Grammar Builder

S E C O N D E D ITI O N
C l e a r e xp l a n a t io ns for real si t u a t io ns

Interm ediate to Upper-interm ediate

MACMILLAN |P
The Macmillan Business Grammar
and Vocabulary Series
Build t h e skills a n d la n g u a g e yo u n e e d t o succe e d in b usin ess - as a start - to - finish co urs e or as
s u p p l e m e n t a ry g r a m m a r a n d v o c a b u l a ry m at erial f or t h e b usin ess En glish classro o m .

•
A d va nce d • •
• • •
B u s in e s s E n glis h H a n d b o o k
A dvanced ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
C EF B2 / C
BE C H ig h e r • • • • • •
• • • • • • •
T O EFL® 235 - 275 Th e w h ol e o f bu sin e s s in o n e boo k

T OEIC® 701 - 910 • • • • • • • • •

BUL A TS 75 - 89

In t er m e dia t e / -------------

Vocabulary Bu ild er
U p p er Inter m e diate
Business

C E FB 1 / B 2
• 90 •
BE C V a n t a g e • • • • •
• • • • • • • •
T O EFL® 176 - 234 • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • •
T OEIC® 541 - 700
BULATS 60-74

Pre - inter m e diate / — m

"*s Vo<
Int er m e diate • • V # *
C EF A2 /B1
N '/Cl
BEC Pr e li m in a ry
V '• 1
T O EFL® 126 - 175
•* %
T OEIC® 381 - 540 • • • •» % .
BULATS 40-59 M M M v

by Paul Emmerson

Networking Prese n t a t io ns Telephone e m a il

As
in E nglish in E nglish English E n g lis h

MACMILLAN Also availa ble: Business Skills Titles

w w w . b u si n e ss e n g lis h o n li n e . n e t
 Bus iness
Paul Em m erso n Grammar
Builder
2nd edition
Intermediate to Upper-intermediate
Clear explanations for real situations

MACMILLAN
 Contents

L IS T O F G R A M M A R T E R M S 8

V E R B T E N SES
1 Pre s e n t ti m e 1 present simple, present continuous, time expressions 10
2 Pre s e n t ti m e 2 present simple or continuous?, present continuous or 14
present perfect continuous?, other uses of present tenses,
state verbs
3 Past tim e 1 past simple, past continuous, time expressions 18
4 Pa st ti m e 2 past perfect, past perfect continuous, time expressions, 22
used to/would + infinitive
5 C o n n e ctin g p ast a n d p re s e n t 1 present perfect, time expressions, been (to) and gone (to) 26
6 C o n n e ctin g p ast a n d p re s e n t 2 past simple or present perfect?, present simple or present 30
perfect?, present perfect continuous, time expressions,
present perfect or present perfect continuous?
7 Fu ture 1 will, be going to, present continuous, time expressions 34
8 Fu ture 2 using when/after/until, etc., fixed timetables, future continuous, 38
future perfect, was going to, other ways to talk about the future,
future probability

P A SSIV E S
9 Pa ssiv e 1 form, focus on important information, systems and processes, 42
by, transitive and intransitive verbs
10 P a s s i v e 2 maintaining the focus, being formal and impersonal, 46
passive + infinitive, verbs with t w o objects, have something done,
to be born

M O D A LS A N D REL A T E D V E R B S
11 M o d a ls , e t c . 1 form, ability, past ability, will 50
12 M o d a l s , e t c . 2 obligation, no obligation, permission, prohibition, past forms, 54
opinions and advice, past criticism
13 M o d a l s , e t c . 3 degrees of probability, certainty and deduction, expectation, 58
uncertainty, probability in the past, 'possibility'
14 M o d a l s , e t c . 4 direct /indirect language, requests, requests with mind, permission, 62
offers and invitations, suggestions

Q U ES T I O N S
15 Q u e s t i o n s 1 yes/no questions, question words, question phrases, 66
question words as the subject, negative questions
16 Q u e s t i o n s 2 indirect questions, prepositions in questions, 70
What is it for?/What was it like?, question tags, reply questions

C O N D IT I O N A LS
17 C o n d i t i o n a l s 1 conditions and results, zero conditional, first conditional, 74
second conditional, unless, other modals
18 C o n d i t i o n a l s 2 third conditional, conditional (possible past), conditionals witho ut if, 78
forms with wish, modal verbs in conditionals

4
V E R BS F O LL O W E D B Y - IN G O R IN F IN I T IV E
19 V e r b + - in g o r i n f i n i t i v e 1 verb + -ing, verb + to + infinitive, 82
verb + object + to + infinitive, make and let, verb + that clause
20 V e r b + - in g o r i n f i n i t i v e 2 verb + -ing or infinitive: change in meaning, verbs of perception, 86
verb + -ing or infinitive: little change in meaning, passive forms

O T H ER V E R B C O N S T RU C T I O N S
21 V e r b s a n d o b j e c t s transitive verbs, intransitive verbs, verbs with both transitive 90
and intransitive forms, verb + t w o objects
22 P h r a s a l v e r b s 1 understanding phrasal verbs, separable phrasal verbs, 94
inseparable phrasal verbs
23 P h r a s a l v e r b s 2 phrasal verb + preposition + object, phrasal verbs with t w o particles, 98
particle meanings in phrasal verbs
24 T h e - in g f o r m as a noun, as an adjective, after prepositions, 102
used to begin a clause, negative / perfect / passive
25 m a k e & d o , h a v e , g e t make & do, have, get 106

REP O R T E D SPEE C H
26 R e p o r t e d s p e e c h 1 tense changes, no tense change, people / places/ times/ things 110
27 R e p o r t e d s p e e c h 2 say or fe/ /?, other reporting verbs, It was agreed that, 114
reporting questions, reporting commands and requests

R EL A T IV E C L A U SES
28 R e l a t i v e c l a u s e s 1 relative clauses, relative pronouns, leaving out the relative pronoun, 118
non - defining relative clauses, relative pronouns and prepositions
29 R e l a t i v e c l a u s e s 2 combining sentences, use of what, use of where/when/why, 122
relative clauses with a participle

N O U N S, PR O N O U N S A N D A R T IC LES
30 C o u n t a b l e a n d countable nouns, uncountable nouns, singular or plural verb?, 126
u n co u n ta b le n o u ns a/an, a lot of, many/much, few/little, specific and general meanings
31 Pr o n o u n s indefinite pronouns, some-/any-, every-/no-, reflexive pronouns 130
32 D e t e r m i n e r s all/many/much/a few/a little/etc., all meaning 'everything' or 134
'the only thing', no/none, each/every, both/either/neither
33 P o s s e s s iv e s a n d c o m p o u n d possessive adjectives and pronouns: my/mine, etc., 138
nouns 's (apostrophe s), using of, compound nouns
34 A r t i c l e s 1 a/an, a or an?, the, no article 142
35 A r t i c l e s 2 place names, special uses of the, special uses of no article, 146
general and specific meanings
 A D JE C T IV ES A N D A D V E R BS
36 A d j e c t i v e s a n d a d v e r b s adjectives and adverbs, form of adverbs, gradable and 150
non - gradable adjectives, order of adjectives, interesting/interested
37 C o m p a r i n g 1 form of comparatives, form of superlatives, other points, 154
as ... as comparing actions
38 C o m p a r i n g 2 small and large differences, other structures with comparatives, 158
phrases with superlatives, comparing adverbs, comparing nouns
39 A d v e r b s o f d e g r e e intensifying adverbs, too/enough/not enough, so/such a/such, 162
fairly/quite/rather/pretty
40 T i m e a d v e r b s in/on/at/r\o preposition, on time or in time?, for/since/during/ago, 166
during or while!, by/until, then/after/afterwards, calendar references

U N K I N G W O R D S A N D P H R A SES
41 Lin k in g w o r d s 1 and/also/as well, but/although/though, despite/inspite of, whereas, 170
although or whereas or while!
42 L i n k i n g w o r d s 2 because/as/because of/due to, so, to/for, so that, like/as/as if 174
43 D e velo p in g an arg u m e n t 1 linking across sentences, numbering points and concluding, 178
examples, true but surprising, alternatives, exceptions,
generalizing, summarizing
44 D e velo p in g an a rg u m e n t 2 other linking words and phrases, personal comment, at the end/ 182
in the end/at last, if/unless/otherwise, abbreviations in written English
45 D e velo p in g a n a rg u m e n t 3 emphasi zing: preparatory it, The thing is, What we need is, 186
negative frequency and inversion, position of adverbs,
do/did with affirmatives, field of relevance

PREP O SI T I O N S
46 P r e p o s i t i o n s o f p l a c e at or in!, expressions with at/in/on, above/below/e tc., 190
opposite/next to/near/etc., other prepositions of place
47 V e r b + p r e p o s i t i o n verb + preposition, verb + object + preposition, 194
verb + different prepositions
48 A d j e c t i v e + p r e p o s i t i o n adjective + preposition, feelings, other adjectives, 198
adjective + choice of preposition
49 N o u n + p re p o sitio n noun + preposition, preposition + noun 202

T RE N D S, G R A P H S A N D F IG U R ES
50 T r e n d s, g r a p h s a n d f i g u r e s verbs describing trends, trend verbs with objects, 206
speed and amount of change, graphs and charts, figures,
linking words and phrases

6
T E S T B A N K ( F O R D I A G N O S IS O R R E V I E W )

T est 1 Verb tenses: present (units 1- 2) 210

T est 2 Verb tenses: past (units 3 - 4) 212
T est 3 Verb tenses: connecting present and past (units 5 - 6) 214
T est 4 Verb tenses: future (units 7 - 8) 216
T est 5 Passives (units 9 - 10) 218
T est 6 Modals (units 11 - 14) 220
T est 7 Questions (units 15 - 16) 222
T est 8 Conditionals (units 17 - 18) 224
T est 9 Verbs + -ing or infinitive (units 19 - 20) 226
T est 10 Phrasal verbs (units 22 - 23) 227
T est 11 make & do, have, g e t (unit 25) 229
T est 12 Reported speech (units 26 - 27) 230
T est 13 Relative clauses (units 28 - 29) 231
T est 1 4 Nouns, pronouns and articles (units 30 - 35) 232
T est 15 Adjectives and adverbs (units 3 6 ^ 0 ) 234
T est 16 Prepositions (units 46 - 49) 236

A PPE N D IC ES

1 Regular verbs: all forms 238

2 Irregular verbs 240
3 Diagram of the English verb system 242
4 British and American English 244

L IS T E N A N D R E P E A T S C R IP T S 246

A N SW ER K EY 250

IN D E X 264
List of grammar terms

A c t iv e f or m The a ct iv e f or m of a verb is whe n the person or thing doing the action is the subject
of the verb: 1 w r o t e the report. Compare with 'passive form' on page 9.

A d j e ctiv e An a d je ct iv e helps to describe a noun or pronoun: It's a sm all, h ig h - ca p acity

storage device.
A dverb An a d v e r b adds information about when, where or how something happens: / did It
y e ste rd a y. / did it q u ic k ly
A rticle A r ticles are the word the (= the definite article) or a/an ( = the indefinite article).

A u x ilia ry ve r b An a u x ilia ry v e r b (be, do and have) is used with other verbs to make tenses and
passive forms: He is working in Milan. Where d id you go? Two hundred employees
h a v e b e e n laid off.

C lause A cla use is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. It may be a sentence
or only part of a sentence.

C o n ditio n al A co n d itio n a l is a sentence that includes if, unless, etc. and states something that
must be true (the condition) before something else can be true or can happen (the
result).

C o n tin u o u s f or m The co n ti n u o u s is the form of the verb that suggests that an activity is in progress.
The continuous form ends in -ing.

D e t er m in e r A d e t e r m in e r is a word like the, some and every. It is used before a noun or

adjective to show which thing you mean.

G eru n d A g e ru n d is an -ing form of a verb used like a noun: S m o k in g is notallowed. My

hobby is s a ilin g
Im p er a tive An i m p e ra tiv e is when w e tell people w h a t to do. W e use the base form of the verb:
C o m e here. S w itc h off the light.

In fin it iv e The i n fin it iv e is the base form of the verb (work, go, etc). It is used with or without
to: 1hope to se e you next week. 1must g o now.
T he -ing f or m The -ing f o r m is the form of the verb that ends in -ing. Wh e n it is used as a verb
or adjective it is sometimes called a 'present participle': I'm le a vin g tomorrow. A
b o rin g meeting. Wh e n it is used as a noun it is sometimes called a 'gerund' (see
above).

In t r a n sitiv e ve r b An in tr a n sit iv e v e r b is a verb that does not take an object. For example, the verb
arrive is intransitive: 1a rriv e d here last week. In this sentence there is no object.
Compare with 'transitive verb' on page 9.

M o d a l ve r b A m o d al v e r b is a verb like can, will, might and should. It gives a meaning like
ability, obligation, probability, permission, etc.

N ou n A n o u n is a word that is the name of an object, idea, place or person: a car,

g lo b aliz a tio n , S in g a p o re , Ro b ert.
N o u n p hrase A n o u n p hrase is a group of words, including a noun, which can act as a subject
or object of a sentence: investors (noun), some investors in emerging markets (noun
phrase).

O b ject The o b j ect is the word that describes the person or thing that is affected by the verb:
/ installed so m e n e w s o f t w a r e on my PC.
Passive form The p assive f or m is used to show h ow the subject of the verb is affected by the
action of the verb: The report w a s w ritt e n by me. Compare with the active form on
page 8.

Past p a rticiple A p ast p a rticiple is the form used in the perfect tense or passive structures. You can
find it in the third column of tense tables. For example: worked is the past participle
of work (this is a regular past participle), gone is the past participle of go (this is an
irregular past participle).

Possessive A p ossessive is a form that shows w h o or w h a t something belongs to: my/your

(possessive adjectives), mine/yours (possessive pronouns), etc. For example: This is m y
car. This car is m in e
Phrasal ve r b A p hrasal v e r b is a verb with an adverb or preposition that has a different meaning
from the verb used alone: The plane t o o k off.

Pre p ositio n A p re p osit io n is a word like at, behind, in, through, to, with used before a noun or
pronoun to show place, time, direction, etc.

Pr o n o u n A p ro n o u n is a word like it, me, you, him, her, etc. that takes the place of a noun:
Have you been to Poland? It has changed a lot over recent years.
Q u estio n t a g A q u esti o n t a g is a short question like isn' t it? or don ' t you? that you add at the
end of a sentence to check information or ask if someone agrees with you: It's hot in
here, is n 't it?
Re fle x iv e p ro n o u n A r e f le x iv e p r o n o u n is used to show that the person w ho does the action is also
the person affected by it: S h e introduced h e rs e lf to me at the coffee break.

Re la tiv e clause A r e la tiv e cla use is used to identify someone or something, or give more
information about them. It begins with who, which, that, etc: The presentation t h a t 1
w e n t to y e s t e r d a y m o rn in g was very interesting.

T h e sim ple The si m ple is the basic form of the verb: 1a g re e with you (present simple), He
a g re e d with me (past simple).
T h e sub ject The su b ject is the word that shows wh o is doing the action of the verb: J e a n works
here part time. It usually comes before the verb.
Tense A t e n se is the form of the verb. It helps us to know the time at which an action
or event happened (past, present or future): 1 w o r k in the marketing area (present
simple tense), 1 w o r k e d in the marketing area (past simple tense).
Academics sometimes have a more limited definition of the word 'tense', and they
make a distinction between 'tense' and 'aspect'.

T ra nsitive v e r b A t r a n sit iv e v e r b is a verb that has an object. The verb make is transitive, and in this
sentence a mistake is the object: They've m a d e a mistake. Compare with 'intransitive
verb' on page 8.

Verb A ve r b expresses an action or state: He a rriv e d at 10.30. She k n o w s the French

market very well.
 Present time 1

A Present simple: form D Present continuous: form

The present simple is formed with the infinitive of the verb. The present continuous is formed with the auxiliary verb be
We add s for he / she / it. and the -ing form of the main verb. In speech and informal
I/ yo u / w e / th ey w o r k here. writing we use contractions.
H e / she / it w o r k s here. I am (I'm) zvorking here.
Negatives are formed with do/ does not. In speech and You a r e (you're) w orkin g here.
informal writing we use contractions. She is (she's) workin g here.
I/ yo u / w e / th ey do n o t (do n 't) w o r k here.
W e a r e (w e're) workin g here.
H e / she / it do e s n o t ( do e s n 't) w o r k here.
T h ey a re (th ey're) workin g here.
Questions are formed with the auxiliary verb do/ does and Negatives are formed with be + not.
the infinitive. Short answers to yes/ no questions repeat the I'm n o t workin g here.
auxiliary You're n o t/ Y o u a r e n ' t working here.
A : D o you w o r k here?
She's n o t/ S h e i s n ' t workin g here.
B: Yes, I do. / No, 1 do n 't.
W e're n o t/ W e a r e n ' t zvorking here.
A : D o e s she w o r k here?
T h ey're n o t/ T h e y a r e n 't zvorking here.
B: Yes, she do e s . / No, she do e s n ' t. Questions are formed by inverting the subject and the
auxiliary be. Short answers to yes / no questions repeat the
B Present simple: uses
auxiliary.
A : A r e y o u working here?
We use the present simple for permanent facts. B: Yes, I a m . / No, I 'm n ot.
This machine c u ts the metal. A : I s h e working here?
We use the present simple for actions and situations that are B: Yes, h e i s . / No, h e isn 't.
generally true.
We o ffe r a f u ll range of financial products. E Present continuous: uses
We use the present simple for actions which are repeated We use the present continuous to talk about temporary
regularly over a long period of time, for example habits and actions and situations that are happening now.
routines. The action or situation may be in progress now, at the
Most of our customers i n v e s t a regular amount every month. moment of speaking.
Sorry, M r Clark can’t see you at the moment. H e's t a l k i n g to a
C Present simple: time expressions customer.
We often use frequency adverbs with the present simple. The action or situation may be happening 'around now',
Examples include: always, often, usually, normally, sometimes, even if it is not happening exactly at the moment of
occasionally, rarely, hardly ever, never. speaking.
Note the position of frequency adverbs: M r Clark is out of the office today. H e's t a l k i n g at a conference in
Before the main verb. Stuttgart.
I o f te n u s e my laptop on the train. The action or situation may be a current trend.
After the verb be. Workers all over the world a r e r e ti r i n g later in life.

I'm u s u a lly nervous before a presentation.

F Present continuous: time expressions
Adverb phrases like every day /year, once a week / quarter, most The present continuous is often used with these time
of the time, now and then can come at the beginning or end
of the sentence. If they come at the beginning there is more expressions: now, at the moment, nowadays, currently, these days,
right now.
focus on the time phrase.
We use the present simple, not a future form, after these time
expressions: when, after, before, unless, in case, as soon as, until. See page 243 for an overview of the English verb tense system.

I'l l tell her when I see her.

(NOT I'll tell her when I wiH see her.)
 1 Present tim e 1

Exercises

Sectio n s A, D 1.1 U n d e rli n e t h e c orrect v e r b f o r m .

1 You often work/Do you often work at t he w e e k e n d?
2 I don ' t knowll not know w h y your invoice hasn't been paid. I'll try to find out.
3 Excuse me, does you know/do you know if this is t he w a y t o t he IT se minar?
4 Sorry, t ha t projector don ' t work/doesn' t work. Use this one instead.
5 A: Do you k n ow our n ew sales rep Mart a?
B: Yes, I do./Yes, I know.
6 I writing/I'm writing the report at the moment. It should be ready to m orrow.
7 They are replying not/They're not replying t o my emails. I'll have to phone them.
8 W h y is there such a long d elay? What is happening?/What is happen?
9 You are enjoying/Are you enjoying this conf erence?
10 AMs Sara Lope z ex pecting m e?
B: Yes, she 's expecting./Yes, she is.

S e c t i o n s B, E 1. M a t c h uses a - e w i t h s e n t e n c e s 1 - 5.
a) permanent facts
b) habits and repeated actions
c) te m porary actions in progress at the mo m ent of speaking
d) te m porary actions happening 'around n ow', but not at this exact mo ment
e) current trends and changing situations

1 These days we're selling more and more of our products t o Asia.
2 Look over there! They're selling Adidas sportswear with 2 5 % off!
3 We're selling a lot of this model - that's w h y w e're out of stock right now. [J
4 We usually sell around 4 0 % of our annual total at Christmas time.
5 We sell a full range of consu mer electronics, from TVs t o cameras.

Se ctio n C D e cid e w h ic h w o r d o r d e r is m os t usu al, a) or b). Tick ( / ) t h e co rr ec t a n sw e r.

1 a) I every day arrive at the office at a b out nine.
b) Every day I arrive at the office a t a b out nine. [7j

2 a) I always check my email before doing anything else.

b) Always I check my email before doing anything else.

3 a) This takes a lot of time usually, as I receive so many of the m.

b) This usually takes a lot of time, as I receive so many of the m.

4 a) Most o f t he time the emails are not very urgent.

b) The emails are most of t he time not very urgent.

5 a) I quite often get j un k email from

co mpanies I d on't know,
b) I get quite often j un k email from
companies I d o n't know.
 Exercises

S e c t io n s A , B D e n is e in tr o d u ce s C la u d e t o Jo a o in Lo n d o n . Pu t e ach o f t h e v e r b s in t o t h e co rr ec t f o r m o f
t h e p r e s e n t si m ple. Use c o n t r a ct io n s w h e r e p ossible.

D e n ise : C laude,! ......... _ (you/know) Joao? Joao 2____________ (work) in the oil
industry, like you.
Claude: Really! I 3____________(be) very pleased to meet you, Joao.
Jo A o : Pleased to meet you too, Claude.
Claude: So w hat exactly 4____________ (you/do)?
Jo a o : 1 5____________(work) as a m arket analyst. My job 6_____________(involve)
studying m arket trends and giving advice on levels of production, but I
7____________ (not/make) any real operational decisions myself. W hat
about you?
Claude: I work for a company that 8__________ _ (supply) specialized equipment to the
oil industry. We 9____________ (be) one of the biggest companies in our market.
Jo A o : And 10________________________ (you/often/come) here to London?
Claude: Yes, I norm ally11____________ (come) to London a couple of times a year.
I t 12____________ (not/take) long to get here if you travel by Eurostar.

S e c t i o n s D, E 1 . 5 C o m p le t e t his n e w s p a p e r a rt icle a b o u t t r a d e b e t w e e n t h e M i d d l e Ea s t a n d A sia w i t h t h e

w o r d s in t h e b o x in t h e p r e s e n t c o n tin u o u s.

| happen increase invest look try beco me teem move

The New f )r //t fU aa c l

TRADE BETWEEN THE Middle East and 5____________ heavily in production facilities
Asia 1__ O o o nii' i again - just like it did in in Saudi Arabia, while in the opposite direction
ancient times, when caravans transported silk, the Saudis ____________ the proportion
spices and precious stones between the eastern of their oil exports that they send to China.
Mediterranean and the heart of China. And Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia,
Nowadays the trade is very different. 7 a centre for Islamic finance,
Arab investors 2____________ at Asia to find channeling investments from the Middle East
smart places to invest their petrodollars, into the whole East Asia region.
while in the other direction Asian businesses Khaled Al-Muhairy is typical of the
3____________ to find reliable energy supplies, new breed of entrepreneur. His Abu Dhabi
as well as markets for the goods that are mass- investment fund is focused on India. ‘Power
produced by their factories. 8 from West to East,’ he says in
It’s a phenomenon that 4_ __________ right an interview with Busin ess Week, ‘it is a huge
across the two regions. Chinese companies opportunity.’
 1 Present tim e 1

Tasks

S p e a k in g : lis t e n f t 01 You are go ing to hear e igh t phrases. Listen and repeat.
an d rep eat

T ra n sla te T r a n sl a t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

C o m p u t e r g a m es a re g e ttin g b e tt er e ve ry year. A co m m on sa les t ech niq u e is t o g e n era t e a

T h e a p p lic a tio n o f p hysics is m a k in g m ove m e nt sense o f ur g e ncy by settin g a d e a d lin e: " o f f e r
m ore r e a lis t ic, a nd a r t i f ic i a l in t ellig e nce is ends Ju n e 3 0 " . It's t e rri b le t o f eel you might
ca usin g pla ye rs t o b eco m e m ore e m o ti o n a lly miss o u t on so m et hin g. B u t w h il e y o u're
involve d. w o rryin g a b o u t missing a sp ecial d e al, yo u're
Economist website not w o rryin g a b o u t w h e t h e r you r e a lly need t he
it e m in q u estio n, or w h e t h e r it's such a good
d e a l. T h e s e tric k s w o u l d n 't be used so oft en if
t h e y d id n't w o r k . S o b e w are t he sp ecial offer.
Sydney Morning Herald website

W ritin g W r i t e q u e s ti o n s usin g t h e w o r d s g iv e n , c h a n g in g t h e f o r m if n ecessary. Use t h e p r es e n t

p e rs o n a li z e d si m p le f o r 1 - 4 a n d t h e p r e s e n t c o n t in u o u s f o r 5 - 8.
p r a c tic e
1 How / you / get to w or k? H o w long /it t a k e?
Ho w do you g e t to w ork? H o w long does it t a ke?
2 W h a t type of things/ you do / when you first arrive at t he office?

3 You have lunch / on your o wn or with colleagues? Wh ere / e at?

4 H o w often / your boss check on your work / during t he day / week?

5 W h a t n ew product or service / you currently wor k o n? You make good progress?

6 You have / any problems at work / right n o w? H o w you deal with t h e m?

7 You do / any special work - related training / at t he m o m e nt?

8 What / you do / outside work / to develop yourself at a personal level?

N o w w r i t e y o u r o w n a n s w e rs t o t h e sa m e q u e s ti o n s (o n a n o t h e r pie ce o f p a p e r). G iv e a f ull,

in t e r e s ti n g a n s w e r, as if it w a s p a r t o f a c o n v e rs a ti o n .

Re h e arsal fo r W r i t e a s h o r t t e x t b ase d o n t h e id e as b e lo w .
th e real w o rld 1 Look again at h o w Claude and Jo a o describe their jobs in exercise 1 4 . Notice the use of t he present
simple. Writ e a dialogue w h ere so meone you meet asks you about your job and you describe it.
2 Look again at t he description of a current trend in t he business world in exercise 1.5. Notice t he use of
t he present continuous. Think of another current trend (in t he business world, your company, or your
personal life) and writ e a short text about it.

If you are w orking in class, read the dialogu es or texts aloud and then discuss them.
 Present time 2

A Present simple or continuous? D State verbs

The present simple and present continuous are explained Some verbs describe states, not actions; nothing 'happens'.
separately in unit 1. Now compare them: Verbs like this are not normally used in the continuous form
of any tense.
Present simple Present continuous I n o ti ce that you've changed the design.
permanent temporary (NOT I'm noticing)
habits & routines events in progress now Let me help you - 1 k n o w what to do.
general situations a particular situation (NOT I'm knowing)
How much do e s it cost?
I li v e in Budapest. (all the time)
I'm li v in g in Budapest. (for a few months) (NOT How much is it costing?)
The plane l a n d s at 10.25. (routine) It w e i g h s 4 kg with the packaging.
Look! We're la n d in g. (in progress now) (NOT It is weighing)
We o ff e r IT solutions. (general situation) The examples are in the present simple above, even though
We're o ffe rin g you a special deal, (particular situation) we are talking about temporary situations.
State verbs include:
B Present continuous or present perfect
continuous? the senses
The present continuous is used for a temporary action appear, hear, look like, notice, see, seem, smell, sound, taste
happening now. feelings
The present perfect continuous (unit 6) describes an action in dislike, fear, hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish
progress from the past up to the present. thinking
Sue i s w o r k i n g on the new design. agree, believe, doubt, expect, feel, forget, imagine, know, realize,
(in progress now, and will continue) recognize, suppose, suspect, think
Sue h a s b ee n w o r k i n g on the new design. possession
(in progress up to now, and may or may not continue) belong to, contain, have, include, own, possess
being
C Other uses of present tenses be, consist of, exist
PRESENT SIMPLE other verbs
The present simple can be used to refer to timetables and cost, depend on, fit, involve, matter, measure, mean, need,
schedules, and here we are often thinking about the future. satisfy, surprise, weigh
British Airw ays flig h t BA729 le a v e s Geneva at 16.40 and
a rr iv e s in London at 17.20. Many of the verbs in the previous list can have a 'state'
The present simple can be used to make a story appear more meaning and an 'action' meaning.
immediate and interesting. This is common in journalism. O ur suppliers a r e usually very helpful, (state)
O ur suppliers a r e b e i n g very helpful, (action)
Senior managers w a l k into the annual shareholders meeting
I f ee l that the plan won't work, (feel = think)
through the back door. The steelworkers t h r o w smoke bombs at the
I'm f ee li n g cold - is the window open? (feel * think)
front. They a r e n o t happy about the job cuts.
I h a v e two sisters, (state)
PRESENT CONTINUOUS I'm h a v i n g problems with this laptop, (action)
The present continuous can be used to describe a fixed future The manual in c l u d e s cleaning instructions, (state)
arrangement. There is usually a future time expression I'm i n c l u d i n g you in the plans fo r dinner, (action)
(unit 7). I t h i n k you're right, (state)
H S B C a r e m o v i n g to new premises next year. I'm t h i n k i n g about changing my job. (action)
We can use always with the present continuous. This is often I w e i g h 85 kg. (state)
used for exaggerating or complaining. We emphasize always I'm w e i g h i n g the flo u r fo r your cake, (action)
in speech in this case. State verbs are not normally used in the imperative.
This photocopier is a l w a y s breaking down!
See page 243 f or an o v e rvie w o f t h e English ver b t ense system.
 2 Present tim e 2

Exercises

S e c t io n A 2 . 1 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t v e r b f o r m .
1 A: W h a t do you do/are you doing ?
B: I'm an e xecutive secretary.
2 A: W h a t do you do/are you doing ?
B: I'm looking f or t he invoice details on t he computer.
3 A: Wh e re do you work/are you working ?
B: Paris this month, then Berlin the next.
4 A: Wh ere do you work/are you working ?
B: A t our head office in Paris.
5 My na me's Walt er, and I come/l'm coming from Frankfurt.
6 I come/l'm coming home n o w - shall I buy something for dinner?
7 I deal with/l'm dealing with A n d re w's clients w hile he's on vacation.
8 In my job I deal with/l'm dealing with a lot of routine paperwork.
9 W h o do you go/are you going t o the Trade Fair with this year?
10 W h o do you usually go/are you usually going to t he Trade Fair wit h?

Sectio n s A, D 2 . 2 Pu t t h e v e r b s in b r ac k e ts in t o t h e p r e s e n t si m p le or p r e s e n t c o n tin u o u s. Use c o n t ra ctio n s

w h e r e p ossible.
1 | 'm loo king a t (look at) your cont act details on the screen right now.
2 I ____________________(look at) t he sales results in detail every month.
3 The production li n e____________________(not, w or k) at week ends.
4 The production li n e____________ 1_______(not, wor k) at t he moment.
5 Yes, I agree. I ... .............. ............. (think) it's a good idea.
6 I ___________________ (think) about it. I'll let you k n ow tomorrow.
7 W e ____________________(take) a sample for testing once a day.
8 W e ____________________(take) a big risk if w e go ahead with t he project.
9 T h e y____________________(not, be) usually very flexible in negotiations.
10 T h e y____________________ (not, be) very flexible in this negotiation.

Se ctio n D 2 . 3 So m e o f t h e f o ll o w i n g s e n t e n c e s a re rig h t a n d s o m e a re w r o n g .
Pu t a tic k ( / ) n e x t t o t h e rig h t o n es, a n d co rr ec t t h e w r o n g o n es.
1 Wh ich win e are you drinking? ______ 'L ______
2 Wh ich win e are you preferring? d o you p re fer
3 I'm not believing it! ______________
4 I'm not doing business with the m again!
5 Yes, I'm making a note of all t he key points. ______________
6 Yes, I'm knowin g exactly w h a t you mean. ______________
7 This building is containing all t he printing machines. ______________
8 This building is getting very old - we'll have t o move. ______________
 Exercises

S e c t io n s A , D 2 . 4 Je n n i f e r Elli o t m a k e s a call t o t r y t o g e t so m e n e w b usin ess. C o m p le t e t h e d i a l o g u e

b y p u t t in g t h e v e r b s in t o t h e co rr ec t f o r m o f t h e p r e s e n t si m p le or p r e s e n t c o n tin u o u s. Use
c o n t r a ct io n s w h e r e p ossible.

J e n n if e r : This is Jennifer Elliot from Pritchard Evans. 1 1_________ 2_ (call) to follow

up a conversation I had recently with Kim Bryant.
S ecretary: Oh, I’m sorry, Kim isn’t here today. She 2__________________ (work) at home
trying to finish an urgent report. I 3__________________ (think) she’ll be back
at her desk tomorrow. Perhaps I can help you?
J e n n if e r : Thank you. I 4__________________ (work) for the corporate hospitality arm
of Pritchard Evans. 1 5__________________ (understand) from Kim that you
6__________________ (expect) a visit by a Korean trade delegation next
month.
S ecretary: Yes, I 7______________ (believe) so.
J e n n if e r : Well, Kim asked me to give her a call to discuss the services we
8__________________ (offer). For example, we can take your visitors to
sporting or cultural events, and perhaps pick them up from their hotel
in a limousine. It 9__________________ (depend on) w hat you
10
(want).
S ecretary: Yes, you really l i ______________(need) to speak to Kim - she
12
(deal) w ith this. Can you call back tomorrow?
J e n n if e r : Of course. I’ll call her tomorrow morning around 9.30.

Sectio n s A, D 2. C o m p le t e t his a r t ic le a b o u t u r b a n i z a tio n w i t h t h e v e r b s in t h e b o x . C h o o s e e it h e r t h e

p r e s e n t si m pl e o r p r e s e n t c o n tin u o u s. O n o n e occasio n, b o t h a n s w e rs a re p ossible.

bring focus gr e w have to realize spend

ities in the developing world 1___ _________ on new super-cities to divert people away from
at an alarming rate. The world's urban Jeddah and Cairo, while China 5____________on
population has risen from 1.6 billion to 3.3 billion developing its interior regions through spending on
over the past 30 years, and is expected to reach 5.5 transport and infrastructure. These governments
billion over the next 30 years. Internal migration 6____________ that urbanization is an inevitable
on this scale inevitably 2____________ massive process, and is necessary for economic progress.
social change, and nowadays urban planners Manufacturing, business services, construction
3____________ deal with issues such as food and retailing all develop together in cities in a
supply, energy supply and the disposal of waste. way that they simply cannot do in remote rural
Different countries are reacting in different ways. areas.
Saudi Arabia and Egypt 4____________ billions

16
 2 Present tim e 2

Tasks

S p e a k in g : lis t e n 1 ^ 0 2 Yo u a r e g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

and repeat
T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t ur al.

T h e re's a n ew tre n d t h a t's swee pin g t he U n n o tic e d in t h e g over n m e n t's st a n d a r d

W e b : Re al - ti m e. Ev e ry o n e w a n ts access t o e m p lo y m e n t d a t a , e m pl oye rs a re begging f o r
in f o r m a ti o n as it h ap pe ns inst a n t a n e o usly. q u alifie d a p p lic a n ts f o r c e rt a in occ u p a tio ns,
Sc o o p l e r is a se arch engines t h a t gives you live, even in h ar d ti m es. M o s t o f t he jo bs involve
re al - tim e results a cr oss a v a ri e t y o f services. s k ills t h a t t a k e y e a rs t o a t t a in . We l d e r is one,
You e n t er a q u ery an d t h e pag e re t urns a u t o c r it ic a l c a r e n urse is a noth er. C ivil e n gin eers
u p d a tin g results based on in f or m a ti o n co min g an d sp ecial e d uca tio n t e a c h e rs a r e also in
in. It 's a p r e t ty nice vie w o f w h a t is ha p pe nin g d e m an d .
on t h e w e b a t a ny given m o m e nt. T h e proble m New York Times website
is t h a t T w it t e r d o m in a t es t h e results. I

TechCrunch website
I

W ritin g W r i t e s e n t e n c e s usin g t h e w o r d s g iv e n . T h e firs t v e r b sh o u ld b e in t h e p r e s e n t si m p le a n d t h e

p e rs o n a li z e d se co n d v e r b in t h e p r e s e n t c o n tin u o u s. A d d o r i n v e n t d e t a ils w h e r e y o u se e
p r a c tic e
1 W e operate in ... and w e set up n e w offices in ...
We opera te in France a nd Benelux, a nd w e 're se tting up ne w offices in Spain.
2 I co me from ... but at the mo m ent I live ...

3 I usually enjoy my wor k a t ... but right n o w I have some problems with ...

4 W e normally do a lot of business with ... but w e tak e f e w e r orders from the m these days because

5 Traffic be a big problem in my city and t he t o w n council plan to ...

6 I usually w or k from ... t o ... each day but this w e e k I wor k ... because ...

7 Every single day my boss tej] me ... and I beco me more and more ...

8 I wor k as a ... but I think of retraining t o w or k as a ... because ...

Re h e arsal fo r M a k e a list o f t h r e e a c t iviti e s t h a t y o u d o r e g u la rly (w o r k o r p e rs o n a l lif e). T h e n s a y w h a t y o u

th e real w o rld a re d o in g in c o n n e ctio n w i t h t h o s e a c t iv iti e s a t t h e m o m e n t. Se e t h e e x a m p le b e lo w .

R e g u la r a c t iviti e s A t th e m om ent
I do market research f or various I'm exploring various options for a foreign pharmaceutical
client companies. co m pany t ha t wa nts to enter our market.

If you are w orking in class, read some texts aloud and then discuss them.
 Past time 1

A Past simple: form Questions are formed by inverting the subject and the
The past simple of regular verbs is formed by adding -ed to auxiliary verb be. Short answers to yes/ no questions repeat
the infinitive. Verbs ending in -e simply add -d. Common the auxiliary.
irregular verbs are listed on page 240. A : W a s he workin g yesterday?
B: Yes, he w as. / No, he w a s n't.
check-checked I checked the figures,
like -liked They lik ed her idea.
Irregular: buy - bought do - did eat - ate drin k - dran k go - went E Past continuous: uses
sell - sold thin k - thought, etc. The past continuous is used to describe a situation in
Negatives are formed with did not and the infinitive. This is progress in the past.
contracted to did n't in speech and informal writing. I w a s w a itin g in the departure lounge fo r more than two hours.
I d id n 't g o to the meeting. There can be several situations in progress, happening at the
Questions are formed with the auxiliary verb did and the same time.
infinitive. Short answers to yes/ no questions repeat the The company w a s lo sin g its way and many employees w e re
auxiliary. le a vin g .
A: D id you check the figures? The past continuous is used to give information about the
B: Yes, I did . / No, I d id n't. background situation. The separate, completed actions that
The verb to be is irregular and follows a different pattern. In happen during or after this period are in the past simple.
negatives there is no did. In questions there is no did and the I w a s t r y in g to call you but my battery died.
subject and verb are inverted. I ca m e into the company as it w a s re c o v e rin g from the
He w a s late. H e w a s n 't late. W a s h e late? recession.
If we do not mention the background situation, then the
B Past simple: uses separate actions are in the past simple in the normal way.
We use the past simple to describe actions and states in I a rr iv e d at the conference, re g istere d , and w e n t straight to the
a completed period of time. We know when the action first presentation.
happened, and this may be mentioned or clear from the
situation. F Past continuous: time expressions
I ch eck e d the figures very carefully y e ste rd a y. We can use when, while or as with the past continuous to
The past simple is also used to describe habitual actions in mean 'during the time that something was happening'.
the past. W h ile / W h e n we w e re d e velo p in g the software, we carried out
Every evening we w e n t o u t and a te in a different restaurant. a variety of simulations.
But if we mean 'at the time that', then we only use when with
C Past simple: time expressions the past simple.
Time expressions used with the past simple include: H e wasn't very happy when I told him the news.
(NOT while I told-him ...)
at twelve o'clock / the end of the year
in the m ornin g / June / 2008 / the nineties G Past simple or continuous?
on Frid ay / the second of A p ril
Sometimes the past simple or past continuous can be used.
(no preposition) last week /yesterday/ ago
The past simple suggests a separate, complete action or
See unit 40 for more time expressions. event. The past continuous emphasizes the duration of the
action.
D Past continuous: form
We discusse d the report and agreed that direct marketing was a
viable strategy.
The past continuous is formed with the past of be and the We w e re d isc u ssin g the report fo r over an hour. Eve ntually we
-ing form of the main verb. Negatives are formed with
came to some important decisions.
the verb be + not. In speech and informal writing we use
contractions.
He w a s / w a s n ' t w o r k ing yesterday. See page 243 f or an o v e rvie w o f t h e English ver b t e nse system.
 3 Pa s t t i m e 1

Exercises

Se ctio n A 3.1 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ect w o r d s.

1 A: Did you get/got t he email I sent you yesterday?
B: Yes, thanks, I did/got.
2 H ow you felt/did you feel w h e n they told you/did tell you about the job cuts?
3 A: Did she tell/told you a b out t he change of plans?
B: Yes, she told/did.
4 I didn ' t see/didn' t saw any reason f or t he delay, so I got/did got angry with them.

Se ctio n A 3. C o m p le t e t h e d ia l o g u e w i t h t h e v e r b s in t h e b o x in t h e p ast si m ple. T h e re is a m i x t u re o f

a f f ir m a t iv e , n e g a t iv e a n d q u e sti o n f or m s. C o n tr a c ti o n s c o u n t as o n e w o r d .

be (x2) buy have make sell tak e think

M arco: Hi, Jill. How was the Milan Fashion Show?

