A

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT

ON
220 KV SUB-STATION CSPTCL BHILAI-3
Submitted to
Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University
Bhilai (C.G.), In the partial fulfillment for the award of the
degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
By
Devashish Chandrakar
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Vishnu Dutt Gautam (Testing supervisor)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Krishna Engineering college, Bhilai
Session: 2020-21
 DECLARATION BY THE STUDENTS

We the undersigned solemnly declare that the vocational training report of

“Chhattisgarh State Power Transmission Company Limited Bhilai-3 220/132 KV
Substation”
is based on our own work carried out during the course of our study .
We assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of our
work.
We further certify that :

1. The work contained in the report is original and has been done by us under the
general supervision of our supervisor.
2.The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any other
degree/diploma/certificate in this university or any other University of India or abroad.
3.We have followed the guidelines provided by the University in writing the report.
4. Whenever we have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, and text) from other
sources, we have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the report and
giving their details in the references.
Name of the Student and Enrollment No.: Devashish Chandrakar And BH4660.
 Certificate

This is to certify that Devashish chandrakar (Enrollment –

BH4660), a student of Krishna Engineering college Bhilai,
pursuing B.Tech in Electrical Engineering has completed the
vocational training at 220 kV substation from 16/08/2021 to
31/08/2021.
This report is based on the training.

Head of Department

Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Summer training has an important role in exposing the real life situation in an industry.

It was great experience for me to get the training at Chhattisgarh State Power
Transmission Company Limited(CSPTCL) through which I could learn how to electricity is
transmitted in our state.

Now, I would like to thank the people who guided me and have been a constant source of
inspiration throughout the tenure of my summer training.

I am sincerely grateful To MR. Vishnu Dutt Gautam (Testing Supervisor) at 220/132

KV substation, Bhilai-3 who rendered me his valuable assistance, constant encouragement and
able guidance which made this training actually possible.

I wish my deep sense of gratitude to MR. A. S. Ali (ASSISTANT ENGINEER) whose

affection guidance has enabled me to complete this training successfully.

I also wish my deep sense of gratitude to MR. Homendra Sahu (HOD: EE

Department) and Other Faculty members whose guidance and encouragement made my training
successfully.

Devashish Chandrakar
Chhattisgarh State Power Transmission Company Limited

Chhattisgarh State Power Transmission Company Limited (CSPTCL) is the company

responsible for electricity transmission and distribution within the Indian state of Chhatisgarh.

Its managing director is Mr. Vijay Singh . Chhattisgarh State Power Transmission
Company Limited (CSPTCL).

procures power from; state government owned power generators, central government owned
power generators and Independent Power Producers through power purchase agreement for
lowest per unit cost of electricity.

The creation of Chhattisgarh State Power Transmission Company Limited (CSPTCL) on 2003
is the result of power sector reforms and restructuring in UP (India) which is the focal point of the
Power Sector, responsible for planning and managing the sector through its transmission,
distribution and supply of electricity.

CSPTCL will be professionally managed utility supplying reliable and cost efficient electricity to
every citizen of the state through highly motivated employees and state of art technologies,
providing an economic return to our owners and maintaining leadership in the country.
 ABSTRACT

The report gives an overview of 220kv power substation. It includes electricity transmission
and distribution processes at CSPTCL, BHILAI-3 substation.

Its substation, an assembly of apparatus which is installed to control transmission and

distribution of electric power, its two main divisions are outdoor and indoor substation.

Different equipments used in substations, Bus-bar, surge arrestor, Isolator, Earth switches,
Current Transformers etc.

Transformer which is being used here is core and shell type transformer for stepping up and
down purposes.

Different Instruments transformers, voltage, Current and CV transformers are also being
used. Finally the CVT rating which gives a total output overview.

At many place in the line of the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change
some characteristic of electric supply.

This is accomplisher by suitable apparatus called substation ,for example generation voltage
at the power station is stepped up to high voltage for transmission of electric power.

It clear that type of equipment needed in a substation will depend upon the service
requirement.
TABLE OF CONTENTS CH.NO. TOPIC NAME
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ABOUT THE SUBSTATION
o Definition
o Sub-Station
o Types of Substation
o 220/132 KV sub-station
3. EQUIPMENT IN A 220KV SUB-STATION
o Bus-bar
o Jumper
o Insulators
o Isolating Switches
o Circuit breaker
o Protective relay
o Instrument Transformer
o Current Transformer
o Voltage Transformer
o Capacitor Voltage Transformer
o Metering and Indicating Instrument
o Transformer
o Lightening arrestors
o wave trap
o line isolator

4. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

5. GENTRY
6. TRANSFORMER
7. CONDUCTOR
 8. INSULATOR
9. CONTROL AND RELAY ROOM

1) INTRODUCTION
The present day electrical power system is a.c. i.e. electric power is generated,
transmitted and distributed in the form of Alternating current. The electric
power is produce at the power station, which are located at favorable places,
generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumer
through a large network of transmission and distribution. At many place in the
line of power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some
characteristic (e.g. Voltage, ac to dc, frequency p.f. etc.) of electric supply. This is
accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station for example, generation
voltage (11KV or 6.6KV) at the power station is stepped up to high voltage (Say
220KV to 132KV) for transmission of electric power. Similarly near the
consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to utilization
level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station.

