10

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains the related literature and related studies to the

present study. Also, this chapter will help the researchers to formulate ideas

that were developed from different related literature. Another is that it will be

stated in this chapter the different local related literature and studies in

according to the topic, “Kamias (Averrhoa Bilimbi) as an Eco-Friendly Battery”.

RELATED LITERATURE

On Avverhoa Balimbi

Foreign

According to AM Alhassan (2016), Averrhoa Bilimbi is principally

cultivated for medicinal purposes in many tropical and subtropical countries of

the world. Literature survey about this plant shows that A. bilimbi is mainly

used as a folk medicine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, hypertension,

and as an antimicrobial agent. The prime objective of this review is to

accumulate and organize literature based on traditional claims and correlate

those with current findings on the use of A. bilimbi in the management of

different ailments. Through interpreting already published scientific

manuscripts (1995 through 2015) retrieved from the different scientific search

engines, namely Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, and Science Direct databases,

published articles and reports covering traditional and scientific literature

related to A. bilimbi's potential role against various ailments have been

thoroughly evaluated, interpreted, and discussed. Several pharmacological

studies have demonstrated the ability of this plant to act as antidiabetic,

antihypertensive, thrombolytic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective,

and hypolipidemic agent. A. bilimbi holds great value in the complementary

and alternative medicine as evidenced by the substantial amount of research

on it. Therefore, we aimed to compile an up-to-date and comprehensive review

of A. bilimbi that covers its traditional and folk medicine uses, phytochemistry,

and pharmacology. Hence, this paper presents an up-to-date and

comprehensive review of the ethnomedicinal uses, different chemical

constituents, and pharmacological activities of A. bilimbi. So far, the

biologically active agents have not been isolated from this plant and this can be

a good scientific study for the future antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and

antimicrobial implications. Hence, this review targets at emphasizing the

diverse traditional claims and pharmacological activities of A. bilimbi with

respect to carrying out more scientific studies to isolate active principles

through advanced technology”.

According to an article entitled “New Alternative Energy on Earth” by

Alay (2012), a resident in the village of Nguntoronadi, District Nguntoronadi,

Magetan, East Java, Indonesia, Sunarto (2012), capable of creating electrical

energy from the basic ingredients of the aqueous solution star fruit.

"Development of electric power from the solution of this starfruit, originated

from the concern that electricity tariffs will continue to rise. Moreover,

Indonesia is still a lot of people in remote areas untouched electricity," said the

creator of the electrical energy of starfruit, Sunarto, Tuesday (13 / 07).

Starfruit that thrives in the yard of his home, his magic into the decomposing

substance capable of producing alternative power, amid complaints of

residents will increase electricity tariff (TDL) since early July. He explains, to

create electrical energy, the first star fruit commonly used as a vegetable is

mashed to take water. Next, using soil media placed in a glass of mineral water

is used, water is injected star fruit taste. Furthermore, each cup containing soil

mixed with star fruit juice was associated with a series of copper wire and zinc

plate, the electric current to flow. Result, electrical energy is created with a

sizable voltage, is up to 5 volts, enough to turn on the lights. The resulting

voltage is also greater than the voltage of the battery stone fruit. According to

him, electrical energy is created by starfruit has a high acidity level to be able

to conduct ions and electrons are there on a piece of copper and zinc. Thus

create an electric current. On average, 10 points starfruit is capable of creating

an electric voltage up to 2.5 volts, equivalent to one dried fruit batteries. Even

in his experience, the electrical energy of the star fruit vegetables can last up to

one month old. Sunarto is also an electronic teacher in one school in this

Magetan Bendo, hopes his invention will be further developed for a variety of

household needs. Of them to turn on the radio, wall clock, until the lamp

lighting for rural areas that have not been touched by electricity. Until now,

Sunarto still continue to develop its findings. He wanted later after developing
 13

alternative electric energy this invention can be packaged in a practical form of

energy products like batteries. Thus, the findings could be developed as one of

the alternative energy electricity rates amid increasingly heavy impact for small

people

Local

According to Jusayan S (2014), the acidic or basic nature of materials is

usually determined using pH meter and commercially-sold or synthetic

indicating means. In this study, an ecofriendly pH indicator was prepared from

the aqueous and ethanolic extract of kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) flowers

containing anthocyanin pigment. The Kamias pH indicator paper was

calibrated using buffer solutions pH 0 to 14 to come up with a colored chart.

