LECTURE NOTE FOR PART OF MTH 201

CALCULUS
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

Table of contents
1 Partial differentiation 2
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Higher order Partial derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Differential 5
2.1 Theorems on differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 Composite functions 7

4 Homogeneous function 8
4.1 Euler’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2 Some results on Euler’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5 Implicit functions 12

6 Change of Variables 14

7 Taylor’s theorem 17

References 18

1
 MTH 201 1 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

1 Partial differentiation
1.1 Introduction
The differentiation of a function of several variables with respect to a particular independent
variable keeping all other independent variables constant is called partial derivative of the func-
tion with respect to the variable.
Suppose z = f (x, y) is a function of two independent variables x and y. Partial derivative of z
with respect to x is
 
∂z ∂z
simply written as = zx or fx .
∂x y ∂x

First order partial derivatives of z are defined as

∂z f (x + ∆x, y) − f (x, y)
= lim (1.1)
∂x ∆x→0 ∆x
∂z f (x, y + ∆y) − f (x, y)
= lim (1.2)
∂y ∆y→0 ∆y
Example 1.1. Find all the first order partial derivatives of the following:
√
a. h = t7 ln(s2 ) + t93 − s4
7

2 3
b. f = cos x4 ex y−5y

c. v = (2x − y)(x + 3y)

2x−y
d. z = x+y

Solution 1.2. The first order partial derivatives are:

a. (i)
∂h 2s 4 −3 2t7 4 −3
= 2 t7 − s 7 = − s7
∂s s 7 s 7
(ii)
∂h 27
= 7t6 ln(s2 ) − 27t−4 = 7t6 ln(s2 ) − 4
∂t t
b. (i)    
4 4 x2 y−5y3 4 x2 y−5y3
fx = 2 sin e + 2xy cos e
x x x

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1.2 Higher order Partial derivatives MTH 201 1 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

(ii)  
2 2 4 x2 y−5y3
fy = (x − 15y ) cos e
x
c. (i)
vx = 3(4x − 2y) + 4(3x + 5y) = 24x + 14y

(ii)
vy = 5(4x − 2y) + (−2)(3x + 5y) = 14x − 20y

d. (i)
2(x + y) − (1)(2x − y) 3y
zx = 2
=
(x + y) (x + y)2
(ii)
(x + y)(−1) − (2x − y)(1) −3x
zy = 2
=
(x + y) (x + y)2
Exercise 1.3. Find all the first partial derivatives of these:

a. v = πr2 h

b. u = x2 + xy + y 2
2
c. ψ = x3 y + exy

d. z = sin(3x + 2y)

1.2 Higher order Partial derivatives

The second partial derivatives of a function f (x, y) are:
2
∂ ∂f
a. ∂∂xf2 = ∂x


∂x
= fxx
 
∂2f ∂ ∂f
b. ∂x∂y = ∂x ∂y
= fyx

∂2f ∂ ∂f


c. ∂y∂x
= ∂y ∂x
= fxy
 
∂2f ∂ ∂f
d. ∂y 2
= ∂y ∂y
= fyy

If fxy and fyx are continuous, then fxy = fyx . Otherwise, they may not be equal.

Example 1.4. If z = x cos y − y cos x, find:

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1.2 Higher order Partial derivatives MTH 201 1 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

a. all the second partial derivatives of z

∂3z
b. ∂x2 ∂y

∂3z
c. ∂x∂y∂x

∂3z
d. ∂x∂y 2

Solution 1.5.
∂z ∂z
= cos y + y sin x, = −x sin y − cos x
∂x ∂y
a. (i)
∂ 2z
 
∂ ∂z
= = y cos x
∂x2 ∂x ∂x
(ii)
∂ 2z
 
∂ ∂z
= = − sin y + sin x
∂x∂y ∂x ∂y
(iii)
∂ 2z
 
∂ ∂z
= = − sin y + sin x
∂y∂x ∂y ∂x
(iv)
∂ 2z
 
∂ ∂z
= = −x cos y
∂y 2 ∂y ∂y
b.
∂ 3z ∂ 2z
 
∂
2
= = cos x
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x∂y
c.
∂ 3z ∂ 2z
 
∂
= = cos x
∂x∂y∂x ∂x ∂y∂x
d.
∂ 3z ∂ 2z
 
∂
2
= = − cos y
∂x∂y ∂x ∂y 2

Example 1.6. Suppose p = ln (x2 + y 2 ), prove that

pxx + pyy = 0.