2) ABOUT SUBSTATION
The substation in Bhinmal, Jalore-343029, Rajasthan is one of the largest power
grids in the state of Rajasthan and the northwest area India

. The most important of any substation is the grounding (Earthing System) of the
instruments, transformers etc. used in the substation for the safety of the
operation personnel as well as for proper system operation and performance of
the protective devices. An earthes system comprising of an earthing mat buried
at a suitable depth below ground and supplemented with ground rods at
suitable points is provided in the substations. These ground the extra high
voltage to the ground. As it is dangerous to us to go near the instrument without
proper earth. If the instruments are not ground properly they may give a huge
shock to anyone who would stay near it and also it is dangerous for the costly
instrument as they may get damaged by this high voltage

DEFINATION

―The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. Voltage

ac to dc freq. p.f. etc) of electric supply is called sub-station‖ "a set of equipment
reducing the high voltage of electrical power transmission to that suitable for
supply to consumers."

SUBSTATION
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution
system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or
perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station
and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different
voltage levels. Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or
may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally
substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and
control.
The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a
grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were
converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger
plant instead of using their own generators. The first substations were connected
to only one power station, where the
generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station

TYPES OF SUBSTATION
Substations may be described by their voltage class, their applications within the
power system, the method used to insulate most connections, and by the style and
materials of the structures used. These categories are not disjointed; to solve a
particular problem, a transmission substation may include significant distribution
functions, for example.
 Transmission substation
  Distribution substation
 Collector substation
 Converter substation
 Switching station



 Transmission substation:
A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest
case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases,
substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or
isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. A transmission station may have
transformers to convert between two transmission voltages, voltage control/power
factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or static VAR compensators
and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to control power flow between
two adjacent power systems. Transmission substations can range from simple to
complex. A small "switching station" may be little more than a bus plus some
circuit breakers. The largest transmission substations can cover a large area
(several acres/hectares) with multiple voltage levels, many circuit breakers and a
large amount of protection and control equipment (voltage and current
transformers, relays and SCADA systems). Modern substations may be
implemented using international standards such as IEC Standard 61850. ·

Distribution substation:

A distribution substation in Scarborough, Ontario disguised as a house, complete

with a driveway, front walk and a mown lawn and shrubs in the front yard. A
warning notice can be clearly seen on the "front door". Disguises for substations
are common in many cities. A distribution substation transfers power from the
transmission system to the distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to
directly connect electricity consumers to the main transmission network, unless
they use large amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a
level suitable for local distribution.
The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub
transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 115 kV, or whatever is
common in
the area. The output is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically
medium voltage, between 2.4 kV and 33 kV depending on the size of the area
served and the practices of the local utility. The feeders run along streets
overhead (or underground,in some cases) and power the distribution
transformers at or near the customer premises. In addition to transforming
voltage, distribution substations also isolate faults in either the transmission or
distribution systems. Distribution substations are typically the points of voltage
regulation, although on long distribution circuits (of several miles/kilometers),
voltage regulation equipment may also be installed along the line.


Collector substation:
In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm, a collector substation may
be required. It resembles a distribution substation although power flow is in the
opposite direction, from many wind turbines up into the transmission grid.
Usually for economy of construction the collector system operates around 35 kV,
and the collector substation steps up voltage to a transmission voltage for the grid.
The collector substation can also provide power factor correction if it is needed,
metering and control of the wind farm. In some special cases a collector
substation can also contain an HVDC converter station. Collector substations also
exist where multiple thermal or hydroelectric power plants of comparable output
power are in proximity. Examples for such substations are Brauweiler in
Germany and Hradec in the Czech Republic, where power is collected from
nearby lignite-fired power plants. If no transformers are required for increase of
voltage to transmission level, the substation is a switching station.

Converter substation:
Converter substations may be associated with HVDC converter plants, traction
current, or interconnected non-synchronous networks. These stations contain
power electronic devices to change the frequency of current, or else convert from
alternating to direct current or the reverse. Formerly rotary converters changed
frequency to interconnect two systems; such substations today are rare.


Switching station:

(Switchyard at Grand Coulee Dam, USA, 2006) A switching station is a

substation without transformers and operating only at a single voltage level.
Switching stations are sometimes used as collector and distribution stations.
Sometimes they are used for switching the current to back-up lines or for
parallelizing circuits in case of failure. An example is the switching stations for
the HVDC Inga–Shaba transmission line.
A switching station may also be known as a switchyard, and these are commonly
located directly adjacent to or nearby a power station. In this case the
generators from the power station supply their power into the yard onto the
Generator Bus on one side of the yard, and the transmission lines take their
power from a Feeder Bus on the other side of the yard. An important function
performed by a substation is switching, which is the connecting and
disconnecting of transmission lines or other components to and from the
system. Switching events may be "planned" or "unplanned". A transmission line
or other component may need to be de-energized for maintenance or for new
construction, for example, adding or removing a transmission line or a
transformer. To maintain reliability of supply, no company ever brings down its
whole system for maintenance. All work to be performed, from routine testing
to adding entirely new substations, must be done while keeping the whole
system running. Perhaps more important, a fault may develop in a transmission
line or any other component. Some examples of this: · A line is hit by lightning
and develops an arc · A tower is blown down by high wind. The function of the
switching station is to isolate the faulted portion of the system in the shortest
possible time. De-energizing faulted equipment protects it from further damage,
and isolating a fault helps keep the rest of the electrical grid operating with
stability.