This served as reference in the subsequent effectiveness and acceptability tests

conducted of the product. The indicator produced showed a highly acceptable

response from the respondents proving that it can be a good alternative to

commercially-sold pH indicating means. The shelf-life test also revealed that it

could withstand the storage time of 3 months without losing its affectivity.

These findings have significant implications to further refne the product and

prolong its storage time, and consequently, the production of kamias pH

indicator paper.

According to Roman (2010) Electrical power generation from kamias juice

as electrolyte in galvanic fuel cell was studied. Results show that the fuel cell

the used carbon and zinc electrode has higher voltage and current generation
 14

compared to copper and zinc electrode. In power generation, carbon and zinc

pair of electrode has longer duration compared to copper and zinc pair of

electrodes. There are different types of natural batteries; one of this is the fruit

batteries. Due to the wide abundance of the fruits will turn to waste and this is

uneconomical. Recycling of waste is the concern of every community. There are

even trees that are bearing continuously all throughout the year.

On Eco-friendly Battery

Foreign

An article entitled “We’re finally close to making an eco-friendly

battery that lasts for days” by Gorey (2018) states that the world has become

reliant on lithium-ion batteries because of their use in all our gadgets, from

mobile phones to tablets, and also the electric vehicles that aim to replace

polluting, fossil fuel-powered cars. The only problem is that these batteries are

not sustainable, being sourced – many times unethically – from vast mines,

and becoming harmful when dumped. But now, a research team from the

University of Texas at Dallas has revealed a new design that promises not only

to be more environmentally friendly, but to last considerably longer than

existing ones. The team detailed its findings in the journal Nature

Nanotechnology, revealing its high-powered, environmentally safe lithium-

sulphur substitute. Lithium-sulphur batteries are less expensive to make,

weigh less and store almost twice the energy of lithium-ion batteries, and are
 15

better for the environment. Dr Kyeongjae Cho of the research team said that,

on average, they have a capacity up to five times higher than lithium-ion

equivalents. However, the major downside is that sulphur is a poor electrical

conductor, thereby becoming unstable over just a few charge-and-recharge

cycles, as well as the fact that electrodes break down during the charging

process. To get around the problem, scientists have tried to improve them by

putting lithium metal on one electrode and sulphur on the other, but this has

shown no success so far as the metal is often unstable while the sulphur is too

insulating.

According to Gorey (2019), a new eco-friendly battery concept made

from abundant materials has twice the energy density compared with previous

versions. To facilitate a booming renewable energy industry that moves away

from the mining of rare-earth minerals for large-scale batteries, researchers are

attempting to find ways to produce more eco-friendly ones. Now, researchers

from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, and the National Institute of

Chemistry, Slovenia, have unveiled an aluminium battery concept with twice

the energy density compared with previous attempts. Writing in Energy Storage

Materials, the researchers said aluminium batteries offer several advantages

including high theoretical energy density and the fact that the metal is so

ubiquitous and well-established in manufacturing and recycling. These

significantly lower production costs – when compared with lithium-ion

batteries – and could be ideal for large infrastructure projects such as solar

farms and the storage of wind energy. Previous designs for this type of battery
 16

used the aluminium as the anode (negative electrode) and graphite as the

cathode (positive electrode). However, graphite was found to produce too low an

energy content to make useful battery cells with enough performance.

According to Yu et al. (2015) energy generation from a solar flow battery

is more cost-effective, eco-friendly, and can achieve energy savings up to 20%

compared to conventional lithium-iodine batteries. Solar flow batteries make

renewable solar energy more practical for keeping the lights on and appliances

running with stand-alone electricity generation and storage. Last year,

researchers at The Ohio State University demonstrated photo-assisted charging

of a lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) battery; however, they used organic (carbon-based)

solvents that limited its compatibility with aqueous redox flow batteries. Now,

these researchers have built a solar flow battery that uses an eco-friendly,

compatible solvent and requires a lower applied voltage to recharge the battery.

The aqueous solar flow battery performs better and is more cost-effective and

eco-friendly than those based on organic solvents. The aqueous solar flow

battery could solve the intermittency shortcomings of renewable energy and

keep the lights on and appliances running.

According to Dr Kyeongjae Cho (2014), the world has become reliant on

lithium-ion batteries because of their use in all our gadgets, from mobile

phones to tablets, and also the electric vehicles that aim to replace polluting,

fossil fuel-powered cars. The only problem is that these batteries are not

sustainable, being sourced – many times unethically – from vast mines, and
 17

becoming harmful when dumped. But now, a research team from the

University of Texas at Dallas has revealed a new design that promises not only

to be more environmentally friendly, but to last considerably longer than

existing ones. The team detailed its findings in the journal Nature

Nanotechnology, revealing its high-powered. The Averrhoa Balimbi as an eco

friendly batteries are less expensive,weigh less and store almost twice of

energy. These are better for the environment.