J il l : Good. 1 1 m a d e a i0t of good contacts as usual. But we 2___________
___________as many orders as last year. I’m not sure why. Our new range of
shoes 3___________ very well at the Show, but we 4____________so successful
with some of our other lines, like handbags.
M arco: Perhaps it was because of the current economic climate.5___________ people
___________ our prices were too high?
J ill: Possibly. But unfortunately we the authority to lower
them. Maybe we should look at that for next year.
M arco: But on the whole ' ______ it worth going?
J il l : Worth going? Of course! 1 8 _ this great pair of Prada shoes.

S e c t i o n s B, E 3.3 U n d e rli n e t h e b est c o n t i n u a ti o n o f t h e c o n v e rs a ti o n s.

1 A: W h a t happened after you launched t he prod uct?
B: Wh ile w e marketed/were marketing it, our main distributor suddenly went/was going bust.
2 A: I did n't see you in t he office last week.
B: No, I worked/was working at home for a f e w days.
3 A: H o w did A na spend her holiday?
B: I think t ha t most days she just went/was just going t o t he beach.
4 A: W h a t did Siga do w h e n she saw t he art wor k for t he advertising cam paign?
B: She called/was calling t he designers and said/was saying it w a sn't suitable.
5 A: W h y did Renata tak e so
long t o get here?
She said they repaired/
were repairing the road
in t he city centre and the
traffic moved/was moving
very slowly.

" W > s t ru r t u rp d thp ijpa l sn

 Exercises

Se ctio n A C o m p le t e t his a r t ic le a b o u t V iv e n d i b y p u t t in g t h e v e r b s in t o t h e p ast si m ple. M a n y are

irr e g u l a r (s e e A p p e n d i x 2 f o r a list o f ir r e g u l a r f o r m s).

V I V E N D I : Over 1 5 0 y e a rs of hist ory

V I V E N D I, the French media and civil engineering giant SGE, and 14____________ (be) a controversial
telecommunications group, has a they 7________________ (win) major figure and his expansion plans 15
long history going back to 1853. construction contracts in the Asia ____________ (be) overambitious. He
The original company, Compagnie Pacific region and in Latin America. 16
_________ (resign) in 2002,
Generale des Eaux, 1 s u p p lie d They also 8____________ (make) their just before Vivendi 17----------------------
(supply) water to farms, towns and first steps in the telecommunications (announce) a loss of €23 billion, the
cities in France. Their operations business by helping to found Canal+, worst in French corporate history.
2____________ (grow) over the years a pay TV channel. Vivendi then 18
(go)
and they 3____________ (expand) In 1996 Jean-Marie Messier through some difficult years while
to become the supplier of water to 9 (become) CEO. He it restructured and 19_____________
Venice, Constantinople and Oporto. 10 (sell off) the (pay off) its debts. Now a successful
In the 1960s and 1970s CGE construction, water and waste company once again, a key moment
4 (begin) activities in divisions and 11______________(cut) in the turnaround was when it
the area of civil construction and the workforce. He 12______________ 20_____________ (buy) the American
_______________ 5 (change) the name of the group to
(build) a large video game developer Blizzard,
tower block in the La Defense Vivendi and 13___________________ famous for creating the online game
business district of Paris. During (transform) it into an international W o rld o f W arcraft.
the 1980s CGE 6_________________ communications and entertainment
(take) a controlling stake in the company. However, in France he

S e c t i o n s B, E Pu t t h e ver bs int o t h e correct t e nse - eit h er t h e p ast si m ple or p ast co ntin uo us.
1 I (eat) some fantastic meals wh e n I w e r (go) to Brussels.
2 Wh ile I w as n ego tia tir c (negotiate) with the m, our legal de part ment . (decide) to change
t he terms and conditions of t he contract.
3 The last time something like t h is___________________ (hap pen), s h e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (call) a
press conference immediately.
4 A n n e ____________________(explain) her proposals wh e n Pedro s u d d e nly - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(interrupt) her.
5 W e never got t he chance to discover his side of t he story. Wh ile w e . (investigate)
t he incident, h e ____________________(resign) from t he company.
6 Wh e n h e ____________________(see) the article in t he WSJ, h e _____ (put) it on the
notice board for everyone t o see.
7 Ev e ry o n e____________________(wait) for Hans wh e n h e ___________ (call) t o say t hat he was
stuck in a traffic jam.
8 Wh e n I _______________ (repair) t he faulty part, I _______ ____ (drop) it by mistake.
9 . (find) t he pdf file I . (look) for.
10 Wh e n Petra . (arrive), w e ......(tell) her w h a t had happened.

20
 3 Past tim e 1

Tasks

S p e a k in g : lis t e n 1 % 03 You are go ing to hear e igh t phrases. Listen and repeat.
an d rep eat

T ra n sla te T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o

t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

E u ro p e a n st o c k s rose f o r t he f irs t ti m e in t hr e e 'I ca m e in t o O r acle as it w a s recoverin g fro m

d ays an d oil ra llie d on sp ec ula tio n t h a t t he t h e recessio n of t h e e a rly 1 9 9 0 s. T h e business
w o rs t of t h e glo b al recessio n is over. Russia n u nit I join e d had an a g ein g p r o d u ct line t h a t
s h ares led t h e a d va nce a f t e r t he c o u n t ry's w a s d eclinin g by 3 0 per ce n t a y e a r in sales.
c e n t ra l b a n k c u t in t er est ra t es f o r t h e t hir d W i t h i n a y e a r w e co m p le t e ly t urn e d t h a t unit
ti m e in si x we e k s. a ro u n d .'
Bloomberg website Eurobusiness website

W ritin g C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e p a st si m ple o r t h e p a st co n tin u o u s. Use w h ic h e v e r t e n s e is

p e rso n a iz e c n o t a lr e a d y use d in t h e g iv e n w o r d s.
p r a c tic e ^ | out 0f t ^e w jnc|ow. So m eo ne w a s tryin g to b re a k in to m y ca r
2 My boss resigned last week. They foun d out t hat s / h e______________________________

3 Wh ile I was workin g at my desk this m or nin g,_____________________________________

4 W e offered our sales agents a bigger discount because .

5 Wh e n I was wor kin g at my previous company, I

6 The IT n etwork crashed because of a virus. It happened just as

7 Wh ile t hey w ere asking me questions in t he interview, I suddenly

So mething really e mbarrassing happened - a n ew supplier offered me m oney under

t he table. It happened w h e n I ___________________________________________________

Re h e arsal fo r W r i t e t w o p a r a g r a p h s a b o u t e it h e r y o u r c a r e e r or y o u r co m p a ny.
th e real w o rld 1 Writ e a history of your career. Include dates.
2 Writ e a history of your company. Include t he major milestones and key events.
Exact dates are not important.

If y o u a re w o r k i n g in class, re a d so m e t e x ts a lo u d a n d t h e n discuss t h e m .
 Past time 2

A Past perfect: form D Past perfect continuous: form

The past perfect is formed with the auxiliary had and the past The past perfect continuous is formed with the auxiliary
participle. In speech and informal writing had is contracted phrase had been and the -ing form of the main verb.
to 'd. I'd been working on the project fo r two months before they
We h a d (We'd ) already do n e a lot of market research before we decided to cancel it.
launched the product. Negatives are formed with had not been and the -ing form of
Negatives are formed with not and contractions are used the main verb.
(hadn't). Questions are formed by inverting the subject Questions are formed by inverting the subject and had.
and had. We h a d n ' t been do i n g enough quality checks, and the number of
A t that time we still h a d n ' t do n e any research. defects was too high.
H a d y o u already do n e some market research? H a d y o u been working on the project for a long time before they
cancelled it?
B Past perfect: uses
The past perfect is used to show clearly that one past event E Past perfect continuous: uses
happened before another past event. We use the past perfect The past perfect continuous is used to describe a situation
for the earlier event. that was in progress up to a certain point in the past. It often
Compare these examples, which describe exactly the same emphasizes the duration of time.
situation: I'd been th in k in g of changing my job fo r a long time before I
1 Sue le f t at 2 pm. We a rr i v e d at her office at 2.15. fin a lly made the decision.
(both verbs in past simple) The past perfect and the past perfect continuous both look
2 When we a rr i v e d at Sue's office, she h a d left. back from a point in the past. The past perfect looks back at
(earlier action in past perfect) an earlier event. The past perfect continuous looks back at a
In example 1 the two actions are separate in the mind of the situation in progress.
speaker. In example 2 there is a stronger connection between The economy was improving. The central bank h a d l o w e r e d
the two actions and the past perfect emphasizes which one interest rates because inflation h a d b ee n f a lli n g steadily for
happened first. several years.
It may not be necessary to use the past perfect if we use before
or after to make the time sequence clear. In this case we use F Used to I would + infinitive
the past simple for both actions. Used to describes a habit, state or repeated action in the past.
Sue l e f t/ h a d l e f t her office b e f o r e we arrived. Used to normally suggests that the action or situation is no
(both forms are possible) longer true and so makes a contrast with the present.
The past perfect is often used with verbs of thinking, like We u s e d t o do a big sales promotion every summer.
know, realize, remember, be sure, think. (= but now we don't)
'
When I got to their office, I r e a li z e d I d l e f t all my papers I u s e d t o w o r k in marketing.
behind. (= but now I work in another area)
'
Makan w a s s u r e t h e y h a d n t r ece i v e d the invoice, but he
With negatives and questions used to becomes use to.
checked one more time.
D i d y o u u se to work in marketing?
C Past perfect: time expressions
I d i d n ' t u se to spend so much time on reports.
Would is used in the same way as used to, but it only
The time expressions after, once, by, already, just, never, describes repeated actions in the past, not states. It is slightly
meanwhile are often used with the past perfect. The word still
more formal.
is often used with negative forms.
In the old days we u s e d t o a r c h i v e / w o u l d a r c h i v e every single
I h a d just s t a r t e d my presentation when the fire alarm rang.
email.
It was Frid ay lunchtime and I still h a d n ' t f i n i s h e d the report.
O ur company used to belong to an American multinational.
(NOT would belong)

See pag e 243 f or an o v e rvie w o f t he English ver b t ense system.

 4 Past tim e 2

Exercises

S e c t io n s 4.1 U n d erlin e t h e correct ver b for m. This e x ercise inclu des so me ver b for ms fro m u nit 3.
A , B, F, u n i t 3 1 Wh ile I looked for/was looking for t he USB stick with my presentation on it, I suddenly remembered
I left/had left it at home.
2 In those days t he unions used to/did used to go on strike wh e never there was/was being a problem.
3 A fter t he private equity group were buying/had bought t he company, t hey started/were starting to sell
t he assets and lay off a lot of people.
4 Dieter used to have/was having a PC, but then he used to change/changed to an Apple.
5 I asked about my package in reception, but they said/were saying t ha t it still
hadn' t arrived/wasn't arriving.
6 I w as sure t hat I used to turn off/had turned o ff my laptop, but it was/had been still on and the
battery w as nearly dead.
7 I'm sure t ha t t he winters used to be/had been colder w h e n I was a child. I reme mber t hat w e
used to walk/were walking t o school in t he snow.
8 W e w ant e d to register a patent on t he n e w invention, but found/were finding t h a t so meone
already did/had already done it for a very similar idea.
9 Wh e n Jorge saw Diana at t he seminar, he knew/was knowing t h a t he met/had met her so mewhere
before.
10 Wh ile I had/was having breakfast I had a look at my favourite financial website. I saw/was seeing t hat
my original invest ment grew/had grown by over 4 0 % .

Sectio n s 4 . 2 In each se n te nce p ut o ne ver b int o t h e past sim ple an d t h e o t h e r into t h e p ast perfect.
A , B, u n i t 3 1 A fter she frac/ m ade (make) a f e w notes, she st arted (start) writing t he introduction to the
A nnual Report.
2 I _____________ (be sure) t ha t I ______________(set) t he security alarm before leaving t he office.
3 I _ _________ (call) my wif e on my mobile because t he meeting ______________ (still not finish).
4 I _____________ (not see) t he figures before t he meeting, so i t _____________ (put) me a t a
disadvantage during t he discussion.
5 A fter Jill ____________ (give) her presentation, s h e ______________(feel) much more relaxed and
started t o enjoy the conference.
6 Before E d it e_____________ (beco me) Michael Edward's personal assistant, s h e ______________
(already be) in t he co mpany for tw o years.
7 The r a i n ____________ (stop) by the time I ______________ (arrive).
8 I ___ (be) surprised to find t hat s h e _____________ (already sign) t he contract wit ho u t
showing it t o t he legal depart ment first.
 Exercises

S e c t io n s C o m p le t e w h a t V i n c e n t sa ys a b o u t his last j o b w i t h t h e b e st f o r m o f t h e v e r b in b r ac k e ts.

A , B, u n i t 3 C h o os e b e t w e e n t h e p a st si m ple, p ast c o n t in u o u s or p ast p e rf e ct.

It w a s Ja n u a ry and I 1 had gradu a ted (gra d u at e) from university the previous summer. I
w as really fed up being u ne m ploye d - I 2____________________(just /sit) at home doing nothing. To
be honest, I 3____________________(nearly / give up) hope. Then a friend told me about a grad ua te
recruitment fair. I still 4____________________(not / decide) what kind of job I wa nt e d to do, a nd I
5____________________(think) the fair would b e interesting. While I 6____________________ (look)
at so m e information on one of the stan ds, a recruiter c a m e up to me an d 7____________________
(tell) me about o p e nin gs in a well - known co m p a ny - an a cc o u n t a ncy firm. I thought it would
be a goo d opportunity for me, as I 8____________________(already / ta k e) so m e acco u n t a ncy
e x a ms as part of my b usin ess d e g re e a nd I did well in them. I’ve alw ays b ee n good with figures.
So I 9____________________(co m ple t e) an ap plication form a nd g av e it to the recruiter. T h ey
10- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (interview) me the following w e e k an d I got the job. In the e n d I w a s there for
three years. You wa nt to know w hy I left? Well, the situation w a s like this. I 11
(work) for a person who w as very d e ma nding an d g av e me ve ry little s p a c e to tak e initiatives on
my own. Also, I 12____________________(not h ave) a salary increase since I 13___________________
(start). T h ey 14____________________(really / ex ploit) me. Then, on top of that, the job
15____________________(b ec o m e) quite repetitive after three ye ars and I really wa nt e d to do
something different. So I 16____________________(resign). I 17____________________ (not / have) another
job to go to, but I just knew I t8____________________(h ave) to ma k e a ch a n g e. It w a s a pity b e ca us e
I 19- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (p ut) a lot of effort into that job and I 20____________________ (alw ays want)
to work for an international co m p a ny like that, but it w as the only thing to do.

S e c t io n s D, E U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t v e r b f o r m .
1 Wh e n t he co m pany w e n t public, t hey had produced/had been producing wind - powered generators for
over ten years.
2 Sorry it too k so long. I needed to go to t he store room - the photocopier had run out of/had been
running out o f paper.
3 I was under a lot of stress at t he time and I hadn ' t slept/hadn' t been sleeping well.
4 I t ho u g ht w e had already chosen/had already been choosing t he name f or t he n e w product.

Se ctio n F C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c es w i t h used to a lo n e , or used to / w ould (m e a n in g t h a t b o t h are

p ossible).
1 Wit h my old boss w e _____________ have meetings several times a week.
2 I _____________ o wn a BMW, but n o w I have a Lexus.
3 Before t hey built t he m ot orway i t _____________ tak e me an hour to get to work.
4 I - - - - - - - - - - - t hin k I w ant e d t o wor k for a large organi z ation with lots of opportunity for promotion.
N o w I w a n t t o be self - employed.
 4 Past tim e 2

Tasks

S p e a k in g : lis t e n 1 % 0 4 Yo u a re g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

and repeat
T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

T h e origins o f S A P w e re in t h e 1 9 7 0 s. IB M Ro c k e r M o rris s e y r e g u la rly bans a ll f ood

had g rown f a t a nd a rr o g a n t a nd had st a r t e d " t h a t used t o h ave a f a c e " fr o m c o n c e r t h alls.
d ic t a ti n g t o its cu st o m e rs. T h e d ecisive m o m e n t T h e a r d e n t v e g e t a ri a n - w h ose seco n d alb u m
ca m e in 1 9 7 2 w h e n so m e o f its Eu ro p e a n s t a f f w it h his f o r m e r group T h e S m it h s w a s ti tl e d
s a w an o p p o rt u n it y t o le ave a nd set up t h e ir 'M e a t Is M u r d e r' - d e m a n d e d t he W e b s t e r
own co m pa ny. H a ll ve n u e be a m ea t - fre e z one before, d urin g
Eurobusiness website an d i m m e di a t ely a f t e r his p e rf o r m a n ce on
We d n e s d a y night. A p p a re n tly, M o rriss e y also
p ro hibits his s t a f f fro m e a tin g m e a t a nd will
fir e a nyo ne on t he sp ot if ca u g h t doing so.
Ecorazzi website

W ritin g : 3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c es in y o u r o w n w a y w i t h t h e p a st p e rf e c t (si m p le or c o n tin u o u s). A d d

p e rs o n a li z e d a n o t h e r s e n t e n c e or t w o t o m a k e a c o m p le t e p a ra g r a p h .
p r a c tic e
1 My flight was delayed until the following morning because had been snow ing all
n igh t a nd they said it w asn ' t safe for planes to take off. I had to sleep a t the
a irport a nd a ll I could find was some hard plastic chairs _
2 I got a lot of w or k done yesterday morning. By lunchtime I _________________________

3 My boss w as in a good mood because

4 A t first the project see med to be going very well. But after some time w e realized that

5 The negotiations with t he n ew suppliers broke d own because

6 I checked t ha t everything was turned off, locked t he front door, and got into the taxi.
It was only w h e n I arrived at t he airport t ha t I reme mbered _ ....... .. ...... ......

Re h e a rsal f o r 4 Lo o k a g a in a t e x e rcis e 4.3, w h e r e V i n c e n t d e scrib es his last jo b , w h a t h e did t h e r e , w h y h e

e real w o rld |e f t, etc. N o tic e t h e use o f t h e d if f e r e n t v e r b t e n ses. N o w w r i t e a s h o r t t e x t w h e r e y o u d escri b e
y o u r o w n last jo b .

If you are w orking in class, read some texts aloud and then discuss them.
 Connecting past and present 1

A Present perfect: form The present perfect is often used with already and yet. Already
The present perfect is formed with the present tense of the is normally used in affirmative sentences.
auxiliary verb have and the past participle. In speech and We h a v e a l r e a d y m a d e 7 5% of our planned investment.
informal writing we use contractions (‘ve a n d 's). Yet is used in questions and negatives, and suggests that
I/ yo u / w e / th ey h a v e ('ve) go n e. although something has not happened, we do expect it to
H e / she / it h a s Cs) go ne. happen.
Negatives are formed with not. H a v e you f i n i s h e d the report y e t?
We h a v e n ' t h a d any delays with the project - y e t!
I/ yo u / w e / they h a v e n o t (h a v e n 't) gone.
H e / she / it h a s n o t (ha sn't) go n e. We use just to describe something that happened a short time
Questions are formed by inverting the subject and the ago.
auxiliary verb have. Short answers to yes/ no questions I've j u s t spok e n to her on the phone.
repeat the auxiliary. The present perfect is often used with time expressions that
A : H a v e t h e y gone? refer to unfinished time. In other words, the time period
B: Yes, t h e y h a v e . / No, t h e y h a v e n 't. includes the present. Common expressions like this are: this
A : H a s h e gone? morning, today, this month, so far, up to now, recently, lately, over
B: Yes, h e h a s . / N o, h e h a sn 't. the last few years, etc.
Growth in the Asia -Pacific region h a s ex ceeded 5 % annually
B Present perfect: uses o v e r th e p a s t f e w y e a r s .
In general we use the present perfect to talk about a present We use for and since with the present perfect to refer to
situation which is connected to the past. periods of time.
There may be a present situation that started in the past. A : How long h a s Wolfgang w o r k e d here?
B: H e's w o r k e d here f o r three months.
I've li v e d here for about ten years.
There may be a series of actions that happened in our life up OR
to now. B: H e's w o r k e d here s in ce May.
I've been to Singapore many times. For describes the length of the time period. Since describes
There may be a result in the present of a past event. the point when the time period started. (Unit 40C).
I think I've s e t u p the spreadsheet incorrectly - I hope I don't have
Frequency adverbs that are used with the present simple
to enter all the data again.
(unit 1C) can also be used with the present perfect.
O ur lawyers h a v e o f te n g i v e n us good advice.
In this last case we are explaining the current importance of
a past event. When it happened is not important and is not Some time expressions can be used with the present perfect
mentioned. or the past simple, depending on when you are speaking.
H a v e you s pok e n to Sue th is m o r n in g ?
C Present perfect: time expressions (It is now 11 am; the morning has not finished.)
We use ever and never to ask and talk about our general life D i d you s p e a k to Sue th is m orning?
experience. (It is now 3 pm; the morning has finished.)
H a v e you e v e r spok e n to a large audience?
I've n e v e r u s e d this software before. D been (to) and gone (to)
If the answer to the question is Yes then we continue to give If we have been to a place, we went there and have now
more information about the specific events by using verbs in returned. If we have gone to a place, we went there but have
the past simple. not yet returned.
A : H a v e you ever s pok e n to a large audience? She's been to Head Office. Everythin g is sorted out now.
B: Yes, I h ave. Last year I w e n t to a sales conference in Berne (she has come back)
and I g a v e a presentation to about 100 people. She's go n e t o Head Office. I hope everything w ill be sorted out.
(she is still there)

See pag e 243 f or an o v e rvie w o f t h e English ver b t ense system.

26
 5 Con n e cting past and presen t 1

Exercises

S e c t io n A , C 5 .1 Put the verbs into the present perfect. Use contractions w here possible.
1 Are you sure it isn't w or k in g? H ave y o u trie d (you / try) restarting it?
2 I ___________________ (never see) such a boring presentation in my life.
3 W e ...................... .........(already / spend) a lot of money on this project.
4 _ ________(they / reply) to your last e mail?
5 I ____________________(not / get) the figures to hand - can I call you back later?
6 I'm sorry, she's not here. S h e ___________________ (just /leave).
7 Their sh ares____________________(go up) by 5 % since t he merger.
8 (you / ever / take) t he T G V t o Toulouse? It's really fast.

Se ctio n B 5 . 2 Lo o k a t t h e p a ir e d s e n t e n c e s b e l o w . M a t c h e ach o n e w i t h sit u a tio n a) or b).

1 Inflation has fallen by 1 % . [fa] 2 Inflation fell by 1% . [a]
a) Three years ago it was 4 % . Two years ago it was 3 % .
b) Last month it was 4 % . This month it is 3 % .

3 I think I've lost t he file. 4 Sorry, I lost t he file. [ J

a) I ca n't find t he file. I w o n d er wh ere I put it?
b) The file has gone and I'll never find it.

5 Has Ja n e called this m ornin g? H 6 Did Ja n e call this m ornin g? R

a) Ja n e promised to call this morning. It's 11 am.
b) Ja n e promised to call this morning. It's 2 pm.

7 Sales improved. Q 8 Sales have improved. ~

a) Last year sales were poor. This year t hey are better.
b) Sales were poor initially. A year later they were better.

9 H o w long have you wor ke d here? M 10 Wh e n did you start workin g here?
a) In 2005.
b) Since 2005.

Se ctio n C 5 . 3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e t i m e e x p ressi o ns in t h e bo x .

already yet ever never just f or since always

1 The goods will be with you soon. T h ey've a lr e a d y |eft our warehouse.
2 I'v e _____________ had an idea - w h y d o n't w e restyle t he packaging for a new, younger
t arget mark et?
3 W e'v e k nown each o t h e r_____________ more than tw e n ty years.
4 I'v e _____________ used my credit card on
t he Internet. I d o n't think it's safe.
5 I have n't spoken t o M a g d a _____________ ,
but I'm sure she'll agree.
6 I'v e _____________ wor k e d in insurance,
ever since leaving University.
7 She's had no time to deal with this. She's
been in a meeting _.............. nine.
8 Have y o u _____________ been t o Sao
Paolo?
It's co mpletely different t o Rio.
 Exercises

S e c t io n B 5 . 4 M a t c h t h e uses o f t h e p r e s e n t p e rf e c t 1 - 3 w i t h e x a m p le s a - c.
1 a present situation t hat started in t he past
2 a series of actions t ha t happened in our life up t o n ow
3 a result in t he present of a past event

a) I've seen a lot of changes since I started workin g here.

b) The marketing ca mpaign started last month and sales h a v e already g o n e u p 8 % year -on-year.
c) He's ru n t he co m pany since his fat her retired.

S e c t i o n s C, D Re a d t his e m a il fro m Pa tric k , t h e Pu rc h asin g M a n a g e r o f a n Irish m a n u fa ct u r e r, w h o is in

Po l a n d o n a b u sin ess trip . C o m p le t e t h e e m a il b y c h o o sin g t h e co rr ec t a l t e r n a t iv e f ro m A ,B, C or
D b e lo w .

T o ... E d w a r d K e lly

Se n d Su b ject: Po la n d trip - K a t o w ic e

Ed - sorry I h aven ’t cont acted you 1__ 1 . last week, but I’ve been very busy. I’ve 2_ ___ to
Katowice in the south - west of Poland 3_____ a few days, and I’ve 4______returned to my hotel in
Warsaw, where I’m sending this email from.

I visited several firms when I w as in Katowice, and one of them looks quite promising as a future
supplier for us. I’ve 5_____ had a few discussions with the p eople there, and I’ve got so me product
sa m ples to show you. Unfortunately I h ave n ’t met the guy in ch ar g e 6_____ . He w asn ’t there - h e ’s
7 to G d a ns k and should be b ac k next week.
So, the trip has been quite successf ul 8... _ . H ave you 9_____ been to Pola n d? Th ey really are
shaping up to be a major player in Euro pe - the people h ave a real entrepreneurial spirit and I’ve
10 _ see n so much construction work going on. Not even in Ireland in the boom ye ars after 2000!
Anyway, I’ll email you again later in the we e k - after I’ve been to Po z nan - to give you an u p date on
everything.

Re gards

Patrick

1 A for B since C just D so far

2 A going B gone C being D been
3 A for B since C already D so far
4 A n ow B been C just D so far
5 A yet B already C been D gone
6 A just B already C n ow D yet
7 A going B gone C being D been
8 A so far B yet C just D n ow
9 A yet B since C ever D never
10 A yet B since C ever D never

28
 5 Conn e cting past and presen t 1

Tasks

S p e a k in g : lis t e n 1 % 0 5 Yo u a re g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

an d rep eat

:r a n s!a t e T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

C os m e tics gia n t Re vlo n has la u nch e d a social Sq u e e z in g m ore o u t o f y o u r I T b u d g e t is n't

m e dia ca m p a ig n as p a r t o f its big g est ever easy. Y o u'v e o u tso urce d , y o u'v e co n solid a t e d
p ro d uct la u nch. T h e tw o - m o n th ca m p a ig n ai m s d a t a ce nt ers, y o u'v e d ecid e d t h a t t he usual
t o d rive a w a re n ess of its n ew lip stic k b ran d t hr e e - ye ar P C refresh cycl e ca n be stre tch e d t o
a nd e n g a ge cu st o m ers acro ss soci al m e di a sites f o u r y e ars. A ll w ell a nd good, b ut w h a t else ca n
such as You T u b e, F a c e b o o k an d Twitter. you d o?
NewMediaAge website CFO website

W ritin g : 3 W r i t e a s e n t e n c e (s t a t e m e n t or q u e s ti o n) usin g t h e t i m e e x p r essio n in b r ac k e ts. Yo u can se e

p e rs o n a li z e d e x a m p le s in e x ercise 5.3. W r i t e s o m e t h in g t h a t y o u m ig h t s a y in real lif e, in a p r o f e ssio n a l or
p r a c tic e p e rs o n a | co n t e x t.
1 (already) There 's no ne ed to prepare the room for the training sem inar - I've
a lre ady done it.
2 (y e t) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3 (e v e r)__________________________________________________________________________

4 (n e v e r)_________________________________________________________________________

5 (j u st) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

6 (f o r)___________________________________________________________________________

7 (sin ce)_________________________________________________________________________

8 (a lw a ys)________________________________________________________________________

N o w t a k e a n o t h e r piece o f p a per. F or e ach s e n t e n c e a b o v e w r i t e t h e n a m e o f a p e rso n w h o y o u

m ig h t b e sp e a k in g t o a t t h e ti m e , a n d w r i t e w h a t t h e y sa y in reply.

Re h e a rsal f o r Lo o k a g a in a t t h e e m ail in e x ercise 5.5 a n d n o t ice h o w Pa tric k uses t h e p re s e n t p e rf e c t t o

th e real w o rld g j Ve n e w s. N o w i m a g in e y o u a rriv e d in a f o r e i g n c o u n t ry a f e w d a ys a g o (e it h e r f o r b usin ess or
f o r ple a sure). W r i t e a n e m a il t o a c o lle a g u e or f ri e n d . G iv e n e w s a b o u t w h a t h as h a p p e n e d a n d
w h a t y o u h a v e d o n e.

If y o u are w o r k i n g in class, p u t all t h e e m a ils o n t h e d esk s or o n t h e w a lls . G o ro u n d t h e ro o m

a n d rea d t h e e m ails. Re t u r n t o y o u r se a ts a n d s a y w h ic h e m ail y o u li k e d b est a n d w h y .
 m Connecting past and present 2
A Past simple or present perfect? D Present perfect continuous: uses
The past simple is used to describe actions in a completed The present perfect continuous describes an action or
time period. situation in progress from the past up to the present.
The present perfect is used when the time period includes Production at this site h a s been i n c r e a s i n g steadily since we
the present. started here five years ago.
I li v e d in M ila n many years ago. The present perfect continuous often emphasizes the length
(completed: now I live in another place) of time of the action.
I've li v e d in M ila n since 2008. I've been w o r k in g on this report all week.
(a situation that started in the past and continues in the The present perfect continuous can be used for repeated
present: I still live there) actions.
I've been to Mila n several times. I've been c a llin g her all afternoon, but she's always in a meeting.
(life experience) The action may be finished or continuing; we only know by
M y boss h a s a g r ee d to your proposal. the situation.
(present result of a past action) You're late! I've b ee n w a iti n g here fo r ages!
Time phrases used with the past simple (unit 3C) refer to a (the waiting is finished now)
particular point in the past: yesterday, last month. I've been w a iti n g for ages. Where is she?
Time phrases used with the present perfect (unit 5C) link the (I will continue waiting)
past to the present: since, never, this month.
The choice of tense often depends on the situation and where E Present perfect continuous: time
our attention is. expressions
Good news! We've w o n the contract! Typical time expressions used with the present perfect
(recent news: the event is present in my mind) continuous include: all day, fo r months, for ages, recently, over
So, we w o n the contract, and then ... the last few years, since, for.
(telling a story: the event feels distant in my mind)
F Present perfect or present perfect
B Present simple or present perfect? continuous?
The present simple is used for permanent facts and states, Sometimes there is no difference in meaning between the
and regular habits. present perfect and present perfect continuous.
The present perfect makes a connection between past and I'v e w o r k e d / b ee n w o r k i n g here for two years.
present. The choice of tense often depends on where our attention is.
I w o r k here. We use the present perfect if our attention is on the present
(a permanent state: I work here every day) result.
I've w o r k e d here for two years. I've w r itt e n the report. Here it is.
(I started two years ago and still work here now) (the finished report is in my mind)
We use the present perfect continuous if our attention is on
C Present perfect continuous: form the action in progress.
The present perfect continuous is formed with the present I've been w r iti n g the report. I'm exhausted.
perfect of be, and the -ing form of the verb. Negatives are (the act of writing is in my mind)
formed with not. If we give details of how many or how much, we do not use
I've been (h a v e n 't been) w aitin g here fo r more than an hour. a continuous form.
She's b ee n ( h a s n ' t been) w aitin g here for ages. I 'v e w r itt e n three reports this week.
Questions are formed by inverting the subject and have. I'v e do n e a lot of research on this company.
H a v e y o u been w aitin g long?
H as sh e been w aitin g long? See pag e 243 f or an o v e rvie w o f t h e English ver b t ense system.

30
 6 Conn e cting past and presen t 2

Exercises

Sectio n s A, B 6 . 1 U n d e rli n e t h e correct w or ds.

1 Yesterday I phoned/l've phoned the bank about our overdraft.
2 I work/l have worked here since the end of last year.
3 I work/l have worked from home one day a week.
4 I'm enjoying t he conference. I madeII have made a lot of useful contacts.
5 / saw/l've seen Hugh Hopper a f e w days ago - he sends his regards.
6 We went/We have been to an interesting seminar last week.
7 Today has been/was really busy - and it's only lunchtime!
8 Today has been/was really busy. It's 7 pm - I'm going home.
9 I'm sorry but Patricia left/has left the office an hour ago.
10 Patricia? No, she isn't here right now. She left/has left the office.

Sectio n s A, B 6 . 2 Pu t t h e ver bs in brack ets int o eit h e r t h e present simple, p ast si mple or present perfect.
1 The co m pany is doing very well. Last year sales w ent up (g 0 Up) 1s % , and so far this year
they have gon e up (g 0 Up) another 1 2 %.
2 W e - - - - - - - - - - - (operate) all over Latin A merica. Recently w e ______________(set up) branches in Peru
and Colombia.
(you /see) my lapt op? I'm sure I _____________ (leave) it here earlier.
4 This ____ (not look) like t he right block. Are you sure w e ______________(co me) to the right
address?
5 I . (never / speak) t o him, but I -(speak) t o his assistant on t he phone
yesterday.
6 I _ (work) f or World C o m since last year, but n ow (w a n t) t o change jobs.
(you / hear) of anyone taking on n ew staff?

S e c t i o n s C, D, F 6 . 3 In each mini - dialogue p ut o ne ver b into t h e p resen t p erfect si m ple an d t h e o t h er int o th e

p resen t p erfect co ntin uo us. Use co ntractio ns w h e r e possible.
1 A: Wh a t's t he matt er? You look worried!
B: Yes, I am. I 've been loo k ing at (Ioq^ at) the contract in detail, and I V e noticed (notice) a lot of
potential problems.
2 A: I ____ _ _ ____ (call) Carol all day, but it goes straight to voicemail.
B: I ex pect she____________________(go) t o Head Office.
3 A: 'Tosca' is coming t o t he O pera House_____________________(you see) it?
B: Not yet, but I (look f orwar d) t o it for ages,
Shall w e go t og e th er?
4 A: H o w l o n g ___________ (you produce)
cars at this site?
B: A b o ut four years. W e
(invest) around t w e n ty million dollars in plant
and machinery.
 Exercises

Se ctio n A 6,4 Pu t t h e v e r b s in t o t h e c orrect f o r m o f t h e p a st si m p le or p r e s e n t p e rf e c t si m ple. Use

c o n t ra ctio n s w h e r e p ossible.

V ic t o r ia : Hi, Sue. 1 1^ a v e r : seen (not/see) you for ages!

Sue: Hi, Victoria, nice to see you again. No, you’re right, 1 2 (not/be)
in touch with anyone recently.
V ic t o r ia : So what have you been up to?
Sue: You know I 3_______________ (leave) my job in January so that I could go
freelance as a graphic designer?
V ic t o r ia : Yes, I remember you 4 ___________(talk) a lot about that last year.
Sue: Well, i t 5____________ (be) a really difficult year so far. 16________
(never/do) anything like this before and it’s much harder than I
7_______________ (imagine). 8________________(you/ever/be) self-employed?
V ic t o r ia : No, never, although 1 1 (often/think) about it. So why
10
(it/be) so difficult?
Sue: There’s a lot of insecurity. At the beginning I 11 _ (have) two or
three good clients. These are people that 1 12 (know) for many
years. They’re still with me. But apart from that nothing really.
V ic t o r ia : What about advertising in the specialist magazines?
Sue: Yes, I 13
(already/do) that. I 14
(put) an advert
in Design M on t h l y a couple of months ago but there were only a few replies.
But I have a new website and I’m quite optimistic about using it to generate
business. I 15_______________ (finish) it just last week. It’s optimized for search
engines so that people can find me more easily. 1 16----------------------- (have) quite
a few hits already, so things might improve soon.

Se ctio n A 6. C o m p le t e t h e t e x t a b o u t t e c h n o l o g y st oc k s b y p u t t in g t h e v e r b s in t o t h e co rr ec t f o r m o f
t h e p ast si m p le o r p r e s e n t p e rf e ct.

a rocky road for t ec h stocks

European investors 1 h a ve w a t ch e d (watch) US stock
Dow Jones Stoxx Technology Index Figures 1st of each month
markets nervously over the last few months. The problems with
US technology and telecomms stocks 2___ ___________(begin) 300

last March, and since then share prices at companies like Intel,
HP and Apple 3______________ (crash). Over the summer all 250
these giants 4______________(announce) lower than expected
profits, and investors fear that in the current economic climate
200
demand for their products 5 ____________(peak). Now it's the
turn of European stocks, and on Monday stocks in Germany's
150
SAP and Finland's Nokia 6______________ (fall) sharply. SAP
7 (be) down 4%.
But there was some good news for investors yesterday. 100
Capgemini 8 (release) figures which showed M M
that this year revenues 9 _ (rise) to €9,100
million, up from €8,700 million last year. In recent years the way in the use of offshoring, often transferring work to
Capgemini 10______________ (become) one of the leading countries such as India and Poland. This 12______________
players in the global IT services market, alongside IBM, EDS (improve) profitability as well as providing a wider range of
and Accenture. The company 11 (also/lead) options in the event of a sudden change in the market.
 6 Conn e cting past and present 2

Tasks

S p e a k i n g : lis t e n 1 % 0 6 Y o u a re g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

and repeat

T r a n sl a t e 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

T h e t ech n olo g y - h e avy N asd a q index has been Si n c e co m ple ti n g a co n solid a ti o n p hase t hr e e
f a lli n g f o r t hr e e w e e k s, a nd is n ow 3 4 % lower y e a rs a g o, T hysse nl < ru p p has been f ollo wi n g
t h a n its M a rc h p ea k. Sh a r e s o f co m p a nies a sustain e d a nd p r o fit a b le co urse of growt h.
a n n ou ncin g p o or results h ave f a lle n by a t hir d T he c o m p a n y has raise d its e arnin gs f o r e c a s t
or a h a lf a f t e r p ro fits w arn in g s. f o r t h e c u rr e n t fisc al y e a r t o over € 3 . 2 billion
Washington Post website b ef ore t a x es.
business-magazine.de website

W ritin g : T h in k a b o u t y o u r lif e in t h e last ye ar. W r i t e a n s w e rs t o t h e s e q u e s ti o n s usin g t h e p ast si m ple,

p e rs o n a li z e d p r e s e n t p e rf e c t si m p le a n d p r e s e n t p e rf e c t co n tin u o u s.
1 H ow have you tried to keep fit and healthy?
I've jo in ed a he a lth club. I w ent a fe w times a fter joining, bu t since then I haven ' t
been a t all. A lso I've been trying to e a t more h e a lthy food. I don ' t re a lly have much
tim e for cooking, bu t I've le a rned a fe w n e w recipes.
2 H o w have you spent your m on ey?

3 W h a t have you done t o keep up with n e w ideas in your professional field?

4 Have you been anywhere interesting?

5 W h a t have n't you done t ha t you would like t o have d on e? W h y?

Re h e arsal f o r Lo o k a g a in a t t h e d i a l o g u e in e x ercise 6.4 a n d n o tic e h o w t h e s p e a k ers use t h e p ast si m ple

th e real w o r k a n d t h e p r e s e n t p e rf e ct. N o w w r i t e a si m ila r d i a l o g u e b e t w e e n y o u rs e lf a n d a fri e n d or
c o ll e a g u e w h o y o u m e e t a f t e r n o t b e in g in c o n t a c t f o r so m e ti m e . St a r t li k e t his:
Friend (give their name): Hi! I have n't seen you f or ages!
Me: Hi, nice to see you again.

If you are w orking in class, read some dialogu es aloud.