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 MTH 201 2 DIFFERENTIAL

Solution 1.7.
2x (x2 + y 2 )(2) − 2x(2x) 2y 2 − 2x2
px = , pxx = =
x + y2
2
(x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2

similarly,
2y 2x2 − 2y 2
py = , pyy =
x + y2
2
(x2 + y 2 )2
Hence,

2y 2 − 2x2 2x2 − 2y 2
pxx + pyy = + =0
(x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2
Exercise 1.8. Show that
1
V (x, y, z) = p
x2 + y 2 + z 2
satisfies
Vxx + Vyy + Vzz = 0

2 Differential
Given a function z = f (x, y), the differential dz of z is

dz = fx dx + fy dy. (2.1)

2.1 Theorems on differential

Suppose the function f (x1 , x2 , . . . xn ) are continuously differentiable in a region <

a. if z = f (x1 , x2 , . . . xn ) then

∂f ∂f ∂f
df = dx1 + dx2 + . . . + dxn (2.2)
∂x 1 ∂x 2 ∂x n

b. if f (x1 , x2 , . . . xn ) = k, where k is a constant then df = 0

c. df is called an exact differential when df = p(x, y)dx + q(x, y)dy iff

∂p ∂q
=
∂y ∂x
.

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2.1 Theorems on differential MTH 201 2 DIFFERENTIAL

dy
Example 2.1. Find dx
if xy = y x .

Solution 2.2. Let f (x, y) = xy − y x = 0

By theorem (2.1)(b),
df = fx dx + fy dy = 0,
then
dy fx
=− (2.3)
dx fy
y−1 xy y x y y
 
fx = y x − y ln y = x − y ln y = x − ln y [since xy = y x ]
x x
 
y x−1 y x x y x
fy = x ln x − x y = x ln x − y = x ln x −
y y
Therefore,
xy xy − ln y


dy y (x ln y − y)
=−  =
dx xy ln x − x x (y ln x − x)
y

Aliter
Differentiate xy = y x with respect to x, we get

y dy x dy
+ ln x = ln y +
x dx y dx
 
y x dy
− ln y = − ln x
x y dx
y


dy x
− ln y y (x ln y − y)
=  =
dx x
− ln x x (y ln x − x)
y

Example 2.3. Find the approximate increase in volume of a cylinder of radius 5cm and height
10cm when the radius increased by 0.2cm and the height decreased by 0.1cm.

Solution 2.4. Volume of cylinder is V = πr2 h

r = 5cm, h = 10cm, δr = 0.2cm, δh = −0.1cm

dV = Vr dr + Vh dh.

Therefore,

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 MTH 201 3 COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

δV ≈ Vr δr + Vh δh
≈ 2π rhδr + π r2 δh = 20π − 2.5π
= 17.5π
δV ≈ 54.98cm3
Approximate increase in volume is 54.98cm3 .

