are called Lappies.
Sinkhole :
* A funnel shaped depressions formed due to dissolution of limestone rocks is called Sinkholes.
Caves and Cavers ;
* Caves are hollows that are formed by the dissolution of limestone rocks when Carbon di oxide in air
turns into Carbonic acid after its reaction with water.
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3. What is glacier? Explain its types .
Glacier :
* A Glacier is a large mass of ice that moves slowly over the land.
Types of Glacier :
* Glaciers are divided into two types.
( i ) Continental Glacier .
( ii ) Valley Glacier .
Continental Glacier ;
* Thick sheets of ice that covers vast area of a continent is called Continental Glacier.
Valley Glacier :
* The glacier which takes its origin from a snow covered mountain range is known as a Valley
Glacier.

4. Describe the depositional work of winds.

Depositional Landforms of wind;
* Deposition occurs when the speed of wind is reduced by the presence of obstacles like bushes,
forests and rock structures. These sediments carried by wind get deposited on both the windward and
leeward sides of these obstacles.
* Some of the depositonal landforms are
( i ) Sand dune
( ii ) Barchan
( iii ) Transverse Dunes
( iv ) Longtudinal Dunes
( v ) Loess.

4. ATMOSPHERE
Distinguish between ;
1. WEATHER CLIMATE

* Weather is the study of atmospheric conditions * Climate is he study of the average weather
for short duration over small areas. condition observed over a long period of time for a
* Weather data is collected every day. longer area.
* Climate is average of the weather around 35
years.
2. LAND BREEZE SEA BREEZE

* The wind that blows from land to sea is called * The wind that blows from ocean to land is called
Land breeze . Sea breeze.
* It brings dry weather. * It brings rainfall.
3. WINDWARD SIDE LEEWARD SIDE

* The windward is the side of a mountain which * The leeward side of the mountain is the side
faces the prevailing wind. sheltered from the wind.
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* It receives heavy rainfall. * It receives very less rainfall.

4. TROPICAL CYCLONE TEMPERATE CYCLONE

* Tropical cyclones develop in the inter tropical * Temperate cyclones are formed along a front
convergence zone. where hot and cold air masses meet in mid
latitudes between 350 and 650 N and S both in.
* Tropical cyclones causes heavy loss of life and * Temperate cyclones do not become weak on
property. reaching the land.

ANSWER IN BRIEF :
1. Define atmosphere.
* The blanket of air that surrounds the Earth is called the atmosphere.

2. Mention the factors that effect the climate.

* Disaster from Equator * Altitude * Nearness to the sea
* Nature of the prevailing winds * Mountain barrier * Cloud cover
* Ocean currents * Natural vegetation.

3. Write a short note on Lapse rate.

* The temperature decreases at the rate of 1 0 c for every 165 mts of height is known as Lapse rate .

4. What are the processes responsible for heating the atmosphere?

* Radiation , Conduction , Convection and Advection .

5. Mention the planetary wind system of the Earth.

* The wind which constantly blow in the same direction throughout the year are called the planetary
winds.

6. Write short note on a) Trade winds b) Roaring Forties

Trade winds :
* Trade winds blow from the subtropical high pressure belt to the Equatoral low pressure belt in both
the hemisphere.
Roaring winds :
* The velocity of westerlies become so vigorous and fast to be called Roaring Forties at 40 0.

7. How are clouds formed?

* Cool moisture laden air, gets collected around particles like dust , salt content from the sea , smoke
etc., and form clouds .

8. What were the different types of rainfall?

* Convectional rainfall
* Cyclonic rainfall
* Orographic rainfall
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9. Write about the notes on : a) Drizzle b) Rain c) Sleet d) Snow e)
Heat
a) Drizzle : Falling of numerous uniform minute droplets of water with diameter of less than 0.5 mm
is called drizzle.
b ) Rain : When there is abundant moistere in the air , the diameter of droplets of water is more than
5mm . It is called rain .
c ) Sleet : Sleet refers to a precipitation in the form of pellets made up of transparent and translucent ice
. This precipitation is a mixture of snow and rain .
d ) Snow : It is the precipitation of opaque and semi opaque ice crystals .
e ) Heat : Heat is a energy which makes objects hot while temperature measures the intensing of heat.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1 . Write a paragraph about the structure of the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is divided into five layers .
( i ) Troposhere
( ii ) Stratosphere
( iii ) Mesosphere
( iv ) Thermosphere
( v ) Exosphere
Troposphere :
* The layer extends upto 8 kms at the poles and upto 18 kms at the Equator.
* The temperature decreases with increasing height.
Stratosphere :
* This layer extends upto 50 kms.
* Ozone molecules are found in this layer.
Mesosphere :
* This layer extends upto 80 kms.
* Most of the meteors nearing the Earth get ignited here.
Thermosphere :
* It extends upto 600 kms.
* Ionosphere is a layer of the thermosphere that contains ions and free electrons.
Exosphere :
* This layer merges with the outer space.

2 . Explain the different types of permanent winds.

* The winds which constantly blow in the same direction throughout the year are called the planetary
winds. These winds include
1. Trade winds
2. Westerlies
3. Polar Easterlies

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Trade winds :
* They blow with greater regularity in force and in a constant direction throughout the year.
* These winds were very helpful to traders who sailing in the seas.
Westerlies ;
* Westerlies are permenant winds.
* The velocity of westerlies become so vigorous and fast.
Polar Easterlies :
* Polar Easterlies are cold and dry polar winds.
* These are weak winds.