 Future 1

A will The arrangements are often social arrangements or

We can use w ill + the infinitive (without to) to refer to the appointments.
future. W ill is usually shortened in speech and informal I'm busy on Tuesday afternoon. I'm s ee in g Jack at two, and after
writing to '11. The negative of w ill is won’t. that I'm m ee ti n g my bank manager.
We use w ill to make predictions and to state facts about See also units IE and 2C for the present continuous.
future events.
Over the next decade there w ill be a big increase in the use of D will or be going to?
nuclear power. There are many occasions when we can use either form.
In June we w ill bring out two new models. In my presentation I'll t a lk /I ' m go in g to ta lk about three main
We can add perhaps / maybe or probably. areas. First, ...
M a y b e I'll join you later in the bar. Here the speaker could see it as a fact (w ill) or an intention
Notice that probably comes after w ill but before won’t. (going to).
He'll p r ob a b ly agree with you. W ill and be going to are both used for decisions. W ill is used
He p r ob a b l y w o n ' t agree with you. for instant decisions; be going to is used for decisions already
We can use w ill with an introductory phrase to give other made (i.e. plans and intentions).
meanings. For example, a personal opinion (I think), a hope Great idea! I'll do it tomorrow.
(I hope) or an expectation ( I expect). (an instant decision)
I th in k we'll p r ob a b ly open an office in Taipei next year. Yes, I know. I'm go i n g t o do it tomorrow.
W ill can be used for instant decisions and thoughts that come (a plan or intention)
into our head at the moment of speaking. W ill and be going to are both used for predictions. W ill is used
I'll wait fo r you outside. for general beliefs about the future; be going to is used when
I'll call you tomorrow. there is some present evidence.
I ’m sure th e y'll li k e the new design.
See unit 11D for more uses of will.
(general belief or opinion)
B be going to We're go in g to m a k e a loss on this product line.
(I have the figures in front of me)
We use the verb be + going to + the infinitive to make a W ill is more usual in writing. 'II and be going to are more
connection between the present and the future. usual in speech.
We use be going to for plans and intentions. These are things
we have already decided to do. E be going to or present continuous?
I'm go in g to e m a il her this afternoon.
The E C B is go i n g to m o n it o r inflation closely.
For plans and arrangements there is often little difference in
meaning. However, be going to can suggest that the details of
We use be going to to make predictions when there is the arrangement are still open, while the present continuous
evidence in the present situation (we already know or can can suggest that the arrangement is more fixed.
see something).
I'm go in g to m ee t her next week.
Be careful! It's go i n g t o fall.
(just a plan - time and place are still unknown)
(I can see it on the edge of the table)
I'm m ee tin g her at ten in my office.
Note that be going to can refer to near or distant time. For (a definite arrangement with a time and place)
example, we can say ‘the world is going to end in 8 billion years'
because scientists have evidence now.
F Time expressions
C Present continuous Common time expressions for the future include: tomorrow,
the day after tomorrow, on Frid ay, at the weekend, next week /year,
We can use the present continuous to talk about things we in a few days' time, in the next five minutes/ months.
have arranged to do. There is nearly always a future time
expression.
See pag e 243 f o r an o v e rvie w o f t h e English ver b t ense system.
H S B C a r e m o v in g to neiu premises n e x t y ea r .

34
 7 Future 1

Exercises

S e c t io n s A , B, C M a t c h t h e f o r m s in it alics b e l o w w i t h t h e ir uses a - f.
a) future fact d) future plan or intention
b) belief or opinion e) prediction with evidence in t he present situation
c) instant decision f) future arrange ment

1 I'm going to ask my boss for a pay rise next week.

2 I'm sorry t o hear that. I'II find out w h a t t he problem is right now.
3 I'm sorry, but I won ' t be here to morrow. I'II be in Paris.
4 I'm meeting A n gela for lunch. Do you w a n t to join us?
5 Their share price will probably rise w h e n the market recovers.
6 Wit h so much competition it's going to be difficult t o increase sales. [J
S e c t i o n s D, E 7 . 2 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t w o r d s in e ach m i ni - dialo g u e.
1 A: Are you free next Tuesday mornin g?
B: Sorry, I'll have/i'm having a meeting with Sue.
2 A: W h a t are your plans for next ye ar?
B: We'll open/We're going to open a n e w fact ory in Hungary.
3 A: W h a t do you think of their n e w marketing ca m p aig n?
B: I think it 'll probably do well/it's probably doing well.
4 A: W h a t a b out t o m orrow aft er w or k - say, six t hirty?
B: OK, I'll see you/i'm seeing you then.
5 A: As you can see, I've been thinking quite a lot about this issue.
B: Yes, I see. So what are you going to do/what are you doing ?
6 A: It would be nice t o see you next week.
B: Yes. Are you doing anything/Will you do anything on We d n esd ay?

Sectio n s 7 . 3 Pu t t h e v e r b s in b r ac k e ts in t o t h e m os t a p p r o p ri a t e f u t u r e f o r m . C h o o s e b e t w e e n will,
A , B, C, D, E be go ing to a n d t h e p r e s e n t co n tin u o u s.
1 Have you heard the n ews? BHP Billiton 's g o in g to bu y (b Uy) Rj0 Tinto.
2 I ___________________ (meet) An drea at t he airport at 9 am next Thursday.
3 Do w e need more p aper? I ___________________ (get) some.
4 Richard's just called - h e ____________________(be) late.
5 Next y e a r____________________(be) t he company's centenary year.
6 This taxi driver is terrible. H e ____________________(have) an accident.
7 In the future, w e b co n f ere nces___________________ (probably replace) many international meetings.
8 W e ____________________(test) t he prototype sometime next week.
 Exercises

S e c t io n s A , B, D 7 . 4 M a r i a has as k e d Se b a s ti e n t o c o m e t o h e r o f fice . C o m p le t e t h e d i a l o g u e b y p u t t in g t h e
v e r b s in t o a f u t u r e f o r m . C h o o s e b e t w e e n w ill a n d be go ing to. O f t e n e it h e r a n s w e r is p ossible,
b u t d e cid e w h ic h f o r m is t h e m os t n a t u r a l. Use c o n t r a ctio n s w h e r e p ossible.

M a r ia : Come in, have a seat. Would you like a drink? Coffee? Mineral water?
S e b a s t ie n : 1 1 V h av e (have) a coffee, please. White, no sugar.
M a r ia : Here you are. Well, thanks for coming this morning. I 2__________________
(tell) you why I asked you here. As you know, there 3__________________
(be) some big changes in the company. In fact, we 4__________________
(restructure) the whole department.
S e b a s t ie n : Yes, I heard something about that. Is my job at risk?
M a r ia : Not necessarily, but there may be some changes. The new structure
5 (be) in place by the summer, and we want you
to be a part of it. We value your work very highly. We’ve decided we
6 (offer) you a new job.
S e b a s t ie n : Really! And w hat exactly 7__________________ (the new job/involve)?
M a r ia : Well, we 8__________________ (expand) the whole customer services area.
If you accept the job, you 9__________________ (be) responsible for leading
the new team. You 10__________________ (have) more responsibility, and the
salary 11________________ _ (be) much better. But it would mean relocating
to Hamburg - we 12 _____________ (move) most business functions there
and close down the office here. What do you think?
S e b a s t ie n : Well, it sounds like a great opportunity. Of course 1 13__
(have to) speak to my wife and family about it.
M a r ia : No problem. We 14_________________(talk) again soon.

Sectio n s A, C C o m p le t e t h is e m a il fro m a PA t o h er boss b y p u tt in g t h e v e r b s in t o a f u t u r e f o r m . C h o ose

b e t w e e n w ill a n d t h e p re s e n t co n ti n u o u s. Use co n tr a cti o n s w h e r e p ossible.

I JO ....J Pie rr e G a u d a r d , T e ch n ica l D irect or I

Se n d Su b j e c t : Visit to Sl o v e n ia ...................... I
I’ve booked your flight to Slovenia. You 1 're le a vin g (le ave) on T uesday 3rd at 8.45 in
the morning, so you 2________________ (arrive) in Ljubljana before lunch. So m eo ne
3......... (b e) at the airport to meet you. Your first appoint ment is with Ale ksan der
Presekar, and you 4________________ (meet) him at 1 pm at our local office. He 5_______________
(probably / take) you out to lunch. After lunch you 6________________ (not / do) anything until 4 pm,
so you 7________________ (h ave) time to go to the hotel. You 8_________________ (st ay) at the
Intercontinental, which is in a very central location.

I 9________________ (as k) our travel agent to forward the e - ticket to you, and you 10_____________
(h ave) it by the end of the week.

36
 7 Future 1

Tasks

S p e a k i n g : lis t e n 1 % 07 Y o u a re g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

and repeat
T r a n sl a t e 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t ur a l.

In t h e f u t ur e, co m p a nies w ill need t o se arch M y f a v o ri t e line fro m J a w s co m es w h e n t he

t h e w orld f o r t he best in t e lle ct u a l c a p it a l, t he n p olice c h ie f a t last sees t he s h a r k : 'Y o u are
cr e a t e t h e kinds o f ch alle n gin g e nviro n m e n ts going t o need a bigg er b o a t .'W e a re a t last
t h a t w ill a ll o w t a le n t e d p eo ple t o d evelo p and seeing t he sha p e of t his c u rr e n t e co n o m ic
be successf ul. d ow n turn - a nd w e a re going t o need a big ger
Busin essWe e k website sti m u lus. W e m ig ht g e t lu c k y: m ay b e f o ur
m on ths fr o m n ow we w ill t hi n k t h a t w h a t we
h ave c o lle c tiv e ly d one t o st a b ili z e t h e w orld
eco n o m y is a p p ro p ri a t e . M o r e li k ely not.
S ee kin g Alp h a website

Writin g : 3 A n s w e r t h e s e q u es ti o n s.
p e rs o n a li z e d 1 W h a t are your personal plans for next w e e k e n d?
p r a c t ic e I'm going to do some shopping on S a turday morning, a nd clean m y flat. In the
a fternoon I’ll prob a bly m e e t up w ith som e friends. On S und ay m y p arents are
coming to visit, so I ' ll be busy - I have to prepare som e food before they arrive.
2 W h a t are your personal plans for the next f e w years?

3 W h a t predictions can you make about your co m pany t w o years from n o w?

4 W h a t predictions can you make a b out mobile co m munications ten years from n o w?

5 W h a t predictions can you make a b out o n e of these countries tw e n ty years from now:
China, Brazil, India, Russia?

Re h e arsal f o r 4 Lo o k a g a in a t t h e d i a l o g u e in e x e rcis e 7.4 a n d n o tic e h o w t h e s p e a k ers use w ill a n d be going

e real w o rld f 0 . Y o u r o w n boss (o r H e a d o f D e p a r t m e n t if y o u a re a s t u d e n t) calls y o u in t o t h e ir o f fic e t o t e ll
y o u a b o u t s o m e i m p o r t a n t pla n s f o r t h e f u t u r e a n d h o w t h e y a f f e c t y o u . W r i t e t h e d ia lo g u e .
Boss: Co me in, have a seat. W e'v e been doing some thinking a b out f uture plans and there are a f e w
things I'd like to discuss with you.
Me: Of course. Tell me more.
 M Future 2

A Using when, after, until, etc. E was going to

We use the present simple or present perfect (not w ill) to refer Was / were going to is not a future form. We use it to talk about
to the future after these words: when, after, before, unless, in plans or intentions in the past that didn't actually happen.
case, as soon as, u ntil, by the time, the next time. I'm sorry, I w a s go i n g t o c a ll this morning, but we had an
W hen I see her, I'll pass on your message. urgent quality control issue that I had to deal with.
We’ll discuss it again a f t e r you g e t back.
A s soo n a s I've finished, I'll tell you. F Other ways to talk about the future
Notice that w ill can be used in the other part of the sentence. We use the verbs expect, hope, intend, would like, plan, want
followed by an infinitive to refer to the future.
B Fixed timetables We h op e t o g e t the contract.
We often use the present simple (or present continuous) I'd lik e to d is c u ss this in more detail when we meet.
when we talk about events in the future based on a fixed We p l a n t o e x t e n d our sales network next year.
timetable, program or calendar. Notice the different negative forms:
Jim's plane l e a v e s (is l e a v in g ) at 12.20. I expect/hope I w o n ' t ...
O ur boss r e ti r e s (is r e ti r i n g ) next year. I w o u l d n ' t like to ...
We do n ' t intend / plan / want to ...
C Future continuous We often use the verb think followed by ‘11:
The future continuous is formed with w ill + be + the -ing I th in k I'll change my mobile network.
form of the verb. We can use be due to for things that we expect to happen
I'll be s ee in g Konstantin this afternoon. soon.
W h ere w ill y o u be w o r k in g next month? H e i s d u e t o name his replacement as C E O within the next few
The future continuous describes an activity in progress in the days.
future. We often use it when we compare activities now and We can use be about to for things that will (or will not)
in the future. There is nearly always a time expression. happen very soon.
Next year I'll b e w o r k i n g in our Sao Paolo office. The pace of development in new technology i s n o t a bo u t t o slow.
The future continuous is often used to say that something S hall is used as a simple future like w ill only in very formal
will definitely happen. contexts, for example legal documents and contracts.
We'll be h o ld in g a meeting soon, so we can make a decision then. Normally Shall I/ w e ... ? are used to make suggestions
(about the present or the future).
D Future perfect S h a ll I open the window?
The future perfect is formed with w ill + have + past participle. S h a ll w e meet again next week?
By the time I retire, I'll h a v e b ee n in banking for over thirty years.
By the time the contract expires, w h a t w ill w e h a v e p a i d in G Future probability
total? We can use modals and other phrases to talk about the
We use the future perfect to look back from one point in the probability that something will happen in the future. The
future to an earlier event or period of time. We often use by table below gives an overview which is developed in unit 13
or by the time with the future perfect. (page 58) and not practised here.
B y the end of the year we'll h a v e s o ld around 20,000 units.
B y th e ti m e our supplier ships this order w e'll h a v e run o u t of 100% certainty w ill, be certain to
inventory in the warehouse. 95-100% deduction must, can t
It is common to use a simple w ill form in place of the future 80% expectation should, shouldn't, ought to, ought
perfect. not to, be likely to, be unlikely to
By the end of the year w e'll s e ll around 20,000 units. 30-70% uncertainty may, may not, might, might not,
We use the continuous form of the future perfect to look back could
from one point in the future at an activity in progress. 0% certainty won’t
Next year w e'll h a v e b ee n m a nu f a c t u r i n g the same model,
without a facelift, fo r fo ur years.
See page 243 for an overview of the English verb tense system.
38
 8 Future 2

Exercises

S e c t io n s 8.1 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ect or m os t li k e ly w o r d s.

A, B, C, D, E, F 1 D o n't forg et t o turn off the lights before you will leave/you leave.
2 To morrow I'll interview/l'll be interviewing candidates all morning.
3 By the end of t he year I think t he building wor k will have finished/will be finishing, and we'll be
workin g normally again.
4 O ur visitors are due to arrive/due arriving at 10.30.
5 You can w ait here until she comes back/she will come back.
6 I was going to mention it/l was mentioning it at the meeting, but I forgot.
7 / hope/l will hope to be able t o speak a t the press conference myself.
8 W e will be repaying/will have repaid the bank loan by December.
9 Wh e n the contract is/will be ready, I'll let you know.
10 Will we/ Shall we break f or coffee n o w?
11 W e ca n't send t he goods until we 've received/we will receive a firm order.
12 I ca n't do it right n o w - I'll nearly have/i'm about to have a meeting.

S e c t i o n s A , C, D 8 . 2 M a t c h e a ch s e n t e n c e 1 - 8 w i t h a n e n d in g a - h.
1 They w o n't accept our order as it is, so a) you leave.
2 They w o n't accept our order unless b) you'll have left.
3 Helen wa nts t o see you before c) we'll give the m a bank guarantee
4 You w o n't see Helen. By t he time she arrives d) w e give the m a bank guarantee.
5 By t he time I leave t he office t oday I'll e) have been here for t welve hours.
6 Wh ile the baby is still small I'll f) be workin g part -time.
7 I'm on vacation next wee k. I'll g) have just co me back from Malta.
8 Next time w e meet I'll have a suntan! I'll h) be relaxing by the pool in Malta.

Sectio n s 8 . 3 Pu t t h e v e r b s in t o t h e rig h t t e n s e . C h o os e b e t w e e n t h e p r e s e n t si m p le (/ do ) , f u t u r e
A , B, C, D c o n t in u o u s (I ' ll be doing ) a n d f u t u r e p e rf e c t (I ' ll h ave done ) .
1 By the time all t he legal docu ments are ready, t he deadline for the proposal w/// h a v e p asse d (pass).
2 The f li g h t___________________ (leave) at 1 pm a n d ____________________ (arrive) at 3.45 local time.
3 Wh e n I ____________________(see) him, I'll ask him.
4 I ____________________(see) Nick to morrow, so I can give him your message.
5 This traffic is terrible. By t he time w e get t o their office t he m e e tin g____________________(finish).
6 This time next year I ____________________(do) my part - time MBA.
7 I w o n't do anything until I ___________________ (hear) from you.
8 Hurry up! By the time w e arrive the c o n c e rt____________________(start).
9 W h a t ____________________(you / learn) by t he end of your course?
10 (you / use) t he conference room next Tuesday mornin g?
 Exercises

S e c t io n s 8 . 4 A n e c o n o m is t h as p r e p a r e d a r e p o r t a b o u t his c o u n t r y n e x t ye ar. C o m p le t e t h e E x e c u tiv e

A , C, D, F S u m m a r y b y ch o o sin g t h e co rr ec t a l t e r n a t iv e f ro m A , B, C or D b e lo w .

Executive Summary: 12-month economic forecast

The Central Bank 1_j__keep interest rates low next year in order to stimulate economic
growth, and so we 2____ the economy to continue growing at about 4%. This means that
unemployment3____ in most sectors of the economy next year. Exchange rates are very
difficult to predict, but the currency4____ remain relatively stable against the dollar. This is
important as 40% of our revenue is in dollars.
Some important events are 5_____take place in the political field, The president 6_____
call elections within the next twelve months, and so by the middle of next year the election
campaign 7____ _ The government 8_____on a platform of honesty and competence, and
it 9-------introduce reforms to the legal system so that judges can investigate the misuse
of public funds more easily When that 10____ , international investor confidence should
increase rapidly

1 A is wa ntin g to B is liking to C would like to D due to

2 A predict B expect C believe D hope
3 A will be fallen B will been falling C will falling D will fall
4 A probably will B will probably C probably is D is probably
5 A about to B soon C being D expecting
6 A dues to B due to C is due to D is duing to
7 A will have begun B will be begun C has begun D will begin
8 A will be f ou g ht B will be fighting C will fighting D will have fight
9 A is planning B planning to C is planned to D is planning to
10 A happening B will happen C happens D happen

Sectio n s 8 . 5 It is Ja n u a r y a n d a n HR D ir e c t o r is e x p la in in g t h e p e rf o r m a n c e r e v i e w p rocess t o a g r o u p
A , C, D, E o f n e w e m p l o y e e s. Pu t t h e v e r b s in t o t h e rig h t t e n se . C h o os e b e t w e e n t h e p r e s e n t si m ple
(/ do ) , f u t u r e c o n t in u o u s (I ' ll be doing ) , f u t u r e p e rf e c t ( I ' ll have done ) a n d w as go ing to.
Use c o n tr a c tio n s w h e r e p ossible.

Your first p erf or ma nce review 1 /s (b e) at the end of April. I t 2________ ____ (b e)
earlier but w e d e cid e d to c h a n g e it. By the e n d of April w e 3_____________ (collect) all the
information w e n ee d, and w e will call you for an interview. In the interview w e 4_____________
(d iscu ss) your p erf or ma nce during the first f ew months a nd a ny issu es relating to your future
n ee ds, such as training. By the end of that meeting I hope that w e 5_____________ (a g r e e) on
your personal o b jectives for the next six months in ter ms of key p erf or ma nce indicators and
professional develop m ent. Of co urse there is always so m e flexibility in a ny targets w e set,
in c a s e anything 6_____________ (h a p p e n) that w e cann ot predict. Then, after April, the next
time that you a nd 17_____________ (m e et) f ormally will not be until Nove mber, although of
co urse behind the sce n e s I 8_____________ (talk) to your line m a na g ers a nd monitoring your
progress. O K ? Well, unless you 9_____________ (h av e) any questions, I think that's all.

40
 8 Future 2

Tasks

S p e a k i n g : lis t e n 1 0 0 8 You are goin g t o h ear eig h t phrases. Listen an d repeat.

and repeat
T ra n sla te 2 Translate t h ese short te x ts t a k en fro m t h e In t er n e t int o yo u r o w n lan gu ag e. Re m e m b er n o t t o
tra nsla t e w o r d f o r w or d , b ut ra t h er t o m a k e it sou n d nat ural.

In n ov a ti o n is a n i m p o r t a n t c o n t rib u t o r t o By t he y e a r 2 0 3 0 t he volu m e of goods

long - term growt h in an econ o my. Sh o u ld w e be p ro d uced by t r a d it io n a l m a n u fa ct u rin g
co ncern e d t h a t as t he w orld e nt ers a recession, w o rld w id e w ill p r o b a bly be a t le ast t w ic e
fir m s w ill be investing less in d evelo pin g n ew w h a t it is t o d ay. B u t in t h e US, t h e sh a re of
p ro d ucts a nd p r ocesses? T h e a nsw er t o t his m a n u fa ct u rin g in G D P, w hic h is still aro un d
q u estio n is not o bvious. D urin g a recessio n t he 1 2 % or so, w ill h ave shru n k t o 5 % .
c os t of investing in in n ovatio n is lo w er t h a n in IndustryWeek website
ti m e s o f e x p ansio n. L a b o u r a nd o t h er in p uts
w ill be less in d e m a n d , a nd t h us a re li k ely t o be
cheaper.
E S R C website

Writin g : 3 C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h t h e f u t ur e co ntin u o us or f u t ur e p erfect as s h o w n in t he

p e rs o n a li z e d brackets. A d d a f e w more sentences each ti m e.
p r a c t ic e 1 (f cont.) This time t o m orro w /'// be sitting in the budg e t m eeting. The Finance Director w ill
proabably have finished his overvie w o f the current situa tion and everyone w ill be feeling
nervous about alloca tion o f resources for next year. Everyone wants su fficien t resources for
their own plans a nd projects, b u t o f course some p eople w ill be disa ppoin t ed .
2 (f. cont.) There's an important meeting next wee k. In t he meeting w e ___________________________

3 (f. cont.) This time next year I e x pect t ha t I

4 (f. perf.) I'm going t o be very busy. By the next time w e meet I .

5 (f. perf.) By the end of t he year our co m p a n y.

6 (f. perf.) By t he end of this English course I hope t ha t I

Re h e arsal f o r 4 Loo k a g ain a t t h e E x ecu tive Su m m ary in e x ercise 8.4. N o w w rit e a sh ort re p ort on o ne o f t h e
th e real w o r k to pics b elo w, using real or inve n t e d inf or m a tio n:
Twelve - month econo mic forecast for my country
Two - year business develop ment plan f or my co mpany
Ten -year tourism develop ment plan for my city / town

If you are w orking in class, read some texts aloud and then discuss them.
 m Passive 1
A Form C Uses: systems and processes
To make the passive we use to be and a past participle. We often use the passive to talk about systems, processes and
Compare the Active (A) and Passive (P) for different tenses: procedures. Language is often specialized and technical, as
in this example adapted from the Dewar's Scotch Whisky
A : Intel p r od u ce s millions of chips every year. website.
P: M illio ns of chips a r e p r od u ce d every year.
A: O ur supplier is s h i pp i n g the goods next week. M a lt whisky i s m a d e exclusively from barley. In August
P: The goods a r e b e i n g s h i pp e d next week. the barley i s h a r v e s t e d and then l e f t to rest fo r a couple of
months. The next step is 'm altin g', where the grain i s s o a k e d
A : The E C B r a i s e d interest rates by 0.25%.
in water to germinate, and then h e a te d. This causes the grain
P: Interest rates w e r e r a i s e d by 0.25%.
to produce starches, which a r e later c o n v e r t e d to sugars and
A : He w a s a s k i n g me some difficult questions. then alcohol. The malted barley i s p l a ce d into huge vessels
P: I w a s b e i n g a s k e d some difficult questions. and m i x e d with water to make a ‘wort’. The wort i s c oo le d,
A: They h a v e c h o s e n the new design. then r un into another vessel. After that yeast i s a dd e d, and
P: The new design h a s been chosen. fermentation begins. When fermentation is complete, a liquid
A: Rosa w ill g i v e a briefing tomorrow. called 'the wash' remains. This liquid is ready for distilling.
P: A briefing w ill b e g i v e n tomorrow. In distilling, the liquid i s h e a t e d u ntil the spirit turns to
vapour, which i s then c o n d e n s e d back into liquid. Repeated
A: They c a n a rr a n g e a loan within three days.
distillation produces whisky. The fin a l stage is maturing, and
P: A loan can be a rr a n g e d within three days.
by law Scotch whisky m u s t b e a g e d fo r at least three years in
A: We m a y p r od u ce some new sales targets. oak barrels.
P: Some new sales targets m a y b e p rod u ce d.
To show a sequence in a process we use linking words like:
The object in the active sentence (millions of chips / interest Firstly / First of all, Then, The next step is, Next, After that, Later,
rates) moves to the front in the passive sentence and becomes Fin ally, The fin a l stage is. There are some examples in the text
the new subject. above.
We form negatives and questions in the same way as in
active sentences. D Saying who does the action: by
The new design h a s n ' t b ee n chosen. In the passive examples in section A the person or
H as the new design been chosen? organization that does the action is not mentioned. If we
want to say who does the action, we use by.
B Uses: focus on important information The goods are being shipped next week b y o u r s u pp li e r in
In the active sentences above the person or organization who C h in a .
does the action (Intel / T he ECB / Ro sa ) is important. A briefing w ill be given tomorrow b y o u r I n f o r m a ti o n O fficer,
In the passive sentences above the person or organization R o s a M en do za.
who does the action is not mentioned. It might be:
- unimportant E Transitive and intransitive verbs
- clear from the situation Verbs which usually take objects are called transitive verbs,
- unknown while verbs which do not are called intransitive verbs.
Instead, the important information is either the actions Dictionaries show this information with T or I, and some
(raised / chosen) or the things affected by the action (M illio ns of verbs can be both. Only transitive verbs can be made passive.
chips/ The goods/ A briefing). Raise (T) Taxes were raised last year.
possible
Increase (T/I) Taxes were increased last year.
possible
Go up (I) Taxes zoere gone up last year.
not possible

42
 9 Passive 1

Exercises

S e c t io n A 9 . 1 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h a p a ssiv e v e r b . Y o u m a y n e e d a n e g a t iv e f o r m .
1 So m ebo dy da mage d the goods in transit.
The goods were
d am aged jn transit.
2 Millions of people see this ad every day.
This a d ____________________by millions of people every day.
3 They will not finish the project by the end of t he month.
The p ro ject____________________by the end of the month.
4 They have closed t w e n ty retail outlets over the last year.
Twenty retail o u tle ts____________ ______ over t he last year.
5 W e are reviewing all of our IT systems.
All of our IT systems_____________________
6 W e cann ot ship your order until w e receive payment in full.
Your o r d e r____________________ until w e receive payment in full.

S e c t i o n s B, D 9 . 2 D e cid e if it is n e c e ssa ry t o s a y w h o d o e s t h e a cti o n . If it is n o t n ecessary, cross it o ut.

If it is n ecessary, p u t a tic k ( / ).
1 I d on't thin k your proposal will be accepted by peo p le.
2 The co m pany was f ounded by the fat her of t he present Chair man. /
3 O ur machines are serviced by highly trained technicians.
4 This machine was repaired yesterday by a technician, and n o w it isn't working.
5 The conference was opened by so meone from t he London Business School.
6 You'll be shown round t he factory by someone, and then you'll meet the sales team.

Sectio n s 9 . 3 R e w r i t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s usin g t h e p a ssiv e if it is p ossible. Y o u m a y n e e d a n e g a t iv e f o r m .

A , B, D, E If it is n o t p o ssib le t o m a k e a p assiv e, p u t a cross (X).
1 O ur R & D d epart ment have discovered a promising n e w drug.
A prom ising n e w drug has been discovered by our R &D departm ent.
2 The rate of inflation w e n t up by around 1 % last quarter.

3 O ne of our best young designers created this line.

4 I'm sorry, w e ca n't do that.

5 So mething very interesting happened t o me last week.

6 The Accounts Depart ment may not authori z e this payment.

7 I wor ke d as a consultant for four years after

my MBA.

8 They were asking me all sorts of highly

technical questions.
 Exercises

Sectio n s A m a n a g e r is w r i t i n g a t r a i n i n g m a n u a l f o r n e w e m p l o y e e s. C o m p le t e t h e t e x t b y p u t t in g
t h e v e r b s in t h e b o x in t o t h e p r e s e n t si m p le p assive.

co m plete design offer print out put outsource analyz e

The use of questionnaires in market research

This company makes e x tensive use of questionnaires Our response rate needs to be above 2 5% for t he process
in market research. The process is standard. First, we to be st atistically significant, and we usually achieve this.
carefully select a sample of people to ask; these may Sometimes a small gift 5 ________ to people
be e xisting or p ot ential customers. Then t he questions who complete the questionnaire, as an incentive. Finally we
1 are d esigned by a small, speciali z ed team. The questions enter all t he results onto a spreadsheet, and t he information
2 intn spquenrp and gmuppd tngpfhpr 6 . I f t he questionnaire involves a
by topic. After t h a t, we distribute t he questionnaire; either face - to - face interview with members of t he public, then
we send a link by email and i t 3 hy the t he work 7 _________ ___ to an e xternal company to
customer online, or i t 4 .. _______ ________ as hard copy ensure o bjectivity in the responses and results.
and distributed through the mail with a covering letter.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,- - - - r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1- - - - - - - -— - - - - — ,— r-T-r-f— m - - - 1- - - - - - - - - — ,- - - - n - m , , - - - - - - — T- - - , ~n --- ,--- - - - - — rm ----- t v ^ ~ - - - - - - m i r 1 T H U H ri r

Se ctio n s A , B 9 .! H e le n is st a r ti n g h e r o w n b usin ess. H e re is a n e x t ra ct f ro m h er n o t es.

fil l fHHHHHH H IHIH H H H hl 111

Co n t a c t lo£?w,te t o a r r a l o a ^ i / o r d e r e q u i p m e n t - Lia, p ro g ress

Fl m / I o f fic e spac-e / Q u o t a t io n f o r Le afle ts /

D e c o r a t e o ff i c e - fin ish eiA-d of nA.oiA.tki p a r t - t im e s ta f f ?

_____________________ ______________ I

H e le n is w r i t i n g a l e t t e r t o a b u sin ess a d vis o r y service . Pu t t h e v e r b s in t o e it h e r t h e p r es e n t

p e rf e c t p assive ( has/have been done ) , p r e s e n t c o n t in u o u s p a ssiv e (is/ are being done ) , o r t h e
p a ssiv e f o r m o f a m o d a l (m ight / should / w ill be done ) .

Hear S ir or Madam,
I am writing to a rr a n g e a n in terview with one o f your sm.ctll business advisors to discuss my
business start-up. yon-r advice a n d detailed com.men.ts would be very useful, i have attached
a copy of my business pla n , a n d I c a n give you a few details of my progress so far:

• I've had several meetings with my bante, a n d a lo a n 1 has been arranged (arrange).
• I've f o un d some office space i n a good location although some worte 2__________________
(will/need) there before i can move in. I've employed some contractors a n d th e worte
3__________________ (should/finish) by the e n d of the month.
• i will need some specialized equipment, and this 4__________________ (order) at the moment.
• i tenow that the Initial marketing of my business will be very Important. I'm going to use
flyers distributed door-to-door, and I 5__________________ (offer) a good d e al on printing
and distribution by a specialist leaflet distribution ft,rm.
• One thing that I'm. unsure of Is how to employ part-time staff extra staff
6 (might/need) over the Christmas period.
I loote forward to hearing from you soon,
yours faithfully,
Helen chapman
 9 Passive 1

Tasks

Sp e a k in g : lis t e n 1 0 9 Y o u a re g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

an d rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o

t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

M o t o r o l a esti m a t e s t h a t a sp ecific ty p e of So m e o f t h e r e g ul a ti o ns t h a t disco ura g e

b a r co d e ca ll e d t he U n iv e rsa l Pr o d u c t C ode f oreig n invest m e n t in Ja p a n h ave been
is used m ore t h a n 1 0 billio n ti m es a d ay re m ove d. A s t a r t has been m ad e on d ealin g
in a p p lic a tio n s t h a t se rvic e 2 5 in d ustries, w it h t h e huge g overn m e nt spending d e ficit.
inclu ding p a c k a g e d goods, f ood services BusinessWeek website
an d m e dicin e. N o w a d a ys b ar co d es ca n be
tra n s m it t e d t o cell p hones t o be rea d by a
sca n n er d ir e c t ly fro m t h e phone - f o r e x a m ple,
f o r a d m it t a n c e t o a b ase b all ga m e - an d t h ey
h ave evolve d t o t he p oint w h e r e t h e y ca n be
rea d by ca m e r a s inst ea d of lasers.
The Industry S tandard website

W ritin g : 3 Lo o k a g a in a t t h e m a lt w h is k y t e x t in s ectio n C o n p a g e 42, a n d t h e t e x t a b o u t q u e s ti o n n a ir e s

p e rs o n a li z e d in e x ercise 9.4. W r i t e a s h o rt t e x t d e scri b in g a sys t e m , p rocess or p r oc e d ur e y o u k n o w w e ll.
p r a c tic e E x a m p le s o f p o ssib le p rocesses y o u co u ld use are:
• a business-related process (production / how advertisements are designed and placed / the preparation of
accounts / finding, interviewing and selecting n e w e mployees)
• a process in your personal life (cooking your favourite meal / feeding a baby or changing its nappy)
• a process from everyday life (check -in and security procedures at an airport).

Re h e a rsal f o r 4 Lo o k a g a in a t t h e l e t t e r in e x ercise 9.5. N o tic e h o w t h e w r i t e r t al k s a b o u t w h a t has been

th e real w o rld done, w h a t is being done, a n d w h a t w ill /should / m ight be done.
Y o u r boss h as as k e d y o u t o o r g a n i z e t h e o f fic e C hrist m as p a r t y a t a local r e s t a u r a n t. W r i t e a n
e m a il t o h i m / h er a b o u t y o u r p ro g ress w i t h t h e p la n n in g . E x a m p le s o f p o ssib le t o p ics t o in clu d e
are:
• contacting colleagues (to estimate numbers of people going)
• researching some local restaurants (menus, prices, at mosphere) and finali zing t he booking with one
particular restaurant
• establishing t he cost (co mpany pays f or everybody? individuals pay one fixed a mou nt per hea d?
everyone orders w h a t t hey w a n t and pays separately?)
• meeting place / time (option to meet first at a nearby bar for a drink? go straight to restaurant?)
• organi zing a f e w 'extras' (decorations? small gift for everyone?)
• option f or t he boss to 'say a f e w wor ds' at some point, or f or toasting, and if so at w h a t point during
the evenin g?
• decision a b out bringing spouses / partners/ children.

If y o u a re w o r k i n g in class, p u t all t h e e m a ils o n t h e d es k s or o n t h e w a lls . G o ro u n d t h e ro o m

a n d re a d t h e e m a ils. Re t u r n t o y o u r s e a ts a n d s a y w h ic h e m a il y o u li k e d b est, a n d w h y.
 I) Passive 2

A Uses: maintaining the focus C Passive + infinitive

A passive can be used to keep the focus of a paragraph. The The verbs believe, expect, know, report, say, think, suppose,
second sentence starts with a word that relates to the subject understand are often used in the present simple passive
of the first sentence. followed by an infinitive (to do). This use is common in news
(Hasso P/gtfner^rtTGermflnenfTCprenei^Hc f o un d e d S A P in reports.
1972 after working for IBM . The Hungarian economy i s e xp ec t e d t o e xp a n d 6% over the
(Hasso Plattner continues to be the focus) next two years.
(S A p fis a world leader in business software. I t w a s f o un d e d by To refer to the past we use the same verbs with to have done.
Hasso Plattn er in 1972, after he left IBM . Credit card companies a r e b e li e v e d t o h a v e s u ff e r e d
(SAP continues to be the focus) significantly reduced profits.
Both of the above are good style. Compare with this version, To refer to an activity in progress at the moment, we use the
which is poor style: same verbs with to be doing.
S A P is a world leader in business software. Hasso Plattn er founded Pfiz er i s k n o w n t o b e l ook i n g a t the possibility of acquiring
it in 1972 after he left IBM . some biotech start-ups.
Here the two sentences begin with a different subject, and it
is unclear whether the focus of the paragraph is going to be D Verbs with two objects
SAP or Hasso Plattner. Some verbs have two objects (unit 21D). We can:
give /lend / offer/ promise /sell/send / take s o m e th i n g to s o m e bod y .
B Uses: being formal and impersonal
book / buy/ keep / make/ prepare /save s o m e t h i n g for s o m e bod y .
Passives are frequent in formal writing generally, for example In active sentences we can use these verbs in two ways.
in reports and legal documents. Try to find a balance
between active and passive forms, as too many passive forms A BB g a v e us a large order last year.
can make the text difficult to understand. A BB g a v e a large order t o u s last year.

A typical context for formal/impersonal language is a The first form, without to, is more usual.
complaint. Compare: Each way can be made passive. One of the objects becomes
ACTIVE the subject of the passive sentence, the other stays as an
W e o r d e r e d 20 filte r units from you on the 16th March and the object.
c o u rie r d e liv e r e d them yesterday. Unfortunately, when w e We w e r e g iv e n a large order by A BB last year.
op e n e d the package, s o m e o n e h a d d a m a g e d two of the units. A large order w a s g iv e n to us by A BB last year.
O u r p rod u c tio n d e p a r t m e n t n eeds these items urgently. The first form, without to, is more usual.
PASSIVE (more formal and serious)
20 f ilt e r un its w e r e o r d e r e d from you on the 16th March E have something done
and t h e y w e r e d e li v e r e d yesterday. Unfortunately, when t h e
p a c k a g e w a s op en ed, tw o o f th e un its h ad been d a m a g e d When a professional person, for example a builder or an
in transit. T h e se it e m s a r e n ee d e d urgently by our production
accountant, does some work for us we can use have something
done.
department.
We h a v e our accounts a u d it e d by KPM G .
Passives are used in phrases with It to report formally what We’re go i n g t o h a v e a new air conditioning system
in sta lle d.
people believe or said.
It was agreed/ claimed / suggested t h a t ...
We can use get in place of have in most cases. This is more
informal.
A typical context for this is a summary of a meeting, written We go t the contract ch ec k e d by our lawyers.
after it has finished (unit 27C).
F to be bom
To be born is a passive form but does not have an obvious
passive meaning.
I w a s bo m in a little town in A ustria.

46
 10 Passive 2

Exercises

S e c t io n A 1 0 .1 Read the first sentence, then choose which sentence a) or b) should follow. Put a tick ( / )
b y t h e co rr ec t a ns w e r.
1 O ptimo and Primus are going to merge via a $36 billion offer by Optimo.
a) Senior executives first discussed it over a year ago.
b) It was first discussed by senior executives over a year ago. [7 ]
2 Joa q uin Alm u nia is the EU commissioner for econo mic and monetary affairs.
a) He is directing t he difficult process of econo mic union.
b) The difficult process of econo mic union is being directed by him.
3 The process of EU enlarge ment is progressing slowly.
a) A commissioner from Finland called Olli Rehn is directing it.
b) It is being directed by Olli Rehn, a commissioner from Finland.
4 Novartis shares rose by three Swiss francs in Zurich yesterday.
a) They are going t o launch a n ew cardiovascular drug later this year.
b) A n ew cardiovascular drug is going to be launched by the m later this year. [

S e c t i o n s C, E, F 1 0 . 2 U n d erlin e t h e correct w or ds.

1 I had my car be repaired/repaired yesterday.
2 Profits are e x pected grow/to grow by 1 0 % in t he next quarter.
3 I born/was born in a village just outside Dijon.
4 We'r e getting t he machines cleaned/to be cleaned to morrow.
5 The Board is t h o ug h t to be demanded/to have demanded his resignation.
6 W e have the co mponents assembling/assembled in Vietna m.
7 Wh e re exactly were you born/did you bornl
8 She is supposed to been looking/to be looking f or a n e w job.

Se ctio n D 1 0 . 3 C o m plet e t h e second se n te nce so it has a similar m ea nin g t o t h e first sentence.

1 David from Mark eting lent me this book.
I was lent this book by David from Marketing.
2 This sample was given t o me at t he trade fair.
_______________ this sample at t he trade fair.
3 They promised us delivery wit hin t w o we e ks of our order.
__________________________ delivery within tw o we e ks of our order.
4 A textile firm near Milan made this fabric for us.
__________________________ f or us by a textile firm near Milan.
5 This order was sent to us through our website.
__________________________ this order through our website.
6 My secretary booked t he flight for me.
__________________________ f or me by my secretary.
 Exercises

S e c t io n B 1 0 . 4 C o m p le t e t his r e p o r t b y p u t t in g t h e v e r b s in b r ac k e ts in t o e it h e r t h e p r es e n t p e rf e c t
a c t iv e ( has done ) or p a ssiv e (has been done ) .

Investment opportunities: Brazil

Brazil 1 h as b e e n tra n sfo r m e d (transform) from an economy based on sugar and coffee into
a leading industrial power, and this 2__________________ (happen) over a relatively short time
period. The Government 3___ __ __ ....... (privatize) many state-owned companies, and they
4__________________ (also/invest) a lot of money in infrastructure. Inflation 5-----------------------------
(bring) under control, and foreign direct investment 6__________________ (encourage). No one
pretends that all the old problems 7__________________ (solve), but Brazil is finally taking its
place on the world stage.

Se ctio n B 1 0 . 5 T h e t w o e m a ils b e l o w a re si milar, b u t t h e sec o n d is m or e f o r m a l. C o m p le t e it b y usin g

v e r b s f ro m t h e firs t e m a il in t h e co rr ect f o r m o f t h e p a ssive.

Thank you for your order, which you made online. Our fulfillment team is dealing with your order, and we expect that
we will deliver the package to you within ten working days.
I attach a list of special promotions - you may need to click on the link below to download Adobe Acrobat if you
cannot open the file. Please note we guarantee these prices only until the end of this month.