 220KV Sub-station :
220KV Sub-Station forms an important link between Transmission network and
Distribution network. It has a vital influence of reliability of service. Apart from
ensuring efficient transmission and Distribution of power, the sub-station
configuration should be such that it enables easy maintenance of equipment and
minimum interruptions in power supply. Sub-Station is constructed near as
possible to the load center. The voltage level of power transmission is decided on
the quantum of power to be transmitted to the load center.
3.. 220KV EHV Sub-Station has the following major equipments:
 Bus-bar
 Jumper
 Insulators
 Isolating Switches
 Circuit breaker
 Protective relay
 Instrument Transformer
 Current Transformer
 Voltage Transformer
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
 Metering and Indicating Instrument
 Transformer
 Lightening arrestors
 wave trap
 line isolator

 Bus-bar :
The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into
and get into the instruments for further step up or step down.
The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in LA
single line. There may be double line in the bus so that if any
fault occurs in the one the other can still have the current and
the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are
separated by a little distance by a Conductor having a
 connector between them. This is so that one can work at a
time and the other works only if the first is having any fault

 Jumper:
A jumper is a tiny metal connector that is used to close or open part of
an electrical circuit. It may be used as an alternative to a dual in-line
package (DIP) switch. A jumper has two or more connecting points,
which regulate an electrical circuit board.
  Insulators:
The insulator serves two purpose, they support the conductor (or
bus bar) and confine the current to the conductor. The most commonly
used material for the manufactures of insulators is porcelain. There are
several type of insulator (i.e. pine type, suspension type etc.) and there
used in Sub-Station will depend upon the service requirement. any
material that keeps energy such as electricity, heat, or cold easily
transferring through is an insulator. Wood, plastic, rubber, and glass are
good insulators. ... The opposite of insulator is conductor: a material
that easily transmits heat or electricity.

Isolating Switches:

In Sub-Station, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system

for general maintenance and repairs. This is accomplished by an
isolating switch or isolator. An isolator is essentially a knife Switch and
is design to often open a circuit under no load, in other words, isolator
Switches are operate only when the line is which they are connected
carry no load. For example, consider that the isolator are connected on
both side of a circuit breaker, if the isolators are to be opened, the C.B.
must be opened first.
  Circuit breaker:

A circuit breaker is an equipment, which can open or close a circuit

under normal as well as fault condition. These circuit breaker breaks for
a fault which can damage other instrument in the station. It is so
designed that it can be operated manually (or by remote control) under
normal conditions and automatically under fault condition. There are
mainly two types of circuit breakers used for any substations. They are
(a) SF6 circuit breakers
(b)Spring circuit breakers

 SF6 Circuit Breaker:

For the latter operation a relay which is used with a C.B. generally
bulk oil C.B. are used for voltage up to 66 KV while for high voltage
low oil & SF6 C.B. are used. For still higher voltage, air blast
vacuum or SF6 cut breaker are used. The use of SF6 circuit breaker
is mainly in the substations which are having high input kv input,
say above 220kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker
by force i.e. under high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases
there is a motor connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts
operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter
connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if the gas
goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque
produce in it due to any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has a
direct link with the instruments in the station, when any fault
occur alarm bell rings.
 Spring Circuit Breaker:
Spring; a spring-operated mechanism is one driven by the
mechanical energy stored in springs. Typically, the “closing spring”
is mechanically charged by a motor and is held in its compressed
position by a closing latch.
 Protective relay: 
A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the
operation of the C.B. to isolate the defective element from the rest
of the system‖. The relay detects the abnormal condition in the
electrical circuit by constantly measuring the electrical quantities,
which are different under normal and fault condition. The electrical
quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage,
current, frequency and

 Instrument Transformer:
The line in Sub-station operate at high voltage and carry current of
thousands of amperes. The measuring instrument and protective
devices are designed for low voltage (generally 110V) and current
(about 5A). Therefore, they will not work satisfactory if mounted
directly on the power lines. This difficulty is overcome by installing
Instrument transformer, on the power lines.

There are two types of instrument transformer-

1. Current Transformer:

A current transformer is essentially a step-down transformer

which steps-down the current in a known ratio, the primary of
 this transformer consist of one or more turn of thick wire
connected in series with the line, the secondary consist of
thick wire connected in series with line having large number
of turn of fine wire and provides for measuring instrument,
and relay a current which is a constant faction of the current in
the line. Current transformers are basically used to take the
readings of the currents entering the substation. This
transformer steps down the current from 800 amps to 1amp.
This is done because we have no instrument for measuring of
such a large current.

The main use of his transformer is:

 distance protection
 backup protection
 measurement

 Potential Transformer:
 It is essentially a step – down transformer and step down the
voltage in known ratio. The primary of these transformer consist of a
large number of turn of fine wire connected across the line. The
secondary way consist of a few turns and provides for measuring
instruments and relay a voltage which is known fraction of the line
voltage.


C V T:
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT ) is a transformer used in power
systems to step-down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage
signals either for measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its
most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across
which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the
device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and
further step-down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay.
The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for
connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one
set of secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or
protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for
measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of
voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first
capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in
series. This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors
that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop
across the second capacitor,C2, and hence the secondary terminals.


Metering and Indicating Instrument:
There are several metering and indicating Instrument (e.g. Ammeters, Volt-
meters, energy meter etc.) installed in a Substation to maintain which over the
circuit quantities. The instrument transformers are invariably used with them for
satisfactory operation.