3. How are clouds classified? Explain them.

* According to their height clouds are classified into the following types
1. High clouds are 6 – 20 kms Height. They are classified into Cirrus, Cirro - cumulus and
Cirro -stratus.
2. Middle clouds are 2.5 - 6 kms Height. They are classified into Alto stratus, Alto cumulus and
Nimbo stratus.
3. Low clouds are ground surface to 25 kms height. They are classified into Strato cumulus,
Stratus, Cumulus and Cumulo nimbus.

4. How are cyclones formed? How are they classified?

* Cyclones are centers of low pressure where winds from the surrounding high pressure are converge
towards the centre in a spiral form.
They can be classified into
( i ) Tropical cyclones
(ii ) Temperate cyclones ( iii ) Extra tropical cyclones.
Tropical Cyclones :
* They are formed due to the differential heating of land and sea.
Temperate Cyclones :
* They are formed along in mid – latitudes between both in 250 and 650 N and S.
* They do not become weak on reaching the land.
Extra tropical Cyclones :
* These are also called as mid – latitude cyclones .
* They produce mild showers to heavy gales .

5. Explain the different forms of precipitation.

* The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, hail etc.,
a) Drizzle : Falling of numerous uniform minute droplets of water with diameter of less than 0.5 mm is
called drizzle.

b ) Rain : When there is abundant moistere in the air , the diameter of droplets of water is more than
5mm . It is called rain.

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c ) Sleet : Sleet refers to a precipitation in the form of pellets made up of transparent and translucent ice .
This precipitation is a mixture of snow and rain.

d ) Snow : It is the precipitation of opaque and semi opaque ice crystals .

e ) Hail : Hails are chunks of ice ( greater than 2 cm ) falling from the sky.

4. HYDROSPHERE
Distinguish between :
1. SPRING TIDE NEAP TIDE

* When the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned in * When the Sun , Moon and Earth are at right
the same line , the collective gravitation causing to angles , their gravitational force causes a low tide
form a high tide called Spring tide. is called Neap tide.
* It occurs on full moon and new moon days. * It occurs the first and last quarter moon appears.
2. ABYSSAL PLAINS OCEAN DEEPS

* These plains are underwater plains found on the * Trenches are the deepest part of the oceans.
deep ocean floor.
* These are slight slope. * They occupy about 7% of the total relief of the
ocean floor.

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;

1. What do you mean by the term Hydrosphere?

* Hydrosphere consists of water in various forms found on the Earth.
* It is a collection of all forms of water on the Earth.

2. What is hydrological cycle?

* The Earth’s water is always in motion. This continuous movement of water on above and below
the Earth `s surface is called the hydrological cycle.

3. Mention the various relief features of ocean floor.

* Continental shelf * Continental slope * Continental rise
* Deep sea plain * Oceanic deep * Oceanic ridge

4. What are the factors that generate the oceanic currents?

* Earth’ s rotation * Prevailing winds * Difference in temperature * Salinity of ocean
water

5. Write a brief note on sea waves.

* Sea waves are ripples on water caused by the winds that blow over the sea.
* The height of these waves depends upon on the speed of wind its duration and the direction .

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ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Write a note on Continental Shelf and Continental Slope.
Continental Shelf :
* A gently sloping platform extending out from the continental land mass into the sea is called
Continental Shelf.
* This type of land is shallower.
* There is abundant growth of grass, sea weeds and plankton. So these zones become the richest
fishing ground in the world.
Continental Slope :
* A steep slope which descends from the edge of the continental shelf to the deep ocean bed is called
Continental Shelf.
* Deep canyons and trenches are present there.

2. What do you mean by ocean currents? Explain its types.

Ocean currents :
The movement of oceanic water on the surface and at the depths in a definite direction is called Ocean
currents.
Types of ocean currents;
( i ) Warm currents
(ii ) Cold currents
Warm currents :
* The movement of ocean currents from the low latitudes towards high latitudes are called warm
currents.
Ex., Gulf stream in Atlantic ocean .
Cold current :
* The movement of ocean currents from high latitudes to low latitudes are called cold currents.
Ex., Peruvian current in pacific ocean.

3. Explain the influences of the marine resources on mankind.

* Oceans are the life blood of planet Earth and mankind.
* They are essential for the oceanic prosperity.
* Oceans have extensive deposits of oil reserves.
* Besides a major fishing ground , it helps in the development of many ports for trade activities.
* Coastal tourism also attracts people around the world.

5. BIOSPHERE
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN:
1. PRODUCERS DECOMPOSERS
*Producers are self nourishing components of the * Decomposers are some organisms that are
ecosystem. incapable of preparing their own food.

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 * Ex., Plants, algae , etc., * Ex., Fungae, mushrooms, etc.,
2. TERRESTRIAL BIOMES AQUATIC BIOMES
*Terrestrial biomes are a group of living * Aquatic biomes are a group of living organisms
organisms that live on land. that live in aquatic environments.
* Ex., Deer, elephant. * Fishes
3. TROPICAL VEGETATION DESERT VEGETATION
* Annual rainfall in this vegetation is above 200 * Annual rainfall in this vegetation is less than 50
cms. cms.
* Ex., Rubber, ebony, bamboo, etc., * Ex., Thorny scrubs and bushes, palms etc.,

4. SAVANNAS TUNDRA
* This biome is generally hot and dry and * This region experiences long severe winter and
experiences moderate to low rainfall. short cold summer.
* The common animals found here are the lion, * The common animals found here are polar beer,
leopard, tiger, deer etc., reindeer, snowy owl.

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. What is Biosphere?
* Biosphere is a life supporting layer that exists on the Earth`s surface.
* It comprises the Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Atmosphere.