3 Composite functions
Let z = f (x, y) and x = g(t), y=h(t), suppose f , g and h are differentiable, then the total
derivative of z with respect to t is
dz ∂z dx ∂z dy
= + (3.1)
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
Generally, if z = f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) and xi = gi (t1 , t2 , . . . , tm ), then partial derivative of z
with respect to tj is

∂z ∂z ∂x1 ∂z ∂x2 ∂z ∂xn

= + + ··· + , j = 1, 2, . . . , m, i = 1, 2, . . . , n. (3.2)
∂tj ∂x1 ∂xj ∂x2 ∂tj ∂xn ∂tj
Equation (3.2) is known as chain rule.
dz 1
Example 3.1. Find dt
if z = x exy , x = t2 and y = t

Solution 3.2. By equation (3.1),

x2
 
dz xy xy 2 xy −2 xy
= (e + x y e ) (2t) + x e (−t ) = e 2t + 2txy − 2
dt t
substitute x and y, we have
dz
= tet (2 + t)
dt
dz
Example 3.3. Suppose z = x ln(xy) + y 3 and y = cos (x2 + 1), what is dx
?

Solution 3.4. By equation (3.1),

 
dz ∂z ∂z dy dx
= + since =1
dx ∂x ∂y dx dx
 
dz x
= (1 + ln(xy)) − 2x + 3y sin(x2 + 1)
2
dx y

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 MTH 201 4 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION

substituting y, we get
dz
= 1 + ln(x cos(x2 + 1)) − 2x2 tan(x2 + 1) − 6x sin(x2 + 1) cos2 (x2 + 1)
dx
∂z ∂z
Example 3.5. Let z = x3 − xy + y 3 , x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ. Find ∂r
and ∂θ
.

Solution 3.6. Since z = f (x, y), x = g(r, θ) and y = h(r, θ),

by equation (3.2),
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
= + (3.3)
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
= + (3.4)
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ
Therefore,
∂z
= (3x2 − y) cos θ + (3y 2 − x) sin θ
∂r
= 3r2 cos2 θ − r sin θ cos θ + 3r2 sin2 θ − r cos θ sin θ

= 3r2 cos3 θ + 3r2 sin3 θ − r sin 2θ

∂z
= −(3x2 − y) r sin θ + (3y 2 − x) r cos θ
∂θ
= − 3r2 cos2 θ − r sin θ r sin θ + 3r2 sin2 θ − r cos θ r cos θ

= 3r3 sin2 θ cos θ − 3r3 cos2 θ sin θ − r2 sin 2θ.

√ ∂z ∂z
Exercise 3.7. If z = e2r sin 3θ, r = st − t2 and θ = s2 + t2 , find ∂s
, and ∂t
?

4 Homogeneous function
A function g(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) is called a homogeneous function of degree m, if for all values of
the parameter λ,
g (λx1 , λx2 , . . . , λxn ) = λm g(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) (4.1)
i.e power of each term of g(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) is the same.

Example 4.1. Determine whether these functions are homogeneous

a. f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
 
b. g(x, y) = sin xy

c. h(x, y) = x + y 2

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4.1 Euler’s theorem MTH 201 4 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION

Solution 4.2. By equation(4.1)

a.
f (λx, λy) = (λx)2 + (λy)2 = λ2 x2 + y 2 = λ2 f (x, y).

Therefore, f (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree 2.

b.    
λx x
g(λx, λy) = sin = sin = λ0 g(x, y).
λy y
Therefore, g(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree 0.

c.
h(λx, λy) = λx + (λy)2 = λx + λ2 y 2 = λ x + λy 2

since (x + λy 2 ) 6= h(x, y),

Therefore, h(x, y) is not homogeneous.

4.1 Euler’s theorem

Theorem 4.3 (Euler). If z = g(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree n, then

∂z ∂z
x +y = nz (4.2)
∂x ∂y
y


Proof: Let z = g(x, y) = xn f x
,
=⇒
z = xn f
 
∂z −y
= nxn−1 f + xn 2
f 0 = nxn−1 f − xn−2 yf 0
∂x x
∂z
= xn−1 f 0
∂y
∂z ∂z
x +y = nxn f − xn−1 yf 0 + xn−1 yf 0 = nxn f
∂x ∂y
∂z ∂z
x +y = nz
∂x ∂y