 Miscellaneous equipment:
In addition to above, there may be following equipment in a Substation :

i. Fuses
ii. Carrier-current equipment
iii. Sub-Station auxiliary supplies

 Lightening Arrester:

To discharge the switching and lightening voltage surges to earth.


Wave trap:
Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function
of this trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping
wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is

 Line Isolator:

The isolator can be defined as; it is one type of mechanical switch used to isolate
a fraction of the electrical circuit when it is required. Isolator switches are used
for opening an electrical circuit in the no-load condition. It is not proposed to be
opened while current flows through the line.
 Earth Pit :
It stabilizes circuit potentials with respect to ground and limits the
overall potential rise. It keeps the maximum voltage gradient along the
surface inside and around the substation within safe limits during ground
fault.

4. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)

A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line
Diagram of the concerned Electrical System which includes all the
required ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT connection sequence wise from
the point of entrance of Power up to the end of the scope of the
mentioned Work.As these feeders enter the station they are to pass
through various instruments. The instruments have their usual
functioning.

They are as follows in the single line diagram:

 Lightening arrestors
 CVT
 Wave trap
 Isolators with earth switch
 Circuit breaker
 BUS
 Potential transformer with a bus isolator
 Isolator
 Current transformer
 A capacitor bank attached to the bus

line diagram of the 220 KV CSPTCL Bhilai-3 :

This substation has the capacity of 220kv and can step down to 132kv using four
input lines through the incoming feeders. The input feeders are namely,
 KHEDAMARA-1
 KHEDAMARA-2
 220KV BHATAPARA
 220KV PGCIL

These feeders come into the substation with 220kv. The substation of
220kv/132kv has nine outgoing feeders, namely:
 PULGAON
 BERLA
 SIMGA
 ACC

 SARONA
 RASMADA
 BORJHARA + RAIPUR

And two out going feeders are of 220kv line.

 GURUR 1

 GURUR 2
 TRANSFORMER
Transformer is static device which converts electrical energy from one
voltage to another.It works on the principle of static induction principle.
When the energy transformed into higher voltage, the transformer is
called step up transformer but in case of other is known as step down
transformer. As the system voltage goes up, the techniques to be used
for the Design, Construction, Installation, Operation and Maintenance
also become more and more critical. If proper care is exercised in the
installation, maintenance and condition monitoring of the transformer, it
can give the user trouble free service throughout the expected life of
equipment which of the order of 25-35 years. Hence, it is very essential
that the personnel associated with the installation, operation or
maintenance of the transformer is through with the instructions provided
by the manufacture diverted around the protected insulation in most
cases to earth.

 Basic principles:

The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an Electric

current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and
secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire
induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic
induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the
magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux
induces a voltage in the secondary coil. It is a device that transfers
electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively
coupled conductors — the transformer's coils. Except for air-core
transformers, the conductors are commonly wound around a single
iron-rich core, or around separate but magnetically - coupled cores.
A varying current in the first or "primary" winding creates a
varying magnetic field in the core (or cores) of the transformer.
This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force
 electric current will flow in the secondary winding and electrical
energy will flow from the primary circuit through the transformer
to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the
secondary winding (VS) is in proportion to the primary voltage
(VP), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the
secondary to the number of turns in the primary as follows: By
appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows
an alternating current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making
NS greater than NP, or "stepped down" by making NS less than NP.
Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized
coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge
units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of
national power grids. All operate with the same basic principles,
although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have
eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits,
transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed
for household ("mains") voltage.

 Induction law:
The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated
from Faraday's law of induction, which states that: Where VS is the
instantaneous voltage, NS is the number of turns in the secondary
coil and Φ equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If
the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field
lines, the flux is the product of the magnetic field strength B and
the area A through which it cuts. The area is constant, being equal
to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core, whereas the
magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation. The
simplified description above neglects several practical factors, in
particular the primary current required to establish a magnetic field
in the core, and the contribution to the field due to current in the
secondary circuit.
 Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of
negligible reluctance with two windings of zero resistance, when a
voltage is applied to the primary winding, a small current flows,
driving flux around the magnetic circuit of the core. The current
required to

TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:
 Auto Transformer
 Instrument Transformer

Further, Transformer classified in two types:

 On the basis of working
 On the basis of structure
 Auto Transformer:

An autotransformer is an electrical transformer with only one winding.
The "auto" (Greek for "self") prefix refers to the single coil acting alone,
not to any kind of automatic mechanism. In an autotransformer,
portions of the same winding act as both the primary winding and
secondary winding sides of the transformer. In contrast, an ordinary
transformer has separate primary and secondary windings which have
no metallic conducting path between them.
he autotransformer winding has at least three taps where electrical
connections are made. Since part of the winding does "double duty",
autotransformers have the advantages of often being smaller, lighter,
and cheaper than typical dual-winding transformers, but the
disadvantage of not providing electrical isolation between primary and
secondary circuits.

Accessories of transformer :
 Transformer Oil
Transformer oil is a mineral based oil that is commonly used in
transformers for its chemical properties and dielectric strength. This oil
in your transformer acts as an insulator and a cooling agent. Over time,
the oil will degrade resulting in the potential for faults and costly
repairs. With a proper preventative maintenance program, you can
avoid any costly down time and expensive repairs. It serves the
following purposes:
Provides Additional Insulation

Carries away the heat generated in the core and oils.
Good Transformer Oil Should have:
High dielectric strength.
Low viscosity to provide good transformation.
Free from inorganic acid ,alkali & corrosive sulfur High flash/fire
point.