2. What is an ecosystem?
* An ecosystem is a community where all living organisms and non living organisms interact with
one another.

3. What does the term `biodiversity` mean?

* Biodiversity means a wide variety of living organisms which live in a habitat.

4. What is meant by loss of biodiversity?

* The extinction of species due to human and natural influences is called loss of biodiversity.

5. Mention the various terrestrial biomes.

* Tropical forest biomes.
* Tropical savanna biomes.
* Desert biomes.
* Temperate grassland biomes.
* Tundra biomes.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Explain the various components of ecosystem.
* An ecosystem consists of three basic components. They are
i. Abiotic components
ii. Biotic components.
iii. Energy components.

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I. ABIOTIC COMPONENTS:
* It includes the non living, inorganic, physical and chemical factors in the environment.
Ex., Land, air, water.
II. BIOTIC COMPONENTS:
* Biotic components include plants, animals, and microorganisms. It can be classified into three
categories:
a) Producers – Plants, algae.
b) Consumers – Goat, lion.
c) Decomposers – Fungus, mushrooms.
III. ENERGY COMPONENTS:
* All organisms in the biosphere use energy to work and convert one form of energy into another.
* The Sun is the ultimate source of energy for the biosphere as a whole.
2. Write a paragraph on the function of an ecosystem.
ENERGY FLOW:
* The functioning of an ecosystem depends on the pattern of the energy flow.
* It helps in the distribution and circulation of the organic and inorganic matter within an ecosystem.
* Energy flow generally takes place in an hierarchical order in various levels.
FOOD CHAIN:
* The chain of transformation of energy from one group of organisms to another through various
trophic levels is called a food chain.
FOOD WEB:
* A system of interlocking and interdependent food chains is called a food web.

3. Explain about the aquatic biomes on Earth.

* Aquatic biomes are broadly classified as fresh water biomes and marine biomes.
FRESH WATER BIOMES:
* It comprises lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, wetlands etc.,
* Water lily, lotus, duck are the common plants found here.
* Tront, salmon, turtles, crocodiles etc., are the animals found here.
* Humans rely on freshwater biomes for drinking water, crop irrigation and industry.
MARINE BIOMES:
* They are the largest aquatic biomes on earth.
* It provides a wide range of habitats for marine plants and animals.
* Humans use aquatic biomes for water, food and leisure activities.

6. MAN AND ENVIRONMENT

Distinguish between :
1. PRIMARY ACTIVITIES SECONDARY ACTIVITIES
* Primary activities pertain to the extraction of * Secondary activities transform raw materials into
raw materials from the earth`s surface. finished materials .
* Ex., Food gathering , hunting , fishing etc., * Ex., Iron and Steel Industries, automobile,
manufacturing.

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ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. What do you mean the term “ Density of population “ ?
*The number people living per square kilometer is called density of population.
Density of population = Total population / Total area .
2. What is ‘Black death’?
* When the disease breaks out and affects large number of people in a particular geographical region
and spreads at the same time it is called Black death.
* Ex., Outbreak of plague in 14 th century in Europe .
3. Define.
i) Population growth.
* It refers to an increase in the number of people who reside in a particular area during a particular
period.
ii) Census:
* Census is an official enumeration of population carried out periodically.
iii) Sustainable Development:
* Sustainable Development is the development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Explain the factors affecting the distribution of population.
* Factors affecting the distribution of population:
i) Physical factors:
* Physical factors include temperature, rainfall, soil, relief, water, natural vegetation, distribution of
minerals, and availability of energy sources.
ii) Historical factors:
* Regions with historical importance, war and constant invasions fall under historical factors
responsible for population distribution.
iii) Economic factors:
* Educational institutions, employment opportunities, manufacturing industries, trade and commerce
and other facilities encourage dense population in an area.

2. Describe the patterns of rural settlement with near diagrams.

Rectangular pattern:
* Rectangular pattern of settlements are found in plain areas of valleys.
* The roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angle.
Linear pattern :
* The houses are located along a road , railway line and along the edge of
the river valley or along a levee .
Circular and semicircular pattern :
* This is found around the lake , ponds and sea coasts are called circular
Or semicircular patterns .
Star like pattern
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 * Where several metalled or unmetalled roads converge star shaped settlements develop.
* Houses are spread out along the sides of roads in all directions .
Triangular pattern :
* Triangular patterns of rural settlement generally develop at the confluence of rivers.
T - Shaped , Y - Shaped , Cross - Shaped or Cruciform Settlements :
i) T - Shaped settlements develop at tri - junctions of the roads.
ii) Y - Shaped settlements emerge as the places where two roads converge with
the third one .
iii) Cruciform settlements develop on the cross - roads which extend in all four
directions .

7. MAPPING SKILL
Distinguish between :
1. GLOBE MAP

* A globe gives a three dimensional presentation * A map gives a two dimensional presentation of
of the entire world. a certain regions of the world.
* A globe can be called as a duplicate earth. * The symbols and colors used in the maps give us
many details.
2. ARIEAL PHOTOGRAPHS SATELLITE IMAGINERIES

* Takes more time to capture an area .Aircraft * Satellites collect large amount of data of the
needs to fly back and forth. entire area in a short span .
* Surveying can be planned in a short time and is * High cost of satellite systems .
economical.
3. GIS GPS

* GIS stands for Geographical Information * GPS stands for Global Positioning System.
System. * GPS converts satellite signals into location ,
* GIS is a combination of computer hardware , speed ad time data in any time all over the world.
software , geographic data and the personnel.

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. What is a map ?
* A map is a location guide.
* Maps can show either the whole world or a part of the world.