According to Alessandro Volta (2011), he invented the battery which

using averrhoa balimbi as an eco friendly battery. It can store chemical energy,

which can be converted to electrical energy—or what we call electricity. They

depend on an electrochemical reaction to do this. The reaction typically occurs

between two pieces of metal, called electrodes, and a liquid or paste, called an

electrolyte. For a battery to work well, the electrodes must be made up of two

different types of materials. This ensures one will react differently than the

other with the electrolyte. This difference is what generates electricity.

Local

As reported by Department of Science and Technology (2009), since

the beginning of 1992, the country has been experiencing daily brownouts as a

result of power shortages. One logical solution to this major problem is to look

for nonconventional sources of energy. Dry cells provided a source of power

when electricity is not available. Due to high demands, dry cells have become

expensive. Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry which deals with the

relation of electricity to chemical changes and interconversion of chemical and

electrical energy. To produce electricity, the reactants must include one that

easily loses electrons and the other one that accepts electrons. This electron

donor-acceptor reaction is what takes place in a battery. By joining cells

together, one could make a battery. An electric cell always consists of two

electrodes and and an electrolyte that acts chemically on at least one of them.

The electric energy comes from chemical energy of the materials of the cell.

In a research paper of Yaban (2001), she stated that that dry cell is the

most common source of emf. The carbon at the center of the cell is the positive

electrode while the negative electrode is the zinc. The electrolyte is a paste

consisting of ammonium chloride (NH, CI) and zinc chloride (ZnCI).

Juices of fruits and potatoes are good source of electrolyte in generating

electricity. Fresh fruits or potato when inserted in zinc and copper, electrodes

were able to generate electricity to power a light emitting diode or LED as

stated by Teogangco (2019).

RELATED STUDIES

On Avverhoa Balimbi

Foreign

As per Deziel (2018), citrus fruits can act as a battery, and while a

single one one might not generate enough voltage to illuminate an LED bulb,
 19

several wired in series will. Avverhoa Balimbi fruits can do this because they

contain citric acid, an electrolyte that allows electricity to flow. The power

actually comes from the electron exchange between a pair of electrodes that

you insert in the fruit pulp.

As studies by Bales (2002), kamias yielded the highest potential of about

0.8 V. Factors that may affect potential difference, such as presence of water,

acid and base and the rate of the fruit's spoilage, were tested on kamias. The

test results revealed that there was no significant difference between the

voltage produced by pure kamias and those produced by kamias combined

with water, basic or acidic solutions.

According to Corrêa et al (1926) bilimbi fruits are very sour, and used in

the production of vinegar, wine, pickles and in the preparation of Hindu dishes.

The mature fruits can be eaten in natura or processed into jams and jellies.

Medicinal uses are attributed to bilimbi, which include mixtures against cough,

mumps, rheumatism, pimples and scurvy. The fruit juice has high levels of

oxalic acid, and therefore may be used to remove iron-rust stains from clothes

and to impart shine to brassware.

Local

According to Pathrikar & Siddiqui (2013), generating electricity has

been found to have adverse effects on the environment such as air pollution,

land destruction, radioactive waste and effect on wildlife. One solution to this

problem is the use bio-batteries. These are effecient and portable energy source
 20

fuels powered by organic compounds. The kamias, Averrhoa Balimbi, is a

native of the Philippines and is found to have significance uses such as

medicine and households. Averrhoa Balimbi extract with three replicates were

measured with a multimeter to obtain their electrical performance.

According to a study conducted by Masilungan and Absulio (2012) that

determined the effect of bilimbi fruit on the ripening behavior of ‘Saba’ bananas

and explained its effect in terms of ethylene production. Bunches or fingers of

‘Saba’, a popular cooking banana in the Philippines, ripen unevenly, i. e.,

within 5–16 d from harvest (Acedo and Bautista 1991). This undesirable

characteristic of ‘Saba’ banana becomes a problem for small traders because

consumers usually buy the fruits as they start to ripen or at the firm ripe

stage. Ripening agents have often been used to address this problem. The most

effective ripening agent is ethylene which ripens bananas evenly within a short

period of time. It is commercially available in gaseous or liquid form. Since

commercial ethylene is costly, ‘Saba’ traders use acetylene from calcium

carbide (Bautista 1982). It is cheap, easy to use and readily available in the

local market but it is flammable, explosive and exudes an objectionable odor

during use. Fruits of bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.), also known as lime tree or

locally as kamias, are believed to be a possible source of bioethylene as they

were observed to soften fast especially when injured, which could mean that

they produce a high level of ethylene. The fruits are commonly used as food

flavoring, as a souring agent for local dishes, or they may be eaten raw. Bilimbi

fruit is also used to remove stains on clothes and metal blades and as a hand
 21

wash due to its high acidity and high oxalic acid content (Orwa 2009;

Pushpakumara 2007; Morton 1987; Coronel 1986).