Conservator: 

This is a cylindrical shaped oil container closed from both ends.
One large inspection cover is provided on either side of the
container to facilitate maintenance and cleaning inside of the
conservator.
 Breather: 

Whenever an electrical power transformer is loaded, the temperature
of the transformer insulating oil increases, consequently the volume of
the oil is increased. As the volume of the oil is increased, the air above
the oil level in conservator will come out. Again at low oil temperature;
the volume of the oil is decreased, which causes the volume of the oil
to be decreased which again causes air to enter into conservator tank.

Diverter Tank or Tap Changer:
A tap changer is a mechanism in transformers which allows for variable
turn ratios to be selected in distinct steps. This is done by connecting to
a number of access points known as taps along either the primary or
secondary winding.

 Temperature Indicator:

Crucial parameters that should be monitored in transformers are the

temperature of the windings and oil, as they provide insight into the
overall performance of the transformer, while avoiding thermal
degradation and ensuring a longer operating life.
 Bushing:
A transformer bushing is an insulating structure that facilitates the
passage of an energized, current-carrying conductor through the
grounded tank of the transformer. ... The bushings used for the low
voltage winding(s) of a transformer are often solid type with a
porcelain or epoxy insulator.


 In CSPTCL Bhilai there are five transformers in the incoming
feeders so that the five lines are step down at the same time.
In case of a 220KV or more KV line station auto transformers
are used. While in case of lower KV line such as less than 132KV
line double winding transformers are used Auto transformer.
No. of Auto Transformer in CSPTCL Bhilai:
125 MVA = 3 nos.
160 MVA = 2 nos.
 Fig: 220/132 KV 160 MVA Transformer at CSPTCL Bhilai-3

Fig: 220/132 KV 125 MVA Auto Transformer at CSPTCL Bhilai-3

INSTRUMENTAL TRANSFORMER:
 Instrument transformers are high accuracy class electrical devices used
to isolate or transform voltage or current levels. ... The primary winding
of the transformer is connected to the high voltage or high current
circuit, and the meter or relay is connected to the secondary circuit.

Fig: Instrument Transformer at CSPTCL Bhilai-3

Instrument transformers are special transformers used to

measure voltages and currents while insulating measuring and
control devices from the primary circuit. instruments
transformers are of two types - (i) Current Transformers (CT)
and (ii) Potential Transformers (PT).

AUTO TRANSFORMER: o Single phase transformer o Three

phase transformer
  INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER: o Current transformer
o Potential transformer

On the basis of working:

Step down: convert HIGH VOLTAGE into LOW VOLTAGE

INSULATORS

An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do

not flow freely, and therefore make it nearly impossible to conduct an
electric current under the influence of an electric field. This contrasts
with other materials, semiconductors and conductors, which conduct
electric current more easily. The property that distinguishes an insulator
is its resistivity; insulators have higher resistivity than semiconductors or
conductors.
A perfect insulator does not exist, because even insulators contain small
numbers of mobile charges (charge carriers) which can carry current. In
addition, all insulators become electrically conductive when a
sufficiently large voltage is applied that the electric field tears electrons
away from the atoms. This is known as the breakdown voltage of an
insulator. Some materials such as glass, paper and Teflon, which have
high resistivity, are very good electrical insulators. A much larger class
of materials, even though they may have lower bulk resistivity, are still
good enough to prevent significant current from flowing at normally
used voltages, and thus are employed as insulation for electrical wiring
and cables. Examples include rubber-like polymers and most plastics.
Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate
electrical conductors without allowing current through themselves. An
insulating material used in bulk to wrap electrical cables or other
equipment is called insulation. The term insulator is also used more
specifically to refer to insulating supports used to attach electric power
 distribution or transmission lines to utility poles and transmission
towers. They support the weight of the suspended wires without
allowing the current to flow through the tower to ground.

INSULATING MATERIL
The main cause of failure of overhead line insulator, is the flash over,
occurs in between line and earth during abnormal over voltage in the
system. During the flash over, the huge heat produced by arching, causes
puncher in insulator body.

PROPERTIES OF INSULATING MATERIAL:

For successful utilization, this material should have some specific properties as listed
below:

 It must be mechanically strong enough to carry tension and weight

of conductors.
 It must have very high dielectric strength to withstand the voltage
stresses in High Voltage system.
 It must possessed high Insulation Resistance to prevent leakage
current to the earth.
 The insulating material must be free from unwanted impurities.
 It should not be porous.
  There must not be any entrance on the surface of electrical
insulator so that the moisture or gases can enter in it.
 There physical as well as electrical properties must be less affected
by changing temperature.

TYPES OF INSULATING MATERIALS:

 Two types of insulating material are mainly used: i) Porcelain
insulator ii) Glass insulator

 Porcelain insulator:

Porcelain in most commonly used material for over head insulator

in present days. The porcelain is aluminium silicate. The aluminium
silicate is mixed with plastic kaolin, feldspar and quartz to obtain
final hard and glazed porcelain insulator material. The surface of
the insulator should be glazed enough so that water should not be
traced on it.

Fig: porcelain insulator


Glass insulator:
Now days glass insulator has become popular in transmission and distribution
system. Annealed tough glass is used for insulating purpose.

Fig; glass insulator

Advantages of Glass Insulator:

 It has very high dielectric strength compared to porcelain.