Example 4.4. Verify Euler’s theorem for

a. z = f (x, y) = x2 + y 2

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4.2 Some results on Euler’s theorem MTH 201 4 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION

 
x
b. v = g(x, y) = sin y

Solution 4.5. The functions z and v are homogeneous as shown in solution 4.2

a. Using Euler’s theorem,

∂z ∂z
x +y = x(2x) + y(2y)
∂x ∂y
= 2 x2 + y 2

= 2z

b. Using Euler’s theorem,

     
∂v ∂v 1 x −x x
x +y =x cos +y 2
cos
∂x ∂y y y y y
   
x x x x
= cos − cos
y y y y
=0
= 0v

Exercise 4.6. Verify Euler’s theorem for

1 1
x3 − y 3
z= 1 1
x2 − y 2

4.2 Some results on Euler’s theorem

Suppose z(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree n, and z = f (u), then

a.
∂u ∂u f (u)
x +y =n 0 (4.3)
∂x ∂y f (u)
b.
∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂z
x + y = (n − 1) (4.4)
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂x
c.
∂ 2z ∂ 2z ∂z
x + y 2 = (n − 1) (4.5)
∂x∂y ∂y ∂y
d.
2∂ 2z ∂ 2z 2
2 ∂ z
x + 2xy +y = n (n − 1) z (4.6)
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2

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4.2 Some results on Euler’s theorem MTH 201 4 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION

e.
∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2
2 ∂ u
x2 + 2 x y + y = g(u) (g 0 (u) − 1) (4.7)
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
where g(u) = n ff0(u)
(u)
.

f. If p(x, y) and q(x, y) are homogeneous functions of degree m and n such that z(x, y) =
p(x, y) + q(x, y) then
∂z ∂z
x +y = ap + bq (4.8)
∂x ∂y
N.B Proofs of these results are left to reader as exercises.
 
x+y
Example 4.7. Given that u = cos−1 √x+ √
y
, prove that

∂z ∂z 1
x +y = − cot u
∂x ∂y 2

Solution 4.8. Let z = √x+y

√ , then u = cos−1 z
x+ y

 
λx + λy 1 x+y
z(λx, λy) = √ √ = λ2 √ √
λx + λy x+ y

Thus, z is homogeneous.
1
n= , z = cos u = f (u), f 0 (u) = − sin u
2
By equation (4.3)

∂z ∂z 1 cos u 1
+y =x = − cot u
∂x ∂y 2 (− sin u) 2
 3 3
Example 4.9. If u = tan−1 xx−y
+y
, show that

∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2
2 ∂ u
x2 + 2 x y + y = 2 cos 3u sin u
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
x3 +y 3
Solution 4.10. Let z = x−y
, then u = tan−1 z

(λx)3 + (λy)3 x3 + y 3
 
z(λx, λy) = = λ2
λx − λy x−y

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 MTH 201 5 IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS

Thus, n = 2, z = tan u = f (u), f 0 (u) = sec2 u

f (u) tan u
g(u) = n 0
= 2 2 = sin 2u
f (u) sec u
g 0 (u) = 2 cos 2u
By equation (4.7),

∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2
2 ∂ u
x2 + 2 x y + y
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
= sin 2u (2 cos 2u − 1)
= sin 4u − sin 2u
= 2 cos 3u sin u
1 1
x 4 +y 4
Exercise 4.11. Let u = sin−1 1 1 , show that
x 6 +y 6

∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2
2 ∂ u 1
x2 2
+ 2 x y + y 2
= tan u (tan2 u − 11)
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y 144

5 Implicit functions
A function f (x, y, z) = 0 where z = g(x, y) is called an Implicit function. Partial differentia-
tion of implicit functions involves these steps:

i. differentiate all the given functions with respect to the variable concerned

ii. solve the resulting system of equations.

∂z ∂z
Example 5.1. if f (x, y, z) = x2 z + yz 2 + 2xy 2 − z 3 = 0 and z = g(x, y), find ∂x
and ∂y
?