2. What are the components of a map?

* Title * Scale * Direction * Grid system * Project * Legend
* Conventional signs * Symbols .

3. The distance between two cities A and B is 5 km. It is represented by a line of 5 cm on the map
* Calculate the distance and give the answer in RF.( Representative Fraction)
1 Km = 100000 cms

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 5 Kms = 500000 cms.
Distance in RF = Distance on the map / Distance on the ground .
= 5 cm / 5 km
= 5 / 500000
So RF is 5 : 500000 .

4. Mention the few surveying instruments.

* Chain * Prismatic Compass * Plane table * Dumpy level * Abney level
* Clinometre * Theodolite * GNSS .

5. Define Remote sensing.

* Remote sensing means acquiring information about things / places from a distance, using a variety
of tools and methods .

6. What are the components of remote sensing?

* Energy source * Transmission path * Target * Sensor.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. What do you mean by the term ‘ Scale of the map’ ? Explain its classification.
* A scale is a ratio between the actual distance on the map to the actual distance on the ground.
* Scales can be represented in three methods.
1. Statement Scale .
2. The Representative Fraction
3. Linear or Graphical scale method .
Statement scale ;
* The statement scale describes the relationship of map distance to ground distance in words.
* It expressed as 1cm = 10 kms.
The Representative Fraction ( R. F )
* It describes the proportion or ratio of the map distance to ground distance.
Representative Fraction = Distance on the map / Distance on the ground.
Linear ( or ) Graphical scale :
* In a map, a linear scale is represented by a straight line divided into equal parts to show what these
markings represent on the actual ground .

2. Write a note on directions with relevant diagram.

* Maps are drawn normally with orientation to north.
* North direction in a map is always towards the North Pole of the Earth.
* If a person position himself looking at the North Pole, on right will be the east ;
left will be the west; Back will be the south; These four-main directions are called the cardinal
directions .
* Direction is usually indicated on a map by a North – South line , with the North direction
represented by an arrow head .

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3. Explain the major uses of GPS? Explain about any one.
* GPS technology in various applications such as mobile phones, vehicles, shipping containers and
ATM s .
* The main purpose of GPS is to help in providing accurate transport data.
* It helps in military searches and rescue persons in wars.
* It can work as a reliable tourist guide.
* GPS helps during accident and rescue efforts , speeding the delivery of emergency services and
disaster relief .

4. Bhuvan has tremendous uses for scientists , policy makers and the general public . Justify .
* Due to 3D rendering, it gives the impression of moving through real space and time .
* Students can understand subjects from science to history.
* It provides information on nature resources and on disasters.
* Administrators use it for monitoring various developmental schemes.
* Using Bhuvan connected to Internet, one can explore places of interest, by entering the names of
places or its co - ordinates ( latitudes and longitudes )

8. DISASTER MANAGEMENT - RESPONDING TO DISASTERS

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Who are the community `s first responders to disaster ?
* Police officers * Fire fighters * Emergency medical technicians
2. Though Japan has the densest seismic network , Indonesia , has the most number of
earthquake. Why?
* Indonesia is also in a very active seismic zone since it is larger than Japan, it has more
earthquakes .

3. How many males and females die per day due to fire in India?
* 42 females and 21 males die every day in India due to fire.

4. What should you do after a Tsunami?

* Stay out of a building if water remains around it.
* First aid should be given if the injury occurs .
* If gas leaks, open a window and get everyone outside quickly.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Write a short note on Tsunami .
* A Tsunami is a series of enormous ocean waves caused by earthquakes, underwater landslides and
volcanic eruptions.
* Tsunami can travel 700 – 800 Km per hour with waves 10 – 30 m in height.
* It causes flooding.
* A Tsunami can kill or injure people and damage or destroy infrastructure.

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2. What do you do if you are indoor during an earthquake?
* Drop to the ground, take cover by getting under a sturdy table and hold on until the shaking stops .
* If there is no table or desk, cover the face and head with arms and crouch in an inside corner of the
building .
* Stay away from glass windows outside doors and walls.
* Stay inside until the shaking stops and then go outside..

3. How do you respond to Tsunami?

* Find out if the living area is in Tsunami hazard areas along the sea – shore.
* Plan evacuation routes from the place where tsunamis in poses a risk.
* Use a weather radio to keep informed of local watches and warnings.
* Discuss with family about food safety and precautionary measures during a tsunami.

4. Write three sentences about what to do during fire.

* Stay calm.
* Leave the building immediately.
* Never use elevators.
* Pull the nearest fire alarm or call 112.
* If there is smoke during your evacuation stay low to the floor.

CIVICS

1. FORMS OF GOVERNMENT AND DEMOCRACY

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Give Abraham Lincoln`s definition for democracy.
* Abraham Lincoln defines democracy as a government of the people, by the people and for the
people .
2. Mention the forms of democracy.
* Parliamentary form of government. Ex., India , England .
* Presidential form of government. Ex., USA , France .

3 .Distinguish between direct and indirect democracy .

Direct democracy Indirect democracy
* When the people themselves directly express * When the people express their will on public
their will on public affairs it is called direct affairs ,
democracy . through their elected representatives , it is called
indirect democracy .
* Ex., Ancient Greek cities , Switzerland . * Ex., India , USA
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ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. What are the challenges to Indian democracy? Explain.
The various aspects of democracy and its challenges are
* Illiteracy
* Gender discrimination
* Regionalism
* Corruption
* Political violence
* Casteism , Communalism
* Criminalisation of politics

2. Explain the conditions necessary for the success of democracy in India .

* Empowerment of the poor and illiterates to enjoy the goodness of democracy.
* Eradication of social evils and dangers from which democracy suffers.
* An impartial and efficient media to express public opinion.
* Conscious checking and vigilance on the working of the elected representatives .
* Powerful and responsible opposition.
* Feeling of tolerance and communal harmony among the people.