 Its resistivity is also very high.
 It has low coefficient of thermal expansion.
 It has higher tensile strength compared to porcelain insulator.
 As it is transparent in nature the is not heated up in sunlight as
porcelain.
 The impurities and air bubble can be easily detected inside the glass
insulator body because of its transparency.
 Glass has very long service life as because mechanical and
electrical properties of glass do not be affected by ageing.
 After all, glass is cheaper than porcelain.

Disadvantages of Glass Insulator:

  Moisture can easily condensed on glass surface and hence air dust will be deposited on the wed glass
surface which will provide path to the leakage current of the system.
 For higher voltage glass can’t be cast in irregular shapes since due to irregular cooling internal cooling
internal strains are caused.

TYPES OF INSULATORS:
There are five types of insulators:

 Pin type insulator

 Suspension type insulator
 Post insulator
 Disc insulator


1 . Pin type insulator:

Pin Insulator is earliest developed overhead insulator, but still
popularly used in power network up to 33 KV system. Pin type
insulator can be one part, two parts or three parts type, depending
upon application voltage. In 11 KV system we generally use one
part type insulator where whole pin insulator is one piece of
properly shaped porcelain or glass. As the leakage path of insulator
is through its surface, it is desirable to increase the vertical length
of the insulator surface area for lengthening leakage path.

Suspension type insulator:

In higher voltage, beyond 33KV, it becomes uneconomical to use pin

insulator because size, weight of the insulator become more. Handling
and replacing bigger size single unit insulator are quite difficult task. For
overcoming these difficulties, suspension insulator was developed. In
suspension insulator numbers of insulators are connected in series to
form a string and the line conductor is carried by the bottom most
insulator. Each insulator of a suspension string is called disc insulator
because of their disc like shape.

POST INSULATOR:

When suspension string is used to sustain extraordinary tensile load of conductor

it is referred as string insulator. When there is a dead end or there is a sharp
corner in transmission line, the line has to sustain a great tensile load of conductor
or strain. A strain insulator must have considerable mechanical strength as well as
the necessary electrical insulating properties.
 
DISC INSULATOR:

The shackle insulator or spool insulator is usually used in low voltage

distribution network. It can be used both in horizontal and vertical
position. The use of such insulator has decreased recently after
increasing the using of underground cable for distribution purpose. The
tapered hole of the spool insulator distributes the load more evenly and
minimizes the possibility of breakage when heavily loaded. The
conductor in the groove of shackle insulator is fixed with the help of soft
binding wire
 CIRCUIT BREAKER & ISOLATOR
CIRCUIT BREAKER:
A circuit breaker is the equipment, which can open or close a circuit under
normal as well as fault condition. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which
can damage other instrument in the station. It is so designed that it can be
operated manually (or by remote control) under normal conditions and
automatically under fault condition. A circuit breaker is an automatically
operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage
caused by over current or overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to
interrupt current flow after protective relays detect a fault.

Fig: SF6 circuit breaker

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CIRCUIT BREAKER:
The Circuit Breaker mainly consist of fixed contacts and moving contacts. In
normal ―no‖ condition of circuit breaker, these two contacts are physically
connected tp each other due to applied mechanical pressure on the moving
contacts. There is an arrangement stored potential energy in the operating
mechanism of circuit breaker which is realized if switching signal is given to the
breaker. The potential energy can be stored in the circuit breaker by different
ways like by deforming metal spring, by compressed air or by hydraulic pressure

. TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER:

According to different criteria there are different type of circuit breaker:

According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker can be
divided as:
 Oil circuit breaker
 Spring circuit breaker
 SF6 circuit breaker
 Vacuum circuit breaker

OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER:

A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat
and extinguish the arc; the intense heat of arc decomposes the oil, generating a
gas whose high pressure produced a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that
furnishes the necessary insulation to prevent a re-strike of the arc. The arc is then
extinguished, both because of its elongation upon
parting of contacts and because of intensive cooling
by the gases of oil vacuum.
 Fig: oil circuit breaker

SPRING CIRCUIT BREAKER:

are especially suitable for railway and arc furnaces, where the breaker operates
repeatedly. Air blast circuit breaker is used for interconnected lines where rapid
operation is desiredFast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto re-
closure, unit type multi break constructions, simple assembly and modest
maintenance are some of the main features of air blast circuit breakers. The
compressors plant necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air receiver. The
air blast circuit breakers .

Fig: spring circuit breaker

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:
In such circuit breaker, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc
quenching medium. The SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency
to absorb free electrons. The SF6 circuit breakers have been found to a very
effective for high power and high voltage service. SF6 circuit breakers have been
developed for voltage 115 KV to 230 KV, power rating 10MVA. It consists of
fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber, contains SF6 gas. When the contacts
are opened, the mechanism permits a high pressure SF6 gas from reservoir to
flow towards the arc interruption chamber. The moving contact permits the SF6
gas to let through these holes. A typical SF6 circuit breaker consists of interrupter
units. Each unit is capable of interrupting currents up to 60 KA and voltage in the
range 50-80 KV. A number of units are connected in series according to system
voltage. SF6 breakers are developed for voltages range from 115 to 500 KV and
power of 10MVA rating and with interrupting time of 3 cycles and less.

Fig: SF6 circuit breaker

The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high
input kv input, say above 220kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit
breaker by force i.e. under high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a
motor connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas went
lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be
manually seen if the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce
the torque produce in it due to any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has a
direct link with the instruments in the station, when any fault occur alarm bell
rings. The spring type of circuit breakers is used for small kv stations. The spring
here reduces the torque produced so that the breaker can function again. The
spring type is used for step down side of 132kv to 33kv also in 33kv to 11kv and
so on. They are only used in low distribution side. 


VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER:
Vacuum circuit breakers are the breakers which are used to protect medium and
high voltage circuit from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of
circuit breakers, va cuum circuit breakers are literally break the circuit so that
energy can not continue flowing through it, thereby preventing fires, power surge
and other problems which may emerge. These devices have been utilized since
the 1920s and several companies have introduced refinements to make them even
safer and more effective.

ISOLATORS:
Isolator is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-
energized for service or maintenance. In Sub-Station, it is often desired
to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and repairs.
This is accomplished by an isolating switch or isolator. An isolator is
essentially a knife Switch and is design to often open a circuit under no
load, in other words, isolator Switches are operate only when the line is
which they are connected carry no load. For example, consider that the
isolator are connected on both side of a circuit breaker, if the isolators
are to be opened, the C.B. must be opened first. ―An Isolator or a
disconnector is a mechanical switch device, which provides in the open
position, an isolating distance in accordance with special requirements.
An isolator is capable of opening and closing a circuit when either
negligible current is broken/made or when no significant change in the
voltage across the terminals of each of the poles of isolator occurs. It is
also capable of carrying current under normal circuit conditions and
carrying for a specified time, current under abnormal conditions such as
those of short circuit.‖
 OPERATION OF ELECTRICAL ISOLATOR:
An isolator is a mechanical switch that is manually operated.
Depending on the requirement of a given system, there are different
types of isolators. With isolators, one is able to see any open circuit
physically as compared to circuit breakers where no physical
observation can be made. Since no technique for arc quenching exists
in isolators, the operation of electrical isolators should only be carried
out when no possible current is flowing through a circuit. An isolator
should not be used to open a completely closed live circuit.
Additionally, live circuits should not be completed and closed using an
isolator. This is to avoid large amounts of arcing from taking place at
the isolator contacts. Hence isolators should only be opened after a
circuit breaker is open and should be closed before closing a circuit
breaker. Electrical isolators can be operated using a motorized
mechanism as well as by hand. Hand operation happens to be cheaper,
compared to a motorized arrangement. As no arc quenching technique
is provided in isolator it must be operated when there is no chance of
current flowing through the circuit. No live circuit should be closed or
opened by isolator operation. A complete live closed circuit must not
be opened by isolator operation and also a live circuit must not be
closed and completed by isolator to avoid huge arcing in between
isolator contacts. That is why isolator must be open after circuit breaker
is open and these must be closed before circuit breaker is closed.
Isolator can be operated by hand locally as well as by motorized
mechanism from remote position. Motorized operation arrangement
costs more compared to hand operation; hence decision must be taken
before choosing an isolator for the system whether hand operated or
motor operated economically optimum for the system. For voltage up
to 145 KV system hand operated isolators are used whereas for higher
voltage systems like 245 KV or 420 KV and above motorized isolator are
used.

Fig: isolator
TANDEM ISOLATORS:

Tandem isolator, often called split breaker or double breakers, provides

two separate circuits in the space of rectangular sized breaker opening.
Every circuit breaker panel has a limited number of circuits available.
The problem is that when the openings are all used up and you still need
to add another circuit, what do you do you? You could change the
electrical panel or double up circuits on a breaker, but this could place to
much load on a particular circuit. So what then? The answer that many
have found is tandem breaker. This type of breaker is the same size as
any other breaker, but it has its difference.

Fig: Tandem Isolator

CONTROL & RELAY ROOM

CONTROL ROM . -
The control room has various control panels which shows the
information like incomming power, outgoing power, frequency, time
common to all sub-stations, status of various lines(healthy, faulted,
under outage or maintenance), status of various protective instruments
like isolators, circuit breaker, temperature of various instruments,
working tap of transformer etc. The DAS (Data Acquisition System) is
used to accumulate the data received from various sources. The relay
room is separate from the control room. All relay used here are
numerical and are either from Siemens® or ABB®. The protection system
is so fast that it can detect a fault within 30 ms and hence the circuit
breaker can be operated within as less as 80 ms. For 400KV side C.B.,
one time auto reclosure is allowed in order to clear the faults
automatically.

BATTERY ROOM:
 The control panels and relays of the sub-station required DC supply
of 110 V.
 The DC supply is made with the help of battery bank reserve
normally kept in a separate room called battery room.
 The batteries used in this sub-station are Nickel-Cadmium (NI-Cd)
batteries. These batteries re used due to their advantages like low
maintenance, longer life (15-20 years) etc. Each cell is of 2 V
and 300 Ah Capacity.
 BATTERY ROOM:

 The control panels and relays of the sub-station required DC supply of 110
V.
 The DC supply is made with the help of battery bank reserve normally kept
in a separate room called battery room.
 The batteries used in this sub-station are Nickel-Cadmium (NI-Cd) batteries.
These batteries re used due to their advantages like low maintenance, longer
life (15-20 years) etc. Each cell is of 2 V and 300 Ah Capacity.

Fig: batteries at sub-station

Used of battery in sub-station:

 Storage battery system is used in emergency situation for the working of

electrical equipments:
  To open and close the switch gear
 For indication and control
 Emergency lighting
 Relay and interlocking equipments For working of alarm circuit .