Solution 5.2. Differentiate f with respect to x,

∂z ∂z ∂z
2xz + x2 + 2yz + 2y 2 − 3z 2 =0
∂x ∂x ∂x
This gives

∂z
x2 + 2yz − 3z 2 = − 2xz + 2y 2


∂x
=⇒
∂z −(2xz + 2y 2 )
= 2
∂x x + 2yz − 3z 2

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 MTH 201 5 IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS

Now, differentiate f with respect to y,

∂z ∂z ∂z
x2 + z 2 + 2yz + 4xy − 3z 2 =0
∂y ∂y ∂y
we have

∂z
x2 + 2yz − 3z 2 = − z 2 + 4xy


∂y
=⇒
∂z −(z 2 + 4xy)
= 2
∂y x + 2yz − 3z 2
Example 5.3. Given that u = x + y 2 , v = y + z 2 , and w = z + x2 , show that
∂x 1
= ,
∂u 1 + 8xyz
∂2x
then find ∂u2?

Solution 5.4. Given

u = x + y2 


v = y + z2 (5.1)
w = z + x2


N. B: Functions u, v and w are dependent on x, y and z.

Differentiate (5.1) with respect to u.
∂x ∂y 
1 = ∂u + 2y ∂u +0 
∂y ∂z
0 = 0 + ∂u + 2z ∂u (5.2)
∂x ∂z 
0 = 2x ∂u + 0 + ∂u
In matrix form, we have
     ∂x 
1 1 2y 0 ∂u
0 =  0 ∂y 
1 2z   ∂u (5.3)
∂z
0 2x 0 1 ∂u
Using Crammer’s rule,  
1 2y 0 

0 1 2z 

∂x 0 0 1 1
= = (5.4)
∂u 1 2y 0  1 + 8xyz

0 1 2z 

2x 0 1

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 MTH 201 6 CHANGE OF VARIABLES

Now,
∂ 2x
 
∂ ∂x
=
∂u2 ∂x ∂u
∂ 2x ∂ −1


= (1 + 8xyz)
∂u2 ∂x   (5.5)
−2 ∂x ∂y ∂z
= −8(1 + 8xyz) yz + xz + xy
∂u ∂u ∂u
Using Crammer’s rule again in equation (5.3),
 
1 1 0
 
 0 0 2z 
 
∂y 2x 0 1  4xz
= = (5.6)
∂u  1 2y 0  1 + 8xyz
 
 0 1 2z 
 
2x 0 1 
 
1 2y 1

0 1 0

∂y 2x 0 0 −2x
= = (5.7)
∂u 1 2y 0  1 + 8xyz

0 1 2z 

2x 0 1
substitute equations (5.4), (5.6) and (5.7) in (5.5) we have

∂ 2x 4x2 z 2 2x2 y
 
−2 yz
= −8(1 + 8xyz) + −
∂u2 1 + 8xyz 1 + 8xyz 1 + 8xyz
(5.8)
−8(yz + 4x2 z − 2x2 y)
=
(1 + 8xyz)3
∂u
Exercise 5.5. Find ∂x
if u2 + xv 2 − xy = 0 and u2 + xyv + v 2 = 0
∂x
Exercise 5.6. Find ∂u
if u = xyz, v = x2 + y 2 + z 2 and w = x + y + z

6 Change of Variables
Example 6.1. Prove that y = f (x + ct) + g(x − ct) satisfies the wave equation

∂ 2y 1 ∂ 2y
− =0
∂x2 c2 ∂t2
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 MTH 201 6 CHANGE OF VARIABLES

Solution 6.2. Let u = x + ct and v = x − ct, then

y = f (u) + g(v)

∂y df ∂u dg ∂v
= +
∂x du ∂x dv ∂x
= (1)f 0 (u) + (1)g 0 (v)
= f 0 (u) + g 0 (v)