3. What is your opinion about democracy in India?

* Even though our country’s democracy is appreciated by the world , it needs some change and
development.
* People should respect the laws and plans made in the democracy and should work accordingly.
* The government and the people representative should work with their responsibilities.
* People`s thought should be in coherence with idea of democracy.
* People and the government should respect the liberty given by the democracy.

2. ELECTION , POLITICAL PARTIES AND PRESSURE GROUPS

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Explain the electoral system in India.
India follows two types of elections.
i) Direct election.
ii ) Indirect election.
Direction Elections :
* People directly vote for the candidates in the fray and elect their representatives.
* Ex., Lok Saba elections and State Assembly elections.
Indirect Elections :
* Voters elect their representatives who in turn elect their representatives.
* Ex. President election.
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2. Give the meaning of a political party.
* A political party is an organization formed by a group of people with a certain ideology to contest
elections.

3. Distinguish between two – party system and multi - party system .

TWO – PARTY SYSTEM MULTI – PARTY SYSTEM
* Two- party system in which only two major * Multi – party system in which there are more
parties exist. than two political parties.
* Ex., USA, UK. * Ex., India, Sri Lanka.

4. What is a pressure - group

*The term ` Pressure - group ` originated in the USA.
* A pressure group is a group of people who are organized for promoting and defending for common
interest actively.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Discuss merits and demerits of direct elections ?
Merits :
i) As the voters elect their representatives directly , direct elections are considered to be a more
democratic method of election.
ii) It educates people regarding the government activities and helps in choosing the appropriate
candidates.
iii ) Also , it encourages people to play an active role in politics.
Demerits :
i) Direct elections are very expensive .
ii) Illiterate voters sometimes get misguided by false propaganda.
iii) There are instances in which some political candidates influencing the voters through payments in
the form of cash, goods or services .

2. What are functions of political parties?

* Parties contest elections. Elections are fought mainly by the candidates put up by political parties.
* Parties put forward their policies and programs.
* Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
* Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues of importance.
* Parties function as an important link between people and the government.
3. What are the functions of pressure groups in India ?
i) Political participation :
* They exert influence on the policies of government precisely by mobilizing support through
activities such as petitions, marches, demonstration and other forms of political protest.
ii). Education :
* Many pressure groups devote significant resources by using high - profile academics, scientists to get
their views across with an emphasis to cultivate expert authority.
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iii ) Policy formulation ;
* Many pressure groups are vital sources of information and render advice to the government and
therefore they are regularly consulted while formulating the policies.

3.HUMAN RIGHTS
ANSWEER IN BRIEF ;
1. What is Human Right?
* The right inherent to all human beings without any discrimination is called human right.

2. What are the fundamental right?

The fundamental rights are
* Right to Equality
* Right to freedom.
* Right against Exploitation
* Right to freedom of Conscience and Religion
* Cultural and Educational Rights for Minorities
* Right to Constitutional Remedies

3. what are the Child Rights define by the UNO?

Child Rights defined by UNO
* Rights to life * Right to family environment * Right to education * Right to benefit from
Social security
* Right against sexual exploitation * Right against sale or trafficking .

4. Write a short note on the Right to Constitutional Remedies.

* A person can adopt constitutional means and approach a court if he is denied of the Fundamental
Rights.
The court then issues orders to restore the rights to the citizen.
5. Define POSCO
POSCO Act - Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act.
* This act protects the children who are below eighteen years of age from sexual offences.

6. Why do children need special attention?

* Special care is given for vulnerable children like those affected by child labor child marriage and
children affected by any abuse.

7. What are the contributions to labor by B. R. Ambetkar?

* Reduction in Factory working Hours.
* Employees State Insurance.
* Minimum Wages.
* Compulsory Recognition of Trade Unions.

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8. “ All are equal before law “ . But we have enacted a separate law for women. – Justify.
* Women are affected by child marriage, sexual exploitation, female infanticide and inequality in
society.To stop these activities a separate law is enacted for women.

9. Write about the Right against exploitation.

* Neither a contractor nor an employ can force a worker to work against their will.
* Employing children below 14 years of age in mines is also considered to be against the law.

10. Differentiate : Fundamental Rights and Human Rights.

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS
* Fundamental rights includes only those rights * The right inherent to all human beings without
which are basic to a normal life. any discrimination.
* The elemental rights of the citizens of a country * The rights that a human being deserves to
which are listed in the constitution. survive with respect and freedom.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Write a paragraph about UDHR.
* Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drafted by the representatives with different legal and
cultural background from all regions of the world.
* It is a milestone in the history of human rights.
* The Declaration was proclaimed by the UNO in Paris on 10 th December 1948.
* It has been translated in many languages. There are 30 articles in the UDHR.
* It guarantees as civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights .
* Many of its guarantees have become standard norms today.

2. What are fundamental duties? How would you follow these in your school premises?
* Fundamental Duties are the form of duties and responsibilities of every citizen in our constitution.
IN SCHOOL PREMISES ;
* Every student should respect for the school rules.
* Students should respect the National Flag and National Anthem.
* The unity and integrity should be cherished among students.
* To protect and improve the school natural environment including plants , trees , and have
compassion on living creatures .
* To safeguard the school property.