Thank you for your order, which 1 w as m a d e on|jne Your order2____________________by our fulfillment team,
and we expect that the package 3____________________to you within ten working days.
A list of special promotions 4____________________ - you may need to click on the link below to download Adobe
Acrobat if the file5____________________ Please note that these prices 6____________________ only until the
end of this month.

Se ctio n C 1 0 .6 C o m p le t e t h e a rt icle a b o u t LG b y p u t t in g t h e r e p o rt in g v e r b s in t o t h e p r e s e n t si m ple

p assive ( is kno w n , is sa id ) a n d t h e m ain v e r b in t o a s u it a b le f o r m o f t h e i n fi n it iv e (f o do, to be
doing o r to have done ) .

LG: a Korean conglomerate with a global vision

LG, the Korean consumer from its Asian 'face-saving' to standardize LG's complex
electronics company, is culture. Dermot Boden, the mixture of systems and
pushing to become a truly Chief Marketing Officer, processes. Didier Chenneveau,
global company. The company is an Irishman. At an early the Chief Supply-chain Officer,
1 is k n o w n to h a v e m a d e meeting he argued a lot, and is a Swiss who used to work
(know/make) many difficult afterwards asked the CEO if at HP. At the moment he
decisions along the way. his behaviour was appropriate. 4

For example, many senior The CEO, Nam Yong, (believe/try) to merge
managers are now non- 3
all the warehousing and
Koreans, and the company (report/reply), 'Why don't transportation operations into a
2 we argue more often?'. The single global system.
(say/be) keen to move away foreigners are being asked

48
 10 Passive 2

Tasks

> p e a k in g : l i s t e n 1 f t 1 0 Yo u a re g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

an d rep eat

T ra n sla te T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it s o u n d n a t u r a l.

T he best w a y t o ra pi dly d evelo p a disru p tive A 28 - year - old m a n w h o is believe d t o be

p r o d u ct or se rvic e - a nd g e t it o u t into t he C h in a's yo u n g est cit y m ayo r a d m itt e d
m a r k e t - is t o se t up a h e a vy w e ig h t t e a m , y e st er d a y t h a t he u n d erst oo d t he reaso ns f o r
give it o p e ra tio n a l a u t o n o m y, a nd t as k it t h e h ea t e d d e b at e on t h e In t e r n e t over his
w it h co m ple t e resp o n si bilit y f o r t h e p roject. yo ut h a nd alle g e d i n e x p e rie n c e .'T h e co ncerns
T h e t e a m should be b ac k e d by e x p licit se nior a b o u t my in e x p erience a r e re a so n a b le /
m a n a g e m e n t s u p p o rt reco g ni z e d t h r o u g h o u t ac k n o wle d g e d Z h o u S e n f e n g ,'I lag f a r behind
t h e o r g a ni z a ti o n . I t m ust be given t h e fre e d o m se nior o f ficia ls in e x p erie nce, b u t w h a t young
t o w rit e its own rules, a n d c o n s erva tive f orces o f ficia ls need is a st a g e w h e re t h e y ca n
wit h in t h e co m p a n y w h o sa y 'O h, w e d o n't do p erf or m an d d evelo p .'
t h a t' m ust be sh ort - circuit e d . S hanghaiDaily website
Forbes website

W ritin g : Lo o k a g a in a t s ectio n E. N o w w r i t e a s e n t e n c e or t w o a b o u t w h a t y o u h ave done, h a d done

p e rs o n a li z e d or are going to h ave done b y t h e p e o p le / p la ce s b e lo w . Use real or i n v e n t e d in f o r m a tio n .
p r a c tic e
1 (hair stylist) 1 have my h a ir don e a t m y favourite stylist a bou t once a month. They off er
m anicure as well, a nd I'm going to have my nails done there the n ext tim e I c/o.
2 (spa / health f a r m )______________________________________________________________________ __

3 (garage)

4 (external co m pany auditors)

5 (outsourcing firm t ha t your co m pany works with)

6 (local building contractor)

Re h e arsal f o r Lo o k a g a in a t s ectio n C o n p a g e 46 a n d e x ercise 10.6. N o tic e h o w n e w s a rt icle s o f t e n h a v e

the real w o rld r e p o rtin g v e r b s in t h e p r e s e n t si m ple p a ssiv e + t h e m ai n v e r b in t h e i n fin it iv e .
N o w w r i t e a s h o r t n e w s a rt icle a b o u t o n e o f t h e f o ll o w i n g : y o u r co m p a n y, y o u r u niv e rsit y,
y o u r f a v o u r i t e s p or ts t e a m , a w e ll - k n o w n ce le b rity.

If you are w orking in class, read some articles aloud and then discuss them.
 Modals, etc. 1

A Modal verbs: form C an't is used for all things that we are not able to do.
Units 11-14 deal with modal verbs. Modal verbs are can, I c a n ' t speak German.
could, w ill, would, may, might, shall, should and must. For the special case of things that we are not able to do
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs - they are used with other because of rules or laws, we can also use mustn't (unit 12B).
main verbs. The verb that follows is an infinitive without to. I'm sorry, you c a n ' t/ m u s t n ' t park here.
Sorry, I must go now. (NOT I must to go now) We sometimes use be able / unable to instead of can / can’t. This
Two modal verbs cannot be put together. is common in writing.
Modal verbs have only one form, so there is no -s in the third We a r e now a b le t o track goods in transit.
person singular and no form with -ing, -ed, etc.
The modal verbs can and must have very similar alternatives: C Past ability
be able to (for can) and have to (for must). In these expressions To talk about general past ability (not limited to one
the rules of the previous three paragraphs do not apply, occasion) we use could /could not.
as be and have are used in the usual way (e.g. they can be In my twenties I c o u l d play tennis quite well.
combined with another modal, used with a past form, etc.). To talk about one specific past action it is less common to
I'm sorry I w o n ' t be a b le t o come. use could. Instead we use was / were able to, managed to and
I h a d t o cancel my original flight. succeeded in (+ -ing).
Questions are made by putting the modal in front of the I w a s a b le t o / m a n a g e d t o install the new software quite easily.
subject. Negatives are made by putting not immediately after Could can be used with a specific past action where there is a
the modal (often shortened to - n't in spoken English and verb of the senses (see, feel, hear, understand).
informal written English).
I c o u l d / m a n a g e d t o understand most of what he said.
QUESTIONS NEGATIVES In questions and negative sentences we can use could, was /
Can I ...? I cannot (can't) were able to and managed to.
Could you ...? You could not (couldn't) C ould you /W e r e you a b le to / D i d you m an a g e to speak to
W i lli . . .? I w ill not (won't) your boss today?
Would he ...? H e would not (would n't) '
Sorry, I c o u l d n t/ w a s n ' t a b le t o / d i d n ' t m an ag e to do it
M a y I ...? I may not today - 1 was very busy.
Mig ht they ...? They might not
S h a l l l ...? I shall not (shan't)
D will
Should we ...? We should not (shouldn't)
M ust she ...? She must not (m ustn't) W ill is used as a future form (unit 7A). But w ill also has
modal uses.
Modal verbs show the speaker's attitude or feelings about
a situation; for example, how probable something is, or that I think I'll go home now.
the speaker is requesting something. (a spontaneous decision)
Modal verbs can be used in different ways with different I'll give you a lift to the station.
meanings. You only know the meaning from the context. For (an offer of help)
example, could: I'll give you my f u ll support in the meeting.
I c o u l d get to work in 30 minutes in my last job. (a promise)
(ability: past time) The engine w o n ' t start.
C o u ld you pass the salt, please? (certainty about something working/not working)
(request: present time) W ill you hold the elevator for me, please?
That c o u l d be difficult. (a request)
(uncertainty: future time) W ill you have some more coffee?
(offering something)
B Ability
Further uses of w ill include probability in the past (unit 13E)
To talk about ability we use can and can't (or cannot in and conditionals (unit 17C).
formal writing).
C an you deliver in two weeks? - No, we can't.
50
 11 M odals, etc. 1

Exercises

S e c t io n A 1 1.1 U n d erlin e t h e correct w or ds.

1 Do you can come/Can you come to t he training seminar next w e e k?
2 I can comell can to come t o t he training seminar next week.
3 Sorry t ha t I didn ' t could comell couldn ' t come to t he training seminar last week.
4 W h a t we can do/can we do l
5 I hope to can/to be able to fly directly to Munich.
6 I must speak/l must to speak with Mr Reiner as soon as possible.
7 I managed to speakll could speak to Mr Reiner yesterday.
8 The hotel was OK, but I managed to hear/l could hear a lot of noise from the street.

t i o n s A , B, C 1 1 . 2 C o m ple t e t h e sentences w it h can, can't, could, couldn't or be able to.

1 I'm sorry, I c a n 't help you right now. Ask me again in an hour or so.
2 I d on't think I'l l________________ co me t o t he conference.
3 The negotiations broke d own because w e _ ____ agree on t he quality standard.
4 I ________________ see you were talking to a client, so I didn't interrupt.
5 If y o u ________________ make a firm order today, w e s h o u ld_________________ ship by Friday.
6 I ________________ understand Portuguese, but I _________________ speak it.
7 Sorry. I ________________ see you next wee k, but I m ig h t_________________ make t he w e e k after.
8 I'm sorry I ________________ co m e t o your talk yesterday. I had to sort out a problem.
9 I ________________ ski really well w h e n I was in my twenties, but n o w I'm out of practice.

n D, u n i t 7 1 1 . 3 Ma tch sentences 1-8 w it h t h e uses o f w ill a - h. This e x ercise inclu des revision o f u nit 7.
a) f uture fact e) promise
b) belief or opinion a b out t he future f) request
c) instant decision g) offering something
d) certainty a b out something (not) workin g h) offer of help
(used with worklstart/open, etc.)

1 I think sales will probably improve in t he spring. \b]

2 \'ll give you a hand with your bags.
3 Will you give me a hand wit h these bags?
4 OK, VII call her right now.
5 I'II be there at six o'clock. D o n't worry, I won ' t be late.
6 In January we ' ll have t w o n e w products ready t o launch. M
7 Will you have another glass of win e?
8 The software will work now. I've reinstalled it.
 Exercises

S e c t i o n s B, D, 11.4 Ma k e phrases f or a t e le p h o n e co nversatio n b y using o ne ite m fro m each colu mn. T hen
u n it 7 USe t h e phrases t o co m plet e t h e dialo g u e b elow.
Could I - - - - repeat through
Could you . you this nu mber
I'll just go and back ----- to someone
I'll put speak —- - - - - - that, please
I'll get on a look
I'll be have t o you

Jon: Good morning, the Tech Store, this is Jon speaking.

S ara: 1 Could I spe a k to som eone jn C u sto m e r S erv ices, p lease?
Jon: Yes, of course,2____________________________
M ark: Customer Services, M ark speaking, how can I help you?
S a ra : I’m calling about the new Samsung home theater system, model num ber HT-
BQ8ST. Do you have it in stock?
M a rk : 3____________________________ Hold the line please, (sile n c e ) Hello? I can’t see it
on the shelves. I need to check the order status on the computer. Can I call you
back?
S a ra : Certainly. My name is Sara Hall, and my num ber is 01682 829193.
M ark: Sorry, 4___________________________ ?
S a ra : It’s Sara Hall, and my num ber is 01682 829193. 5----------------------------------------- all
morning.
M ark: OK, Sara, 6___________________________ as soon as I have the information.

S e c t i o n s A , B, D This e x ercise introd uces t h e f ull ra n g e o f modal ver bs. So m e are covered in la t er units.
Match each se nt ence 1-16 w it h a m ea nin g a - p.
1 I should do it. a a) Sorry, it's impossible.
2 I shouldn ' t do it. b) 1 have t he ability to do it.
3 I can do it. c) It's a bad idea.
4 I can ' t do it. d) It's a good idea.

5 I mustn' t do it. e) I'm making a suggestion.

6 Shall w e do it? f) It's forbidden (prohibited).
7 1have to do it. g) 1 have a choice w h et h er t o do it.
8 1don ' t have to do it. h) It's necessary to do it.

9 1'// do it. i) I'm asking you to do it.

10 May 1 do it? j) I'm asking permission to do it myself.
11 1might do it. k) Perhaps 1will do it.
12 Would you do it, please? 1) 1 promise.

13 1couldn ' t do it. m) I'm reporting a decision (made using will)

14 Could you do it, please? n) 1 ex pect t hat 1can do it.
15 1said 1would never do it. o) 1was unable t o do it.
16 1should be able t o do it. P) I'm requesting t hat you do it.

52
 11 M odals, etc. 1

Tasks

.p e a k in g: lis t e n 1 £ 11 Yo u a re g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p hrases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

and repeat

T r a n sl a t e T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it s o u n d n a t u r a l.

'W e 'r e seeing m a ny sit u a tio ns w h e re s m a ll e r I a lw a ys w o n d ere d h ow p eople m a n a g e d t o

co m p a n ies h ave p ro jects in an a d va nce d sta ge lose t h e ir lif e's savin gs in t h e st o c k m ar k e t.
of d ev elo p m e n t t h a t t h e y ca n n o t c a r r y f o r w a r d T h e n it hit me. So m e p eo ple rea d a lit tl e bit
a t t his point. T h ey j u s t d o n't h ave t h e c a p it a l or on t h e In t e rn e t, assu m e t h e rest, an d t he n j u s t
t h e reso urces t o do so. I t hin k w e w ill be a ble clic k t o buy a st o c k using t h e ir o nlin e broker.
t o a c q u ir e so m e of t h ose p r oje cts.' Pe o p le ca n ov e rh e a r so m e thin g a t a c o c k t a il
Business News Americas website p a r t y an d j u s t buy sh ar es of a b usiness t h ey
d o n't u n d erst a n d . W h a t is i t? In t e ll e c t u a l
la z in e ss? A f a il u r e o f sch o ols t o t e a c h c rit ic a l
t h in k in g?
About website

Writin g : Lo o k a g a in a t e x e rcis e 11.3 a n d t h e d if f e r e n t uses o f w ill. N o w w r i t e e i g h t s e n t e n c e s o f y o u r

p e rs o n a li z e d o w n t o m a tch t h e d i f f e r e n t uses. R e m e m b e r t o use co n t ra ctio n s w h e r e a p p r o p ri a t e .
p r a c t ic e
1 (future fact a b out your career / life) r/ / b e 4 0 n e x t ye ar. I g u ess it's tim e to d o
so m e th in g w it h m y life .
2 (belief or opinion a b out t he future of t ech n o lo g y)_________________________________

3 (instant decision after finishing a call wit h a cust o m er)____________________________

4 (certainty a b out something working / not w o r k in g).

5 (promise you make your boss / teacher).

6 (request made t o a colleague in your o f fic e).

7 (offering something in t he rest aura n t).

8 (offer of help to a tea m me mber before a deadline)

R e h e a rsa l f o r Lo o k a g a in a t secti o n s B a n d C o n p a g e 50. N o w w r i t e a f e w s e n t e n c e s a b o u t t h e t h in g s in

th e real w o rl t h e f o ll o w i n g list, usin g d e t a ils fro m y o u r p e rs o n a l or p r o f e ssio n a l lif e.
Two things you could do wh e n you were you nger but ca n't do now.
Two things you could n't do w h e n you w ere younger but can do now.
Two things you'd like t o be able to do in t he future.
Two things you managed t o do yesterday.
Two things you didn't manage t o do yesterday.

If you are w orking in class, choose some sentences to read aloud. Ask and answ er questions.
 Modals, etc. 2

A Obligation (necessity) C Past forms

To say that something is necessary we use have to and must. To talk about obligation in the past, we use had to. There is no
We m u s t finish the meeting by 11 at the latest. I h a v e t o get to past form of must.
the airport. S orry I'm late - 1 h a d t o send some figures to the financial
The two forms have the same meaning in writing. In speech controller.
there is a small difference. With have to the situation makes To talk about no obligation in the past, we use did n't have to.
something necessary, while with must the speaker personally You d i d n ' t h a v e t o take a taxi. There's a very good train service
feels something is necessary from the airport.
You h a v e t o pay the invoice within six ty days. To talk about permission in the past, we use could, was
(that's the company rule) allowed to.
You m u s t stop working so hard. In my last job I w a s a ll o w e d t o leave early on Fridays.
(I'm telling you - it's my strong advice) To talk about prohibition in the past, we use couldn't, wasn’t
To make a question we normally use have to. If we use must allowed to.
we can sound annoyed, particularly if we stress must in In the old days we w e r e n ' t a llo w e d t o meet clients unless we
speech. had a suit and tie.
D o y o u h a v e to work this evening?
M u s t y o u work this evening? It's our wedding anniversary today. D Opinions and advice
Have got to and w ill have to are also used for necessity. They
are more informal. To give an opinion about what is the best or most sensible
thing to do we use should, should not (shouldn't), ought to and
I ’v e go t t o finish this report today. ought not to (oughtn't to).
You'll h a v e t o contact them immediately. We sh o u ld invest more heavily in marketing.
Need to has the same meaning as have to and can be used in
its place (see this section and sections B and C). When we speak to someone else our opinion becomes advice.
You have no social life. You s h o u l d get out more.
You h a v e t o / n ee d t o sign this form in two places, here and here.
Need to has two possible negative forms.
Note the relation between advice and necessity:
You s h o u l d / o u g h t t o go to the doctor.
You do n ' t n ee d t o / n ee d n ' t w ait for me - I ’ll come along later.
(advice: it's the best thing to do)
You m u s t/ h a v e t o go to the doctor.
B No obligation; permission; prohibition
(strong advice: it's really necessary)
When something is not necessary we use don’t have to. Had better (not) is used for strong opinions. Had is usually
You do n ' t h a v e to go. Helm ut can go instead. contracted.
(you are free to choose) I'd b e tte r n o t interrupt him just now.
When something is permitted we use can and be allowed to.
You c an park on the street after 6 pm E Past criticism
When something is prohibited we use can’t, be not allowed to When we use should and ought to in the past (+ have + past
and mustn't. participle), we mean that we didn't do the right thing and
You're n o t a ll o w e d to park on a yellow line. now we are making a criticism.
(that's the law) We o u g h t t o h a v e s ee n the danger signs a long time ago.
You m u s t n ' t talk about politics at dinner tonight. We s h o u l d n ' t h a v e s p e n t so much money on top-of-the-range
(You shouldn't - it's forbidden socially.) company cars.
Notice that have to and must have similar meanings in their
affirmative forms (section A above), but different meanings
in their negative forms (this section).
I h a v e t o / m u s t leave now. (it's necessary)
I do n ' t h a v e t o leave now. (I have a choice)
I m u s t n ' t leave now. (I shouldn't)

54
 12 Wloda’is, etc. 2

Exercises

S e c t io n s 1 2 .1 Match each sentence 1-12 with a meaning a-l.

A, B, C, D, E 1 I can do it. a) It's necessary.
0
2 I mustn't do it. b) It's not necessary.
3 I d on't have t o do it. 0 It's allowed.
4 I have to do it. d) It's not allowed.

5 I could n't do it. e) It was necessary.

6 I did n't have t o do it. f) It w asn't necessary.
7 I had to do it. g) It was allowed.
8 I could do it. h) It w asn't allowed.

9 I should have done it. i) Doing it wo uld be a good idea

10 I shouldn't have done it. j) Doing it wo uld be a bad idea.
11 I shouldn't do it. k) I did it, unfortunately.
12 I should do it. I) I did n't do it, unfortunately.

Sectio n A 1 2 .2 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h m ust or have to. Bo t h a re p o ssib le e ach ti m e , b u t o n e is

sli g h t ly m or e n a t u r a l in a sp o k e n c o n t e x t.
1 I must re me mber to email Steve and t han k him for all his help.
2 Y o u _____________ fill in this application form and return it to t he HR depart ment.
3 Y o u __ !__________ try to be more diplomatic wh e n you're speaking t o Tania.
4 I _ ......... -. .... go t he dentist next Friday morning, so I'll be a little late.

Sectio n s 1 2 . 3 Lo o k a t t h e p airs o f se n t e n ce s. If t h e m e a n in g is t h e sa m e or si milar, w r i t e 5. If t h e

A . B, C, D m e a n in g is d if f e r e n t, w r i t e D.
1 You must be here before 8.30. / You have to be here before 8.30.
2 W e d on't have to decide yet. / W e d on't need to decide yet.
3 You ca n't park here. / You're not allowed t o park here.
4 W e d on't have to cut the budget. / W e m ustn't cut the budget.
5 You did n't have t o give a tip. / You did n't need to give a tip.
6 I have to speak to my boss. / I'll have to speak t o my boss.
7 W e have t o hurry. / W e'v e got to hurry.
8 I could n't contact her. / I did n't need to contact her.
9 W e ou ght to sign t he contract. / W e should sign t he contract.
10 You shouldn't worry so much. / You ou g ht not t o worry so much.
11 I should finish this spreadsheet. / I'd better finish this spreadsheet.
 Ex ercises
S e c t i o n s A , B, D A n HR m a n a g e r is e x p la in in g c o m p a n y rule s t o a g r o u p o f n e w e m p l o y e e s. C o m p le t e t h e
te x t w it h have to, don ' t have to, can, can't, should or shouldn ' t.
St u d y t h e c o n t e x t c a r e f u lly t o ch o o s e t h e b e st a n s w e r, usin g e ach it e m o nce.

I'd like to take this opportunity to ex plain so m e of the proced ures that w e h ave here. First of all,
vacation time. All e m ployees get twenty d ays paid le ave per year. You 1 d o n 't h ave to tak e all
the d ays in one cale n d ar ye ar - it’s quite O K to carry d ays forward to the next year, up to a maximum
of ten d ays. We try to be flexible and give you the d ays you want, and the only real restriction is
that you 2- - - - - - - - - - - k eep having two we e k s in Au gust ye ar after year - so m eone has to be here
over the su m mer to k ee p the b usiness running. Next, fire drills. Govern m ent regulations state that
we 3- - - - - - - - - - - organi z e a fire drill o nce a month at random times and with no warning to staff.
Wh e n you hear the bells, d on ’t ignore them. You 4_____________ le ave the building immediately, using
the e m erg e ncy fire exits. T hese are cle arly signe d in the rooms and corridors. If you are a w ay from
your desk, you 5_____________ go b ac k to collect personal belon gings - this would be very risky in
the event of a real fire. An d finally, trade union me mbership. This is entirely your own ch oice. You
6- - - - - - - - - - - join the union if you want to, but it’s not compulsory. About 6 0 % of our e m ployees
belong to a union, and we work closely with the union representatives on matters such as p ay and
health and safety. O K, I think that covers everything. Does a nyo ne have any q u estions?

S e c t i o n s C, E A b u sin e ss m a n is d e scri b in g a r ec e n t f li g h t . C o m p le t e t h e t e x t w i t h had to, didn ' t have to,

couldn ' t, should have o r shouldn ' t have.
St u d y t h e c o n t e x t c a r e f u lly t o c h o o s e t h e b est a n sw e r, usin g e ach it e m t w ic e .

I 1.. sn o uld h ave cau g h t the 10 am flight, but it w as over boo k e d. I ch ec k e d in quite late and so I
w as on e of the unlucky p eo ple who lost their se at - it meant I 2________________ ca tch a later flight.
Also t hey told me at the check - in d esk that I 3________________ tak e both my b a gs on board with
me as hand lu g gag e, a nd I 4________________ put one of them in the hold. Of co urse that d elaye d
me at the other en d at b a g g a g e reclaim. Wh e n I got on the plan e I want ed to use my laptop, but
of co urse I 5- - - - - - - - - - - - - - do so until after takeoff. T h e flight attendant told me to turn it off and
said that I 6- - - - - - - - - - - - - - known not to use it. To be honest I’d just co m plet ely forgotten, and he
7- - - - - - - - - - - - - - b e en so rude. Anyway, I arrive d at my destination much later than plan ned, so it
w a s lucky I 8________________ go to a ny m eetings that afternoon. Of course in retrospect I ca n se e
that I 9________________ traveled with that airline - after all, t hey are well known for their overboo king
policy. It w as my fault really. I 10________________ fly with them - my co m p a ny would h ave been
h a p p y to p ay for a more e x p e nsive ticket with a better airline.

56
 12 M o d a ls , e tc. 2

Tasks
Sp e a k in g : lis t e n 12 Yo u are g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p hrases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.
and rep eat

T ra n sla te T r a nsla t e t h e s e sh o rt t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it s o u n d n a t u r a l.

To r e a lly w o r k , p ay T V o nlin e or f o r m o bile T he st o r m s on W a ll St r e e t see m n ever e ndin g.

p la tf o r m s w ill h ave t o be acc essibl e t hro u g h Re g ar dle ss o f w h o did w h a t or why, one
e ve ry m a jo r vid e o p o r t a l, inclu din g Hulu t hin g is cl e a r: sh a re h old ers w e re not given
an d You T u be. Bo t h t h e T V n e tw or k s and a ny sy m p a t h y a mid t h e e m er g e n cy rescu e
t h e d is trib u t o rs should p rovide high - q uality, o p era tio ns t h a t helped s u p p ort o u r fin a n ci a l
co nsu m er - frie n dly sites f o r vie win g T V co n t e n t syste m w h e n it w a s on t h e b rin k o f colla pse .
- w it h e asy a u t h e n tic a tio n . So m e m a y sa y t h a t t h e ends j u s t i f y t h e m eans.
Reuters website B u t I still b elieve t h a t it should h ave been
possible t o b ail o u t t h e b an k s w it h o u t tr e a ti n g
t h e sh ar e h ol d e rs so u n fairly.
T h e Street website

W ritin g : Lo o k a g a in a t e x ercise 12.4 a n d n o tic e h o w t h e HR m a n a g e r uses t h e d i f f e r e n t m o d a l

p e rs o n a li z e d f or m s. N o w w r i t e a p a r a g r a p h f o r e ach o f t h e f o ll o w i n g sit u a ti o n s, e x p la in in g t h e rule s a n d
p ro ce d ur es. Use a g o o d v a r i e t y o f m o d a l f or m s.
1 (on a flight) You h ave to faste n yo u r s e a tb e lt b e fo re ta k e - off, alth o u g h you can ta k e
it o ff later. You sh o uld fo llo w th e sa fe ty d e m o n stratio n give n b y th e ca bin crew. You
sh o u ld n't co m plain w hen a b a b y cries a ll thro u g h th e flig h t - o ne d ay it m ig h t b e yo ur
b a b y d oin g th e sam e th in g . A n d fin ally, you d o n 't h ave to e a t th e h o rrib le fo o d th e y
g ive you - you can b rin g yo u r o w n san d w ich es i f you th in k o f it b e fo re le a vin g hom e.
2 (on a first date with a boyfriend / girlfriend)____________________________________________________

3 (entertaining foreign guests at a restaurant)

4 (in my co m pany or in my educational institution)

Re h e arsal f o r Lo o k a g a in a t e x ercise 12.5 a n d n o tic e h o w t h e b u si n e ss m a n uses t h e d i f f e r e n t m o d a l f o r m s

the re al w o rla j n t h e p ast. N o w w r i t e a s h o r t t e x t w h e r e y o u t e ll a s t o ry (r e al or i n v e n t e d ) a b o u t a b usin ess tri p
o r h o li d a y w h e r e a lo t o f t h in g s w e n t w r o n g .

If y o u a re w o r k i n g in class, re a d s o m e st o rie s a lo u d .
 Modals, etc. 3
A D egre es o f p ro b a b ility D U nce rt a in ty
We can use modals and other phrases to talk about the When we are uncertain we use may, might or could. The
probability that something will happen in the future. The meaning is 'perhaps'.
table below gives an overview which is developed in the I m ig h t have more news fo r you next week.
following sections. It cou ld take a long time to arrange the finance for this deal.
There is no real difference between these three modals in this
100% certainty will, be certain to
context.
95-100% deduction must, can't
The negative forms are may not and might not.
80% expectation should, shouldn’t, ought to, ought
I have a suggestion. You m ig h t no t agree, but listen to what I'm
not to, be likely to, be unlikely to
going to say.
30-70% uncertainty may, may not, might, might not,
Note that could not is not used with this meaning (unit 11C
could
for could not).
0% certainty won’t
E Pro b a b ility in th e p ast
B C e rt a in ty and d e duction For different degrees of probability in the past we use modal
When we are certain something will happen we use w ill and verb + have + past participle. See the table below.
be certain to.
Toyota will present their all- electric city car at the Paris Motor CERTAINTY
Show. Y o u'll have s ee n our new model, I'm sure. It's in all the shops.

When we are certain something will not happen we use DEDUCTION

won't. There was no answer from her phone. She m ust h a v e b een in
a meeting.
I'm sorry, Christiane is on vacation. She w on 't be back u ntil the
Both the meeting rooms were empty. She ca n 't h a v e b een in
14th.
a meeting.
We can use probably and definitely with w ill and won't. Note
EXPECTATION
the word order.
They shou ld have a rriv e d by now. I hope they haven't got
She 'll p r o b a b ly be at the meeting. lost.
She p robably w on 't be at the meeting.
UNCERTAINTY
We use must and can't to show that something is certain We’re only five minutes late. The talk m ig h t no t have
because it is logical from the evidence. This is called started yet.
'deduction'.
CERTAINTY
There's no answer from her phone. She m u st be in a meeting. You w on 't have s ee n our new model. It's not in the shops yet.
Both the meeting rooms are empty. She ca n 't be in a meeting.
Note that can't, not m ustn't, is used in this last example. This language area is sometimes called 'speculating about the
past'. In this context, 'certainty' is really 'assumption' (you
C Exp e ct a tio n think something is true, although you have no proof).

When we expect that something will happen we use should,

ought to or be likely to. F 'P o ssib ilit y'
They shou ld arrive around 10.30. Be careful with the idea of 'possibility', because it refers
O ur profits a r e likely to improve next year. to two different things: uncertainty (section D above) and
ability (unit 11B).
When we expect that something will not happen we use
shouldn't, ought not to or be unlikely to. It's possib le they w ill go bankrupt.
(uncertainty: they m ig h t go bankrupt)
I have all the information I need now. There shou ldn 't be any
problem. It's possib le to make this in a larger size.
(ability: we c a n make this in a larger size)

58
 13 M o d a ls. e tc. 3

Ex ercises
Sectio n s 1 3 .1 U n d e rli n e t h e c orrect w o r d s.
A , B, C, D 1 Look at those clouds. I think it can / might/ must rain.
2 That's impossible. It ca n't be / m ustn't be/ may n ot be true.
3 Well done! You m ay be / must be / might be very pleased.
4 I'm not sure. I m ust not be/ may not be / won't be able t o get there in time.
5 That ca n't be / m ustn't be/ may n ot be Dana. She's a w ay at a conference.
6 Lisa isn't a t home. She can be/ must be / m ustn't be on her w a y here.
7 Lisa hasn't arrived yet, but she should be/can be / can't be here soon.
8 A: Wh o's t ha t man over th ere?
B: I d on't know. It can be / might be / m ustn't be the n ew Sales Director.
9 I'm not sure w h ere Sue is. She could be/ must be/can be a t lunch.
10 I've looked everywhere for Sue. She could be/ must be/can be at lunch.

Sectio n s 1 3 .2 M a t c h e ach s e n t e n c e 1 - 7 w i t h a si m ila r s e n t e n c e a - g.

A , B, C, D 1 T hey're likely to do it. — -— a) I'm sure t hat t hey'll do it.
2 They might / could do it. b) I'm nearly sure t ha t t hey'll do it.
3 They're almost certain to do it. ^ 0 They'll probably do it.
4 They'll definitely do it. d) Mayb e they'll do it.
5 They're unlikely to do it. e) I'm sure t hey w o n't do it.
6 They're very unlikely to do it. f) They probably w o n't do it.
7 They definitely w o n't do it. g) They almost certainly w o n't do it.

S e c t i o n s A , B, D 1 3 .3 C o m p le t e t h e seco n d s e n t e n c e so it h as a si m ila r m e a n in g t o t h e firs t s e n t e n c e . Use can't,

might, must or should.
1 Deliver by t he end of the m o nth? Yes, I e x pect w e can do that.
Deliver by the end of the m on th? Yes, w e sh o u ld be able to do that.
2 It's possible t ha t w e will lose this client unless w e're careful.
W e _____________ lose this client unless w e're careful.
3 I'm sure this isn't t he right road.
T h is______________be the right road.
4 I'm sure you're tired after your flight - I'll let you get back t o the hotel.
Y o u _____________ be tired after your flight - I'll let you get back to the hotel.
5 It's possible t hat I'll be coming to Paris with Jack, but I d o n't really know.
I ____ __ be coming to Paris with Jack, but I d on't really know.
6 It's likely t hat we'll make our sales targets this quarter.
W e _____________ make our sales targets this quarter.
7 From w h a t I k n ow about computers, t ha t isn't the problem.
From w h a t I k n ow a b out computers, t h a t _____________ be t he problem.
8 I suppose you're Kate Perry. Pleased to meet you.
Y o u _____________ be Kate Perry. Pleased t o meet you.
 Ex ercises
Sectio n E 1 3 . 4 M atch each sentence 1-8 w ith its m eaning a-d .
1 He w o n't have arrived yet. 0
2 He'll have arrived by now.
3 He ca n't have arrived yet. a)
4 He might have arrived by now. b)
5 He could have arrived by now. 0
6 He should have arrived by now. d)
7 He must have arrived by now.
8 He could n't have arrived yet.

Sectio n s 1 3 .. C o m p le t e t his a rt icle a b o u t t h e e c o n o m y w i t h t h e w o r d s a n d p h ras es in t h e bo x .

B, C, D y h e g r a p h s a n d id e as in t h e t e x t w ill h el p y o u .

will definitely is almost certain to is lik ely to might are unlikely to definitely w o n't

Since the beginning of this UNEMPLOYMENT (millions) INFLATION (% ) up rapidly, and it

4
ye ar u ne mployment has 3.0 7.0

fallen from 2.5 million to 6.5 reach 6% by t he end of t he

1.8 million, and 1 is lik e ly 2.5 6.0
year. O pposition parties
1 °. drop below 1.5 million by 5.5
5 let
the end of the year. t his issue drop out of
2.0 5.0
Une m ployment is a key sight. However, inflation is
4.5
p olitical issue in t he country a worldwide phenomenon,
1.5 4.0
a t t he moment, and so and targeting inflation is
t his 7 ________________ 3.5 the responsibility of the
be good news for t he 1.0 1 Central Bank. The Bank is
J1 F M A M 3 M
g overn m e nt. In t wo (months) (monti fiercely independent and
ye ars' time, when t he 6 be
next election is due, i t 3 even fall influenced by government pressure. In fact, t his is good news
below 1 million. On t he other hand inflation is going for the government - t hey have someone else to blame.

Sectio n s 1 3 . 6 M a r t i n a n d A n n e h a v e a rriv e d a t check - in a t H e a t h r o w a ir p o r t. C o m p le t e t h e ir d ia lo g u e

A , B, D, w jth must, must have, might, might have, can ' t or can ' t have.

Mar t in : Oh, no. I can’t find my passport.

A n n e : You’re kidding.
Mar t in : No, really. It’s not in my briefcase.
An n e : Well, i t 1 '!K;s be in your other bag. Have a look.
Mar t in : It’s not there. Where on earth is it?
A nn e : I don’t know. Do you think you 2 left it at home?
Mar t in : That’s impossible. I 3____________ done. I made sure I had it with me before I
left the house.
An n e : OK, calm down. What about checking your coat pockets? You never know, it
4 be there.
Mar t in : Let me see. No, no luck. This is ridiculous, we’re going to miss our flight.
A n n e : You 5_______________ be looking in the right place. I ’m sure you’ll realize in a
moment where it is. Just sit down and think about it.
Ch eck -in a g e n t : Excuse me, sir. Is that your passport there on the ground?

Mar t in : Oh, yes, so it is. I 6 _____ dropped it when I was looking for the tickets.
Silly me!
 13 M o d a ls , e tc. 3

Tasks
S p e a k in g : lis t e n 1 0 13 Yo u a re g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.
and rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it s o u n d n a t u r a l.

T he r e p o rt said t h a t 6 2 % of over 5 0s w o r r y I t s tr uc k me t h a t w h ile Es p e ra n t o m ay

t h a t t h e ir pensions a nd savin gs a r e u nli k ely to be d e ad, t he la n g u a g e o f f ood m ay h ave
see t h e m t hro u g h re tir e m e n t. A n d it w arn e d re p lac e d it as one t h a t t ra nsc e n d s b or d ers
t h a t t h e pension crisis w o u ld bring f u r t h e r and ca n be u nive rs a lly u n d erst o o d . A
m is ery t o t h e Sa n d w ic h G e n era ti o n - defined T o kyo resid e n t p r o b a bly d o e s n't h ave t o be
as t h ose w h o s u p p ort both t h e ir child re n and p r o ficie n t in En glish t o k n ow w h a t's in t he
t h e ir p a re n ts. 7 1 % o f a d ul ts f e a r t h e ir p a re n ts' M cP o r k sa n d wich a t t h e local M c D o n a ld 's.
s h o rt a g e in r e tir e m e n t f u n din g co uld ca use A n d A m e ric a n s, w h o a r e t e rri b le a t learnin g
severe p ro ble m s f o r t h e ir own fin a n cia l f u t ur es. Ja p a n e s e , h ave le arne d so m e thin g fr o m t he
Telegraph website sushi b ars t h a t n ow d ot t he US la n dsca p e.
Newsweek website

W ritin g : Lo o k a g a in a t secti o n s A - D o n p a g e 58 a n d t h e v a r i e t y o f w a y s t o e x p ress f u t u r e p r o b a bilit y.

p e rs o n a li z e d N o w w r i t e s e n t e n c e s o n e a ch o f t h e f o ll o w i n g t o pics. Discuss p o ssib le c o n s e q u e n c e s a n d / o r
p r a c tic e g u ess w h a t is g o in g t o h a p p e n .
1 (lack of sleep) M issin g o n e n ig h t's sleep, fo r e x am ple b ecause o f a very e a rly flig h t o r a lo n g
jo urn ey, s h o u ld n 't b e to o m uch o f a pro ble m . In fact, d u rin g th e n e x t d ay you m ig h t fe e l
co m p le tely n orm al. H ow ever, b y th e tim e eve n in g com es y o u 'll p ro b a b ly be g u ite tire d .
2 (doing regular exercise) _________________________________________________________________________

3 (house prices in my country)

4 (product develop ment in my company)

5 (worldwid e use of nuclear p o w e r).

Re h e arsal f o r 4 Lo o k a g a in a t e x ercise 13.6 a n d n o t ice t h e use o f m o d a ls t o e x p ress p r o b a b ilit y in t h e past,

t h e r e a l w o r lc : n o w t h i n k o f a disa st e r in t h e real w o r l d t h a t h as r e c e n tly h a p p e n e d , e it h e r b usin ess r ela t e d
o r a n a tio n a l or in t e r n a ti o n a l n e w s e v e n t . W r i t e a s h o rt t e x t d escrib in g w h a t h a p p e n e d a n d
c o nsid e r a v a r i e t y o f re aso ns f o r w h a t w e n t w r o n g . Use must have, might have a n d can't have.

If you are w orking in class, read some texts aloud and then discuss them.
 I Modals, etc. 4
A D ire c t / in d ire c t la ngu ag e We can ask for permission with Do you mind if I . . . ? or Would
Language can be direct or indirect depending on the you mind if I . . . ? In the examples below notice the forms
situation. Direct language is typical of work conversations in bold. They follow the normal rules for first and second
conditionals (unit 17).
between colleagues or people of the same status. Indirect
language is typical of situations where we have to be a little D o you mind if I op en the window?
more formal or polite. In general: Would you mind if I op e n e d the window?
- present forms (can, w ill) are more direct than past forms
(could, would) E O ffe rs and in v it a t io ns
- short forms (Can you ) are more direct than long forms ( I
To offer help we use Can / Could / S hall I, Would you like me to,
wonder if you could).
I'l l and Let me.
Shall I make a copy fo r you?
B Re qu ests Would you like m e to give you a lift?
To make a request (ask someone to do something) we use I 'll give you a hand.
can, could, w ill, would. We can add the word possibly to make
To offer things we use Would you like or short phrases with
the request very polite.
choices.
Could we (possibly) take a short break now? A: Would you like tea or coffee?
Would you give me a hand with these suitcases?
B: I'l l have coffee, please. White, no sugar.
We can use an indirect question (unit 16A) to make the A: A nythin g to drin k? Tea or coffee?
request more polite. B: I'd rather have water, if you don't mind.
D o you th ink we could take a short break? To invite somebody to do something we use Would you like to.
We reply by agreeing or refusing. Would you lik e to come to the restaurant with us tonight?
Agreeing: Sure, no problem. /Yes, of course. We reply by accepting or rejecting.
Refusing: Actually, it's a bit inconvenient right now. / Sorry,
Accepting: Thanks. That's very kind of you. / Thank you. / That
that's not possible. sounds great.
Rejecting: That's very kind of you, but .../ Thanks, but I can
C Re q u ests w it h m in d manage.
We can make a polite request with Would you mind followed
by an -ing form. F Su gg e st io n s
Would you m ind repeating that? To make a suggestion we use Could, S hall, Wh at / H o w about
Questions with mind mean Is it a problem for you? So, to agree and Let's. Notice the different forms:
to a request with mind we say 'no'. We c ou l d /Le t 's have a short break now.
A : Would you m ind opening the window? (statement)
B: N o, of course not. W hat ab ou t h avin g a short break now?
To refuse we use a phrase like Well, Actually, To be honest and (question + verb with -ing)
then give a reason. S hall we have a short break now?
B: Actually , I think it's quite cold in here. (question)
We often use a negative question.
D Perm issio n C ou ldn 't w e / W hy don 't w e / W hy no t try to renegotiate this
To ask if we can do something ourselves we use can, could, part of the contract?
may. We reply by accepting or rejecting.
C an I change my ticket? Accepting: Yes, I think we should do that./ That's a good idea./
We can use an indirect question (unit 16A) to ask for Yes, let's do that.
permission. Rejecting: I'm not really sure about that./ That sounds like a
good idea, but ... / Are you sure?
I'd like to know if I can change my ticket.
Is it all rig h t if I change my ticket?

