ICPNA Focus on PRONUNCIATIONS ida5 32 Rhythm Overview Beare ‘Rhythm is the “drum” section of language; rhythm includes the paterning of strong (stressed) sllables and woak (anstressed) syllables in phrases and sentences, and the ming and grouping of words. ‘Stress-Timed Languages and Syllable-Timed Languages English isa siress-timed language. In siress-imed languages, syllables do not have equal “weigh.” ‘Strosed syllables are long, lov, and prominent. Unsiresed syllablas are short and lows clear The rhythm of English syllables is similar to the trees inthe natural tree lipe Japancee and Spanish are exanples of syle timed languages. Tn syllable treed languages, mont sllables are approximately equal in eagth. The rhythen of sylable-imed languages is similar o the trees in the apple orchard belina Deseribe the difference in height za, and spat lines toa partner, 162 unir22Content and Function Words Content words have clear meanings and are stressed. Funciion words have grammatical meanings and are unstressed. Content Words Stressed) Function Words (Unstressed) Nouns (lable, ra) Articles (a, the) Verbs (walk, eat) Auxiliary verbs (om, is, are, have, ete) Aaljectives (het, all) Personal pronouns (F, yous, his, te) Adverbs (quickly, very) Conpanctions (and, or, when, if ec.) Ouestion words (What? How?) Relative pronouns (vito, which, that) Desmonsteatives What, dose) Prepositions (i at iy om, ete) Negatives, negative contractions (not, doesn!) Reductions of Function Words Many function words have reduced pronunciations. In rock x roll (rock and roll), the spelling ‘a reflects the way and is usually pronounced. Reduced words join closely to surrounding words. IF ifs dificult for you to join words together smoothly, you can use full pronunciations when you speak. ‘Thought Groups ‘Thought groups ere meaningfil phrasce withia a sentence. They help the listener identify snits of information. The words in «thought group are pronounced logether: 1. Grouping Words “There are no Bted rales for doctling which words to Inchids in a thought group. Usually meaning, and sentence length determine the words thet belong together Look al bo ways to group the words fn the senteness Boone We're going to stay ata hotel in Miami We're going to stay ata hotel io Miami, 2. Joining ThoughtGroups When you join thought groups together, pause o lengthen the end of a thought group brielly before saying the next group. Lmade a reservation for tonight engin billy Anthem Overview 163,STEP 2 FOCUSED PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: Conversations Listen tothe conversations. he stressed words are underlined. Then practic the conversations wath a partner o vigorously 2. Sroxesrensons ‘a movie—where I play shoplifter Sroxusreasox: Of course she was poing 10 selurn the merchandise. This has all been aa big misunderstanding. EXERCISE 2: Reductions of Function Words @ titer othe wordlist and educedpronucetion Note the cererces Word List Normal Reduced Prenundatione 1. and black and white (sounds like “blacken white”) 2 or black or white (sounds like “blacker white") Bw back to settool (sounds like “back 19 school”) 4 can ‘Your cooking can tempt! anyone. (sounds like “contempt”) s Did he go? Gounds like “Diddy 202") EXERCISE 3: Noticing Reductions @ xen endrepsattne sentences. Thepasofundrined words hve te some oneal tesaine pronuncaton Tren choose aston and 89 te case 1, He fallen behind this fall and winter 2. Bea.can light the beacon light. 3. Tdon't know how much fun he had in his funny hat. today. ‘5. The fortunate old woman made a fortune at Ising. 4. My con's going today hoo "empl: 9 he attractive, make someone want 1 do something 164 unirazEXERCISE 4: Thought Groups @ ster the sentences and underline chought groups Then practice the sentences with apartner. 1. Last summes, we decided to drive across the country 2. We started in New York and planned to take the northern route all the way to Seattle. 3. Coming from the east, the Rockies looked spectacular a ‘They rose ike a wall from the flat plains, unning north and south as faras the eye could see. EXERCISE 5: World Heritage Sites @ A sentornercordng Complete te semteceswah he unstressed hinaion wordy ea 7 ‘mission ——___— the Worl FET erie Program is __ catalog The words site sigh, and cle have sec he thesame pronunciation. * Protect places have ‘There were 911 World Heritage “outstanding universal value.” World Heritage Sites have special | tts in 2010, ‘The ten was orp: Thore ccaltural____ natural significance. The eee Rome, used ‘When you write an esay be other publie spectacles, i ‘example. So is Iguazii National Park, a spectacular semicircular waterfall the boundary of Amgen ‘and Brazil. a 2010, ‘911 sites found in 151 countries Maly —____the country that had the largest number —__sites, 45. Fhythm Overvew 165Bl lo the space below, witethe names of places in your country that you feel oe “treasures.” Then describe the placesto your classmates. EXERCISE 6: Preservation or Progress? @ A usenandreeat Maesuryouundentandthewords 1. Aswan Dam 3. modemiy drought’ 7 launch 2. NicRier 4. recruit 6 mubmerge 8. archaeal @ Bl esten tone recrcng Then mach pases tom etre columns to make sentences that ‘summarize the information, 1 2 3 Egypt's decsion| ‘were buried ‘ad provides electrciy, ‘The Aswan Dam wasablet sve wasnt eas ‘Animernational escue effort | contro Nooding below dhedams weseroi Some treasures to build the AswanDam | mary teasures C1 PAIRS: Practice the sentences you made. Pronounce the words in eachcolumn ase group. Can you think of other examples where there sor asa cont between progress «nd preservation? Sse Pd eau @O peccuracy Practice ustenegin to xres and on pages tard 165 Ten record tesenences, @ riuency Practice Recortadescrptonota place thats rect cuturalor natural gecance or your county. 