3. How does the National Human Rights Commission protect our rights?
* The National Human Rights Commission is an autonomous body constituted on 12 th October 1993.
The aims of NHRC include;
* To undertake and promote research in the field of human rights.
* To engage in human rights education among various sections of society.
* To intervene in court proceedings relating to human rights.
* To encourage the effects of NGOs and institutions working in the field of human rights.

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4. What are the benefits for workers provided by labour law?
* Equal wages for equal work.
* Reduction in Factory Working hours.
* Compulsory Recognition of Trade Unions.
* Employment Exchange in India.
* Employment State Insurance.
* Minimum Wages.
* Coal and Mica Mines Provident Fund.

5. How do you enjoy the fundamental rights in your life?

Right to Equality :
* It refers to equality before law and equal protection of law.
Right to Freedom :
* Freedom of Speech , expression and to form associations and unions.
Right against Exploitation ;
* Neither a contractor nor an employer can force a worker to do a job against their will.
Right to Freedom of Conscience and Religion :
* This right give citizens the freedom to follow and practice a religion of their choice.
Cultural and Educational Right :
* The constitution gives us the right to preserve , protect and promote culture.

4. FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
Distinguish between :
1. Unitary and Federal forms of government
UNITARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT FEDERAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT
* Only one level of government or subunits. * Two levels of government.
* No division of power. * Division of power.

2. Parliamentary and Presidential forms of government .

PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF PRESIDENTIAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
* Prime minister is from the majority party. * President is directly elected by the people.
* Collective leadership. * Individual leadership.

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Unitary Form of Government.
* A unitary system of government or unitary state, is a sovereign state governed as a single entity.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING ;

1. List out the types of constitution.
i ) Written constitution / Unwritten constitution.
ii ) Federal / Unitary.
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 iii ) Flexible / Rigid.

2. What are the merits of federal government ?

* Division of power between the centre and the states leads to administrative efficiency.
* Distribution of powers check the despotism of central government.
* More suitable for bigger countries.
* It is good for economic and cultural progress.

3. Write down the differences between unitary form of government and federal form of
government .
UNITARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT FEDEERAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT
* Only one level of government. * Two level of government.
* Single citizenship. * Dual citizenship.
* No division of power. * Division of power.
* Centralization of power. * Decentralization of power.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Write about the merits of unitary form of government.
* Suitable for small countries .
* There is no conflict of authority and responsibility.
* It makes prompt decisions and take speedy action.
* A unitary government is less expensive.
* There is unity, uniformity of law, policy and administration.

2. Write about the President form of government and what is difference between presidential and
parliamentary form of government .
PRESIDENTIAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF
GOVERNMENT
* President is directly elected by the people. * Prime Minister is from the majority party ,
* President is supreme. * Central legislature is supreme.
* Individual leadership. * Collective leadership.
* President is the head of the state. * Prime minister is the head of the state.
* Independent branches. *Independent branches with overlapping
functions.

5. LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Name the taxes levied by the village panchayat.
* Property tax * professional tax * House tax * Taxes on drinking water
* Land tax * Taxes levied on shops .

2. List out salient features of Tamil Nadu Panchayat Raj Acct 1994.
* A three- tier system * Gram Sabha * Reservation of seats for SC / ST ` s proportionate to their
population * One third reservation of seats for women.
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3. Mention the important functions of the Village Panchayat.
* Supply of drinking water
* Maintenance of street lights.
* Maintenance of roads.
* Maintenance of village libraries.
* Maintenance of drainage.
* Cleaning of streets.

4. Which are the voluntary functions of the local governments?

* Implantation of trees.
* Maintenance of markets and fairs.
* Control over places of exhibition.
* Maintenance of play grounds.
* Maintenance of parking vehicles.

5. Name the Urban local governments.

Corporations, Municipalities, and Town Panchayats are the urban local governments.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Write in details about the salient features of the b73rd and 74 th Constitutional Amendment
Act (1994 ).
Panchayats and Municipalities will be “ Institutional of self - government”.
* Gram sabas and ward committees comprising all the adult members registered as voters.
* Seats at all level are filled by direct election.
* One – third of the total number of seats reserved for women.
* Uniform five year term and elections to constitute new bodies should be completed before the
expiry of the term.
* Seats at all levels shall be reserved for SCs and ST s in proportion to their population.

2.Describe the major problems & challenges faced by the “ local government “.
* Lack of clear demarcation of powers and functions of local bodies.
* Allocation of funds and assessment of needs are not matched.
* Role of caste, class and religion in decision making at the local self governments.
* Poor accountability of the elected members and officals at the grass root levels of. Democracy.

6. ROAD SAFETY
ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. What are the benefits of wearing helmet while driving?
* Helmets help us to protect our head from accident injuries. Because head injury in the main cause
of dead in many accidents.

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2. List out the factors of road accidents.
* Over speed * Drunk and Drive * Distractions of drive * Lack of proper driving
experience.

3. Which color in the signal means ‘ Stop’?

* Red color in the signal means stop.

4. List out any three road safety rules.

i) Stop, Look and Cross.
ii ) Pay Attention and Listen to traffic signals.
iii ) Keep Left.
iv ) Avoid Rash Driving.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Explain the factors involved in road accidents.
Drivers : Over speed, violation of rules, fatigue and alcohol.
Pedestrians : Carelessness, crossing at wrong place, joywalkers.
Passengers : Projecting their body parts outside vehicles, travelling on footboards, catching a running
bus.
Weather : Snow, fog, heavy rainfall, wind storms.
Vehicles : Failure of break, tyre burst, over loading.

2. Explain in detail : The road safety rules .

* Crossing at zebra line.
* Never cross road at bends.
* Know the traffic signals.
* Don`t consume liquor and drive.
* Don`t rush.
* Stop, Look and Cross the road.