Protective Relay:
Protective relays are used to detect defective lines or apparatus and to initiate the
operation of circuit interrupting devices to isolate the defective equipment. Relays
are also used to detect abnormal or undesirable operating conditions other than
those caused by defective equipment and either operate an alarm or initiate
operation of circuit interrupting devices. Protective relays protect the electrical
system by causing the defective apparatus or lines to be disconnected to minimize
damage and maintain service continuity to the rest of the system.

There are different types of relays:


Over current relay
Distance relay
Differential relay
Directional over current relay

Over Current Relay:

The over current relay responds to a magnitude of current above a specified value. There are
four basic types of construction: They are plunger, rotating disc, static, and microprocessor
type. In the plunger type, a plunger is moved by magnetic attraction when the current exceeds
a specified value. In the rotating induction-disc type, which is a motor, the disc rotates by
electromagnetic induction when the current exceeds a specified value. Static types convert
the current to a proportional D.C mill volt signal and apply it to a level detector with voltage
or contact output. Such relays can be designed to have various current-l type of rotating
induction-disc relay, called the voltage restrained over current relay. The magnitude of
voltage restrains the operation of the disc until the magnitude of the voltage drops below a
threshold value. Static over current relays are equipped with multiple curve characteristics
and can duplicate almost any shape of electromechanical relay curve. Microprocessor relays
convert the current to a digital signal. The digital signal can then be compared to the setting
values input into the relay. With the microprocessor relay, various curves or multiple time-
delay settings can be input to set the relay operation. Some relays allow the user to define the
curve with points or calculations to determine the output characteristics.
Distance Relay:
Has the overall effect of measuring impedance. The relay operates
instantaneously (within a few cycles) on a 60-cycle basis for values of impedance
below the set value. When time delay is required, the relays energizes a separate
time-delay relay or function with the contacts or output of this time-delay relay or
function performing the desired output functions. The relay operates on the
magnitude of impedance measured by the combination of restraint voltage and the
operating current passing through it according to the settings applied to the relay.
When the impedance is such that the impedance point is within the impedance
characteristic circle, the relay will trip. The relay is inherently directional. The
line impedance typically corresponds to the diameter of the circle with the reach
of the relay being the diameter of the circle

Differential Relay:
The differential relay is a current-operated relay that responds to the difference
between two or more device currents above a set value. The relay works on the
basis of the differential principle that what goes into the device has to come out
.If the current does not add to zero, the error current flows to cause the relay to
operate and trip the circuit. The differential relay is used to provide internal fault
protection to equipment such as transformers, generators, and buses. Relays are
designed to permit differences in the input currents as a result of current
transformer mismatch and applications where the input currents come from
different system voltages, such as transformers. A current differential relay
provides restraint coils on the incoming current circuits. The restraint coils in
combination with the operating coil provide an operation curve, above which the
relay will operate. Differential relays are often used with a lockout relay to trip all
power sources to the device and prevent the device from being automatically or
remotely reenergized. These relays are very sensitive. The operation of the device
usually means major problems with the protected equipment and the likely failure
in re-energizing the equipment.

iv. Directional Over current Relay:

A directional over current relay operates only for excessive current flow in a
given direction. Directional over current relays are available in
electromechanical, static, and microprocessor constructions. An
electromechanical overcorrect relay is made directional by adding a directional
unit that prevents the over current relay from operating until the directional unit
has operated. The directional unit responds to the product of the magnitude of
current, voltage, and the phase angle between them or to the product of two
currents and the phase angle between them. The value of this product necessary
to provide operation of the directional unit is small, so that it will not limit the
sensitivity of the relay (such as an over current relay that it controls). In most
cases, the directional element is mounted inside the same case as the relay it
controls. For example, an over current relay and a directional element are
mounted in the same case, and the combination is called a directional over
current relay. Microprocessor relays often provide a choice as to the polarizing
method that can be used in providing the direction of fault, such as applying
residual current or voltage or negative sequence current or voltage polarizing
functions to the relay.

Fig: Directional Over Current

 WAVE TRAP

WAVW TRAP:
Line trap is also known as wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency
communication signals sent on the line from the remote sub-station and
diverting them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation control
room (through coupling capacitor and LMU). This is relevant in power line carrier
communication (PLCC) systems for communication among various substations
without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily
teleprotection signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals.
The line trap offers high impedance to high frequency communication signals
thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substations bus-bars. If there
were not to there, then signal loss in more and communication will be
ineffective/probably impossible. Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of
the wave. The function of this trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its
function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to the main
incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the
instruments here in the substation.
Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in
our life. We are made aware of how the transmission the transmission of
electricity is done. We too came to know about the various parts of the substation
system. The three wings of electrical system viz. generation, transmission and
distribution are connected to each other and that too very perfectly. Thus for
effective transmission and distribution a substation must:
 Ensure steady state and transient stability
 Effective voltage control
 Prevention of loss of synchronism
 Reliable supply by feeding the network at various points
 Fault analysis improvement in respective field
 Establishment of economic load distribution

I think my training was successful and 220 KV substation at CSPTCL Bhilai is an

excellent training centre for inquisitive emerging electrical engineers to learn
about the high voltage electricity transmission and distribution with the
functioning of all other protective devices. In the training session we came to
know about the fundamentals of power system which may be quite useful in
future. I also learn about AVAILABILITY TARIFF for disciplined and accurate
operation of power system.
REFERENCES

Google.com

Wikipedia

Power system engineering(Nagrath and Kothri)

Electrical -engineering -portal.com

engineersgarage