62
 14 M o d a ls , e tc. 4

Ex ercises
Sectio n s 1 4.1 U n d e rli n e t h e c orrect w o r d s.
B, C, D, E, F 1 Wo uld you mind to give / giving me a han d?
2 We'r e getting nowhere. H o w a b out talking /to talk t o another supplier?
3 Are you having proble ms? Would I/ Shall I help yo u?
4 Would you / May you help me carry these boxes, please?
5 Would I/May I ask you a personal question?
6 I think you should /you can spend less time playing golf and more time in the office.
7 Excuse me, could you / may you tell me t he w a y to t he station?
8 Do you like /Would you like some more sou p?
9 Would I/ Could I borrow your copy of The Econo mist?
10 We'r e not getting anywhere. Do you think could we/we could try another a p proach?
11 Do you mind if I give /l gave you a decision next w e e k?
12 Wo uld you mind if I give /l gave you a decision next w e e k?

Sectio n E 1 4 .2 M a t c h t h e f o r m s 1 - 3 w i t h t h e uses a - c.
1 Wo uld you like a /some ... a) offering help
2 Wo uld you like to ... b) offering something
3 Wo uld you like me to ... c) inviting so mebody to do something

Se ctio n s 1 4 . 3 Re a d t h e q u e s ti o n s a - f a n d t h e re plie s i - vi.

B, D, E, F a) Wo uld you like a coffee?
b) Wo uld you like me to carry your coffee for yo u?
c) Wo uld you like to co me with us f or a coff ee?
d) Could you get me a coffee from Starbucks wh e n you go o ut?
e) Shall w e break for coffee n o w?
f) Is it all right if I help myself to coffee?

i Yes, of course. G o right ahead.

ii Actually, I'd rather have w a t er if you d on't mind.
iii To be honest, I d on't thin k I'll have time.
iv Yes, let's do that.
v Thanks, that's very kind of you.
vi Thanks, but I can manage.

N o w m a tch t h e q u e s ti o n s a n d re p lies t o t h e sit u a tio n s b e lo w .

1 Making a request + refusing a request {d } + \UJ\
2 Asking f or permission + replying with a 'yes' [j +[
3 Offering help + rejecting an offer of help Q +fj
4 Offering something + replying with a preference +
5 Inviting so mebody + accepting an invitation +Z
6 Making a suggestion + accepting a suggestion J +[J
 Ex ercises
Sectio n s G e o r g e is vis it in g Se r g i o in Sa o Pa ol o . C o m p le t e t h e d ia l o g u e w i t h t h e p h ras es in t h e bo x .
C. D, E, F
shall w e thanks, t hat sounds great of course of course not
w o u ld you like would you like t o wo uld you like me to
do you mind would you mind I d on't mind

Ser g io : Please, come in. Let me take your coat. It’s good to see you!
Geo r g e : ( a ft e r sittin g d o w n ) It’s very nice to be here in Sao Paolo. Thank you so much
for your invitation to come and see you.
Ser g io : Not at all. It’s my pleasu re.1 you something to drink?
Geo r g e : Mineral water, please.
Ser g io : S till or sparkling?
Geo r g e : Oh, 2_______________ _ Either would be fin e.3_______________ if I just make a
quick call before we start? The number was busy before.
Ser g io : 4_______________ _ Go right ahead.
Geo r g e : S till busy - no problem. You have a wonderful building here.
Ser g io : It’s designed by one of our most famous architects, Cesar Pelli. There’s a
restaurant on the top floor.5_______________ take you there later?
Geo r g e :
Ser g io : Now then, 7.„ get down to business? 1 telling me a
little about your company and your long-term objectives here in Brazil?
Geo r g e : I have a short presentation prepared on my laptop. It explains everything.
9 see it?
Ser g io : 10 _ Let me make some space here on the desk.

Sectio n s Re a d t h e f o ll o w i n g i m p o li t e d i a l o g u e b e t w e e n a h o t e l r e c e p tio n is t a n d a g u est.

B, C, D, E Re c e p tio n is t G u est
1 Give me your name. 2 It's Jessop.
3 Spell it. 4 J-E-S-S-O-P.
5 Give me your passport. 6 Here it is. I w a n t an early morning call.
7 Of course. 8 A n d I must leave a message for a colleague.
9 Do you w a n t a p en? 10 Thank you. Are there any nightclubs nearby?
11 Yes, one or two. 12 Good. I can walk back at 3.00 a.m. in t he morning.
13 D o n't do that.

N o w r e w r i t e t h e f o ll o w i n g lin es f ro m t h e d i a l o g u e usin g t h e w o r d s in b rac k e ts.

1 (May / have / name / please) M a y I have yo ur name, please?
3 (Could / spell / that / me / please)________ _____________________________________
5 (Wo uld you / leaving / passport)____________________________________________
6 (Do / think / have / early morning c a ll)__________________________________________
8 (Would / mind if l / message / colleague)____________________________________
9 (Would / like me / lend / pen)_______________________________________________
13 (d o n't t hin k / ought / that)__________________________________________________

64
 14 M o d a ls , e tc. 4

Tasks
Sp e a k in g : lis t e n 1 *1 1 4 Y o u a re g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.
and rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

Q: W o u ld you mind providin g our r e a d ers wit h T h e I P P R has j u s t p u blishe d a re p o rt, " S h a l l
a b rie f o ve rvi e w of E l i t r a P h a r m a c e u t ic a ls? W e S t a y or Sh a ll W e G o ? " . T h e r e p o r t sets
A : E l i t r a 's b usiness is t o d evelo p novel o u t t o q u a n ti fy and a n a lys e re - migration
a n t ib io tic d r u g s. T h is is one of t h e la rg es t fro m t h e U nit e d Kin g d o m - in o t h er w or ds,
t h e r a p e u tic m a r k e ts w it h over $ 3 0 billio n in t he e m i gra ti o n of i m m ig ra n ts. In t e r n a tio n a l
a n n u al sales. In cr e a si n g b a ct e ria l resist a nc e co m p e titi o n f o r highly - s kille d m ig ra n ts is
is m a k in g e xistin g drugs less e ff e c tiv e in t h e ir in te nsifyin g, an d it m a k es no sense f o r t he U K
t r e a t m e n t o f in f ectio ns. t o succe e d in a t t r a c ti n g such m igra n ts o nly to
Q: Wo u ld you say t h e re w ill a lw a ys be a need t o lose t h e m q u ic k ly b eca use of re - migra tio n. The
cr e a t e a n ew class o f a n t ib io tics j u s t b eca use r e p o r t uses a wid e ran ge of origin al q u a lit a tiv e
o f t his r esist a n ce p ro bl e m? r ese arch u n d e rt a k e n in a n u m b er of co u n tries,
The W all S tre e t Transcript website a nd involves a co m p r e h e nsiv e a n a lysis of all
t he d a t a rela tin g t o re - migration.
Institu te for Pu b lic Po licy Research website

W ritin g : Lo o k a t t h e t w o f o ll o w i n g sit u a tio n s a n d c o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c es b e lo w .

p e rs o n a li z e d Situation: Your boss has invited you to dinner at their private home. You w a n t to show t ha t you are polite
p r a c tic e
and can be trusted with important clients in social situations. Writ e sentences t hat might be said during
t he evening, either by you or your boss.
Do you think you could p ass m e th e w a te r ?
Wo uld you m in d____________________________
Do you mind if I ____________________________
Wo uld you like t o ___________________________
W h y d on't w e ______________________________

Situation: Your office is being renovated and you have t o move out temporarily and share with a colleague
from another depart ment w h o you d on't know. Writ e sentences t ha t might be said on your first morning
in your n ew office, either by you or your colleague.
Is it all right if p u t a p h o to g ra p h o f m y fa m ily on this s h e lf ?
I'l l__________
8 I w o n d er if you could .
9 Wo uld you like me to
10 Shall w e ____________

N o w w r i t e p o ssib le re plie s t o t h e t e n s e n t e n c e s a b o v e , usin g t h e sa m e sit u a ti o n s.

a rs al f o r You h a v e b e e n g iv e n a n a ssist a n t t o h el p y o u in y o u r jo b . It is y o u r assist a n t's first d a y in t h e

o rld jo b ; t h e y are k e e n t o fin d o u t w h a t t o d o, a n d y o u h a v e lo ts o f t as k s t h a t n e e d d oi n g. N o w w r i t e
t h r e e sh o rt pieces o f d ia lo g u e b e t w e e n y o u a n d y o u r assist a n t a t d if f e r e n t p oi n ts d u ri n g t h e day.

If y o u a re w o r k i n g in class, re a d s o m e d ia lo g u e s a lo u d .
 Questions 1
A Yes I No q u est io ns and a nsw e rs W hich way is it?
Questions with the answer yes or no are formed with an We can use which of or which one.
auxiliary verb + subject + main verb. The auxiliary can be do, W hich o f th e proposals did you accept?
be, have or a modal verb like can, w ill, would. Short answers W hich on e did you accept?
repeat the auxiliary. We cannot use what in this way.
A: D o you sp ea k French? We can make phrases with how: how many, how much, how old,
B: Yes, I do . / No, I don't. how far, how often, how long, how fast.
A : A r e you sta y in g at the H ilto n?
H ow m uch w ill the economy grow next year?
B: Yes, I a m . / N o, I'm not.
H ow m u ch research had you done beforehand?
A : D id you check all the invoices? H ow often do you travel abroad on business?
B: Yes, I d i d . / N o, I didn't. H ow long w ill the meeting last?
A: W ere you living in Paris at the time?
B: Yes, I w as. / N o, I wasn't. D Q u estion w ords as th e su b je ct
A : H a d you already left when I phoned? Sometimes the question word is the subject.
B: Yes, I h a d . / N o, I hadn't.
Who d id you m ee t at the conference?
A : H ave you s ee n these figures? ('you' is the subject of meet)
B: Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.
Who m e t you at the airport?
A: Will you b e back before lunch? ('who' is the subject of meet)
B: Yes, I w ill. / N o, I won't.
When a question word is the subject, like in the second
A: Can you speak French? example above, we do not use do / does/ did.
B: Yes, I c a n . / N o, I can't.
Who works here?
When the main verb is be, the form of be comes before the (NOT Who docs work here?)
subject in a question.
W hat h a pp e n e d ?
Is it time? A r e you ready? Was it useful? (NOT What did happen?)
Note that auxiliaries other than do / does/ did can be used.
B Q u estion w ords W ho will meet you?
Question words are: what, when, where, which, who, whose, why W hat was happening?
and how.
Note that there is no subject pronoun, as the question word is
After the question word we use the same structure as a yes/ already the subject.
no question: auxiliary verb + subject + main verb. W hat has happened?
W hen do you serv ice the machines? (NOT What-it has-happened?)
W hich project a r e you w o rk in g on?
W hose car d id you use?
E N ega t iv e q u est io ns
W h e re w e re you w o rk in g at the time?
How have you b een do in g? We use negative questions to disagree politely.
W hy have you cu t the advertising budget? D on 't you th ink that the costs are too high?
W h en will you be back? Bu t is n 't t h e re a lim it to what we can do?
Who ca n we ask fo r help on this matter? We use negative questions when we expect the answer to
be 'no'. Notice in the second example below how B's reply
C Q u estion phrases sounds more polite because the 'no' answer is expected by
the negative question.
We often start a question using what or which + noun. What
is more usual for things and when there are many possible A : D o you like Japanese food?
answers. Which is more usual for people and organizations, B: No, not really, (the answer is very strong)
and when there is a limited number of possible answers. A : D on 't you like Japanese food?
B: No, not really, (the answer is not so strong)
W hat tim e are you arrivin g?
W hat a rea s do we need to cover in the meeting? We use negative questions to show surprise.
Which custo m er service representative were you speaking to? D on 't you a ccept American Express?

66
 15 Q u e s t io n s 1

Ex ercises
S e c t i o n s A , B, D 1 5 .1 U n d e rli n e t h e c orrect w o r d s.
1 Did you spoke/ Did you speak to Lara yesterday?
2 W h a t did Lara say/ did Lara said w h e n you spoke to her?
3 A: Do you like Scotch whisk ey?
B: Yes, 11ike./Yes, I do.
4 H o w works this m achine!/ does this m achine work?
5 W h o started the com pany!/ did start the com pany?
6 Wh e n started the com pany!/ did the com pany start?
7 W h o did call me /called me this mornin g?
8 W h o you called / did you call this mornin g?

Sectio n A 1 5 . 2 Ex pand th e A nd you? q u e s ti o n s t o m a k e f u ll Yes/No q u es ti o n s.

1 I've seen t he news today. A n d yo u? H ave you seen th e n ew s to d a y?
2 I wor k from home. A n d yo u?
3 I can understand German. A n d you?
4 I've already had lunch. A n d you?
5 I'll be back in time for lunch. A n d yo u?
6 I'm enjoying the conference. A n d you?
7 I agreed with her. An d yo u?
8 I've never spoken t o Pierre. An d you?

Sectio n B 15 Ex pand th e A nd you? q u e s ti o n s t o m a k e q u e s ti o n s w i t h q u e sti o n w o r d s.

k n ow Jim from University. A n d you? H o w d o you k n o w Jim ?
've invited Manuela. A n d yo u? W h o ____________________
'm going on Monday. A n d you? W h e n ___________________
parked at t he front. An d you? W h e r e __________________
'm here f or t he IT seminar. A n d you? W h y ____________________
'II have t he steak. A n d yo u? W h a t ___________________

Sectio n B 1 5 . 4 W r i t e a q u e sti o n f o r e ach a ns w e r.

1 W h en do you g e t to w o rk?
G e t t o w or k? A t about 8.30 usually.
2
Done! I haven't done anything!
3
The report? I put it over there.
4
Here? I stay here because t he pay is good.
5
Yesterday? I was feeling awful.
6
Stayin g? I'm staying at the Ritz.
7
Report t o? I report to Mike Taylor.

This ba g? I think it's Helena's.

 Ex ercises
Sectio n s A, B 1 5 .5 Re a r r a n g e t h e w o r d s in e ach g r o u p in t h e b o x t o m a k e q u es ti o n s. T h e n m a tch t h e m t o
t h e a n s w e rs b e l o w t o m a k e a c o m p le t e d ia lo g u e .

you business hero arc on you did do w h a t before

are h o w long you staying for like what's it
been h o w have long t ha t you doing you w h a t do do
to is first this Lyon your visit staying you wh ere are
involve traveling job does much your arrive did w h e n you

A; 1 Are you here on business? A: 6__________________________

B: Yes, I'm here on a sales trip. B: No, I've been here once before.
A : 2________________________________________ A: 7_____________________________
B: I wor k for a small biotech start - up. B: A couple of days ago.
A : 3________________________________________ A: 8____________________
B: A b o ut three years, I suppose. B: Just until Friday.
A: 4_______________________________________________ A: 9_______________
B: I wor k e d for a large drug company. B: A t t he Marriott.
A: 5_______________________________________________ A: 10______________
B: Yes, quite a lot. All over Europe. B: Oh, it's very comfortable.

S e c t i o n s B, C, E 1 5 . 6 C o m p le t e t h e d i a l o g u e w i t h t h e q u e s ti o n w o r d s a n d p h ras es in t h e bo x .

h o w far h ow long h ow many h o w much w h a t kind of what which whose

E va: S o , te ll m e a b o u t y o u r n e w jo b . 1 What k ind o f _ WOr k is it?

Jo e : I t ’s in s a le s , li k e m y l a s t jo b , b u t i t ’s w o r k i n g f o r a b i g g e r c o m p a n y .
E va: R e a lly ? 2_______________ p e o p le w o r k th e re ?
Jo e : I s u p p o s e t h e r e ’s a b o u t s i x t y p e o p le in o u r o ffic e , b u t i t ’s a w o r ld w id e o r g a n iz a t io n .
E va: And 3_______________ h o lid a y tim e d o t h e y g iv e y o u ?
Jo e : T w e n ty d a y s p lu s p u b lic h o lid a y s .
E va: T h a t ’s n o t to o b a d . 4_______________ is i t fr o m y o u r h o m e ?
Jo e : Q u it e n e a r. A n d I c a n d r iv e t h e r e w it h o u t g o in g t h r o u g h t h e c i t y c e n tr e .
E va: T h a t ’s g o o d . 5_______________ d o e s i t t a k e y o u ?
Jo e : A b o u t t w e n t y m in u te s .
Ev a : It s o u n d s p e r fe c t .
Jo e : T h e o n ly p r o b le m is t h a t s o m e tim e s I h a v e to w o r k w e e k e n d s a s w e ll.
E va: 6_______________ id e a w a s th a t?
Jo e : I d o n ’t k n o w . I t ’s j u s t s o m e t h in g y o u h a v e t o d o . B u t t h e y ’r e g o in g to g iv e m e a
c o m p a n y c a r - a VW .
E va: 7_______________ m o d e l?
Jo e : A G o lf, I t h in k .
E va: And 8_______________ c o lo u r ?
Jo e : I c a n c h o o s e . I ’m t h i n k i n g o f d a r k b lu e .
Ev a : W e ll, c o n g r a t u la t io n s . I ’m s u r e y o u ’l l d o r e a ll y w e ll.

68
 15 Q u e s t io n s 1

Tasks
Sp e a k in g : lis t e n 1 % 1 5 Yo u a re g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p hrases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.
and rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it s o u n d n a t u r a l.

G e n e r a ll y sp ea k in g, a r e n 't a ll g e n er ali z a tio ns T he p rice of oil re fle cts many, m a ny f a c t o rs.

f a ls e ? Did you ever t hi n k t h a t t he glass is H as an oil field sh u t d o w n? H as a cold spell hit
n eit h er h a l f e m p ty n or h a lf f u ll b u t m ay b e n ort h ern E u r o p e? W h a t is t he In t e r n a tio n a l
it's j u s t t w ic e as lar g e as it needs t o b e? Is E n e r g y A g e n cy f o r e c a s ti n g? W h a t a r e t he
it c e rt a in t h a t ev eryt hin g is u n c e rt a in? W h y m a jo r oil p ro d ucers f o re ca sti n g in t er m s of
a re f o ols a nd f a n a t ic s a lw a ys so c e r t a in of p r o d uc tio n?
t h e m selves, b u t w is e r p e ople so f u ll o f d o u b ts? G u lf Business Magazine website
Is n 't it t ru e t h a t you ca n g e t everyt h in g you
w a n t in life, if you j u s t help e nough o t h er
p eo ple g e t w h a t t h e y w a n t?
Gad zillionthings website

W ritin g : 3 C o m p le t e t h e q u e sti o n s w i t h t h e w o r d s in b r ac k e ts.

1 (Where ab o uts you from originally? A n d w h ere based n o w?)
p r a c tic e
W h ere a b o u ts a re you fro m o rig in a lly? A n d w h ere a re you b ased n o w ?
2 (W h a t do f or a living? H o w long you doing t h a t?)

3 (W h a t you do before? W h y you leave?)

4 (The co m pany wh ere you w or k now, h ow large?)

5 (A nd w h a t main products?)

6 (well k nown in t he mark et? H o w long been in business?)

7 (W h a t pay like? many opportunities for pro m otion?)

(think you stay th ere?)

9 (W h a t do in your free ti m e?)

10 (you any children? H o w old? W h a t name / s? got a p h ot ogra p h?)

N o w w r i t e y o u r o w n a n s w e rs t o t h e q u es ti o n s.

Re h e a rsal f o r 4 T h in k o f a fri e n d , f a m ily m e m b e r or c o lle a g u e f ro m a p r e vio u s j o b w h o y o u h a v e n 't se e n f o r

s o m e ti m e . N o w w r i t e t h e d i a l o g u e f o r t h e n e x t t i m e y o u m e e t t h is p e rso n. Yo u as k e ach o t h e r
q u e s ti o n s a b o u t y o u r liv e s a n d g iv e f u ll, f ri e n d l y re plies.

If y o u a re w o r k i n g in class, re a d s o m e d ia lo g u e s al o u d .
 Questions 2
A In d ire ct q u estio ns E Q u estion t ags: use
An indirect question allows us to be more polite or tentative. Here are four possible uses of question tags presented in a
Typical phrases are: dialogue:
Do you know ...? Could you tell me ...? A: You h a v e n 't got the sales figures yet, have you?
Could I ask ...? Could you tell me i f ...? (request for information)
I'd like to know ... I was wondering whether ... B: T h e y don 't have to be ready till Frid ay, do th ey?
The word order of an indirect question is like a normal (confirmation)
statement. A : You 're no t going to leave it u n til the last minute again,
a r e you? (attack)
Statement: You a r e thirty years old.
B: Well, I h a v e n 't had any time, have I ? (defence)
Direct question: H ow old a r e you?
Indirect question: Could I ask how old you a re? If we use a negative statement with an affirmative tag, we
usually expect the answer to be no. Compare:
We often use if or whether in an indirect question.
You w en t to the conference, d i dn 't you?
Direct: Does Jane still w ork here?
(I think you did - 1 just want confirmation.)
Indirect: D o you know i f Jane still works here?
You d i dn 't g o to the conference, d id you?
(I think you didn't - but I'm asking just in case.)
B Pre p osit io ns in q u estio ns
Note that a negative statement with an affirmative tag makes
The preposition comes in the same place as in a statement,
it easier for the other person to reply with a no, since this is
following the main verb, and this is often at the end.
the expected answer.
Where do you come f r o m ?
A: Someone w ill have to meet him at the airport.
What were they talking about in the meeting?
B: O f course. You c a n 't go, c a n you?
A: No, sorry, I can't.
C Wha t is i t fo r? and W ha t w as i t lik e ?
We use What ...fo r? to ask about a purpose. The meaning is F Q u estion t ags: o th e r p o in ts
'why'.
If the main verb in the statement is have, you make a tag
W hat is this switch f o r ? (= Why is it here?) with do.
W hat did you do that f o r ? (= Why did you do it?)
You h a d a meeting this morning, d i dn 't you?
We use W h a t... like? to ask if something is good or bad. The
If the auxiliary verb is have, the tag is with have as normal.
meaning is 'how'.
You've just been to A ustria, h a v e n 't you?
W hat was the conference like? (= How was it?)
The tag with I am is aren't.
This structure is common with verbs of the senses.
I'm a fool, a r e n 't I?
W hat does it look / feel/sound / taste like?
The tag with Let's is shall.

D Q u estion t ags: form Let's break for coffee now, shall we?

A question tag is a short phrase at the end of a statement that

turns it into a question. G Re ply q u est io ns
Question tags are formed using auxiliaries (do, be, have or a We can use a short question to reply to what someone says.
modal). An affirmative statement has a negative tag and We do this to show interest, surprise or uncertainty. The
vice-versa. meaning is like Re ally? or Is that true?

You w en t to the conference, d idn 't you? A: I went to Head Office last week.
You d idn 't go to the conference, d id you? B: D id you ? (interest)
H e's here, is n 't h e? A: I can't install the new software.
H e is n 't here, is h e? B: C a n 't you ? (surprise)
A: I think they're arrivin g at ten.
Tags are used in the UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia, etc., but
B: A r e th e y ? (uncertainty)
they are rare in America. In America people often just say
Rig ht? The reply question uses an auxiliary verb like in a question
tag, but there is no change of affirmative to negative.
 Ex ercises
Se ctio n A 1 6 .1 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ect w o r d s.
1 Could you tell me w hat are yo ur terms o f paym ent/ what yo ur terms o f paym ent are ?
2 Do you k n ow where the m arketing sem inar is/where is the m arketing se m inarl
3 I'd like to k n ow how can we / how we can finance this project.
4 Could I ask you w hy you left/ why did you leave your last jo b?
5 I was won derin g w hether you could / whether could you give me a hand.

S e c t i o n s D, F 1 6 . 2 A d d a q u e s ti o n t a g t o e a ch s e n t e n ce .
1 We'r e nearly there, a r e n 't w e ?

Sectio n E 1 6 .3 C h o os e t h e m os t li k e ly r e p ly in e ac h sit u a tio n . Pu t a tic k ( / ).

1 If I go to Portugal, I'm going t o have problems with t he language.
a) Of course. You speak Portuguese, d on't yo u?
b) Of course. You d on't speak Portuguese, do yo u?
2 In t he meeting you said t ha t our competitors had a better product than us.
a) Wh a t! I said that, didn't I?
b) Wh a t! I didn't say that, did I?
3 I have n't seen A nn f or ages. I think she's workin g abroad.
a) Yes, that's right. She's got a job in Spain, hasn't she?
b) Yes, that's right. She hasn't got a job in Spain, has she?
4 The deadline for the project is Friday and there's still so much wor k t o do.
a) It's not looking good. W e'r e going t o make t he deadline, are n't w e?
b) It's not looking good. W e'r e not going to make the deadline, are w e?
5 Do you mind if I help myself to some more couscous?
a) No, of course not. You like Moroccan f ood, d on't you?
b) No, of course not. You d on't like Moroccan food, do you?
6 I'll meet you at t he airport t w o hours before departure.
a) You will be late, w o n't you?
b) You w o n't be late, will you?
 Ex ercises
S e c tio n s B, C 1 6 . 4 Re a r r a n g e t h e w o r d s t o m a k e q u es ti o n s.
1 to wh ere are going you
2 from wh ere did get you t ha t information ____________________________
3 in which funds do invest you ____________________________
4 does w h a t on it depend ____________________________
5 w h ere are you traveling on t o Friday ____________________________
6 w h o you did go on with t he sales trip
7 for w h a t is this piece of e q uip m e nt ____________________________
8 like w h a t the w e a th er was in Sw ed en ____________________________

S e ctio n E 1 6 .5 M a k e a q u e sti o n w i t h a q u e s ti o n t a g .
1 Ask a colleague if he sent the invoice. You ex pect the answer to be 'no'.
You d id n ’t sen d th e in voice, d id yo u ?
2 Ask a colleague if he sent t he invoice. You ex pect t he answer to be 'yes'.
Y o u ___________________________________________________________________________ ?
3 Ask a stranger at the airport if his name is Mr Peters. You're not sure.
Your n a m e_____________________________________________________________________ ?
4 You recogniz e someone. You are sure his name is Mr Peters.
Your n a m e_____________________________________________________________________ ?
5 You guess t ha t Biotec have canceled their order.
Bi o t e c_________________________________________________________________________ ?
6 You are very surprised t hat Biotec have canceled their order.
Bi o t e c_________________________________________________________________________ ?

S e ctio n s D, E, F C o m p le t e t h is d i a l o g u e d u rin g a c o n f e r e n c e c o f f e e b r e a k w i t h q u e sti o n t a gs.

Ser g e : That last talk on netbooks was interesting,1 w asn t it ?

Nic o l e Yes, very interesting. You know our company is selling more netbooks than PCs
:
right now. They’re small and fun and cheap.
Se r g e : That cuts into your profit margins, 2_______________ ?
N i c o l e : Only if they replace a PC. But we find that many people buy them as a third
machine, as well as a PC and a laptop.
Se r g e : Right. Hey, look at the time. We should go back to the main hall now,
3______________ ?
Nic o l e Actually I ’m not going to join you. I ’ve decided to miss the next session. You
:
don’t mind, 4_______________ ?
Se r g e : N o , of course not. I hope it doesn’t go on for too long. It shouldn’t finish later
than about fiv e,5_______________ ?
N i c o l e : N o , I don’t think so. Anyway, at some point I ’d like to continue that conversation
we were having earlier about outsourcing. We’re thinking of switching some of
our production from China to Vietnam.
Se r g e : OK. How about meeting up for lunch tomorrow?
N i c o l e : Yes, let’s do that 6_______________ ? I ’ll meet you here at twelve.

72
 16 Q u e s t io n s 2

Tasks
Sc e a k in g : lis t e n ^ 1 6 Yo u a re g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.
and rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o

t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

Q: I a m w o n d erin g w h e t h e r o ff erin g fre e p ost a g e and 'E - c o m m e rc e is lik e m ail order, is n't i t? I f you
p ac kin g is of b e n e fit t o an e - co m m erce site, or do you need t o ch a n g e an ite m b eca use it's wr o n g, it
t hin k t h a t re as o n a b le p ost a g e ch ar g es a r e a b e tt er is q uite ti m e - co nsu min g - alt h o u g h I wo uld
w a y t o g o? p ossibly buy a sc a r f o nlin e fro m H er m es.'
A : I f you ca n build fr e e d elive ry (a n d fr e e re t urn s) - sho p p er in Bo n d S t r e e t
into y o u r b usiness pla n, do it. B u t m a k e sure you F T website
p ro m o te it so it's visib le on a ll p ag es of y o u r w e bsit e.
T his is b ecause fr e e d e liv e ry is one o f t h ose t hin gs t h a t
tips t he b a la n ce t o w a r d s a p urch ase w it h an und ecid e d
cust o m er.
Drapers website

W ritin g : M a k e q u e s ti o n s f o r t h e g iv e n a n s w e rs, usin g t h e u n d e rli n e d v e r b a n d t h e p r e p o sit io n in b old

p e rs o n a li z e d f ro m t h e a n sw e r.
p r a c tic e 1 Which hag d id yo u p u t it in ?
I d on't know, I t ho ug ht I p u t it in this bag.
2 Which st a tio n_________________________________________________________________________________ ?
I'm getting off a t Koln, and then changing to another train.
3 W h a t _________________________________________________________________________________________ ?
- He was accused o f accepting a bribe, but they never proved anything.
4 Which of o u r__________________________________________________________________________________ ?
I k n ow a b o u t your wealth manage ment service, but not your tax planning service.
5 W h o ____________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ?
- I report directly t o the Regional Sales Director.
6 Which e x it____________________________________________________________________________________ ?
- I think w e should leave b y the exit over there - there are f ewer people.
7 Which areas of En glish_______________________________________________________________________ ___ _ ?
- You need to wor k o n your pronunciation, but your knowledge of specialized vocabulary is very good.
8 Thanks for th e wine. W h a t a lovely present! W h a t type of f o o d ___________________________ _________ ?
It will g o w i t h any red meat or strong cheese.

R e h e a rs a l fo r T h in k o f a real p erso n w h o y o u d o n 't k n o w v e r y w e ll, b u t w o u l d li k e t o g e t t o k n o w b e tt er.

th e re al w o rld Yo u a re sitt in g n e x t t o t h e m a t a m e al. N o w w r i t e d o w n s o m e q u e s ti o n s t h a t y o u w o u l d li k e t o
as k t h e m , usin g b o t h d ir e ct a n d in d ir e ct q u e s ti o n f o r m s (s e e s ectio n A o n p a g e 70).

If y o u a r e w o r k i n g in cla ss, r e a d s o m e o f t h e q u e s t i o n s a l o u d . T ry t o i m a g i n e s o m e p o ssi b l e

a n sw e rs.
 I Conditionals 1
A Co n d it io ns and resu lts I f the product is su ccessful in China, we will in trodu ce it into
other Asia n markets.
Compare these sentences. The ' I f clause is the condition,
and the other part of the sentence is the result. In the condition clause there can be a variety of present
forms.
1 I f sales in c re a s e (generally), we m a k e more profit.
2 I f sales in c r e a s e (next quarte r), w e 'll m a k e more profit. I f you in c re a s e yo u r order, we'll giv e y ou a bigg er discount.
3 I f sales in c re a s e d (next quarter), w e'd m a k e m ore profit. (present simple)
Sentence 1 is about something that is always true. This is I f y o u ' r e m ee t in g h e r a t three, I'll jo in you la ter at about four.
(present continuous)
often called a 'zero' conditional. See section B below.
I f I've m a d e an y mis takes, I'll correct them later.
Sentence 2 is about something that is likely to happen in the
(present perfect)
future. This is often called a 'first' conditional. See section C.
In the result clause '11 is very common (previous examples).
Sentence 3 is about something that is imaginary or unlikely We can also use other future forms or an imperative.
in the future. This is often called a 'second' conditional. See
I f an y on e f r o m H ead O ffice calls, say I'm in a meeting.
section D.
(imperative)
With all types of conditional, the I f clause can come second.
The examples above are about two actions in the future. If
W e 'll m a k e more profit i f sales increase.
the result clause refers to the present, we use a present tense.
If you need me, I'm w o rk in g in my room.
B Ze ro co n d it io n a l (any / all tim e)
When we talk about things that are always or generally true, D Se cond co n d itio n a l (im ag in a ry fu ture)
we use:
When we talk about future events that are imaginary,
unlikely or impossible, we use:
condition result
IF/WHEN + present, present or imperative
condition result
IF + past, w ou ld / co u ld / might + infinitive
I f you don 't ge t the best p eo ple into the company, y o u r reputation
suffers.
I f I w o rk e d f o r A M C, I'd ge t a better salary.
In this type of conditional we are not referring to one specific I f you w e re still w o rk in g f o r A M C, you cou ld h e lp me with
event. my application fo rm.
In the condition clause there can be a variety of present forms. I f I was m ore organized, I'd c re a t e fo ld e r s an d su bfold ers f o r all
W h e n you f l y business class, you g et much m ore legroom. my Word docs.
(present simple) Note that in the condition clause we use a past form to refer
I f interest rates a re risin g, ban k loans becom e m ore expen sive. to the future.
(present continuous) We can use I f I w ere in place o f I f I was in imaginary futures,
W h en you've f i n i s h e d the course, they giv e you a certificate. particularly when we give advice with the phrase I f I were
(present perfect) you.
In the result clause there can be a present simple (previous I f I w e re you, I ’d wait until tomorrow.
examples) or an imperative. I'd be m ore careful, i f I w e re you.
K eep trying. I f you f ail, try again.
We can use either i f or when in every case with no difference E Unless
in meaning. Unless means the same as I f ... not. Compare these sentences,
which have the same meaning:
C F irst co n d itio n a l (lik e ly fu ture) I f he d o e s n ' t a rriv e soon, he 'll miss the fligh t.
When we talk about future events that will happen, or are U nless h e arriv es soon, he'll miss the fligh t.
likely to happen, we use:
F O ther m od a ls
condition result
Many examples of conditionals are given with will and would.
IF + present, future or imperative
But we can use all other modals (can, should, must, etc.) with
their normal meanings (unit 18E).

74
 17 C o n d it i o n a ls 1

Ex ercises
S e c tio ns U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t w o r d s.
B, C, D, E 1 If we're / we would be late, th ey'll start/ they'd start t he meeting wit h o u t us.
2 If we would take / we took a taxi, w e'll arrive / we'd arrive a t their offices sooner.
3 Wh e n inflation goes up / will go up, there w ould be/is pressure t o raise salaries.
4 If we d o n't act/ we w o n't act soon, w e'll miss/we would miss the deadline for t he tender.
5 If you change /you w ill change your mind, give me/you w ill give me a call.
6 Unless you click /you d o n't click on t hat icon, it w o n't work /it d id n't work.
7 Wh e n you order/you w ill order goods on our website, w e always send / will send an email confirmation.
8 If you signed /you w ill sign today, w e'd ship /we ship t he goods by Friday.
9 If you hear/you heard anything in the next f e w days, le t m e /you'd le t me know.
10 I wouldn't/I w o n't w orry if I am /l were you.

S e c t i o n s C, D 1 7 . 2 Re a d t h e s e s e n t e n ce s a n d d e cid e if t h e e v e n t s a r e li k e ly or u nli k e ly. T h e n p u t t h e v e r b s in

b ra c k e ts in t o e it h e r t h e p r e s e n t si m p le + w ill or t h e p a st si m ple + would. Use c o n t ra ct e d f o r m s
w h e r e p ossible.
If y OU fo llo w (follow) this road, you co m e (co me) t o the station.
If I ________________ (be) on the Board of this company, I ___________ (argue) against t he merger.
If y o u . (have) any questions, I . (deal) with the m a t the end of my
presentation.
A: I have no idea w h a t t he other side are going t o say in t he negotiation.
B: Neither do I. If I ________________ (k now), I _________________ (tell) you.
It only takes ten minutes t o t he station by taxi. If y o u ________________ (leave) now, you
________________ (catch) your train.
A: Is t hat t he tim e? I really should be going.
B: If y o u ________________ (wait) a moment, I _____________ (give) you a lift.
I'm sorry, I ca n't help you right now. I'm really busy. If I ____ __ ____(have) more time, I
________________ (be) happy to.

S e c t i o n s B, C, D 1 7 .3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t w o co rr ect f o r m s fr o m a, b, c o r d.
1 If the bank lends us t he money, a ^ it in n e w machinery.
a) we'll invest b) w e'd invest c) w e were investing d) w e're going to invest
2 W h e n ________a lot of orders, w e always e mploy extra staff in t he factory.
a) we'll have b) w e have
c) w e'v e had d) w e had
3 I f ________this project again, I think
I'd do it differently,
a) I'll start b) I was starting
c) I've started d) I started
4 If you have a co mputer problem,
________someone from IT services.
a) call b) you'll have to call
c) you called d) you are calling

_____________ r T/n _ i ___

 Ex ercises
Sectio n s Pa u la , t h e M a r k e t i n g D ir e ct o r o f a car m a n u f a c t u rin g co m p a n y, is t a l k in g t o h e r c o lle a g u e
B, C, D, E Fra n k , a Pr o d u c ti o n M a n a g e r. C o m p le t e t h e ir c o n v e rs a ti o n w i t h t h e w o r d s in t h e bo x .

wtW will w o n't w o n't would w ould w o uld n't

unless unless be is is going to be d on't didn't

Pa u l a : Aren’t you worried? If the workers in the factory go on strike, we 1_ YyjJL - lose a
lot of production. If we lose production, we 2____________ be able to supply all
our customers. If we 3___________ _ supply our customers, they’ll probably buy
other makes of car. If that happens, our market share 4____________ go down. It’s
not looking good. Also, in my experience, when workers go on strike, there
5____________ a bad atmosphere for months afterwards. So 6-------------------- you can
come to an agreement with the workers soon, there 7___________ _ a lot of trouble
ahead. If you want my ad v ice,8____________ very careful.
Fr an k : Don’t worry. The workers know that the success of the company depends on
this new model. 9____________ they’re stupid, they 10_____________go on strike.
Just imagine - if this model sold really well, the whole financial situation of the
company 11____________ improve. If that happened, we 12_____________ need to go
ahead with the planned job cuts. And if we 13____________ have plans to cut jobs,
the workers 14____________ be much happier.

S e c t i o n s B, C, D 1 7 . 5 Yo u are t a l k in g t o a f ri e n d a b o u t y o u r n e w jo b . Lo o k a t y o u r t h o u g h t s in it alics a n d w r i t e
t h e w o r d s t h a t y o u say. Pu t t h e v e r b s in b ra c k e ts in t o e it h e r t h e p r e s e n t si m ple, p ast si m ple,
i m p e r a t iv e , w ill + i n fi n it iv e or w ould + in fi n it iv e .
You think: People say hard work usually results in prom otion in my new company.
You say: ’ They say if you w o rk (work) hard, you .Sfe *’ . (get) promoted.

You think: I w ant to show th at I'm good a t my jo b - 1need some jo b security.

You say: 2I hope t ha t if I _____________ (do) my best, t h e y______________(give) me a permanent
contract after a f e w months.

You think: I som etim es arrive late. I wish I could work a t their other site.
You say: 3I have been late once or twice. They have another site nearer my home - if I
_____________ (work) there, i t _____________ (not be) such a problem.

You think: I had a health problem a few years ago. Bu t it's very unlikely to reoccur.
You say: 4O ne thing worries me. I w o n d er w h a t _____________ (hap pen) if my health problem
_____________ (reoccur)?

You think: Maybe it's n ot a problem. In general they seem to be very reasonable about illness.
You say: 5Actually, if y o u _____________ (miss) one or tw o days because of illness, they
_____________ (not seem) to mind.

You think: OK, th at's all. I hope I'll see you again soon.
You say: 6lf y o u _____________ (fancy) a drink one evening, j u s t______________(give) me a call.