ECONOMICS

1. UNDERSTANDING DEVELOPMENT ; PERSPECTIVES , MEASUREMENT

AND SUSTAINABILITY
ANSWER IN BRIEF ;

1. What do you mean by development?

* Development refers to the progress of a particular field or a particular person in a particular
direction which differs from time to time, person to person and on other various factors.

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2. What are the indicators of development?
* Net National Product ( NNP )
* Per Capita Income ( PCI )
* Purchasing Power Parity ( PPP )
* Human Development Index ( HDI )

3. Why NNP is not considered as a useful measure to compare a country’s development with other
countries?
* Countries have different populations.
* Comparing total income will not be a suggestive way of what an average person earns.

4. Why human resources is considered as the foremost resource of any country?

* The term ‘ Human Resources’ refers to the collective abilities of people which can be utilized in
the production sector.

5. Expand the following i) PPP ii ) HDI .

* PPP - Purchasing Power Parity.
* HDI - Human Development Index .

6. Expand the following i ) NNP ii ) PCI

* NNP - Net National Product .
* PCI - Per Capita Income .

7. What is ‘Solar Power’ ?

* Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells .

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Discuss the policies for sustainable development.
* The main aim of the sustainable development is to develop economy without causing more damage
to environment.
* Using renewable resources.
* We should keep in mind about our future generation while using non- renewable energies.
* We should move from non- renewable energy to renewable energy.
* It is responsible of each and every individuals.

2. Describe in detail about environmental policies in India.

* Environmental policies in India have been evolved considerably over the past three decades.
* These policies have covered a wide range of issues such as air ,water pollution , waste management
and bio diversity conservation.
* India faces challenges in economic development which has to be achieved with limited resources,
minimum externalities and with uncertain climate .
* The Supreme Court of India has interpreted and introduced new changes in environment protection.

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3. Differentiate between renewable and non – renewable resources .
RENEWABLE RESOURCES NON – RENEWABLE RESOURCES
* These resources take a short time for renewal . * Millions of years are needed for the formation of
these resources .
* Renewable resources are pollution free . * Non – renewable resources pollute .
* Ex., solar energy , wind energy , water . * Ex. petroleum , natural gas , metal .

4. Mention any five environmental acts and their action .

1. National Green Tribunal - Protecting environment and conservation of forests and other
natural
Act, 2010 resources.
2. Forest ( Conservation ) - Check deforestation and encourage afforestation of non- forest
areas.
Act, 1980
3. Water ( Prevention and Control - Maintenance, restoration and insures quality of all types of
Of pollution ) Act , 1974 surface water.
4. The Environment ( Protection ) - Protection and improvement of the environment.
Act, 1986 .

2. EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA AND TAMILNADU

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. What is labor force of the economy?
* The labor force is defined simply as the people who are willing and able to work.
* It determines the economic growth.
2. Why are children and old age ( above 60 years ) are not considered for computation of
workforce ?
* Because they are not physically fit to undertake productive occupation.

3. What are the three sectors of an economy?

i) Primary sector ii ) Secondary sector iii ) Tertiary sector .

ANSWER IN DETAIL :
1. Explain : ( a ) Primary sector ( b ) Secondary sector ( c) Tertiary sector.
Primary Sector
* Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing , etc.,
Secondary Sector :
* Manufacturing, small and large scale industries and constructional activities.
Tertiary Sector :
* Transport, insurance, banking , trade ,communication, government activities.

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2. Explain the employment structure in India.
* In recent years, there has been a change in the employment pattern and this has helped the
employers to develop more flexible working patterns among their employees.
* Increasing self – employment.
* Firms using fewer full - time employees and tending to offer more short - term contracts.
* There has been a growth in part - time employment. This may be due to lifestyle of the people.

3. Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organized and unorganized sectors.
ORGANISED SECTOR UNORGANISED SE CTOR
.* Organized sectors are registered. * Unorganized sectors are not registered.
* Terms are fixed and regular.. * Terms are not fixed and regular.
* Central and state governments, bank, railways, * House hold manufacturing and small - scale
insurance are some of organized sectors. industries are some of unorganized sectors.
* The employees have job security. *Employees do not have job security.
* They receive higher wages. * They do not enjoy any special benefits.
* Good salary, fixed working hours and provides * Low paid, no fixed working hours and no
medical allowances are some benefits. medical allowances.

4. Distinguish between the public sector and private sector .

PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR
* Service motive . * Profit motive .
* Government owns the assets . * Private individuals own the assets .
* Wages are paid by the government . * Wages are paid by the owner of private
* Ex., NLC , BSNL , ICF . enterprises .
* Ex., TATA , TVS , Reliance .

3 . MONEY AND CREDIT

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Why was money invented?
* Measuring the quantity and value of the goods exchanged were found very difficult. To solve these
issues people fixed a common item with a standard value for the effective exchange of goods. So
money was invented.

2. What is ancient money ?

* Gold, silver and copper were the metal used first instead of barter system . They were called ancient
money.
3. What are the items used as barter during olden days?
* Leather, beads, shells, tobacco, salt and corn.
4. What is spice route? Why was it called so?
* Pepper, spices, pearls, gems, rubies and muslin clothes were exported from the eastern sea of Tamil
Nadu.
* Pepper and spices took a major share of the exports. Thus this route was called the spice route.
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5. What is natural money?
* The metals such as silver and gold gained importance gradually all over the world. So these metals
were used as standard value in the exchange of goods. This was called as natural money.

6. Why were coins of low value printed in large quantities?

* Mines had a limited reserve of good and silver.
* An alternative was found and coins were made using metals with lesser value.