Eco-friendly Battery

Foreign

According to Becker (2017), commercially available batteries use a

variety of metals and electrolytes. Anodes can be made of zinc, aluminum,

lithium, cadmium, iron, metallic lead, lanthanide, or graphite. Cathodes can be

made of manganese dioxide, mercuric oxide, nickel oxyhydroxide, lead dioxide

or lithium oxide. Potassium hydroxide is the electrolyte used in most battery

types, but some batteries use ammonium or zinc chloride, thionyl chloride,

sulfuric acid or lithiated metal oxides. The exact combination varies by battery

type. For example, common single-use alkaline batteries use a zinc anode, a

manganese dioxide cathode, and potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. As per

study, Batteries are systems that store chemical energy and then release it as

electrical energy when they are connected to a circuit. Batteries can be made

from many materials, but they all share three main components: a metal

anode, a metal cathode and an electrolyte between them. The electrolyte is an

ionic solution that allows charge to flow through the system. When a load,

such as a light bulb, is connected, an oxidation-reduction reaction occurs that

releases electrons from the anode while the cathode gains electrons.
 22

As reported by Deziel (2018), the electrolyte is already present in the

fruit, so all you have to add is a pair of electrodes and some conducting wire to

connect them. The electrodes need to be made from dissimilar metals to create

a potential difference between them. Zinc and copper are a good pair. In a citric

acid solution such as exists inside a lemon, copper produces extra electrons.

They flow through the electrolyte to the zinc, where they build up. When you

connect the electrodes with a wire, the charges travel through the wire back to

the copper electrode, thus completing the circuit. A galvanized nail makes a

great zinc electrode.

Local

According to Chris (2011), an electrochemical cell, which is the simplest

type of battery, has three components: an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte.

The anode and cathode are two different types of metal, one of which loses

electrons more easily than the other. If the two metals touched each other,

electrons would flow, but too slowly to create a significant current. When the

cathode and anode are immersed in an electrolyte, which is usually an acid,

chemical reactions create opposite charges on them, but the electrolyte

prevents the charge from flowing. They can flow if you connect the cathode and

anode with a wire, though. Moreover, ongoing reactions between the metals

and electrolyte keep the battery "charged."

As per research made by Lorenzo (2001) for Philippine Science High

School, spoiled kamias was used as an electrolyte in improvised dry cells.

Using the voltage meter, the kamias fruit produced the highest voltage. Acid in

the kamias combined with the elements zinc and copper permit chemical

reaction. Zinc is an active metal and will react readily with acid; acid active

element is positively charged hydrogen. The same also with copper electrodes.

According to Icamana (2012), the Philippines plans to introduce

electronic tricycle taxis to replace its petrol-fuelled models, in a move that

could cut carbon dioxide emissions by a quarter of million tonnes, further

enhancing the country's position at the forefront of green transport in Asia.

Last week, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) said it would provide US$300

million to the project, which is due to begin next year. The Philippines

government will provide an additional US$99 million. Asian Development Bank

pledges US$300 million for Philippines 'e-Trike' project Project aims to slash

carbon dioxide emissions by around 260,000 tonnes E-vehicle supply chain set

to create up to 10,000 jobs in the Philippines. The project aims to replace

100,000 petrol-fuelled tricycles with "clean, energy efficient" electric tricycles —

or e-Trikes — in a 'lease-to-own' arrangement. "Every 20,000 e-Trikes that are

introduced to Manila's streets will save the Philippines 100,000 litres of foreign

fuel imports each day, worth US$35 million annually," says the ADB's principal

energy specialist, Sohail Hasnie. E-Trikes will use lithium-ion batteries, a form

of battery widely used in consumer electronics such as mobile phones, that can

be recharged 2,000 times before being replaced. A test run earlier this year

showed that tricycle operators more than doubled their incomes when using e-

Trikes.