∂ 2y
 
∂ ∂y
=
∂x2 ∂x ∂x
d f 0 (u) ∂u d g 0 (u) ∂v
= +
du ∂x dv ∂x
00 00
= (1)f (u) + (1)g (v)
= f 00 (u) + g 00 (v)
∂y df ∂u dg ∂v
= +
∂t du ∂t dv ∂t
= (c)f (u) + (−c)g 0 (v)
0

= c (f 0 (u) − g 0 (v))

∂ 2y
 
∂ ∂y
=
∂t2 ∂t ∂t
d f 0 (u) ∂u d g 0 (u) ∂v
=c −c
du ∂t dv ∂t
= c ((c)f (u) − (−c)g 00 (v))
00

= c2 (f 00 (u) + g 00 (v))
Hence,
∂ 2y 1 ∂ 2y c2 00
2
− 2 2 = f (u) + g (v) − 2 (f (u) + g 00 (v)) = 0
00 00
∂x c ∂t c
 
Example 6.3. If u = f y−x
xy
, z−x
xz
prove that

∂u ∂u ∂u
x2 + y2 + z2 =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
Solution 6.4. Let
y−x 1 1
a= = −
xy x y

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 MTH 201 6 CHANGE OF VARIABLES

and
z−x 1 1
b= = − ,
xz x z
then
u = f (a, b)
By equation (3.2)
∂u ∂u ∂a ∂u ∂b 
= + 
∂x ∂a ∂x ∂b ∂x



−1 ∂u −1 ∂u


= 2 + 2 (6.1)
x ∂a
 x ∂b 
−1 ∂u ∂u



= 2 + 

x ∂a ∂b


∂u ∂u ∂a ∂u ∂b
= + 

∂y ∂a ∂y ∂b ∂y




1 ∂u ∂u 
= 2 + (0) (6.2)
y ∂a ∂b 

1 ∂u


= 2



y ∂a

∂u ∂u ∂a ∂u ∂b

= + 

∂z ∂a ∂z ∂b ∂z 


∂u 1 ∂u 
= (0) + (6.3)
∂a y 2 ∂b 

1 ∂u


= 2


z ∂b
Therefore,  
2 ∂u 2 ∂u 2 ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
x +y +z =− + + + =0 (6.4)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂a ∂b ∂a ∂b
Exercise 6.5. Suppose g(y − z, z − x, x − y), show that

∂g ∂g ∂g
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z

Exercise 6.6. If f (cx − ax, cy − bz) = 0, prove that

∂z ∂z
a +b =c
∂x ∂y

Adetona R. A. 16 MTH 201, 2017/2018 Session.

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 MTH 201 7 TAYLOR’S THEOREM

7 Taylor’s theorem for functions of two variables

Theorem 7.1 (Taylor). Let f be a function of two variables x and y. If all partial derivatives
of order n are continuous in a closed region and if all the (n + 1) partial derivatives exist in the
open region, then,
   2
∂ ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
f (x0 + h, y0 + k) = f (x0 , y0 ) + h +k f |(x0 ,y0 ) + h +k f |(x0 ,y0 )
∂x ∂y 2! ∂x ∂y
 n
1 ∂ ∂
+ ··· h +k f |(x0 ,y0 ) + Rn
n! ∂x ∂y
(7.1)
where  n+1
1 ∂ ∂
Rn = h +k f |(x0 +θh,y0 +θk) , 0 < θ < 1
(n + 1)! ∂x ∂y
h = x − x0 , k = y − y 0
=⇒ n  n
X 1 ∂ ∂
f (x0 + h, y0 + k) = h +k f |(x0 ,y0 ) + Rn (7.2)
r=0
n! ∂x ∂y
If Rn → 0 as n → ∞, then f (x0 + h, y0 + k) is the Taylor’s series of f (x, y)
N.B: Taylor’s series expansion at the origin is called Maclaurin’s series.
Example 7.2. Find the Taylor’s series expansion of cos x cos y about the origin up to fourth
order terms.
Solution 7.3. From the question,
x0 = 0, y0 = 0 =⇒ h = x − 0 = x, k =y−0=y
f (x, y) = cos x cos y
By equation (7.2) up to fourth order,
   2
∂ ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
f (x, y) = f (0, 0) + h +k f |(x0 ,y0 ) + h +k f |(x0 ,y0 )
∂x ∂y 2! ∂x ∂y
 3  4 (7.3)
1 ∂ ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
+ h +k f |(x0 ,y0 ) + h +k f |(x0 ,y0 ) + · · ·
3! ∂x ∂y 4! ∂x ∂y
This gives
1
h2 fxx + 2hkfxy + k 2 fy y (x0 ,y0 )