7. What is meant by foreign exchange?

* Foreign exchange is a exchange of currency between the countries.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Explain how money is translated in the digital world.
* In Today’s fast growing economy the money transfer has been changed to digital money
transferring .
Automated Teller Machine (ATM) :
* One can easily withdraw the money needed at anytime at ATMs located everywhere which is
located everywhere at anytime we need.
Credit Cards :
* Similarly, Credit cards are also available through which things are bought on credit and the amount
can be paid later.
Net banking :
* Through this money is transacted to anyone who lives anywhere across the globe.
Mobile banking :
* Technology has advanced so much that even mobile banking is widely used nowadays.

2. Explain in detail about the role of RBI in the country.

* Reserve Bank of India had a primary function of printing currency and leading for circulation.
* RBI regulates the circulation of currency in India.
* In India , the Reserve Bank supervises the control of economic stability and the price .
* Reserve Bank has foreign exchange stocks in India.
* RBI regulates and controls public sector banks, private banks, co - operative banks.

3. Write in detail about the various functions of money.

* Money should be the accepted medium of exchange in goods and services in a country.
* Money should be the common and standard unit of calculating a total consumer goods, products,
services, etc.,
* It acts as a unit of measurement and a standard payments method.
* Money is used as a store of purchasing power . It can be used to finance future payments.

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 4. TAMILNADU AGRICULTURE

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Give to examples for each food crops and non – food crops.
* Food crops : Paddy, Sorghum .
* Non- food crops : Coconut tree, Palm tree .

2 . What are the factors responsible for changes in cropping area?

* Rainfall * Available water * Weather * Market price .

3. Who monitors the quality and quantity of ground water?

* The Union Water Board monitors the quality and quantity of ground water.

4. On What factors does crop cultivation depend. List out the factors on which the crop cultivation
depend.
* The amount of production depends on 1. Area 2. Productivity of crops.

5. Differentiate between small and marginal farmers.

SMALL FARMERS MARGINAL FARMERS
* Small farmers cultivate 1- 2 hectares of land. * Marginal farmers cultivate less than 1 hectare.
* These farmers account around 14 % of the total * These farmers account to around 78 % of the
cultivators. total cultivators.

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. Give a note on the water resources of Tamil Nadu .
* Tamil Nadu receives the required fresh water from northeast and southwest monsoons.
* Northeast monsoon is a major source of fresh water in Tamil Nadu.
* The rain water is stored in reservoirs, lakes and dams for cultivation.
* When the southwest monsoon rains are high Tamil Nadu gets water from Cauvery river.
* Open wells and bore wells are another sources of water in Tamil Nadu.

2. What are the problems faced by using ground water for agriculture?
* Agriculture in Tamil Nadu is dependent on ground water.
* Using ground water for agriculture creates many hardships too.
* There would be no suffer if the amount of water taken from the underground and the amount of
water that goes into the underground during the season are equal .
* On the contray as the amount of water taken increase, the ground water will go down.
* It is resulting in the depletion of ground water which will possibly leads to dry wells.

3. Discuss about the source of irrigation for agriculture.

* North east monsoon (Oct - Dec ) is a major source of water for Tamil Nadu.
* The North east monsoon rains are stored in reservoirs , lake and towns for cultivation.

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 * 62 % of wells , 24 % of canals and 14 % of lakes are different water sources for irrigation.
* The area of land that is irrigated from the lakes is very low.
* Tamil Nadu agriculture is mainly dependent on ground water.

5. MIGRATION

ANSWER IN BRIEF ;
1. Enlist the reasons for migration .
* Work * Business * Education * Marriage
* Migration after Birth * Migration with family * Others .

2. What are the major factors responsible for female migrants in India?
* Marriage is the major factors for female migration .

3. Name four districts in Tamil Nadu which record low number of immigration.
* Cuddalore * Velur * Salem * Namakkal.

4. What are the factors responsible for the poorer sections and better - off sections to migrants?
* Poorer sections of the population people migrants as a survival strategy.
* Better – off sections of the people migrants for improve their living standards.

5. List out four destinations and percentage of migrants from Tamil Nadu .
Countries _ Percentage
1. Singapore _ 20 %
2. United Arab Emirates _ 18 %
3. Saudi Arabia _ 16 %
4. USA _ 13 %

6. What does the study reveal about the occupation undertaken by migrants ?
* The study clearly reveals that they are involved in highly skilled ( IT related professions), low
skilled ( hotels, daily wages ) and semi skilled ( Electrician, plumber).

ANSWER IN DETAIL ;
1. State the aims of migration policies .
* Poor people are migrating from rural areas for their livelihood.
* At the same time people with a little facilitated migrate to improve their livelihood without
recovering from their tragedy or livelihood.
* Depending on the territorial grounds , people who are concentrated in urban areas and rural areas.

2. Discuss the patterns of migration.

Inner country movements :
* Rural to Rural . * Rural to Urban * Urban to Rural . * Urban to Urban .
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Distance type movements :
* Short, medium and long distance migration streams .
Circulatory type of movements :
* Long term stable migration and short - term circulatory type of movements .

3. Elucidate about some of the interesting findings on migration in Tamil Nadu.

* In Tamil Nadu the extent of migration is much higher in rural areas compared to urban area .
* A large proportion of female are reported to be migrants compared to male.
* In Tamil Nadu two out of every five persons is reported to be a migrant .
* Migrants from Tamil Nadu select the countries like Singapore, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Quatar and
Australia.
* The poor sections migrates for survival but better offs migrate to improve their living standards.

THE END

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