166. unir3zfe 33 Stressed and Unstressed Words A SS Just as stressed and unstressed syllables make up words, stressed and unstressed words make up phrases and sentences. The alternation between stressed and unstressed words isa key part of ‘natural English ehythm. Words in a sentence are ether content words or function words: Content words are usually stressed, They're words with clear meaning, such as compater or freedom. Function words are unstressed. ‘They're words that have grammatical meaning, such as fo or an. Content Words Stressed) Nouns computer verbs walked Adjectives intelligent Adverbs quickly Demonstrative pronouns and adctives this Interrapative Guh) words Who? Why? Where? Negatives sno, doesn't Function Words (Unstressed) Articles 4, an, the Short prepositions. 10, al, in, on, ete. Conjunctions and, ofthat, et. ‘Ausilinry verbs san, is, are, have, has, can, will, ete. me, you her, etc. and adctives his, my, ther, ete Relative pronouns wholm), whose, that, ete. HighlightedWerds In many sentences, one content word expresses the most important information. This word is highlighted by pronouncing it with the heaviest stress and (usually) the highest pitch Ss Tere are the keys ‘Strase/Rhythm Patterns ‘Stressrhythm palterns of words and phrases can be the same (‘represents a siressed syllable; U represents an unsiressed syllable) Sisepatiem’' UX: Glver lglg Stress pattern UW: arrival aasfval 167Serre EXERCISE 1: Stress Patterns @ tien endrepeat the phrases ond semen. The rae nd sentences n cach colura have he soe ts pate athe undead word. Conceuaton keeping hey o te ses andsertncesina coun the same. 1. lander 3. id2atfick 5. cdpablity Who was here? ‘We met at the station, Who was calling you? Take break. T went to the concert That illowieal Thats my ear. Weneeded to take it This is hall of i 2. abdndon 4. dmonsiedtion 6. photderapher a garden John’s a doctor a Mexican bought it What’ the matter? T answered it They ate them, That's a classi. He's listening. EXERCISE 2: Rhyme @ user crarepeat tne mye. Puta sess mark) verte sessed Words ntnes 2. Ten pace reading te rhyme with partes Lengten the tesed splbles, The mivie was dver at (én. Tlaghed ‘LT eid with ey fr ‘The music wae great, The acting first-rate “We bush want to ace it api EXERCISE 3: Rhythm Patterns @ tisencndrepant The underined words an phaseshavethe seme sres/hythn pater. Then chooseone of he sentences ands the cs. 1. can thke-conthiners: Yous tke these conibiners. 2. lorsétfor Kite: Dost font to buy the book for Kate 3. Tell hertfiler: Tell her tha the tlle is busy. 4, admired-at night: They adewied the city lights at wiht 5. sGmeone-cme when: Did sémeone cme when you called? 6. 10 cliss-toddy: I went to class todiiy. 7. uniblesan dbl: I'm undble to find an ble person for the job. 168. UNIT33EXERCISE 4: Sounds Like... @ tophrasestharsoundthesame but have diferent spliogend:mecings recalled ‘omophrases. Liston 10 the homophrases. Then work with a partner to think of « homophrase Using a reduced function word. (You can check your answers page 171) 1. girls locket Girls lock it. 2. Willy Picket? 3. Senior class schedule? 4. The writer left 5. savior stories (8. They conserve water. 1. the dresses in the closet 8. annoys STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE AWARDS AND MOVIES EXERCISE 5: Awards Trivia [Al What doyouknow about movies and awards? Take this trivia quizandthen compare your ‘answers witha partner. You can check your answers on page 171.) 1. “The Clies we swarda for 2. Nollywond movies are menien made in a. restaurants a. Nigeria 1b theater performances b. Nicaraua e. advertisements Nepal gymnasts d. New Zealand ‘stressed and Unstiessed Worcs 1693. The Nobel Prize ix NOT awarded for sachiovensents b. anthropology fe. literature d._ chemistry 3. The first Academy Awards was in a 1929 b. 1927 © 1941 1933 16. Which person has reccived more Oscar nominatioes than any citer? a. Steven Spielbors bb. Tom Hanks ‘e. Walt Disney 4d. Men Streep 7. The Emmy Awards are given for b. movies fe. television theater 8. Which awards are not given for movies? a. the Grammies b. the Golden Globe awards e the People’s Choices Awards de the Cannes Festival Awards @ 8 Listen tote recondngand comple tesentences with theunstesed uncon words ouhea. Kar: Whyare Indian movies called Ballywood, Movies? I don't understand the B comes from, Racanno: Bombay Bombay's snows kno the center ofthe Indian film industry Mumsbsi Natural English The var ee jane closely to preceding ‘question words. I's pronounced like an “erending onthe question word. “Wire” Indian movies called Bollywood movies? (Why a Tai ‘movies called Bollywood movies?) “Wearer” Nollywood movies from? (Where ae Nollywood movies rom?) Kar: Tike, ‘music and dancing wally enjoyed Slondog Millionnaire.* Hollywood-Bollywood collaboration. Bollywood movies. 1 Ricanvo: That was actually you want to see Bollywood movies, there a stall theater downtown, "Slumdog Millomesire won the Academy Award for Best Film in 2008. 170 uNtT33EXERCISE 6: Your Turn ‘A Read te ist of movie genres below. Check (¥) the ypes of movies you enjoy watching. Science ition myseres BB | GROUPS: Compareyour choices. Explain whyyou lite the movie genres you checked. Sas cp eee cane ey eel ep te teen teed ee tee eter ego LTV T SOP EE TT sto 8g 1:0 kN SESSUP aA -ABNEN IOSD Kx 9 SAO ano ang 5191.9 WLM F ZOIMPIUDS SSH AMOK UES [HPA THN" EAPON SBD LHF ASLINAN Stressed and Unstressed Words 171