76
 17 C o n d it i o n a ls 1

Tasks
Sp e a k in g : lis t e n 1 1 7 Yo u a r e g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p hrases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.
and rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

On a w e bsit e you sho uld as k p eo ple f o r t h e ir N o w t h a t la b o u r f orc es a re s t a r ti n g t o c o n t r a c t

e m ail a d d resses a t a ti m e a nd f o r a reaso n t h a t a nd t h e n u m b er o f p e nsio n ers is risin g, pension
m a k es sense t o t h e m . I f you as k f o r an e m ail sche m es a r e ra pi dly b eco min g u ns ust ain a ble.
a d dress o u t o f co nt e x t, people w ill s a y ,'W h a t's I f not hin g is done, t h e cost o f st a t e pensions in
in it f o r m e? W h y do you need my e m a i l?' I f d evelo p e d co u n tri es w ill p r o b a bly rise fro m an
you ca n n o t overco m e t h ose t w o b a rrie rs, you a ve ra g e o f 7 . 7 % o f G D P n ow t o aro u n d 1 5 %
a r e not going t o be successf ul. by 2 0 5 0 . In Ja p a n an d so m e w e st ern Eu ro p e a n
DM News website c o u n tri e s (G e r m a n y, It a ly, F r a n c e) it could rise
t o w e ll a b ove 2 0 % .
The Econom ist website

W ritin g : 3 W r i t e a n s w e rs t o t h e s e q u e s ti o n s usin g y o u r o w n id e as. Be g i n as s h o w n .

p e rs o n a li z e d -j w h at do you do if you get hiccups?
If I g e t hiccups, I h o ld m y b re a th fo r as lo n g as p ossible
2 W h a t do you do if you ca n't get to sleep at night?
If I________________________________________________
3 W h a t do you do if your boss is in a bad m oo d?
If m y _______________________________________
4 W h a t will you do if you have some free time this evenin g?
If I ____________________________________________________
5 W h a t will you do if this quarter's sales figures are a disaster?
If this q u art er's__________________________________________
6 W h a t will your co m pany do if the econ o my stays in (goes into) recession?
If the e c o n o m y______________________________________________________
7 W h a t wo uld you do if you w o n €1 m on t he 'Euro Lotto'.
If I __________________________________________________
W h a t wo uld your co m pany do if your main supplier started having serious quality issues?
f our main su p plier______________________________________________________________
9 Wh e re would you like t o be right n o w if you could be anywhere in t he w orld?
If I _____________ _______________________________________________________________

Re h e a rsal f o r 4 Lo o k a g a in a t e x ercise 17.4 a n d see h o w t h e sp e a k ers t a l k a b o u t a 'c h a i n o f e v e n ts', w h e r e

th e real w o rld o n e sce n ari o le a ds t o a n o t h e r. N o w w r i t e a si m ila r 'c h ai n o f e v e n ts', st a r ti n g w i t h t h e f o ll o w i n g
se n t e nces.
1 If I do an MBA in the next f e w years, ... 4 If my budget for current projects was halved, ...
2 If I stay in my current company, ... 5 If my budget for current projects was doubled, ...
3 If I was a billionaire, ... 6 If the w ea th er is bad at the wee k en d, ...

if y o u a re w o r k i n g in class, ch o o s e s o m e 'c h a in o f e v e n t s' t o re a d a lo u d .

A s k a n d a n s w e r q u es ti o n s.
 :•§ Conditionals 2
A Third co n d itio n a l (im ag in a ry past) We can use in case to talk about doing something to avoid a
possible problem later. The result clause usually comes first
When we talk about past events that are different to what
and often uses going to.
really happened, we use:
I'm g o i n g to give you my Skype name in ca se we need to have a
condition result web conference.
IF + past perfect, would + have + past participle We use Unless to mean If not (unit 17E).

I f sales ha d in c re a s e d last quarter, my boss would have b een D Form s w it h w ish

happier.
We use I wish to express regret or dissatisfaction. This is like
This is called a 'third' conditional. a conditional because we can replace I wish with If only.
There is often a suggestion of criticism or regret. I wish I was eighteen again.
If the economic situation h a d b ee n better, we w ou ldn 't have I f only I was eighteen again.
lost so many customers. For the present and future, use I wish followed by the past
A contracted 'd in speech can be had in the condition or would simple or continuous.
in the result. I wish we d i dn 't h a v e so many meetings.
If I'd done an M B A , I think I'd have had more opportunities in my I wish I was p la y in g golf this afternoon.
career. For the past, use I wish followed by the past perfect.
The examples above are about two actions in the past. If the I wish we h a d don e more direct marketing.
result clause refers to the present, we use would + infinitive. I wish I h a dn 't ea ten the oysters.
If I h a d don e an M B A , I would be on a higher salary now. If the wish is for something good or positive, use I hope
followed by the present simple or will.
B Co n d it io n a l (p ossib le past) I hop e your presentation g o e s well.
When we talk about past events which possibly happened, I hop e the merger will be a success.
we just use the normal, appropriate tenses. There are no If the wish is about doing something that is difficult or
special rules. impossible, use I wish I could.
I f you m issed the T V programme last night, you c a n borrow I wish I cou ld contact my daughter. She's backpacking in India.
the D V D I made.
I f you w e re lis te n in g to the radio in your car, you probably
E M odal v e rbs in co n d it io n a ls
h e a rd the news.
Many examples of conditionals are given with w ill and would.
This type of conditional has no name.
But other modal verbs like can, could, may, might, must and
should are common in conditional sentences and have their
C C o n d it io n a ls w it h o u t i f usual meanings.
We use if for something that might happen in the future. We I f you dea l with the Mid dle East, you m u st be available on
use when for something that we know will happen. Saturdays and Sundays.
I'll call you i f I get a chance, (maybe) We often use w ill and can with first conditionals, and would
I'll call you w h en I arrive, (definitely) and could with second conditionals. However, look at this
We can use if, when or whenever where the meaning is 'every typical example:
time'. I f we im p rov e productivity, we could have a bigger share of the
I f / W h e n e v e r I dial her number, it goes straight to voicemail. market.
In informal speech we sometimes use imagine or supposing in An improvement in productivity is likely, so we start with
place of if. a first conditional form. We expect w ill or can in the result
Im a g in e you h a d a million dollars. How would you invest it? clause, but neither one gives the intended meaning of
uncertainty about the market share. Could does give this
We can use provided that, providing, on condition that, as long as
meaning and is used in a normal way.
and so long as for emphasis. The meaning is 'if and only if'.
A s lon g as you're happy with all the clauses, I'l l send you a pdf
of the fin a l contract.

78
 18 C o n d it i o n a ls 2

Ex ercises
Sectio n s 1 8 .1 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t w o r d s. T his e x e rcis e in clu d e s r evisio n o f sec o n d c o n d it io n a ls
A , B, E, u n i t 17 (u n i t 17).
1 If you called / had called me yesterday, I had told / would have told you.
2 If you took / would have taken more exercise, you m ight feel/ will feel better.
3 If Edi would have listened / had listened more carefully, he w o uld n't have m ade / didn't make that
mistake.
4 It t oo k us a long time t o move. If w e'd found / we found suitable premises, w e'd have moved /we had
m oved earlier.
5 If people kept/ had kept their offices tidier, it m ight present/ must present a better image t o our visitors.
6 If I'd known /l would know about their financial problems, I w o uld n't invest/ wouldn't have invested in
their company.
7 In the end w e didn't get t he contract. But if our side had been /was better prepared, I'm sure w e
succeeded /could have succeeded in t he negotiations.
8 We re you at the meeting yesterday? If you had gone / went, you m ust know /can know more than I do.

Se ctio n C 1 8 . 2 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ce s w i t h t h e w o r d s in t h e b o x . Each w o r d is use d t w ic e .

when as long as in case unless

1 I'll speak t o you again w h en |>Ve looked at t he contract in detail.

2 Leave your return flight o p e n _____________ the negotiations tak e an extra day.
3 W e can start t he project next w e e k ___ ____ ____ everyone agrees.
4 W e can start t he project next w e e k ___________ anyone disagrees.
5 The Board will be h a p p y_____________ our share price remains high.
6 Keep your rece ip t_____________ you need t o return the goods.
7 The n ew stock will a rriv e___ _________ the Christmas sales are finished.
8 We'll probably make a loss this y e a r_____________ sales improve significantly in t he remaining
f e w months.

Sectio n D 1 8 . 3 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t w o r d s.
1 I wish I h a d n't drunk / didn't drink so many whiskies last night.
2 There's so little space in here. I wish I have / had a bigger office.
3 I d on't feel well. I wish I could stay / will stay in bed this morning.
4 I must get in t ouch with An gela. If only I know / knew her number!
5 I've been waiting thirty minutes for the bus. I wish I took / had taken a taxi.
6 I wish Jim d id n't interrupt/ doesn't interrupt so often in meetings.
7 I have to finish this report by to morrow. If only I had / would have more time.
8 That presentation was a disaster! I wish I could do / would do it all again!
9 Enjoy your holiday. I hope you have /could have a good time.
10 I'm disappointed with this camera. I wish I d id n't buy / hadn't bought it.
 Ex ercises
S e c t i o n s A , C, E 1 8 . 4 Pa tric k a n d D ie t e r are discussin g a n e g o t i a t i o n t h a t w e n t w r o n g . C o m p le t e t h e d ia lo g u e
w i t h t h e w o r d s in t h e b o x (n o t ic e t h e c o n t r a ct io n s t h a t are use d in sp e ec h).

'4 as long as in case unless

'II 'd 'd 've 'd have w o uld n't've

Pa t r ic k : D ieter,1_ i t ... you’ve got a moment, can I have a word with you?
D ie t er : S u re ,2____________ it doesn’t take too long. I have a meeting in five minutes. Is
it about that contract that we lost?
Pa t r ic k : Yes. What went wrong? Do you think we 3____________ got the deal if we
4____________ offered a better price? Maybe we 5_____________ lost the business.
It’s a pity - we need some new clients.
D ie t e r : No, I don’t think the problem was the price.
Pa t r ic k : No? So was it a problem with our shipping dates? If we 6-------------------given
them a quicker shipping time, would i t 7____________ made a difference?
D ie t er : No, the shipping time was OK.
Pa t r ic k : H o w strange. The thing is, we should find out what went wrong 8-------------------
a similar situation happens in the fu tu re.9_______ _____ we learn from our
mistakes, we 10____________ lose more orders.
D ie t er : Well, I did hear something. Apparently they didn’t think much of our
negotiating team.
Pa t r ic k : Oh, I see. I was the head o f that team.

Sectio n s 1 8 .5 A s u p p li e r is t h in k in g a b o u t a f u t u r e n e g o ti a t i o n . M a t c h his t h o u g h t s in it alics 1 - 4 w i t h

A , E, u n i t 17 his w o r d s a - d. T his e x ercise in clu d e s r evisio n o f seco n d c o n d it io n a ls (u n i t 17).
1 W e'll probably o ffer a low er price. If we do, success is possible.
2 W e'll probably o ffer a low er price. If w e do, success is certain.
3 Maybe w e'll o ffer a low er price. If we do, success is possible. [J
4 M aybe w e'll o ffer a low er price. If w e do, success is certain.

a) If w e offer a lower price, we'll get the contract.

b) If w e offer a lower price, w e might get the contract.
c) If w e offered a lower price, w e'd get t he contract.
d) If w e offered a lower price, w e might get the contract.

T h e sa m e s u p p li e r is t h i n k i n g a b o u t a p ast n e g o ti a t i o n . M a t c h his t h o u g h t s in it alics 5 - 8 w i t h his

w o r d s e - h.
5 We offered a low er price. That's w hy we succeeded.
6 We offered a low er price. That's probably w hy we succeeded.
7 We d id n't o ffer a low er price. That's why we failed.
8 We did n't o ffer a lo w er price. That's probably w hy w e failed.

e) If w e'd offered a lower price, w e'd have got t he contract.

f) If w e'd offered a lower price, w e might have got the contract.
g) If w e had n't offered a lower price, w e'd have lost t he contract.
h) If w e had n't offered a lower price, w e might have lost t he contract.

80
 18 C o n d it i o n a ls 2

Tasks
Sp e a k in g : lis t e n 1 # 18 Yo u a re g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p h ras es. List e n a n d r e p e a t.
an d rep eat

T ra n sla te T ra nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

Rave n In d u strie s, Ea r n in g s C a ll T r a n scrip t: T h e gold p rice slid d o w n hill t o d ay.

Q: C an you t a l k a b o u t w h a t p erce n t a g e of sa les ca m e fro m n ew I t close d j u s t 5 0 ce n ts b elo w t he
p ro d uc ts? I t w o uld be h elpf ul if you co uld provide us w it h a m e tric. p syc h ol o g ic ally i m p o r t a n t $ 1 , 0 0 0
A : It 's n ot a huge p erce nt a g e. B u t t he in t erestin g t hin g is t h a t t he m ar k , d own $ 8 . 5 0 f o r t h e day.
c o n str uc ti o n in d ustry t o d a y is m ore rece p tive t o o ur n ew p ro d ucts T h e ran ge w a s f a i r l y tig h t, fro m
t h a n t h e y w e re t hr e e y e a rs ag o. I f w e had in tro d uce d t h ose sa me a $ 1 , 0 0 9 high t o a $ 9 9 8 low.
p ro d ucts t hr e e y e a rs ago, n ob o d y w o u ld h ave w a n t e d t o t a l k t o us T o m or ro w t h e b a ttl e w ill t a k e
b eca use t h ey had m ore b usiness t h a n t h ey co uld h a n dle; t h e y had place aro u n d $ 9 9 5 a nd $ 9 9 0 . My
a b ac k lo g of w o r k t o do. B u t t o d a y t h e y'r e hun gry, t h e y'r e loo kin g vie w has n ot ch a n g e d: as long as
f o r w a ys t o d if f e r e n tia t e t h e m selves fro m t he co m p e titi o n. gold d o e s n't close b elo w $ 9 8 5 , it's
B N E T website in an u ptre n d .
Gold price website

W ritin g : C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h y o u r o w n id e as.
p e rs o n a li z e d 1 If I'd known she was vegetarian, I'd h ave p re p a re d so m ethin g sp ecial
p r a c tic e
2 W e w o uld n't have been late i f ________________________________________
3 If I'd reme mbered to w a t er t ha t plant,
4 She w ould have married Eric i f _______
5 If I had n't acted i m m ediat ely,________
6 I w o u ld n't have spent so long preparing t he presentation if
7 If w e'd done more market research b e f o re h a n d ,__________
8 W e'd have cancelled t he project sooner i f ________________
9 Imagine I ha d n't checked t he figures - w h a t ______________
10 W e ____________________________________________________ , as long as nothing unexpected happens.
11 I ______________________________________________ ____ , provided t ha t our legal depart ment
checks everything first and gives the go - ahead.
12 I_____________________________________ in case the people at t he back ca n't see t he screen.
13 Unless w e make progress with the negotiations soon,
14 I__________________________________________ ., unless you'd prefer to do it yourself.

Re h e arsal fo r T h in k a b o u t s o m e t h in g y o u re g r e t. N o w w r i t e a s h o r t p a r a g r a p h e x p la in in g w h a t h a p p e n e d ,
th e real w o rld w h a t t h e co n s e q u e n c e s w e r e , a n d h o w lif e m ig h t h a v e b e e n d i f f e r e n t if y o u 'd d o n e t h e
o p p o sit e . H ere a re s o m e id e as:
something you didn't do so m ewhere you did n't go
something you said to so meone an interesting idea you didn't f ollo w up

If y o u are w o r k i n g in class, re a d so m e t e x ts a lo u d . A s k a n d a n s w e r q u es ti o n s.
 o Verb + -ing or infinitive 1
A V erb + -ing plans and decisions
Some verbs are followed by an -ing form. aim, arrange, choose, decide*, intend, plan*, prepare
Have you c on s id e re d po s tpon in g the product launch? expectations
Do you m ind w aiting a moment? demand*, deserve, expect*, hope*, want, wish*, would like
We'll k eep on cutting costs u ntil the company is profitable again. promises and refusals
fa il, guarantee, offer, promise*, refuse, threaten
saying and thinking
other common verbs
admit*, consider*, deny*, describe, imagine*, mention*, suggest*
can / can't afford, agree*, learn*, manage, pretend*, seem*, tend,
liking and disliking
train, wait
dislike, enjoy, fancy, (not) mind*, resent
phrasal verbs Most of the verbs in the list can also be followed by a noun
carry on, give up, keep on, put off or pronoun.
phrases with can't We must p r e p a r e to take action.
can't bear, can't help, can't resist, can't face, can't stand We must p r e p a r e a plan.
other common verbs Note that 'verb + to + infinitive' is also used in these cases:
avoid, delay, finish, involve, keep, miss, postpone, practise, risk
1 To explain why we do something - the 'infinitive of
common phrases purpose' (unit 42C).
spend / waste time ...
I'm callin g to f i nd out if you stock spare parts.
spend / waste money ...
(NOT for to find oat)
It's not worth ...
It's no use /good ... 2 After a question word.
There’s no point (in ) ... Can you show me how to u s e this software?
Th e m e an in g o f th e as t e r is k * is e xplain ed in sec tion E. 3 With used to, be going to, be able to, be allowed to, have to, need
to and ought to.
Most of the verbs in the list above can also be followed by a
noun or pronoun.
The purchasing manager adm itted ta k in g a bribe.
C Verb + o b je ct + to + in fin it iv e
The purchasing manager adm itted his mistake. Some verbs are followed by an object + to + infinitive.
Go and come plus an -ing form are often used for sports and They told us to wait here.
outdoor activities. He p e rs u a d e d the bank to le nd him €4 million.
I often g o s k iin g in the winter.
advise*, allow, ask, cause, encourage, expect, force, help, invite,
Do you want to com e s hopp in g with me?
order, pay, prefer, persuade, remind*, teach*, tell*, train, want,
Some verbs and verb phrases have to as a preposition. These warn*
include: look forward to, object to, be used to, get used to, respond
to. Prepositions are always followed by the -ing form.
I look fo r w a r d to seeing you next week. D m a ke and le t
(NOT look forward to see) After make and let we use the bare infinitive without to.
I g o t u s e d to waking up early in the morning. I m a d e them ch ec k all the figures again.
(NOT got used to -w-ak-e-ap) (NOT made them to check)
They let us k ee p all these free samples.
B Verb + to + in fin it iv e (NOT let us to keep)
Some verbs are followed by to + infinitive.
They have stated that they wish to b eco m e the biggest telecoms E V erb + th a t clause
company in Asia. The verbs marked with an asterisk* in sections A, B and C
We’re m a n a g in g to im p rov e our supply chain one step at a can also be followed by a that clause. In everyday speech we
time. can leave out the word that.
We d ec id e d to ca n ce l the meeting.
We d ec id e d (that) w e would c a n ce l the meeting.
 19 V e r b + -in g o r i n f i n i t iv e 1

Ex ercises
Sectio n s A, B 1 9 .1 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t w o r d s.
1 W e ca n't afford to miss/ missing this opportunity.
2 It's not worth to spend /spending any more time on this.
3 W e decided to close down /closing down t he plant in Slovakia.
4 You promised to deliver/ delivering by t he end of April.
5 I considered to call/calling him, but I decided it was better to send an email.
6 If w e d on't decide soon, w e risk to lose /losing t he w h ole contract.
7 She agreed to prepare / preparing some figures before t he next meeting.
8 Is Mr Messier busy? OK, I d on't mind to wait/ waiting for a f e w minutes.
9 May I suggest to postpone / postponing t he meeting until next w e e k?
10 He refused to sign /signing the contract until he'd spoken to his boss.

Sectio n s A, B 1 9 .2 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e v e r b s in t h e b o x . C h o o s e e it h e r t h e -ing f o r m or
to + in fi n it iv e .

advertise e mploy fly § we help make receive speak think write

1 They agreed to 9ive us thirty more days to pay the invoice.

2 There's no p o i n t_____________ this brand on TV. It w ould cost too much.
3 I su g g est e d_____________ another sales rep, but no - one agreed.
4 We'r e e x p ectin g_____________ so me more stock early next week.
5 I'll join you later. I need t o fi n is h_____________ this report.
6 I le a rn e d_____________ Portuguese w hile I was wor kin g in Brazil.
7 I wor k in PR. My job involves . contact with the media.
8 I ca n't help . that something is going t o go wrong.
9 I ca n't afford _ __ business class all t he time.
10 I ca n't promise - ___ you with this problem, but I'll do my best.

Se ctio n C 1 9 .3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e v e r b s in t h e b o x . In clu d e a n o b je ct in e v e r y case.

O n e s o lu ti o n uses e ach v e r b o nce.

a d vise encourage e x pect invite force persuade prefer remind

1 I'm sorry I missed wor k yesterday. The doctor a d vise d m e to st ay in bed.

2 I tried t o _______________ . co me with us tonight,
but he said he was busy.
3 Could y o u _____________ call Head Office later?
I might forget.
4 She hasn't called yet, but I ______________ contact me
some time today.
5 I did n't feel very confident, but s h e ______
apply for t he job.
6 The fall in de mand h a s_________________ lay off some
of our workers.
7 I'm renovating my house, and t he builder
____________________pay him in cash.
I'd like t o ____________________join us
for dinner this evening.

" I h e r e b y e m p o w e r yo u, A m b r ose T. Wil k in s, t o

 Ex ercises
Sectio n s A, B 1 9 .4 C o m p le t e t h is m ini - d ialo g u e b e t w e e n t w o c o lle a g u e s b y p u t t in g t h e v e r b s in b r ac k e ts in
t h e co rr ec t f o r m , e it h e r -ing or to + i n fin it iv e .

Vik t o r : My line manager has asked me 1 to m e e t (meet) with her next week for my first
performance review. I keep 2____________ (wonder) what I should say.
Is a be l : Well, since you started working here your performance has been excellent.
You deserve 3____________ (be) rewarded for all your work.
Vik t o r : Thanks. I considered 4____________ (ask) them 5--------------------(raise) my salary
at the review meeting, but Anna advised me _________ (wait) a little longer
before asking for a rise. Instead I might ask for some training. I ’d like to learn
7____________ (use) our SAP software better.
Is a be l : It’s a good idea - there’s no p o in t8______ _____ (try) to learn just by watching
other people. The software is quite complex, and really we should all be trained
9____________ (use) it.
Vik t o r : Exactly. I don’t want to risk 10____________ (lose) any information by entering
data in the wrong way. Sometimes I think I might even cause the whole system
11______ _ (crash) by doing something stupid. I ’m new in this job and I can’t
afford 12____________ (take) risks like that.
Is a be l : You’re right. I think you’ll manage 13 (persuade) them
14
(send) you on the course without any difficulty.

S e c t i o n s A , B, E 1 9 .5 C o m p le t e t his e m a il, w h ic h circu la t e d in si d e a m o b il e p h o n e m a n u fa ct ur er. C h o os e a v er b

fro m t h e b o x a n d use t h e co rr ec t f o r m , e it h e r -ing or to + i n fin it iv e .

be tfrt pay pretend receive sh o w tak e talk use worry

To... Senior management team

El
Send Subject: Visit by journalist next week

A journalist from the D aily Planet wants 1_ t o in t e rv ie w someone about the safety risks of using
hands- free phones in cars. It will involve 2 to him over lunch one day next week. H e ’s
offered 3______________ Any volunteers?
In my opinion it’s not worth 4_____________ too much about this, as any chan g es in this area depend on
government legislation, not on the phone manufacturers. However, it’s no good 5- - - - - - - - - - - we have
no responsibility at all for this issue. For example, in our advertising we use images of people using our
phones hands-free while driving, and common sense does suggest t h a t 6_____________ a phone in this
way might distract the driver’s attention. We need 7_____________ careful, and point out the similarities
between using a hands-free phone and just having a normal conversation with a passenger.
Anyway, he’s kindly agreed 8_____________ us the article before it’s published, and he’s promised
9_____________ a balanced view and not refer to individual phone manufacturers by name.
I look forward to 10________ . your comments on this matter asap.
Peter Halonen

84
 19 V e r b + -in g o r i n f i n i t i v e 1

Tasks
k in g : lis t e n 1 ^ 19 Yo u a re g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.
and rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T ra nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it s o u n d n a t ur a l.

V ir t u a l m a r k e t res e arch a ll o w s co m p a nies t o t est F or d M o t o r Co. a n d Nissa n M o t o r Co. w ill get

how t h e ir p ro d ucts p erf or m in a vir t u a l s t o re in lo ans fro m t he O b a m a a d m in ist ra tio n t o ret ool
cy b e rsp ac e. C hica go - b ased In C o n te x t So lu tio n s t h e ir pla n ts f o r e le c t ric ve hicle p ro d uctio n.
w rit e s t h e s o f t w a r e t h a t cr e a t e s t h e st o re and Pr e sid e n t B a r a c k O b a m a said t h e loans 'w ill
a n aly z es t he d a t a on sh o p p ers' b e h a vi o r. T h e ir ai m, cr e a t e good jo bs a nd help t he a u t o in d ustry t o
accor din g t o t h e ir founder, is t o p rovide co m p a nies m ee t an d even e xceed t h e t ou g h f uel eco n o m y
wit h 'd a t a - d riv e n a n a ly t ic s t o help t h e m m a k e key st a n d a r d s w e'v e set, w h il e helping us t o reg ain
d ecisions on p ro d uc t plac e m e n t, p ricin g, p ro m o tio n, o ur c o m p e titiv e edge in t h e w orld m a r k e t .'
bran din g, disp lay design an d st o re la y o u t / Freep website
Forbes website

W ritin g : 3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ce s w i t h a n -ing f o r m or to + in fi n it iv e . Use y o u r o w n id e as.

p e rs o n a li z e d -| [sjext su m mer | hope to 9 ° b ack p ackin g in N ew Z e ala n d
2 Wh e n questioned by journalists, t he CEO d e n ie d______________________________________
3 The warranty on this product is very good. They g u ar a n t e e ...... .... ... .......... ............... .....
4 I'm the sort of person w h o ca n't resist________________________________________________
5 I'm a very busy person and I really ca n't a f f o r d________________________________________
6 Wh e n it comes t o ideas f or n ew products, my co m pany t e n d s__________________________
7 Wh e n I'm a w ay from ho me I m iss____________________________________________________
8 W e have a very ambitious two - year marketing plan. W e a i m ___________________________
9 O ne of my colleagues is really annoying. He keeps o n _________________________________
10 Basically, my job involves____________________________________________________________
11 I didn't have much time, but I did m a n a g e____________________________________________
12 The project is behind schedule and I think w e should co nsid er__________________________
13 The negotiations are not going well. The other side ref uses____________________________
14 This year I've spent a lot of time _______ ____________________ ___________________________
15 This year I've waste d a lot of t i m e ____________________________________________________
16 This year I've spent a lot of m o n e y___________________________________________________

4 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ces w i t h an o b je c t + to + i n fi n it iv e .
17 My co m pany allows us to dress 'sm art casu al' as lo n g as w e are n o t m eetin g clie n ts
18 Last w e e k my boss a s k e d____________________________________________________________
19 My colleague was wonderful. S/ he really e nco ur a g e d______________ ____________________
20 Changes in t he market have f o rc e d__________________________________________________
21 His memory is getting worse. Yesterday I needed to re m in d____________________________
22 I w e n t on a really useful course recently. They tr a in e d__________________________________
23 I said to him, 'Listen very carefully, I w a n t _____________________________________________
24 I should have listened t o my colleagues. They w a r n e d ........ ..............................................

If y o u a re w o r k i n g in class, c h o o s e s o m e s e n t e n c e s t o r e a d a lo u d . A s k a n d a n s w e r q u es ti o n s.
 L? Verb + -ing or infinitive 2
A Verb + -in g or in fin it iv e : ch a ng e in B V erbs o f p erce p tion
m e a n ing Verbs of perception include: feel, hear, listen to, notice, see,
Some verbs can be followed by -ing or to + infinitive and the watch. These verbs can be followed either by an object + -ing
meaning of the verb changes. or a bare infinitive (without to).

REMEMBER AND FORGET. We use remember/forget doing If we see or hear only part of the action, we use the -ing form.
for memories. The remembering happens after the action. I saw her g i v i n g her presentation.
I r e m e m b e r s ee i n g him before somewhere. (I saw part of the presentation)
I'l l never f o r ge t m a k in g my first million euros. I h e a r d the machine m a k in g a strange noise.
We use remember/forget to do for actions someone is supposed (I heard the noise and it continued afterwards)
to do. The remembering happens before the action. If we see or hear the whole action from beginning to end, we
I must re m e m b e r to call her this afternoon. use the bare infinitive without to.
Sorry, I f o r g o t to m a k e a back-up file. I saw her g iv e her presentation.
(I saw the whole presentation)
REGRET. We use regret doing when we are sorry about
something that happened in the past. I h e a r d the machine m a k e a strange noise.
(I heard the noise and it stopped)
I r eg r e t sa y in g no to the job in Paris.
We use regret to do when we are sorry for something we are
going to do, such as giving bad news.
C V erb + -in g or in fin it iv e : lit t le ch a nge in
m e a n ing
1 reg r e t to in fo rm you that we are unable to ...
Some verbs can be followed by -ing or to + infinitive and
TRY. We use try doing when we make an experiment. there is little change in meaning. These include: begin,
I'l l try ta lk in g to him. He might change his mind. continue, intend, start.
(the 'talking' will happen, and I'll see the result) What do you in t e nd do i n g / t o do about it?
We use try to do when we make an effort. However, with these verbs we do not usually have two -ing
I'll try to talk to him today, but I know he's very busy. forms together.
(perhaps the 'talking' won't happen) It was sta rtin g to ge t dark.
STOR We use stop doing when we end an action. (NOT starting getting)

We stopped b uy in g from that supplier. The verbs like, love, prefer, hate can be followed by either form.
To + infinitive suggests something is a good/bad idea. The
We use stop to do when we give the reason for stopping.
-ing form shows your feelings.
I stopped to buy something fo r my daughter.
I like to do my tax returns early, but I don 't lik e do in g them.
MEAN. We use mean doing when one thing results in or
involves another. D Passive fo rm s
Globalization m ea n s b e in g active in every major market. Unit 19 gave lists of verbs that are followed by -ing or to +
We use mean to do to express an intention. infinitive. Only the active forms were given.
I m e a n t to let you know, but I got side-tracked. The passive form of 'verb + -ing' is 'verb + being + past
participle'.
GO ON. We use go on doing when we continue doing
something. If the share price falls any more, we ris k b e in g ta k en ov e r by a
larger company.
They w en t on trading, even though they were technically
It's not worth b e in g s u e d over this issue.
insolvent.
The passive form of 'verb + to + infinitive' is 'verb + to be +
We use go on to do when we change and do something else.
past participle'.
A fter leaving IB M he w en t on to start his own company.
I think I d e s e rv e to be g iv e n a pay rise.
I don't w ant to be s ee n as a time-waster.

86
 20 V e r b + -in g o r i n f i n i t i v e 2

Ex ercises
Sectio n A 2 0 .1 U n d e rli n e t h e c orrect w o r d s.
1 I stopped in Paris for a f e w days to meet/ meeting Henri.
2 W e'v e stopped to meet/ meeting so often. It was a wast e of time.
3 Learning a language means to be / being interested in t he culture as well.
4 I m eant to make/ making some more copies of the report, but I did n't have time.
5 Please re me mber to speak /speaking t o Josie w h e n you see her.
6 I d on't re me mber to say/saying anything like that.
7 I tried to open / opening the win d ow, but it was t oo high t o reach.
8 I tried to open / opening t he win d ow, but it was still t oo hot in t he room.
9 I'll never forg et to give / giving my first presentation t o t he Board.
10 D o n't forg et to look at/looking a t t he audience w h e n you speak.
11 W e regret to announce / announcing the death of our founder, Mr Obuchi.
12 I really regret to quit/ quitting my MB A course.
13 W e should go on to sell/selling this model f or at least another six months.
14 First I'll give you an overview of t he company, then I'll go on to describe / describing our n ew range of
products.

Se ctio n B 2 0 .2 M a t c h e a ch s e n t e n c e 1 - 6 t o t h e sit u a tio n s a - f b e lo w .

1 Sorry to interrupt, but I heard you talking about e - books. 0
2 I heard you talk about e - books a t the seminar.
3 I saw Barbara showing t he visitors round t he factory.
4 I saw Barbara sh o w t he visitors our n e w machine.
5 I f elt the spider walking d own my neck.
6 I f elt the spider w al k d ow n my neck.

a) I heard part of your conversation.

b) I heard t he w h ole presentation.
c) I saw Barbara's co mplete de monstration.
d) I saw Barbara and the visitors briefly as I walk e d through t he factory.
e) In t he story, t he listener imagines t hat t he spider is still walking.
f) In t he story, t he listener won ders w h a t happened aft er the spider finished walking

S e c t i o n D, 2 0 .3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ce s w i t h b ein g o r to be. T his e x ercise inclu d e s so m e r evisio n o f

u n i t 19 u n it 19.
1 I enjoy b ein g taken out f or expensive meals.
2 The Minister d e n ie d_____________ given a bribe.
3 The Minister re f us e d_____________ questioned a b out t he bribe.
4 I e x p ect_____________ asked some tough questions at t he interview.
5 All our staff are going t o be busy. Do you m i n d_____________ picked up by taxi?
6 H o w awf ul! Im a gi n e_____________ asked t o give a presentation a t such short notice!
 Ex ercises
Sectio n s 20 C o m p le t e t h is m ini - d ialo g u e b e t w e e n t w o co lle a g u e s w i t h t h e co rr ec t f o r m o f t h e v e r b ,
A , C, u n i t 1 9 e it h e r -ing or to + in fi n it iv e . T his e x ercise in clu d e s s o m e re visio n o f u n it 19.

Th o ma s: Hi, Carla, I ’ve been meaning 1.. ~ ° sp e a k (speak) to you all day. We’re trying
2____________ (book) a table at that new Chinese restaurant tonight. Would you
like to come too?
Ca r l a : Thanks, I ’d really like to, but I was intending 3__........ ............(start) work on my
monthly sales report tonight.
T h o m a s : You’re a real w orkaholic!
Ca r l a : Of course I want 4____________ (go) out with you all tonight, but I really have
to get this report done. I ’m sorry it means 5____________ (miss) dinner with you
guys.
T h o m a s : Well, perhaps next time then.
Ca r l a : Yes, and please don’t fo rg e t6____________ (give) me as much notice as possible
beforehand so I can keep the evening free.
T h o m a s : OK! But the trouble with you, Carla, is that you never stop 7____________
(work). You should remember 8........ ........ .......(have) some fun sometimes.
If you go on 9______ _____ (work) like you do at the moment, you’ll start
10____________ (get) really stressed. You’ll become ill, and you’ll look back and
regret 1________
__________(miss out) on your social life. It happened to a friend
of mine - at first it was just stress at work but then in the end he went on
12 _ (have) a nervous breakdown.
Ca r l a : Oh, come on. Stop 13____________ (be) so dramatic. I don’t enjoy 14__________
(take) work home like tonight, it’s just that I like 15.. .....................(finish) my
reports on time.

Sectio n s 20 C o m p le t e t h is e m a il w i t h t h e co rr ec t f o r m o f t h e v e r b , e it h e r -ing or to + i n fi n it iv e . T his

A , C, u n i t 19 e x e rcis e inclu d e s s o m e r evisio n o f u n it 19.

To... customerservice @ gamesworid

Send Su b jec t: your policy re old video games

1am writing to complain about your chan ge of policy re old video games. I have been buying games
from you for many years, and I really liked the fact that you allowed customers 1 t o tra d e in (trade

ll
in) their old ga mes for credit towards new ones. However, I have now found out that you have stopped
2 (do) this. For me, this means 3______________(lose) a lot of value - I bought the ga mes
from you on the expectation that I could trade them in. When I visited your store last week I had two old
ga mes with me, and your salesman refused 4_____________ (acce pt) them. This was very annoying, as
I had even remembered 5_____________ (bring) the receipts with me.
I ca n ’t help 6_____________ (think) that you will lose a lot of business if you go on 7______________(do)
this. As a gamer, I strongly advise you 8_____________ (go back) to the old system of part - exchange -
otherwise you will just encourage people 9_____________ (move) to online gaming. In fact, many of my
friends who used to buy from your stores are already beginning 10_____________ (do) this.
Frant z Christensen
 20 V e r b + -in g o r i n f i n i t i v e 2

Tasks
p e a kin g: lis t e n 1 Q 2 0 Yo u a re g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.
an d rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

'I n t h e seco n d q uart er, w h e n t he m a r k e t B a n k of A m e ric a's a c q uisiti o n of M e rrill

began t o go d own, w e be gan sellin g so m e of Lynch sta n ds o u t as an e x a m ple of t h e ce n t ra l
t h e e q uity p osition in o ur f u n d. I t drop pe d proble m in m a ny fa ile d m e r g e rs. T h e co m p a ny
t o aro u n d 7 0 % and w e held t he re m a in d er c u lt u re s o f t he t w o fir m s si m ply w e r e n't
in c a s h . T h a t w ay, I w a s a ble t o mini mi z e t he c o m p a tib le . M a n y a t M e r rill resent e d being
i m p a ct o f t h e d o w n t u rn / a cq uire d b eca use t h e y f e lt su p erior t o a nyon e
Asiaw eek website a t a co m m e rcia l b an k .
Forbes website

W ritin g : 3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e v e r b f o r m g iv e n in b rac k e ts.

p e rs o n a li z e d 1(-ing) l rp m p m hpr q oin q fo r m y first jo b in te rvie w a fte r u n iversity
p r a c tic e to w a te r th e p la n t in th e o ffice
2 (to + inf) l m i ist r p m p m h p r

3 ( -ing) I'll never forg et _________ ______________

4 (to + inf) Sorry - 1 f org o t _ __ - _ ____
5 ( -ing) Is there a proble m? W h y d on't you try _______ ____
6 (to + inf) 1 k n ow it w o n't be easy, but you could try _________________
7 ( -ing) You're a big boy now. It's time t ha t you stopped . . ................. ....... .....
8 (to + inf) I'll catch up with you. 1 need t o stop for a mo ment - .. _______
9 ( -ing) The situation is impossible. W e ca n't go on . ______________
1 0 (to + inf) After joining t he co m pany as a sales consultant, she w e n t o n .... .............. .

Re h e a rsal f o r 4 Lo o k a g a in a t s ectio n D o n p a g e 86. N o w c o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ce s w i t h a p a st p a rticip le .

th e real w o rld -| | dislike being ask e d to a tte n d m eetin gs a t such sh o rt n o tice
2 I ca n't imagine b e in g - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 Not again I I keep on b e i n g - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4 If w e continue like this, w e risk b e i n g_____________________
5 Your results this year have been excellent. You deserve t o be
6 A t my performance review meeting I e x pect to b e _________
7 I need regular fee d back from you. I w a n t to b e ____________
The restaurant is very busy. We'll have t o w ait to be .

If y o u are w o r k i n g in class, ch o o s e so m e s e n t e n c e s t o re a d a lo u d . A s k a n d a n s w e r q u es ti o n s.
 Verbs and objects
A Tra nsitiv e ve rbs D Verb + t w o o b je cts
Transitive verbs are followed by an object. This information Some verbs can have two objects: an indirect object (IO) - a
is shown in dictionaries with the letter [T]. The object can person who receives something - and a direct object (DO)
take a variety of forms. - the thing received.
noun: I really appreciate you r help. After a lot of negotiation they offered (IO) us (DO) a b etter deal.
pronoun: It's too expensive - I can't afford it. They paid (IO) the consultants (DO) a lot o f m oney.
reflexive pronoun: I enjoyed m y s e l f yesterday. It took (IO) m e (DO) a lon g tim e to und ersta nd .
clause: I decided (that) it was too risky. Verbs like this include:
Note that you do not have it as an object if you already have
a that clause. award, bring, buy, cause, cost, email, fine, give, hand, leave,
lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, promise, read, refuse, sell, send,
I doubt it. /
show, take, teach, tell, write
I doubt (that) their idea w ill work. /
(But NOT I doubt it-their idea -wilt work)
E V erb + t w o ob je cts: th e use o f to
B In tra nsit iv e v e rbs Notice that in the examples above we do not use to.
Intransitive verbs do not take an object. This information is NOT they offered to us a better deal
shown in dictionaries with the letter [I]. NOT thoy-paid to the consultants
H er flig h t has arrived. / With most of the verbs in the previous list you can put the
H er flig h t arrives at Heathrow. / direct object first, and in this case you do use to + indirect
(But NOT Her flight arrives Heathrow.) object.
O ur sales in Turkey fell. V They offered (DO) a better deal (IO) to ou r competitors.
O ur sales fe ll last year. / They paid (DO) a lot of money (IO) to th e consultants who
(But NOT Our company foil its sales last year.) ca m e h e r e last month.
Common intransitive verbs include: This structure is also common when both objects are
pronouns.
ache, appear, arrive, come, depart, disappear, exist, fall, go, They offered (DO) it (IO) to us.
graduate, happen, live, occur, rain, remain, rise, sleep, stay, talk,
Some verbs must have to + indirect object. They cannot have
wait, walk, work
the structure in section D above.
She explained (DO) th e situation (IO) to me.
C V erbs w it h bo th [T] and [I] fo rm s (NOT explained mo the situation)
Many verbs can have both a transitive and an intransitive I suggested (DO) an alternative (IO) to them.
form. This information is shown in dictionaries with the (NOT suggested them an alternative)
letters [I/T], Verbs like this include:
I opened the door. The door opened.
We began the meeting. The meeting began. admit, announce, demonstrate, describe, explain, introduce,
We increased sales. Sales increased. mention, propose, prove, recommend, repeat, report, say, suggest
Sometimes the transitive and intransitive meanings are
different.
F V erb + t w o ob je cts u sing fo r
recover [T] = get back something
With some verbs we use fo r to introduce the indirect object,
We recovered everything that was lost.
not to.
recover [I] = return to normal after a difficulty
I'll reserve (IO) us (DO) a table.
The housing market is slowly recovering.
I'll reserve (DO) a table (IO) f o r six people.
pick up [T] = collect in a car
Verbs like this include:
He's gone to pick up M r Chen from the airport.
pick up [I] = improve bring, build, buy, change, charge, choose, cook, do, fin d , get,
Sales picked up slightly last month. keep, leave, make, order, prepare, reserve, save

90
 T \ Me r b s a n d o b \ e O s

Ex ercises
Sectio n s A, B 21.1 Tick ( / ) t h e s e n t e n ce s t h a t a re co rr ec t a n d cross ( / ) t h e o n e s t h a t are incorrect.
1 The co m pany needs. m 9 There exists a problem.
2 My tooth aches. 10 There is a problem.
3 The box contains. 11 The co m pany is growing.
4 It's finally happened. 12 The co m pany is cutting.
5 I've really enjoyed. 13 He reminded.
6 I waited. 14 He remembered.
7 I waited hours. 15 I got.
8 I wait e d t he bus. 16 W h a t did you g e t?