f (x, y) = f (0, 0) +hfx |(x0 ,y0 ) + kfy |(x0 ,y0 ) +
2!
1
h3 fxxx + 3h2 kfxxy + 3hk 2 fxyy + k 3 fyyy (x0 ,y0 )


+ (7.4)
3!
1
h4 fxxxx + 4h3 kfxxxy + 6h2 k 2 fxxyy + 4hk 3 fxyyy + k 4 fyyyy (x0 ,y0 ) + · · ·


+
4!
Adetona R. A. 17 MTH 201, 2017/2018 Session.
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 MTH 201 7 TAYLOR’S THEOREM

f (0, 0) = cos x cos y|(0,0) = 1 (7.5)

Now compute the partial derivatives of f with respect to x and y
First order
fx |(0,0) = − sin x cos y|(0,0) = 0 (7.6)
fy |(0,0) = − cos x sin y|(0,0) = 0 (7.7)

Second order
fxx |(0,0) = − cos x cos y|(0,0) = −1 (7.8)
fxy |(0,0) = sin x sin y|(0,0) = 0 (7.9)
fyy |(0,0) = − cos x cos y|(0,0) = −1 (7.10)

Third order
fxxx |(0,0) = sin x cos y|(0,0) = 0 (7.11)
fxxy |(0,0) = cos x sin y|(0,0) = 0 (7.12)
fxyy |(0,0) = sin x cos y|(0,0) = 0 (7.13)
fyyy |(0,0) = cos x sin y|(0,0) = 0 (7.14)

Fourth order
fxxxx |(0,0) = cos x cos y|(0,0) = 1 (7.15)
fxxxy |(0,0) = − sin x sin y|(0,0) = 0 (7.16)
fxxyy |(0,0) = cos x cos y|(0,0) = 1 (7.17)
fxyyy |(0,0) = − sin x sin y|(0,0) = 0 (7.18)
fyyyy |(0,0) = cos x cos y|(0,0) = 1 (7.19)
Substitute (7.5) to (7.19) in (7.4), we have Taylor’s series expansion of f (x, y) at the origin as

x2 y 2 x 4 x2 y 2 y 4
f (x, y) = 1 − − + + + + ··· (7.20)
2 2 24 4 24
π


Exercise 7.4. Expand sin(xy) in powers of (x − 1) and y − 2
to second degree terms.
Hint: Take x0 = 1 and y0 = π2

Exercise 7.5. Expand exy at (1, 1) up to second term.

Adetona R. A. 18 MTH 201, 2017/2018 Session.

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REFERENCES MTH 201 REFERENCES

References
[1] Dass, H. K.(2013). Advanced Engineering Mathematics, twenty-first revised edition, S.
Chand & Company Ltd.

[2] Paul Dawkins (2007). Calculus III, http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx.

[3] Robert C. Wrede and Murray R. Spiegel (2002). Theory and Problems of Advanced Cal-
culus, Schaum’s Outlines, second edition, McGRAW-HILL.

[4] Stroud, K. A. and DExter J. Boot (2001). Engineering Mathematics, fifth edition, Indus-
trial press inc., New York.

Adetona R. A. 19 MTH 201, 2017/2018 Session.

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