Sectio n A 2 1 . 2 If t h e s e n t e n c e is correct, p u t a tic k ( / ). If t h e s e n t e n c e h as a w o r d t h a t sh o u ld n o t b e

t h e re , cross it o u t.
1 I believe it that t he n ew version of this software is much better.
2 O ur prices ca n't be beaten - w e guarantee it.
3 W e guarantee it our prices ca n't be beaten.
4 I hear that they're building a n e w shopping centre.
5 I hear it they're building a n e w shopping centre.
6 Here's the invoice - please check it carefully.
7 Please check it that t he figures are correct.
8 Thanks for all your help - I really appreciate it.

S e c t i o n s A , B, C 2 1 . 3 Tick ( / ) t h e s e n t e n ce s t h a t a re c orrect a n d cross (X) t h e o n e s t h a t are in correct.

Unfortunately w e had t o increase our prices. 0
Unfortunately w e had to raise our prices.
Unf ortunat ely w e had to rise our prices.
Last quarter w e fell our advertising budget.
Last quarter w e cut our advertising budget.
I've been studying the co m pany for t w o years.
I've been wor kin g the co m pany for tw o years.
I've been wor kin g at the co m pany for t w o years.
If t he CEO leaves, w h o will run
the co m p any?
10 If the CEO leaves, w h a t will happen
t he co m p any?
11 If t he CEO leaves, w h a t will happen
t o t he co m p a ny?
12 I've always lived Paris.
13 I've always liked Paris.
14 The airport shuttle leaves t he hotel
every half hour.
15 The airport shuttle arrives t he hotel
every half hour.
16 They told t hat t he order was being
shipped this week.
 Ex ercises
Sectio n s 2 1 . 4 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t w o r d s.
A , B, C, D , E 1 He len t m e/lent to me the article ab out Turkey from The Economist.
2 I'm going to suggest them /suggest to them t ha t w e postpone t he meeting.
3 They promised me/ promised to me a full refund if I w as n't satisfied.
4 A t to morrow's press conference she's going to announce the journalists the news/ announce the news
to the journalists.
5 I explained them / explained to them t hat I w as just following co m pany policy.
6 This delay is causing us problems/causing problems to us.
7 Maria ate here last we e k and reco mmended me the fish /the fish to me.
8 I described them the whole situation / the whole situation to them.
9 C han ging suppliers will cost us/cost to us a lot of time and money.
10 I reported to the technician the fault/the fault to the technician.

S e c t i o n s D, E 2 1 . 5 Pu t t h e w o r d s a n d p hra ses in t o t h e co rr ec t o r d e r t o m a k e a s e n t e n ce .
1 I/to Louisa from marketing / lent / my Macmillan dictionary.
I le n t m y M acm illa n d ictio n a ry to Lo uisa fro m m ark etin g
2 I/Louisa from marketing / lent / my Macmillan dictionary.
I __________________________________________________________________
3 I/an email / them/sent / yesterday.
I__________________________________________________________________
4 I/an email / to their customer services/sent /yesterday.
I __________________________________________________________________
5 l /reported / to t he technician / the fault.
I __________________________________________________________________
6 l /reported / to him/ the fault.
I __________________________________________________________________
7 l / him/the display model that's been in t he showroom / sold.
I __________________________________________________________________
8 I/to a man w h o ca me in this morning / the display model /sold.

S e c t i o n s D, E, F C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h to or fo r.
1 I've sent the art wor k 1 ° t he printers and left a copy f£ L you on your desk.
2 Can you give this n o t e ________Ja n and ask him t o make some c o f f e e________ our visitors?
3 I've prepared a report the Board meeting. Here, I'll show i t ________you.
4 Please write a l e t t e r________our gas supplier and save a c o p y________ our files.
5 I w a n t to leave this p a c k a g e________him. Perhaps you could tak e i t ________ him?
6 I'll bring some sa m ple s________t he o f fic e________ you.
7 She d escrib e d________me h ow they chose the lo ca tio n________ their n e w factory.
8 Hand t he d oc u m e n t s_______ my secretary and she'll keep t h e m ............. me.

92
 21 V e r b s a n d o b j e cts

Tasks
p e a k in g : lis t e n 1 * 21 Yo u a re g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.
and rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t ur a l.

A bigg er t es t o f A sia n g over n m e n ts' resolve t o shift I w a n t t o sug g est a n ew f e a t u r e t o t h e t e a m a t

t he b a la n c e o f grow t h fro m e x p orts t o w a r d s d o m estic G o o gle w h o p ro g ra m a nd design A dSe n s e . Is
spending is w h e t h e r t h e y w ill a ll o w t h e ir e x ch an ge t h e re a w a y t o c o n t a c t t h e m or p ost my id e a
ra t es t o rise. A re va lu a tio n w o uld lif t co ns u m ers' s o m e w h e re? It 's r e a lly f r u s t r a t in g me t h a t t h ey
real p urch asin g p ower an d give fir m s reaso n t o shift d o n't h ave t his f e a t u r e, so I'd lik e t o bring it t o
reso urces t o w a r d s p rod ucin g f o r t he d o m estic m a r k e t. t h e ir a tt e n tio n so m e how.
Bu t, so far, p olicy m a k ers h ave been r e lu c t a n t t o let Google website
cu rre n cie s rise t o o f as t.
The Econom ist website

W ritin g : 3 Lo o k a g a in a t sectio n B o n p a g e 90. N o w m a k e s e n t e n c e s usin g t h e w o r d s in b r ac k e ts a n d

p e rs o n a li z e d y o u r o w n id e as. Y o u m a y h a v e t o c h a n g e t h e o r d e r o f t h e w o r d s.
p r a c tic e (aches, my back) M y back re a lly aches - I n e e d a m assag e!
(hurts, my back) D oin g th e g ard e n in g h urts m y back.
(fall, p rofits)_______________________________________________
(cut, t he b u d g e t)_____ ______________________________________
(happen, the accident in the f a c t o ry).
(cause, the accident in the f ac t o ry)__
(rise, my sala ry)__________ 1________
(raise, my sa la ry)__________________

4 Lo o k a g a in a t s ectio n D a n d s ectio n E o n p a g e 90. Use t h e w o r d s in b ra c k e ts a n d y o u r o w n

id e a s t o w r i t e t w o s e n t e n ce s w i t h t h e o b je ct s in a d i f f e r e n t o r d e r e ach ti m e .
9 (she, give, me, instruction manual)
a 1 c o u ld n 't fig u re o u t w h a t to do, so she g ave m e th e in stru ctio n m an u al.
b 1 co u ld n't fig u re o u t w h a t to do, so she g ave th e in stru ctio n m a n u al to me.
10 (bank, lend, €50.000. company)
a _____________________________________________________________________________
b _____________________________________________________________________________
11 (save, delicious - lookino cake, me)
a _____________________________________________________________________________
b _____________________________________________________________________________
12 (local aaent. find, us. better distribution channel)
a _____________________________________________________________________________
b _____________________________________________________________________________
13 (show, me, factory, on my last visit to Poland)
a _____________________________________________________________________________
b _____________________________________________________________________________
14 (pay, 2 5 % . us. upfront)
a _____________________________________________________________________________
 Phrasal verbs 1
A U n d e rst a n d ing phrasa l v erbs hold up (cause a delay)
Verbs are often followed by particles like back, off, through, up, keep down (prevent from increasing)
etc. The word 'particle' means adverb or preposition. lay off (dismiss, stop employing)
Sometimes both verb and particle have their normal look up (find information in a book or list)
meanings. Other times there is a new meaning when the verb pick up (collect in a car)
and particle are put together. Compare: point out (tell, indicate something important)
roll out (introduce a new product)
It took 20 minutes to g o t h rou g h passport control.
set up (start, establish)
(normal meaning)
shut down (close, stop operating)
Can we g o th rou g h your proposal again?
sort out (organize, put right, find a solution)
(new meaning = 'look at something carefully')
take on (accept work/responsibility; employ)
A phrasal verb is where there is a special meaning of take over (take control of)
verb + particle together. These verbs are common in throw away (get rid of, waste an opportunity)
informal English. turn down (refuse, say 'no' to)
Often one phrasal verb can have several different meanings, turn on / off (start/stop a piece of equipment)
and the correct one is only clear from the context.
1 D on't worry, I'll d e a l w it h it. W ill you back me up in the meeting?
(= take action) H ey! C heck out this cool nezv design.
2 We deal m ainly with German companies. O ur lawyers w ill draw up a new contract.
(= do business with) We t u rn e d down their offer. It was too low.
3 The report deals with our future strategy.
(= be about) C Inse p arab le p hrasa l v e rbs
With some phrasal verbs we cannot separate the two parts.
B Se p ara b le phrasa l v erbs See the list below. Those marked with an asterisk* do not
With some phrasal verbs we can separate the two parts. have objects.
If the object is a noun, we can put it before or after the
particle. break down* (stop working)
Could you f ill this form in, please? call on (visit for a short time)
OR Could you f ill in this form, please? check in* (register, report your arrival)
come across (find by chance)
If the object is a pronoun (me, you, it, etc.) it must come
come in* (interrupt a discussion)
before the particle.
do without (manage without)
Could you f ill it in, please? end up* (be somewhere after doing something)
(NOT fill in it) enter into (start a formal discussion or activity)
Here is a list of separable phrasal verbs commonly used in fa ll through* (fail to happen)
business, and their approximate meanings: file fo r (officially ask a court for something)
get into (start enjoying, start discussing)
back up (give support to, provide evidence for) go into (start a type of job, talk about in detail)
bring in (use the skills of a person or group) hold on* (wait a moment)
bring out (start to sell a new product) look after (take care of)
call off (decide an event will not happen, cancel) look into (investigate, examine the facts)
check out (look at something to see if you like it) look through (search among a lot of things)
draw up (think about and then write) pay off* (bring some benefit, repay in full)
drop off (take to a place in a car and leave) take up (use an amount of time or space)
figure out (be able to understand; solve) take off* (suddenly become successful)
f ill in / out (complete by writing information) turn out* (how something develops or ends)
fin d out (discover a fact) turn up* (arrive)
give up (stop doing, quit)
hand in (give something to a person in authority) I couldn't do w ithout my secretary.
head up (be in charge of a group, team, etc.) Both sides must e n t e r into serious negotiations.
They are going to f il e f o r bankruptcy.
94 I'm sorry to take up so much of your time.
 22 Ph r a s a l v e r b s 1

Ex ercises
S e c t i o n s B, C 2 2 .1 C h o os e t h e b est v e r b f ro m A , B, C or D b e lo w .
1 She left the co m pany to J L up her own business.
A create B put C set D take
2 Here are some figures t h a t _____ up w h a t I've been saying.
A put B back C support D turn
3 This is a great opportunity. W e can't j u s t_____ it all away.
A remove B get C take D t hrow
4 I might need some help. I've n e v e r_____ across a situation like this before.
A come B been C foun d D looked
5 Their long - term strategy is in crisis. The merger h a s_____ t hrough.
A gone B fallen C ended D passed
6 W e w on the contract. Congratulations! All your hard w or k re ally_____ off.
A went B brought C t oo k D paid
7 He started as a salesman a n d _____ up as t he CEO of t he same company.
A went B got C ended D picked
8 After a relatively slow start in May, sales re ally_____ off in June.
A too k B went C rolled D launched

S e c t i o n s A , B, C 2 2 .2 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ce s w i t h a p h ra sa l v e r b t h a t m e a n s t h e sa m e as t h e w o r d s in
b rac k e ts. T h e p a rt icle h as b e e n g iv e n t o h el p y o u .
1 Did you out w h y t hey have n't paid their invoice? (discover)
2 Can y o u _________ on here until I get back? (wait a moment)
3 There's another w a y to finance the deal. I'm going t o __________into it. (investigate)
4 You need t o __________out this customs declaration, (co mplete by writing)
5 Rita is in reception. Can y o u __________wit h it? I'm really busy, (take action)
6 You need determination to succeed. D o n 't__________up n ow! (quit)
7 Wh e n he retires his son w i l l__________over t he business, (take control of)
8 I'd like you t o ................up t he design t ea m for t he n e w model, (be in charge of)
9 If Bob Pinker arrives, could y o u __________aft er him until I return? (take care of)
10 This job is going t o __________ up most of t he morning, (use an a mou nt of time)

S e c t i o n s B, C 2 2 .3 U n d e rli n e all t h e p o ssib le w o r d or d e rs fr o m t h e f o u r a lt e r n a t iv e s . So m e t i m e s t w o a re

p ossible , s o m e ti m e s t h r e e a re p ossible.
1 I'm too busy to deal with this/ deal this with / deal with it/ deal it with right now.
2 I'm going to look up the inform ation /look the inform ation up /look up it/look it up on the Internet.
3 In t he current econo mic climate w e're trying t o keep down our costs/ keep our costs down / keep down
them / keep them down as much as possible.
4 I could n't do with out my BlackBerry / do my BlackBerry without/ do with out it/do it without.
 Ex ercises
S e c t i o n s A , B, C 2 C o m p le t e t h e m e m o w i t h p h ras al v e r b s fro m t h e b o x t h a t m e a n t h e sa m e as t h e w o r d s in
b rac k e ts. T w o v e r b s n e e d a n -ing f o r m .

bring out call off call on check in d raw up drop off

g et into hold up look through pick up sort out turn up

Memo
S/ mon - I V leaving -for 'Be.ne.lM to n icjh t. 1 k ere are, a -few) thin g s I need
upu t o do uMile, I’ m amau:

1 Mr YarmYuzka
Mr Yam anaka miII be arrivin q a t + ke a ir p o rt a t 10.56 on T hursday
mom/n<j. Can upu 1 P /c^ k/'rn UP (collect by car) -from. + kere and
2 k / m_______ (take in a car and leave) a t k/s ko + el? He’s sta q in q
a t + ke M«rr/o-H-. Perh a ps i\ou could also be mith k/'rn. j&s- f t o ru.ake s&re
-fkere are. no problems 3_____________ (registering), e bc. A - fber tW a t ke
c.an op +o k/s room, and -fresken «p. i’ll probabl/ j 4____________
(arrive) b k ere around 1.00 pm and mill call k/s room, -from recepb / on.

Z Spain trip
l’m +r^m^ t o 5____________ (organi ze) + ke itin e r a ry -for m^ +r/p bo
S p ain n e x t mon +k. Can upu 6____________ (think about then write) a l/s+
o-f all our Sptfn /sk cas + omers bi\ 7_____________(searching) our cu sto m er
a cco u n ts d ata b ase.? I’d l/ke bo know) etf«c +l^ «)ko I need t o
8_____________ (visit) «jk/le I’m th e re .

3 P t d J& c. + Itfzmck
As <yo,u kno«), «)e «)er& qoinq t o 9_____________(start to sell) o ar XJfc
model netfb mon +k - /'b’s b ke replace m e nt t o + ke Xd5. zMn-for+imtf +el/j
pro d uctio n issues are, ^oin^ t o 10_____________ (delay) -Fke U&nck b^ « +
le«s + s/vr meeks. £k -for + £m«bel^ bk/s me«ns -fk«+ me- mill Wave, t o
11_____________ (cancel) tWe Uimck e ve n t. Wken I’ m b«ck m -fke o-f-f/ce
«)e need +o 12_____________ (start discussing) d e ta ils re mWo -to c o n t a c t
a b o u t bk/S. Can upu £j/ve i t Some -fkoii^kb?

TTwnks, Grace

S e c t i o n s B, C 2! C o m p le t e t his e x t r a c t fro m a n e w s p a p e r a rt icle b y ch o o sin g t h e co rr ect p a rt icle fro m

t h o s e in t h e b rac k e ts.

New crisis at eTravel

Online travel site eTravel announced yesterday that not enough to make the company profitable. Now
revenues were down 15% on the same period last they are going to bring 3.................. (up/through/in) an
year. Earlier in the year eTravel laid 1_________ (off/ outside consultancy firm who will take 4_________
up/out) a quarter of its staff in a bid to keep costs (through/up/on) the task of finding areas for further
_________ (off/down/out), but these measures were cost savings while creating a viable long-term strategy.

96
 22 Ph r a s a l v e r b s 1

Tasks
S p e a k in g : lis t e n 1 f t 2 2 Yo u a re g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p hrases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.
and rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it s o u n d n a t u r a l.

En t r e p r e n e u rs fig ure d o u t y e a rs a go t h ey Ev e n in a slo w eco n o m y, Pr o c t e r an d G a m b le ends

could m a k e a p ro fit by t a k in g on so m e o f t h e up doing a lo t o f a ir f r e i g h t . T h e slug gish eco n o m ic
t as k s t h a t businesses d o n't lik e - m ana gin g cli m a t e h a s n't had a m a jo r i m p a ct on Pr o c t e r and
an e m p lo y e r's p a yro ll, keeping up w it h t a x G a m b l e's e x press ship pin g stra t e g ies. I f an o b je ct
p ay m e n ts, b e ne fits d e d uctio ns an d t he like. needs t o move f ast , it goes by e x press. I t m ig ht
Today, a n ew bree d of o utso urcin g s p ecia list be a nyt hin g fr o m d ocu m e n ts t o r a w m a t e ri a ls (i f
is o ff erin g t o t a k e over t h e e n tir e fin a n ci a l so m e thin g is needed a t a p la n t q u ic k ly f o r finishe d
o p era tio n of its clie n ts - e ss e n tia lly ev eryt hin g p ro d uc ts) t o g e ttin g an ite m t o m a r k e t f o r sale or
below t h e level o f t he C hie f F in a n ci a l Officer. p ro m otio n.
C N N Money website WorldTrade Magazine website

W ritin g : 3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h a p h ra s al v e r b f ro m s ec ti o n B o n p a g e 94.
p e rs o r ^ i vVe d on't have t hat kind of specialized expertise. We'll need to bring m an
p r a c tic e external management consultant
2 Can you help me t o set up this spreadsheet? I ca n't fi g u r e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3 Can I introduce you to A n gela Hoogst ad? She heads

4 Times are hard, and the co m pany is going t o have to lay

5 W e have some great n ew products. In t he autu mn w e'r e going t o roll

6 He's a real entrepreneur. He set

7 I'll join you later. First I have t o sort -

8 Wh e n he retires, his son will probably take

4 C o n tin u e as b e f o r e , usin g a p h ra sa l v e r b fro m s ec ti o n C o n p a g e 94.

9 Here's a very interesting article which I c a m e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

10 If w e carry on like this, w e're going to end

11 Recently I've really been getting

I never k n e w a b out it before.
12 All our hard w or k will p a y .

13 Can I have a quick w o r d? I k n ow you're busy, and I d o n't w a n t to take

14 The project was not very well defined initially, but everything turned
 Phrasal verbs 2
A Phrasal v e rb + pre p osit io n + ob je ct C Particle m e a n ings in phrasa l v e rbs
Many phrasal verbs can be used either alone or followed by Each particle has a range of meanings, sometimes literal
a preposition + object. but often metaphorical. The categories below are based on
A n y more comments? O K, shall we m ove on? Macm illan Phrasal Verbs Plus.

S hall we move on to th e n ex t item on the agenda? Increasing and decreasing

up: Can you speak up. please?
Here is a list of common phrasal verbs of this type, and their
out: We're branching out into cosmetics.
approximate meanings:
down: We need to cut down on waste.

back out (of) (refuse to do something you agreed to do) Communication

bring something forward (to) (change to an earlier time) across: What message do you want to get across?
carry on (with ) (continue doing) through: I tried to call but I couldn't get through.
catch up (with ) (reach the same place as) Exploring and revealing information
cut back / down (on) (reduce, do less of) into: I won't go into details right now.
f it in (with ) (be part of a group or plan) out: I need to fin d out the truth.
get along / on (with ) (be friendly with) up: I'd like to bring up the issue of costs.
get on (with ) (continue after an interruption) Checking and reviewing
get through (to) (succeed in reaching by phone) over: Can I just go over that again?
keep up (with ) (know the latest things about) through: Could you look through these figures?
move on (to) (begin doing another thing)
Time - past and future
put something back / off (to / u n til) (change to a later time)
back: I'd like to go back to what you said before.
put someone through (to) (connect by phone)
ahead: Let's think ahead to next year.
run out (of) (finish a supply of)
forward: I look forward to seeing you in Paris.
sit in (on) (attend a meeting as an observer)
stand in (for) (substitute for) Progress
ahead: They are pressing ahead with the reforms.
along: The building work is coming along nicely.
Your idea f i t s in nicely with our existing plans.
on: She just kept on u n til the job was finished.
I try to k ee p up with developments in my field.
through: We have a lot of work to get through.
Sandra is sta nd in g in f o r Mike while he's away.
behind: I'v e fallen behind with my work.
Involvement in an activity
B Phrasal v erbs w it h t w o p art icles
in: Are you all going fo r lunch? Can I join in ?
Some phrasal verbs have two particles, and both must be into: We're tryin g to break into that market.
used. The parts are usually not separable. Here is a list of away: I'v e been slaving away in the kitchen.
verbs of this type: out: We've pulled out of that market.
come in fo r (receive criticism or blame) Preventing problems
come up with (think of an idea or plan) around: W e'll work around the problem somehow.
face up to (deal with a bad situation) aside: We need to put aside our differences.
f a ll back on (do something else after other things have off: Keep off the grass.
failed) Completeness
get back to (speak or phone again later) up: The next slide sums up my whole presentation.
get around to (finally do something) Ending
go along with (accept existing decisions) away: The snow just melted away.
put up with (accept something unpleasant in a patient off: They broke off negotiations.
way) ; out: We've sold out of size 14.
up: H e ’s just broken up with his girlfriend.
In a few phrasal verbs there are two particles which can be
Relationships
separated.
together: Let's all get together after work.
We can pla y one supplier o ff a ga in st another. up: Let's meet up fo r lunch some time.
She pu ts her success dow n to hard work.
Happiness and unhappiness
I'v e decided to take you up on your offer.
up: Cheer up I Things are looking up!
down: The cold weather was getting me down.
98
 23 Ph r a s a l v e r b s 2

Ex ercises
Sectio n s A, B 23 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h o n e w o r d f ro m list A a n d o n e w o r d fro m list B.

A: along back m in out up B: f or on of wit h with with

1 It's not just a question of choosing a candidate with t he right experience. They also have to fit
in t he co m pany culture.
2 O ur office is a friendly place. I g e t _____________________ just about everyone.
3 W e have t o make a decision. W e'r e beginning t o run _____ ______ time.
4 If it's not successful, w e can always f a l l_____________________ plan B.
5 The situation is changing so fast I find it hard t o keep _________________ what's happening.
6 He c a m e ____________________ a lot of criticism after taking t hat decision.

A: along back d own through up up B: on to to to with with

7 I'm sorry, I'm going to be a w ay next wee k. Can w e put t he meeting _________ ________ _the
following w e e k?
8 W e might have t o wit h d ra w this product from t he market and f a c e _____________________ the fact
that it hasn't been such a great success.
9 He agreed t o go ___ ________ our decision, but n o w he spends t he w h ole time complaining
and criticizing.
10 I'm starting t o get a bit overweight. I'm going t o have to tak e more exercise and c u t __________
_________ alcohol and fatty food.
11 W e will all have to p u t_____________________ the noise of t he building wor k until t he extension is
finished.
12 I've been trying t o get - ________________ Miguel all morning, but it keeps going t o his voicemail.

Sectio n C 2 3 . 2 Re a d s e n t e n c e s 1 - 6 a n d t h i n k c a r e f u lly a b o u t t h e m e a n in g o f t h e p a rt icle 'u p ' in e ach o n e.

Re m e m b e r t h a t t h e m e a n in g m ig h t b e m e t a p h o ric a l, n o t lit e ra l. T h e n m a tch e a ch use o f 'u p ' t o
m e a n in g s a - f b e lo w .
1 The Turkish market is opening up f or n e w investment.
2 W e need more ink for the printer. It's nearly used u p.
3 A key goal f or t he bank is t o build up their asset mana ge me nt business. Q
4 Ma ny technical issues have co m e up in t he negotiations.
5 It's going t o tak e the m a long time t o catch up with their competitors.
6 This project will tie up all our resources for wee ks and weeks.

a) increase in a mou nt
b) arise / appear
c) do / finish something completely
d) restrict, prevent or fasten
e) start to happen
f) move closer to something

"Coles, we’ve decided to cut back on people named Coles.”

 Ex ercises
S e ctio n s A, B, C 2 3 .3 C o m p le t e t his e m ail e x t r a c t f ro m a fin a n cia l a d vis o r t o his cli e n t w i t h t h e p a rticle s in t h e
b o x . Y o u w ill n e e d t o g u ess s o m e a n s w e rs f ro m t h e co n t e x t.

back behind d own in on up

Unfortunately, since I last contacted you the value of stocks has come 1_d o w n__ significantly in all
global markets. In addition, there are increasing signs of inflation, and Central Banks are starting to put
2„ ............. interest rates. Investors are nervous, and it is likely that market volatility will carry
3__________ Your own portfolio is weighted towards the financial sector, and this sector has fallen even
further 4__________the general market. In the current climate we recommend that you c u t 5- - - - - - - - -
on your exposure to this sector and switch to energy and infrastructure instead. These areas will fit
6__________nicely with the rest of your portfolio.

S e c t i o n s A , B, C 2 3 .4 C o m p le t e t h e t e l e p h o n e call w i t h p h rasal v e r b s in t h e b o x t h a t m e a n t h e sa m e as t h e
w o r d s in b rac k e ts. Yo u w ill n e e d t o g u ess so m e a n s w e rs fro m t h e co n t e x t.

breaking up cut off get back to get through go ahead

go over hold on look into put throu gh sort out

Re c e pt io n is t : Good morning, Media Solutions, how can I help you?

Der ek : Can you 1 p u t me th ro u g h (connect) to Christine Moreau, please?
Re c e pt io n is t : Of course, hold the line. ... I ’m sorry, caller, I can’t 2—-------------------------
(succeed in reaching her) at the moment, the line’s busy.
Der ek : Can I leave a message?
Re c e pt io n is t : Of course. J u s t 3__________________ (wait) a second while I look
for a pen. R ig h t,4__________________ (continue).
Der ek : My name is Derek Richardson, from Weston Security. Ms Moreau wanted
me to 5__________________ (investigate) the cost of installing an alarm
system for your premises. I said I ’d 8__________________ her today (phone
again later).
Re c e pt io n is t : Hello? Hello? I ’m sorry, you’re 7__________________ (separating into small
parts). Hello?
Der ek : Sorry about that. I ’m on a train and we were 8----------------------------
(disconnected). Yes, as I was saying, I ’ve managed to 9_________ something
____ ____ (organize). I wanted to talk to her directly, but perhaps I ’ll email
the quotation to her along with some other details about our services.
Re c e pt io n is t : Right, can I ju s t 10__________________ (check carefully) that again? Your
name is Derek Richardson, from Weston Security, and you’re going to
email some details about an alarm system.
De r ek : Yes, that’s right. Thank you for your help. Goodbye.

100
 23 Ph r a s a l v e r b s 2

Tasks
a k in g : lis t e n 1 % 2 3 Yo u a r e g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.
an d rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

Re t a il e rs a re cu tt in g b ac k on va rie ty. E x e c u tiv e s w ill h ave t o f a c e up t o in evit a ble ch an g es

F o r y e a rs su p e r m ar k e ts, d r u gst ores, and in t h e c o r p o r a t e g overn a nce o f t h e ir co m p a nies. One
disco u n t r e t a ile rs p ack e d t h e ir shelves such m e asure wo uld e n h a nce s h a r e h o ld e rs' a b ilit y to
w it h an ever - e x pan ding ran ge of p ro d ucts pro p ose a lt e r n a t iv e ca n d id a t e s t o m a n a g e m e n t's ch oice
in d if f e re n t bran ds, si z es, col ors, fla vo rs, o f d ir e ct o rs. A n o t h e r w o uld give t h e m a ch a nc e t o voice
f r a g r a n c e s a nd p rices. Now, t h o u g h, th ey t h e ir disa p p roval o f e x ecutive co m p e nsa tio n. A n d it is
b elieve less is m o r e . T h e y a re tryin g t o lik ely m ore co m p a nies w ill move t o split t he roles o f c h ie f
c a t e r t o b u d g et - co nscious sho p p ers w h o e x ecu tive an d c h a ir m a n , a move t h a t w ill help a d va nc e t he
w a n t t o si m p lif y sho p ping tri p s a nd stic k in d ep en d e nce of b oar ds fro m co m p a n y m a n a g e m e n ts.
t o f a m ili a r p rod ucts. F T website
W all S tre e t Jo u rn al website

W ritin g : 3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h a p h ra sa l v e r b fro m s ec ti o n A o n p a g e 98 a n d y o u r o w n id e as,

p e rs o n a li z e d Y o u w ill n e e d t o b e g in w i t h a p re p o sit io n + o b j ect.
p r a c tic e ^ ^ ^ can<t Qf the deal now. They would never do business with us again
2 I'm going t o be busy all morning. I need to carry on

3 Korean car manufacturers like Hyundai are trying hard t o catch up

4 In t he current econo mic climate w e're going t o have t o cut back .

5 He's a genius, but he's not really a t ea m player. I d on't think he'll fit in

6 I go to t he main annual conference in my field. I like t o keep up

7 That's all I have t o say ab out trends in t he market. N o w I'd like to move on

Our Mark eting Director is a w ay all this we e k , but I'm standing in

4 C o n tin u e as b e f o re , usin g a p h ras al v e r b fro m s ec ti o n B o n p a g e 98 a n d y o u r o w n id e as.

9 Their share price has fallen dramatically and t he CEO has co me i n - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

10 He's in a state of denial. Sooner or later he'll have t o face up

11 If her ideas f or becoming self - employed d on't wor k, she can always fall back

12 I need t o look into this to see what's happening. I'll get back

13 It's taken a long time, but this w e e k I've finally got around

14 I d on't thin k it's the right decision, but I'm going to go along
 i f The -ing form
A -ing fo rm in p re vio us u n its Be careful with the word to. Very often to is followed by an
infinitive. However, when to is a preposition it is followed by
The -ing form can be used in a variety of verb tenses: units
the -ing form in the normal way.
1- 8 .
Outdoor posters are an alternative to using expensive T V
The -ing form follows certain verbs: units 19-20.
advertisements.
A few verbs have to used as a preposition. Examples include:
B -ing fo rm as a noun
look forward to, object to, be used to, respond to.
The -ing form can be used as a noun, either as the subject or
I look fo r w a r d to seeing you next week.
the object.
(NOT to see)
M a r k e t i n g requires careful pla nn in g.
He r e s pond s well to working under pressure.
It can also be part of a noun phrase. (NOT to work)
G iv in g a s u ccessfu l p re s e n ta tion is closely related to the
enthusiasm of the presenter. E -in g fo rm used to b e gin a clause
-ing forms often begin items in a list, for example in job An -ing clause can give more information about a noun. This
descriptions and CVs: is like a defining relative clause (unit 29D).
A lot of the small mining companies op e ra tin g in Canada are
The job involves:
• Le a d in g a sales team of six people. likely to be taken over.
• E n s u r i n g that sales targets are met. (= companies which are operating)
• L ia isin g with senior managers. An -ing clause can give the reason for an action in the past.
I went over to him, t h ink in g h e was a sales assistant.
(= because I thought he was a sales assistant)
C -ing fo rm as an a d je c t iv e
An -ing clause can describe a background situation for
The -ing form can be used like an adjective, before a noun. another action.
We are a small m a nu fa c t u rin g com p a ny with about 50 C o m in g into w ork on th e m etro, I met Celia who used to
employees. work in Accounts.
There is a small group of adjectives which can have either (= while I was coming into work)
an -ing form or an -ed form. Examples include: bored / boring, An -ing clause can give more information about a verb. This
excited / exciting, interested /interesting, tired / tiring. is like an adverb.
The meeting was very in terestin g. I was in te re s te d in your She left the meeting, s m ilin g at th e size o f h e r bonus
comments about Cisco. p a y m e n t.
Adjectives ending -ing describe something we are reacting to (answers the question: 'how did she leave?')
(outside us).
Adjectives ending -ed describe our feelings (inside us). F -in g form : n e ga t iv e , p e rfe ct and passive
There is a negative form with not.
D -in g fo rm a f t e r p re p osit io ns I started the job no t kno w in g what to expect.
We use the -ing form after prepositions. There is a perfect form with having + past participle. This is
Walm art became successful by sellin g high volumes at low prices. used to refer to the past.
We never launch a new product w ithout doing extensive market H a v in g don e business with them myself, I know exactly what
research first. you mean.
Af t e r ivashin g the fru it, we sort it according to size and put it
There is a passive form with being + past participle.
into boxes.
I think your boss likes b e in g listen ed to.
Prepositions are often associated with particular verbs,
adjectives and nouns (units 47—49).
Success in this business d e p e nd s on having the right contacts.
I'd be very i n te re s te d in hearing your suggestions.
I need some advice on doing business in the Balkans.

102
 24 T h e -in g f o r m

Ex ercises
S e c t i o n s B, C 2 4 .1 M a t c h t h e b e g in n in g s o f s e n t e n c e s 1 - 6 w i t h t h e ir e n d in g s a - f.
1 Man ufacturing in the UK has been
2 In t he UK, t he service sector is much more important than the
3 Our manufacturing process
4 Car manufacturing in Poland is
5 Developing and promoting Poland's manufacturing base will
6 Developing manufacturing in Poland is a central part

a) manufacturing sector.
b) is n o w almost co mpletely auto mated.
c) in decline for many years.
d) of t he government's econo mic strategy.
e) concentrated in t he Katowice area.
f) need a lot of investment.

S e c t i o n s B, C 2 4 .2 For e ach s e n t e n c e in e x e rcise 24.1 a b o v e , d e cid e if t h e w o r d ' m a n u f a c t u r i n g ' is a n o u n or

a n a d j e c tiv e .
Noun: l £ ______ ______ Adjective: i l . ______ ______

Se ctio n C 2 4 .3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h a d j e ct iv e s f o r m e d f ro m t h e -ing f o r m o f t h e v e r b s in
t h e bo x .

confuse cut last meet sell tif e wear w elco m e

1 I'm going t o t ak e a long bath - it's been a very tirin g day.

2 There's a _____________ point in front of t he ticket office. I'll see you there a t six.
3 Her presentation w as a li t tl e_____________ a t times.
4 This carpet is very hard-_____________ , and so it will be very long- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5 The n ew reception area should b e __ :__________ , not cold and formal like before.
6 O ne of the stron g est_____________ points of this machine is i t s______________ - edge technology. W e
have a patent on it and you w o n't find it anywhere else.

Se ctio n D 2 4 . 4 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t w o r d s.
1 Thanks for calling, and I hope to m eeting / m eet you next week.
2 Thanks for calling, and I look f orward t o meeting / m eet you next week.
3 I'm expecting t o taking /take the train t o wor k w h e n I move t o my n e w house.
4 I d on't object t o taking /take t he train, but I prefer coming to wor k by car.
5 In my sum mer holidays I used t o working / work at a cafe on t he beach.
6 I can help you with your spreadsheet - I'm used t o working / work with Excel.
 Ex ercises
Se ctio n D C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s b y ch o o sin g a p r e p o sit io n fro m list A f o ll o w e d b y a n -in g f o r m
f ro m list B.

A: aft ef before by instead of of wit ho ut

B: being going Icoving raising using taking over

1 A ft e r le a v in g university I wor k e d in IT recruitment for a while.

2 I w as a w a r e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - very nervous at t he start of my talk.
3 Vo d af on e g r e w - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - local operators.
4 on, I'd like you t o look at one more thing on this slide.
5 W e could switch t o open source s o f t w a r e___________________________ Microsoft Office.
6 It's almost impossible t o reduce in fl a tio n___________________________ interest rates.

Se ctio n E 2 4 . 6 Cross o u t e i t h e r t w o or t h r e e u n n e c e ss a ry w o r d s in e ach s e n t e n ce .

1 A lot of t he firms w bk b are developing tidal energy are based in Scotland.
2 While - 4 -was listening to his presentation, I started to think about the lunch menu.
3 The w o m a n w h o is replacing Kay Wal k er used to wor k at O mnicom.
4 The thing t hat is worrying me most is the fluctuation in ra w materials prices.
5 As I was passing his office just now, I noticed a huge potted plant in t he corner.
6 The visitors w h o are coming this afternoon are a Chinese Trade Delegation.

S e c t i o n s D, E, F 2 4 . 7 R e w r i t e t h e u n d e rli n e d p a rt o f e ach s e n t e n c e usin g a n -ing f o r m . N o t e t h a t in so m e

e x a m p le s t h e r e m a y b e a n e g a t iv e f o r m o r a p e rf e c t f o r m .
1 I got t o t he airport a t ten because I e x pected t he flight to arrive on time.
I got t o t he airport a t ten, e x p ectin g t he flight to arrive on time.
2 I w as n't used to the co m pany culture so I foun d it hard to fit in.
M9.t.P e!n9 used to the co m pany culture, I found it hard t o fit in.
3 I invested $8,000 in a C hina fund because I hoped t he market would go up.
I invested $8,000 in a C hina f u n d ,____________________t he market would go up.
4 As I w as n't an e x perienced negotiator, I think I made t oo many concessions.
an e x perienced negotiator, I thin k I made t oo many concessions.
5 I assumed she w o u ld n't mind, so I asked her a b out her salary.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - she w o u ld n't mind, I asked her a b out her salary.
6 I said yes because I did n't k n ow it would create so many problems.
I said y e s ,____________________it would create so many problems.
7 A fter w e had reviewed the budget w e decided t o cut one of the projects.
A f t e r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - the budget w e decided t o cut one of t he projects.
8 He lost all his money on t he stock market, so he got a job serving fries.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - all his money on t he stock market, he got a job serving fries.
9 Before I started here, I used to wor k at UBS.
Be f o r e____________________here, I used to w or k at UBS.
10 N o w t hat I've heard w h a t w e n t wrong, I can see w h a t needs t o change.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - w h a t w e n t wron g, I can see w h a t needs t o change.

104
 24 T h e -in g f o r m

Tasks
k in g : lis t e n 1 $ 2 4 Yo u a re g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.
and rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

'I n t he m ilit a ry, I s a w t h a t you need so m eone T h e r e a lit y n ow is t h o usa n ds o f e m ails, fa x

a t t h e t o p w h o is ca p a b le of runnin g a stron g m essag es, t ele p h o n e c a lls a nd in t ern e t or d ers
or g a n i z a ti o n : est a blishin g a ch ain o f co m m a n d , co min g into a co m p a n y e v e ry day. In t e g r a tin g t h a t
m ai n t ainin g a list of p rio riti es, an d m a k in g sure in f o r m a ti o n in t e lli g e n tly so t h a t t he c u st o m e r gets
t h a t everyo n e is w o r k in g t o w a r d t he sa m e g oals. I w h a t it needs is a ve ry co m ple x t as k d e m a n din g a
used t h a t e x p erie nce in b usin ess / v e ry co m ple x sol u tio n.
B N E T website Eurobusiness website

W ritin g : 3 Lo o k a g a in a t p a g e 102, a n d t h e n c o m p le t e t h e f o ll o w i n g s e n t e n ce s, b e g in n in g w i t h a n -ing

p e rs o n a li z e d f o r m use d in t h e w a y s h o w n in b r ac k e ts.
p r a c tic e
1 (-ing form as a noun or part of a noun phrase)
A d vertisin g on b illb o ard s a n d p u b lic tra n sp o rt seems t o wor k well in my business.
2 ( -ing form as a noun or part of a noun phrase)
is a very important part of my job.
3 (-ing form as a noun or part of a noun phrase)
is a very difficult part of my job.
(-ing form like an adjective, before a noun)
I w e n t on a training course to improve my . . skills.
(-ing form after a preposition)
W e beca me successful by -
(-ing form after a preposition)
All my life I have been interested in
(-ing form aft er a preposition)
My n ew job is different to my old one, and I'm still not used t o .
(-ing clause giving information a b out a noun, like a defining relative clause)
A lot of t he small firms will
probably merge or be taken over in t he next f e w years.
(-ing clause giving information about a noun, like a defining relative clause)
Ma ny of t he p e o p le_______________________________________ are on te mporary contracts.
10 ( -ing clause giving the reason for an action)
I put on my smartest clothes,
11 (-ing clause giving the reason for an action)
N o t_____________________________________ before, I was a bit nervous.
12 ( -ing clause describing a background situation for another action)
noticed h o w quiet it was.
13 (-ing clause giving more information about a verb, like an adverb)
I walk e d along the street,
14 (-ing clause giving more information about a verb, like an adverb)
I w e n t into t he room, n o t .

If y o u a re w o r k i n g in class, c h o o s e s o m e s e n t e n c es t o r e a d a lo u d . A s k a n d a n s w e r q u es ti o n s.
 make & do, have, get
A m a ke & do Using have like 'possess', you can have ...
There are many common expressions using make and do. A
a new car/ job, a brother, brown hair, glasses, an appointment,
very approximate guideline is that make is used for a result
a chance (to do sth), a day off, a holiday /vacation, good / bad
and do for an activity.
luck, time (to do sth), second thoughts, a good sense of humour,
You can make ... a lot of energy, an idea, an / no alternative, a / no doubt, a cold,
a headache, a bad back
an appointment with sb, an arrangement with sb, sb an gry /
sad / etc., an attempt to do sth, sth better/ lighter (comparative
Using have as an action verb, you can have ...
adjectives), a bid fo r sth, a call to sb, sth clear, a complaint
against sb, contact, a decision, a difference to sth, an exception,
a coffee, a glass of wine, a meal, lunch / dinner, the steak,
an effort, inquiries, an excuse, a good / poor impression on sb,
a discussion, a meeting, a drink, a look, a break, a wash, a rest,
an investment, a loss, a mess, a mistake, money, a noise, a note
a guess, an accident, difficulty (+ -ing), trouble (+ -ing),
of sth, an offer, a plan, sth possible, a profit, a promise, progress,
a word (with sb)
sense of sth, a start, a suggestion, sure, yourself understood
Imperatives: Have fu n! Have a good time! Have a nice day!
Have a go! Have a try!
Note: sth = something; sb = somebody
You can do ...
C get
the accounts, your best, business with sb, the cleaning / Get has many different meanings. The following are all
shopping / etc., a course in sth, damage to sth, economics at common, and are given in approximate order of frequency.
university, everything you can to help, sb a favor, a job fo r sb, 1 obtain/receive/be given
nothing, overtime, research, something about it, a test on sth, H er husband g o t a new job.
well / badly at sth, without sth, work for sb I g o t an email from Frank yesterday.
You'll ge t the chance to travel abroad.
We use make to mean 'produce' or 'manufacture'. Products 2 buy sth
are made in a country, made by a company and made of a I g o t this shirt from Harrods.
material like plastic/steel, etc.
3 become
We use do to mean 'perform an action' when we are speaking It's ge tt in g late - 1 have to go.
generally.
4 bring sth (fetch)
Can I do anything to help you? W ill you ge t me a glass of water?
What did you d o at the weekend?
5 get sth done/fixed/finished, etc.
I can ge t the report finished today.
B h a ve Joran managed to ge t my email working again.
We use the verb have either like 'possess' or as an action 6 make sb do sth/persuade
(= do something). I'l l ge t Estera to give you a call.
I h a v e a fla t in the city centre. (possess) We tried to ge t them to agree, but they refused.
We h av e a meeting every morning. (action) 7 move
When have is used like 'possess', it is a state verb and so does I saw him ge t out of the taxi.
not form continuous tenses. See unit 2D for state verbs. I g o t into marketing many years ago.
Sorry, I d o n 't h a v e any change fo r the meter. 8 arrive at a place
(NOT I'm nothavmg) I ge t to work at nine.
We can use have got in place of have when it means 'possess'. 9 make progress
This is very common in British English. I'm not ge tt in g anywhere with this report.
H e's g o t an M B A from IN S E A D . 10 fit/put sth in a place
I'v e g o t a new job. You can ge t a lot of things into this bag.
11 understand
I'm sorry, I didn't ge t that.
12 travel by /catch
I g o t a taxi from the airport.
 25 m a k e & d o , h a v e , g e t

Ex ercises
Se ctio n A 2 5 .1 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h make or do. Yo u m a y h a v e t o use a p ast si m p le or p r e s e n t
c o n t in u o u s f o r m .
I'm sorry, Mr Kreiner is busy. You'll have to m ake an appoint ment.
The insider dealing sca n d a l________a lot of d a mage t o his reputation.
Manchester United are going t o ________a bid for Real Madrid's striker.
Could y o u ________me a favo ur? Could y o u ________ so me coffee for us all?
I think w e should use another contractor t o ________t he office cleaning.
Do n't worry, j u s t____ ___ your best. W e a l l________mistakes.
OK, are w e all here? Shall w e ________a start?
The builders - - ... so much noise t hat it was difficult t o .............. any work.
A t my previous company, w e _______ business in t he Ukraine for three years before w e
profit.
10 W e ________some quality tests last w e e k and I think w e 'r e ________ progress.
11 W e have t o ________a decision. W e ca n't j u s t________ nothing.
12 I hope t hey can send a technician to t he job this afternoon.

Se ctio n B 2 5 . 2 Lo o k a t t h e f o r m o f t h e w o r d have in t h e s e n t e n c e s b e lo w . Pu t a tic k ( / ) if t h e s e n t e n c e is

p ossible. Pu t a cross ( / ) if it is n o t p ossible.
1 It's OK, I d on't need any help, I'm just having a look.
2 I'm having one brother and one sister.
3 She's a good t ea m me mber - she's having a lot of energy.
4 W h y not join us later? W e'll be having a drink in the bar.

Sectio n C 2 5 . 3 St u d y t h e uses o f g e t in s e n t e n c e s 1 - 12, t h e n m a tch t h e m w i t h m e a n in g s a - l b e lo w .

1 Wh ere did you g e t t hat jack e t? It really suits you.
2 Can I g et you a drink while you're waitin g?
3 The factory is very busy. W e g o t a large order from Q at ar last week.
4 I could n't g et her to sign t he contract. She needs more time to decide.
5 W e have a n e w CEO. Things are going to g et interesting.
6 I need t o g e t my hair cut.
7 W h a t time do you usually g e t t o t he office?
8 I'm sorry, I did n't quite g e t t he last point. Could you explain it a gain? [j
9 I fle w to Schiphol and then g o t a train t o A msterda m Central Station. j
10 H o w far did you g et with t he PowerPoint slides? Are t hey ready yet?
11 The graphic designer could n't g et all t he text ont o one page.
12 It's going to be difficult t o g e t the conference table d own t he corridor. _ !

a) obtain / receive g) move

b) buy h) arrive at
c) become i) make progress
d) bring sth (fetch) j) fit sth in a place
e) have sth done k) understand
f) make sb do sth I) travel by/catch
 Ex ercises
Se ctio n B 2 5 . 4 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ce s w i t h a w o r d or p h ras e f ro m t h e bo x .

a p point ment chance break day off difficulty discussion

doubt f ever t he fish go holiday look m ee ting time wor d

1 I'm having a m e e tin g w jth my bank manager this afternoon.

2 Did you have a g o o d _____________ ? You w e n t to Greece, didn't you?
3 If you have a _____________ , could you have a ______________a t these figures?
4 I was really busy yesterday, and I did n't have a n y _____________ to do it.
5 W e'v e had a very f u l l_____________ of this issue. Let's have a s h o r t______________n o w and reconvene
in a b out 15 minutes.
6 (reception desk) I have a n _____________ wit h Benedicte Bouchet at ten o'clock.
7 Let me see. I thin k I'll h a v e _____________ _ It's normally very good here.
8 I have n o ... .... ....... ..... at all t ha t he's telling the truth. He's very honest.
9 I had a lot o f _____________ understanding t he technical details in his talk.
10 I've got a bit of a _____________ - I'm going to tak e an aspirin. If I still feel like this in t he morning I
think I'll have t h e _____________ _
11 I'd like t o have a q u ic k_____________ with you a b out t he seminar to morrow.
12 Have a _____________ I I'm sure you can do it!

Se ctio n A, C 2 5 .5 C o m p le t e t h e d ia l o g u e w i t h a co rr ect f or m o f make, do or get.

Ian: Eva, you’ve been 1 d o in g a lot 0f overtime recently! Are you hoping to
2 promoted?
E va : N o, it’s just that I haven’t been 3____________ this job very long and I really want
to 4........................ a good impression. In the last place I worked they laid off a lot of
people, including me.
I an : Really, why was that?
E va : Well, the company just wasn’t 5____________ very well. Basically they 6_____________
into difficulties by expanding too quickly. They 7____________ a big investment
in L atin America but they hadn’t 8____________ their market research properly
beforehand. They ju st couldn’t 9____________ money. So they had to cut back.
I an : So what did you 10____________ after you lost your job?
E va : The first thing 1 11______ _____ _ was put my CV on the web. 1 12____________ quite
a few replies. I contacted the companies who were interested, and that’s how I
13____________ an interview here. They 14_____________ me an offer the next day and
I accepted it straightaway.
I an : Being able to do a job search and things like that online 15____________ a big
difference. You don’t even have to leave the house! I ’m using the Internet for
everything now. I couldn’t 16____________ without it. I even use it to 17.........................
my main weekly shopping.
E va : I know what you mean. A friend of mine 18____________ married last week and I
was so busy at work that I didn’t have time to go to the shops. So I looked on the
Internet and 19____________ her a really nice bag. It’s 20_____________ by Prada.

108
 25 m a k e & do, h a ve , g e t

Tasks
a k in g : lis t e n 1 £ 2 5 Y o u a re g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.
and rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

W ritin g : 3 Lo o k a g a in a t s ec ti o n C o n p a g e 106 a n d e x e rcis e 25.3. W r i t e a s e n t e n c e usin g g e t w i t h t h e

p e rs o n a li z e d m e a n in g in b r ac k e ts.
p r a c tic e 1 (obtain / receive) 1 g e t so m uch spam in m y inbo x. D oes an yo n e re a lly re p ly to this ju n k ?
2 (b u y)________________________________________________________________________________________
3 (b e co m e)____________________________________________________________________________________
4 (brin g / fetch)_________________________________________________________________________________
5 (get sth d o n e)_______________________________________________________________________________
6 (make sb do s t h )___________________________ __________________________________________________
7 (m o v e)_______________________________________________________________________________________
8 (arrive a t )____________________________________________________________________________________
9 (make progress)______________________________________________________________________________
10 (fit sth in a p la c e)____________________________________________________________________________
11 (u n d erst a n d)_________________________________________________________________________________
12 (travel b y)___________________________________________________________________________________

Re h e arsal f o r 4 Lo o k a g a in a t t h e list o f e x p re ssio n s usin g make a n d do in s ectio n A o n p a g e 106. N o w use

the re al w o rld t h e e x p r essio n s t o w r i t e t h r e e or f o u r t r u e s e n t e n c e s a b o u t y o u rs e lf . H e re a re s o m e e x a m ple s:
As a sales co n su lta n t I h ave to m ake a g o o d im pression on clie nts, so p erso n al a p p e ara n ce is
im p o rta n t
I'm tryin g to save m o n ey fo r m y h olid ays, so I'm d oin g a lo t o f o vertim e a t th e m o m en t - th e y
p a y m e o n e a n d a h a lf tim es th e usu al rate.
Lo o k a g a in a t t h e list o f e x p re ssio n s usin g have in s ectio n B o n p a g e 106. N o w use t h e
e x p re ssio n s t o w r i t e a n o t h e r t h r e e or f o u r t r u e s e n t e n c e s a b o u t y o u rs e lf . H e re a re so m e
e x a m ple s:
I h ave no d o u b t th a t w e 'll a ll b e w o rk in g b eyo n d th e p rese n t re tire m e n t a g e o f 65.
M y En g lish is q u ite good, b u t I h ave tro u b le u n d ersta n d in g n a tiv e sp ea k ers w ith a stro n g
re g io n a l accent.

If y o u a re w o r k i n g in class, ch o o s e s o m e s e n t e n c e s t o re a d a lo u d . A s k a n d a n s w e r q u es ti o n s.
 3 Reported speech 1
A Re port e d sp e ech C No t e nse ch a nge
We often tell people what other people said. This is called It is not always necessary to change tenses. If the information
reported or indirect speech. We very rarely try to report the is still true, we can keep the same tense as the original,
exact words. Usually we give the general meaning with a (actual words): 'What a great advertising campaign - one of our
summary. most successful ever.'
(actual words): 'I'l l get the third quarter sales numbers and bring *4 (report - the campaign is finished): She s a id the campaign
them to the meeting.’ w a s a great success.
•4 (report): H e said h e'd bring the figures to the meeting. *4 (report - the campaign is still happening): She s a ys / s a id
Note the change of tense and person in the example above: I the campaign is / w a s a great success.
w ill to he would. We do not change tense if we report something which is
This unit uses said as the reporting verb. Other verbs are always true.
given in unit 27. (actual words): 'There is always a period of uncertainty after a
In writing we can repeat the exact words using speech marks merger.'
(' ... '). This is called 'quoting' the words. 4 (report): He s a y s / s a id there is always some uncertainty
The company -press officer said yesterday, ‘The situation is when a merger happens.
completely under control.'
D People, places, t im es and t h in gs
B Tense ch a nges In reported speech the terms used to refer to people, places,
When the verb tense changes, it 'moves back' in time. times and things often change, because the point of view
changes.
7 w o r k for IB M .' 'I'l l see y o u h ere to m o rro w .'
4 She said she w o r k e d fo r IBM .
Sue said she'd see m e t h e re th e n e x t d ay.
'I'm w o r k in g fo r IB M .'
‘I'v e read y o u r report about t h is project.'
4 She said she w a s w o r k in g fo r IBM .
'I'v e w o r k e d fo r IB M .' He said h e'd read m y report about th e project.
4 She said she h a d w o r k e d for IBM . Here is a list of typical changes:
‘I'v e been w o r k in g for IB M .'
•4 She said she h a d been w o r k in g for IBM . PEOPLE
I he/she
'I w o r k e d for IB M .'
you me
-4 She said she h a d w o r k e d fo r IBM .
my his/her
•4 OR She said she use d to w o r k for IBM .
your my
•4 OR She said she w o r k e d for IBM .
PLACE
'I h a d w o r k e d for IB M .'
here there, at the office
4 She said she h a d w o r k e d for IBM .
TIMES
'I'm g o in g to w o r k for IB M .'
now then, at that time
-4 She said she w a s g o in g to w o r k for IBM .
today that day, last Monday
'I c a n / w ill / m a y work for IB M .' this afternoon that afternoon
-4 She said she c o u ld / w o u ld / m ig h t work fo r IBM . yesterday the day before, the previous day
last week the week before, the previous week
There is no change for must, might, could, should, would. tomorrow the next day, the following day
next week the week after, the following week
Note that if the actual words were in the past simple
a few days ago a few days before, a few days earlier
(worked), the reported speech can take a variety of forms,
including no change. THINGS
this project the project
Note that there is no change for the past perfect (had worked).

110
 26 Re p o r t e d sp e e ch 1

Exercises
Se c tio n B 2 6 . 1 W r i t e t h e a c t u a l w o r d s t h a t e ach p ers o n says. Use c o n t r a ct io n s w h e r e p ossible.
1 A n na said she had already finished t he three tasks.
(Anna's actual words) ' / Ve already finished the three tasks /
2 Claudia said she wo uld be back after lunch.
(Claudia's actual w o r d s)' ________________________________________________________
3 He said Paula was going to cont act t he printers.
(His actual w o r d s)' _____________________________________________________________
4 Bill said he wa nt e d to call Head Office.
(Bill's actual w o r d s)' ____________________________________________________________ .'
5 She said she was meeting the bank manager at 11 am.
(Her actual w o r d s)' _____________________________________________________________
6 Pierre said he had found out about the problem a long time ago.
(Pierre's actual w o r d s)' __________________________________________________________
7 David said he had to be back in the office by 3.30.
(David's actual w o r d s)' ___________________________________________________________'

Sectio n D 2 6 . 2 Lo o k a t t h e a ct u a l w o r d s sp o k e n. U n d e rli n e t h e corr ect w o r d s in t h e re p o rt e d ve rsio n .

1 (Helen's words) 'I w o n't do it until to morrow.'
Helen said I/she w o uld n't do it until the previous/following day.
2 (Peter's words) 'It's very busy in here. I'll call you later.'
Peter said it was very busy here/there, and he'd call me/him later.
3 (The sales manager's words) 'W e received your order last we e k .'
He said they'd/we'd received our/their order the we e k after/before.
4 (Melanie's words) 'I'm sorry about the delay. I'll deal with this right now.'
She said shell was sorry about the delay, and she'd deal with it right then/later.

S e c t i o n s B, D 2 6 . 3 R e w r i t e e ach s e n t e n c e in re p o rt e d sp e ech. Use c o n tr a cti o n s w h e r e p ossible.

1 'I w o n't put it in the Jan u ary Sales, because it's selling very well,' he said.
He said be wouldn't p u t it in the Ja nu ary S ales, because it was selling very well
2 'I've read the report but I d o n't understand section four,' she said.
She s a i d______________________________________________________
3 'Wh e n I finish my presentation, I'm going to have a drink,' he said.
He said t ha t w h e n ___________________________________________
4 I' m preparing t he figures but I w o n't be long,' she said.
She said

5 'I like tennis, but I d on't play very oft en,' he said.
He s a i d ______________________________

6 'I'm going to visit our Polish subsidiary,

but I'm not sure w h e n ,' she said.
She s a i d ___________________________

" /?prupynhpy 7nhon T cnirl T 7iinc rrnivirr fn ho hnviocf-

 Exercises
S e c t i o n s B, C 2 R e a d t h e w o r d s s p o k e n in a c o n f e r e n c e p r e s e n t a t i o n a b o u t t h e r o l e o f t h e C h i e f
E x e c u tiv e O f fic e r (C E O).

I'm going to talk to you t o d ay about C E O s. Did you know that over the last five years, two - thirds of
all major co m p anies worldwid e h ave re place d their C E O ? Wh a t ’s the reason for t his? T h e reason is
that e x pectations of C E O p erf or ma nce are far too high. Bo ar ds of co m p a nies look at their C E O as
a kind of su p erh ero who ca n solve all the co m p a n y’s proble ms. This mythology co m es from high-
profile C E O s of the recent p ast like Bill G a t e s and St e ve Jo b s - p eo ple who m a na g e d to prod uce
constantly rising share p rices while they were in char ge. But the situation is ve ry different now.

N o w lo o k a t w a y s t o r e p o r t t h e s e w o r d s t o a c o lle a g u e w h o misse d t h e p r e s e n t a tio n . If t h e

s e n t e n c e is g r a m m a t ic a lly correct, p u t a tic k ( / ). If it is in correct, p u t a cross ( / ). Re m e m b e r it is
n o t n e ce ssa ry t o c h a n g e t e n se s if t h e in f o r m a ti o n is still tr u e .
The speaker said t h a t ...
1 Boards look at their CEOs as superheroes.
2 Boards looked at their CEOs as superheroes.
3 Boards had looked at their CEOs as superheroes.
4 Bill Gates produced a constantly rising share price.
5 Bill Gates had produced a constantly rising share price.
6 Bill Gates had been produced a constantly rising share price, [j
7 t he situation is different now.
8 t he situation was different now.

S e c t i o n s B, D A f e w d a ys a g o y o u w e n t t o y o u r a d v e r t isi n g a g e n c y t o h a v e a m e e tin g . T h e p erso n y o u

m e t t h e r e sp o k e t h e w o r d s o n t h e le ft. T his m o r n in g y o u t e ll a c o ll e a g u e a b o u t t h e discussion.
U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t w o r d s o n t h e rig ht.

T h e a d v e r t isi n g p ers o n's w o r d s: W h a t y o u s a y t o y o u r c o ll e a g u e :

'Did you get my email I sent yesterday a b out this 'He said he 1hopes/hoped I'd g o t 2 his/my email
campaign w e'v e been workin g o n? I hope so. t hat 3 he'd send/he'd se n t4 yesterday/the day
I'm sorry to ask you t o co me here at such short before a b o u t 5 the/this advertising campaign. And
notice, but it's quite urgent. The situation is this: he apologi z ed f or asking 6 me/you to go
w e use an outside printing co m pany for all the 7 here/there at such short notice - he said it
brochures and leaflets, and a f e w days ago the 8 is/was urgent. Well, apparently a f e w days
work ers there w e n t on strike. I have no idea 9 ago/before, t he printers they use 10 have gone/
w h a t it's all about, but I'm having a meeting with had gone on strike. He said he 11 is meeting/was
t he production manager this afternoon. Anyway, meeting t he production m a n a g e r 12 this/that
I t h o ug h t I should talk t o you first.' afternoon, but he w a nt e d to talk t o me about it
first.'

112
 26 Re p o rte d sp eech 1

Tasks

S p e a k in g : lis t e n 1 % 2 6 Y o u a r e g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

an d rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . R e m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

W ritin g : 3 Yo u w e n t t o a n i n t e r n a l c o m p a n y p r e s e n t a tio n y e s t e r d a y w h e r e t h e CE O s p o k e t o all t h e

p e rs o n a li z e d e m p l o y e e s. O n e o f y o u r c o lle a g u e s m isse d t h e p r e s e n t a tio n . A n s w e r y o u r co lle a g u e's q u e s ti o n s
usin g r e p o rt e d sp e ech a n d y o u r o w n id e as.
1 'W h a t did he say a b out t he performance of t he com pany last ye a r?'
He said w e h a d missed m ost o f our sales targets
2 'Did he give a reason?'
He said w e _______ :- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 'So w h a t changes does he w a n t?'
He told us h e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4 'They must have a plan f or that. H ow are t hey going t o imple ment t he ch an ges?'
He s a i d - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5 'W h a t about in our depart ment specifically?'
He said w e ______________________________________________________________________
6 'Are t hey going t o monitor t he process t o see h o w t he changes are w or k in g?'
He said t h e y - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7 'A n d do t hey have any plans for developing t he business? N ew products? N e w mark ets?'
He told u s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8 'So h o w did he finish? Wa s he optimistic or pessimistic?'
He s a i d_________________________________________________________________________

Rehearsal fo r 4 T h in k o f a real m e e t in g t h a t y o u r e c e n tly h a d . It co u ld b e a la rg e, f o r m a l m e e tin g ; a s m a ll e r

the real w orld m e e tin g w i t h co ll e a g u e s; or a o n e - t o - o ne m e e tin g w i t h a cu st o m er, s u p p li e r or b u sin ess p art n er.
N o w w r i t e a n e m a il t o y o u r boss, w h e r e y o u r e p o r t o n w h a t w a s said.

If y o u a re w o r k i n g in class, p u t all t h e e m a ils o n t h e d es k s or o n t h e w a lls . G o ro u n d t h e ro o m

a n d re a d t h e e m a ils. Re t u r n t o y o u r s e a ts a n d s a y w h ic h e m a il y o u li k e d b est, a n d w h y .
 Re p ort e d sp e ech 2

A S a y o r t e l l? C It w as a g ree d th a t
We say something and we tell somebody. We use It + passive of a reporting verb + that to report what
Sim on said the project was going well. people in general feel or believe.
Sim on told me the project was going well. It was agreed at the meeting that expansion plans would be put
We never use to between tell and the object. on hold u n til next year.
It was announced yesterday that Priv a te Eq u ity Partn ers
H e told me wh at happened in the meeting.
would take a 5 0 % stake in BioTech.
(NOT told to me)
This is a formal use, found, for example, in newspaper
We can use to after say.
stories, scientific reports or written summaries of meetings.
W h a t did he say to yo u? Verbs that are often used in this way are:
The boss wanted to say something to Susan.
be agreed, be announced, be claimed, be confirmed, be decided,
B O t h er re p o rtin g v erbs be estimated, be expected, be feared, be fe lt, be fou n d, be pointed
Unit 26 used say as the reporting verb, but there are many out, be proposed, be reported, be rumoured, be said, be shown, be
verbs to report what people say. Each verb has one or more suggested, be thought
possible patterns. Common reporting verbs include:
D R e p o r t i n g q u e st i o n s
Verb + -ing form (unit 19)
In reported questions we use the same tense change rules as
ad mit, deny, m ention, propose, suggest
in unit 26. The word order is like a normal statement.
I suggested changing the supplier.
(actual words) ‘When w ill the goods a rriv e ?'
Verb + to + infinitive (unit 19) -> They asked me when the goods would arrive.
agree, ask, demand, decide, offer, promise, refuse, threaten (NOT when would -the-goods arrive)
They refused to lower their price.
(actual words) 'Wh ere do you work?'
Verb + object + to + infinitive (unit 19) -4 H e asked me where I worked.
advise, ask, convince, encourage, invite, order, persuade, (NOT where I did work)
re mind, tell, w arn When we report yes / n o questions, we use i f or whether.
They advised us to w ait u n til next year.
(actual words) 'Have you spent a ll yo u r b u d get?'
Verb + that clause -♦ She asked me if w e'd spent a ll the budget.
ad mit, agree, announce, answer, claim , com plain, confirm , deny, (actual words) 'Are you going to pay in cash?'
ex plain, mention, promise, propose, reply, reveal, say, suggest 4 H e asked me whether I was going to p ay in cash.
She promised that she'd call me today.
Notice in the examples above that reported questions have
Verb + object + that clause no question mark in writing.
advise, assure, convince, inform , notify, persuade, promise,
reassure, re mind, tell
E R e p o r t i n g c o m m a n d s a n d r e q u ests
I reminded them that there was a 2 5% deposit.
J Commands are reported with tell and the infinitive.
We use the same tense change rules as in unit 26. (actual words) 'Take us to the airp o rt.'
She told the d rive r to take us to the airport.
(actual words): 'I'll d efinitely call y o u.'
4 (report): She promised she'd call me. (actual words) 'D o n't w orry. I'l l deal with it.'
-♦ H e told me not to worry.
We can also report what people think or know. Verbs include:
know, notice, thin k, realiz e, have no idea, etc. Requests are reported with ask and the infinitive.
S orry, I didn't realize you were busy. I thought you had (actual words) ‘Wo uld you mind w aitin g fo r a m o m ent?'
finishe d. H e asked me to wait.

114
 27 R e p o r t e d s p e e c h 2

Exercises
Se c tio n A U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ect w o r d s.
1 Sally told me/told t ha t she'd lost t he me mory stick with t he presentation.
2 Chris said me/said he must leave t he meeting early.
3 This is confidential. Please d on't say/tell anything a b out it.
4 This is confidential. Please d on't say/tell anyone about it.
5 I said/told the m about the party on t he boat, and t hey said/told t hey would come.
6 'Loo k,' I told to/said to her, 'please tell me/say me w h a t really happened.'

Sectio n B M a t c h t h e a ct u a l w o r d s 1 - 12 w i t h t h e r e p o rt e d s t a t e m e n t s a - l.
1 'Well done! You've done it!' a) She advised me t o do it.
2 'Wh o, m e? No, I never did it.' b) He apologi z ed for not doing it.
3 'I'm sorry. I just co mpletely forgot to do it.' c) She reminded me to do it.
4 'If I were you, I'd do it.' d) He denied doing it.
5 'Wo uld you like to do it?' e) She invited me to do it.
6 'D o n't forget to do it!' f) He congratulated me on doing it.

7 'Oh, I see t hat yo u've done it.' g) She refused to do it.

8 'Oh, by the way, I've done it.' h) He didn't realize I'd done it.
9 'O h! 1t ho u g ht you had n't done it!' i) She promised she'd do it.
10 'D o n't do it! It could be a disaster.' j) He noticed I'd done it.
11 'I'll do it, you can count on me.' k) She mentioned she'd done it.
12 'No, 1w o n't do it. It's out of t he question. 1) He warn e d me not to do it.

S e c t i o n D, R e w r i t e e ach s e n t e n c e in r e p o rt e d sp e ech. W r i t e if / w h e th er f o r y e s / n o q u es ti o n s.
u n it 26 T his e x ercise in clu d e s r evisio n o f u n it 26.
1 'Are you on vacation for the w h ole of A u g ust?' she asked me.
She asked me if/ w hether I was on vacation fo r the whole o f A u g ust
2 'W h a t do t he letters 'URL' m ea n?' I asked him.
I asked h i m ___________ :________________________________________________________ _
3 'Have you prepared t he fig ures?' my boss asked me.
My boss asked m e _______________________________________________________________
4 'Wh e n is your t al k?' I asked Francesca.
I asked Fra ncesca________________________________________________________________
5 'Did you re me mber to back up t he file?' she asked him.
She asked h i m ________________________ _________________________________________ _
6 'W h y have you turned off the air con ditioning?' Dana asked me.
Dana asked m e __________________________________________________________________
7 'D o you speak G e r m a n?' t hey asked me at t he interview.
They asked me a t the in t e rvie w___________________________________________________
8 'H o w much did you pay f or your c ar?' I asked Jitka.
I asked Ji t k a ____________________________________________________________________ _
 Exercises
Se c tio n C 2 7 . 4 Re a d t h e f o ll o w i n g e x t r a ct f ro m a m e e tin g , ch aire d b y Tessa. T h e n u n d e rli n e t h e m ost
a p p r o p ri a t e r e p o rt in g v e r b s in t h e w r i t t e n s u m m a ry b e lo w .

Tessa : I ’d like to hear your views on the talks w e’re having w ith BCP about the possible
merger. Do you th in k we should go ahead w ith the talks?
N ig e l : N o , I d o n ’t t h i n k s o . O u r c o m p a n y c u l t u r e s a r e t o t a l l y d i f f e r e n t , a n d I c a n ’ t s e e
m a n y o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o c u t c o s t s i n a c o m b i n e d o p e r a t i o n . I ’m a g a i n s t i t .
T ony: B ut Nigel, can’t you see th a t w e’re too small to stand alone in the global economy?
There’s going to be consolidation in our m arket and now is the right tim e to act.
Te ssa : How long do you th in k it w ould take to integrate the two companies?
T ony: Probably about six m onths, maybe more.
N ig e l : T hat’s six m onths of chaos and falling investor confidence. It’s just too risky.
Tess a : I don’t th in k we have enough inform ation at the moment. Perhaps we could set
up a task force to look into the whole issue in more detail? Tony - w ould you be
w illing to chair it?
To n y: OK, I’ll chair a task force, b u t I’ll need representatives from every departm ent.
And it’ll involve a lot of m anagem ent time.
Tessa : W h e n d o y o u t h i n k y o u ’l l b e a b l e t o g e t t h e r e p o r t d o n e ?
T o n y: Four weeks, max, if we w ork hard.
T essa : Right, th a t’s settled. We’ll m eet again after the report is ready and w e’ve all h ad a
chance to study it. L et’s say July 28th, same tim e same place.

l it was declded/estim ated/announced 3 it was agreed/clai\M.d/sMowv^ th a t the

th a t It w ould tatee about six m onths to taste force would be chaired by Tony, with
Integrate the two cow.pfliA.Les In the event representatives froi^- all departm.eiA.ts.
of a merger. Report to be ready In four weetes.
2 it was show n/rum oured/suggested th at -f it was felt/fe a re d /d e c id e d th a t the next
we could set up a taste force to -produce a m eeting would be onJw-ly 22th a tj) am.
report on the im plications of the merger. In the m ain conference room..

S e c t i o n s A , B, D 2 7 .5 N ig el (fro m e x ercise 27.4 a b o v e ) is t a l k in g t o a c o lle a g u e a b o u t t h e sa m e m e e t in g l a t e r in

t h e w e e k . U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t w o r d s.

T essa as k e d 1 that we give/us to give our opinions about the m erger talks. I 2 told them/told to
them that I thought the whole thing w as a b ad idea, but they refused 3 to listen/listening. Of course
Tony disa gree d, as usual. H e 4 told/said w e were too small for the global market. Then T essa ask e d
how long 5 would it/it would tak e to integrate the two co m pa nies, and Tony clai m e d it would take
six months. I 6 reminded them that/reminded that it would b e six months of chaos. Well, T essa
su g g este d 7 setting up/to set up a task f orce to look into the whole thing. I d e cid e d 8 not saying/not
to sa y anything. G u e ss w h a t? Tony offered 9 to chair/that he would chair the t ask force. No surprises
there. Anyway, w e d e cid e d 10 to meet/meeting a gain at the en d of July.

116
 27 R e p o r t e d s p e e c h 2

Tasks

aking: listen 1 % 2 7 Y o u a re g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

and repeat
Translate T ra nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

Writing: Lo o k a g a in a t s ectio n B o n p a g e 114. C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ce s w i t h t h e v e r b s in b r ac k e ts.

personalized 1 There was a job vacancy at a competitor's co m pany and I ...
practice (encourage) encoura ged h er to a pply for i t .
2 The discussion in the meeting was going round and round in circles, so I ...
(su g g e st)________________________________________________________________________
3 O ur Co m munications Director called a press conference to ...
(a n n o u n ce)______________________________________________________________________
4 I was worried a b out t he forthco ming depart mental reorgani z ation but he ...
(reassure)______________________________________________________________________ _
5 I've just spoken to our suppliers on t he phone and t hey've ...
(pro m ise)______________________________________________________________________ _
6 O ur lawyers have n o w looked at the contract in detail and t hey've ...
(a d vise)________________________________________________________________________ _
7 They said t ha t t he warra nty was no longer valid and t hey ...
(r e f u se)_________________________________________________________________________
8 I w e n t out for a drink with Melanie after wor k yesterday and she ...
(t e ll) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Rehearsal fo r 4 Re s p o n d w i t h sur p rise t o t h e f o ll o w i n g co m m e n ts.

the real w orld 1 'The project is behind schedule and over budget.'
Really? I t ho ug ht /t was going w ell .
2 'We'll have to w a it t w o t o three months f or delivery.'
Really? I had no i d e a _____________________________________________________________
3 'They're a huge co m pany - t hey operate all over the world .'
Really? I didn't re ali z e___________________________________________________________ _
4 'Linda is at t he airport - she just called me.'
Really? I t h o u g h t_______________________________________________________________ _
5 'Here's my n ew business card.'
Oh. I didn't reali z e______________________________________________________________ _
6 'Here's a photograph of my wif e and t w o children.'
Oh. I did n't k n o w ______________________________________________________________ _
 Rela tiv e cla uses 1

A R e l a t i v e c l a u ses C Le a v i n g o u t t h e r e l a t i v e p r o n o u n
Relative clauses are short phrases beginning with words like We can leave out who, which, that (but not whose) in a defining
who, that and which that define or describe people and things. relative clause if they are followed immediately by a noun or
There are two types. pronoun. This is usual in spoken English.
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES The sales assistan t (who) I spoke to on the phone said you
We use these to identify exactly which person or thing we had this model in stock.
mean. I have y o u r ord er on my screen. The items (that) you wanted
The candidate who we interviewed on Friday is better than w ere shipped yesterday.
this one. We must keep the relative pronoun if it is followed
The information in the clause is necessary for the sentence to immediately by a verb.
make sense. The technicia n who spoke to Tony said the n etw o rk was
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES w o rk in g f i n e .
We use these to add extra information about a person or The sa u ce that came with the fish was su perb.
thing.
A nn a Hoefer, who we interviewed last Friday, is the best D N o n - d e f in in g r e l a t i v e c l a u se s
candidate in my opinion. We must keep the relative pronoun in non-defining relative
The information is not necessary for the sentence to make clauses. We cannot leave it out.
sense. To show this, we use commas in writing or pause The technicia n, who spent over an hour here, said the networt
briefly where the commas are in speech. was w orkin g fin e .
Non-defining clauses are much more common in writing. In The sa uce, which was creamy with lemon and herbs, was
speech we usually just use two short sentences. Compare the superb.
examples below: The word that is never used in a non-defining relative clause.
in an email: I'd like to thank y ou f o r y o u r help, which was I have y o u r ord er on my screen. The items, which were shipped
much appreciated. yesterday, are all in stock, with the exceptio n o f part num ber
speech: Thanks f o r all y o u r help. I really apprecia te it. KL453.

B R e l a t i v e p r o n o u ns E R e l a t i v e p r o n o u n s a n d p r e p o si t i o n s
The words who, whic h, that and whose can begin a relative Normally we put prepositions at the end of the relative
clause. They are called relative pronouns. clause.
For people, both who and that are used, but who is more Unilever is a compan y (that) we know quite a lot about.
common. The person (who) I spoke to was called Pam.
The sales assistan t who I spoke to on the phone said you had In formal English we can put the preposition in front of which
this model in stock. and whose, but not that.
For things or ideas, both which and that are used, but that is Unilever is a compan y about which we know quite a lot.
more common, especially in speech. (But NOT about that)
I have y o u r ord er on my screen. The items that you wanted w ere After a preposition we change who to whom. This is rare and
shipped yesterday. very formal.
The relative pronoun wh ose shows that something belongs to The person to whom I spoke was called Pam.
someone or something. (Normally: The perso n who I spoke to was called Pam.)
I've in vited to the m eetin g everyone whose work is relevant to We do not put another pronoun after the preposition.
the project. (NOT Unilever is a company that we know quite a lot
The Europea n Union is an organization whose policies change about it.)
quite slowly.
The relative pronoun whom is formal and rare in modern
English. It can be used where who is the object of the sentence.
The candidate w ho/w hom w e cho se has an M B A in managem en t
accountin g.

118
 28 R e l a t iv e cla u se s 1

Exercises
Se c tio n A 2 8 / : Re a d s e n t e n c e s a - d , a n d t h e n a n s w e r t h e q u e s ti o n s b e lo w . In sp e e ch t h e r e w o u l d b e a
p a us e a t t h e co m m as.
a) The projector, which has a new bulb, is over there.
b) The projector which has a new bulb is over there.
c) The train which leaves at 8 am is direct.
d) The train, which leaves at 8 am, is direct.

1 In which sentence is there more than one projector, and t he speaker needs t o make it clear which
projector t hey m ea n? [ ~]
2 In which sentence is the information a b out t he bulb interesting but not essential? I
3 In which sentence is '8 a m' essential t o the m eaning? There are several trains and t he listener needs to
k n ow which train is being referred to.
4 In which sentence is '8 a m' not essential t o t he m eaning? A t this point t he speaker is only talking about
one train and so doesn't need to identify it. [j

Se ctio n B C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h w h o , w h o s e , w h ic h or t h a t. If m or e t h a n o n e a n s w e r is
p ossible, c h o o s e t h e w o r d t h a t is m os t c o m m o n in sp e ech.
1 The customer whose co m pany I visited has placed an order.
2 The m a n u a l__________t hey sent explains everything.
3 The manual___________ is translated into a b out t w e n ty languages, can be d ownloa d e d as a pdf file
from the Internet.
4 The business le a d e r__________I most admire is Je ff Bezos, the foun der of Ama z on.
5 The ca n did at es__________CVs I looked at this morning were all very good.
6 Your colle a g u e,__________I met this morning, had a different opinion.
7 The c o n tr a ct__________you showed me before was different to this one.
8 Toyota is a m a n u fact urer__________reputation is e xcellent all over the world.

S e c t i o n s C, D 2 8 . 3 Pu t a b r ac k e t a ro u n d t h e r e l a t iv e p r o n o u n if y o u can le a v e it o u t. Pu t a tic k ( / ) a t t h e e n d
if y o u m us t k e e p t h e r e l a t iv e p r o n o u n.
The book (that) you lent me a b out influencing skills is really interesting.
The co m pany t hat is our main co mpetitor is Apollo. /
The name which t hey chose for the n e w model is Prima.
The meeting room, which w a sn't very large, beca me hot and stuffy.
In t he end, t he sales ca mpaign was t he best t ha t w e'd ever had.
These are t he people w h ose names a p pear on t he database.
The people w h o attended t he presentation foun d it very useful.
The supplier w h o w e visited last w e e k
had better quality than this one.
Richard Branson, w h o started with almost
nothing, is a typical entrepreneur.
10 N ewswe e k is t he English - language
maga zine t ha t I read most often.

"Miss D u gan , will y ou send

 Exercises
S e c t i o n s C, E R e w r i t e e a ch f o r m a l s e n t e n c e as a s e n t e n c e fro m e v e r y d a y sp e ech. Re m e m b e r t h a t in
sp o k e n En glis h w e u s u a lly l e a v e o u t t h e r e l a t iv e p r o n o u n if it is p o ssib le t o d o so.
1 These are t he colleagues with w h o m I w e n t to t he conference.
These are t he colleagues 1 w en t to the conference with
2 Here is t he latest edition of the catalogue from which w e order.
Here's t he latest edition of the ca t a lo g u e__________________________________________
I will give you an overview of the area for which I am responsible.
I'll give you an overview of the a r e a___________________________
This is t he breakthrough f or which w e'v e been waiting.
This is t he b re a k t hro u g h____________________________
T hat is t he hotel at which I stayed.
That's the h o t e l_________________
Wh e n I call t he accountants, Richard is t he person with w h o m I usually deal.
Wh e n I call t he accountants, Richard is the p ers o n________________________

Se ctio n E 2 8 . 5 Pu t t h e p re p o sit io n in b r ac k e ts in t o t h e co rr ect p osit io n in t h e se n t e n ce .

1 (from) This is the customer w e received t he complaint / , from
2 (on) This is t he product w e're depending to recover our market position.
3 (about) It's a question I've been thinking since our last conversation.
4 (to) The presentation I most enjoyed listening was t he one about nanotechnology.
(for) W e got t he contract! It's t he news w e'v e been hoping all year.
LO

6 (on) The areas w e need to focus in t he meeting are highlighted in yellow.

7 (in) The training course I'm interested starts next month.
(from)
00

The sales force needs t o push the product lines w e get t he most profits.

Sectio n s Re a d t his n e w s p a p e r e x t r a ct a b o u t in t e r e st ra t es, w h ic h inclu d es f o u r r e l a t iv e cla uses a - d.

A , B, C, D T h e n d e cid e w h e t h e r e ach s t a t e m e n t b e l o w is Tru e or F alse b y circlin g T or F b e l o w a b o u t e ach
r e l a t iv e cla use.

V \ T0 For The D
ESTERDAY the Federal Reserve made the rise in interest rates
aw h ic h th e m a r k e ts h a d b e e n e x p e ctin g . The Fed Chairman, bw h o
w a s b a c k a t h is d e s k y e s t e r d a y a f t e r a s h o rt trip to J a p a n , made the
announcement after trading on Wall Street had closed. The reaction
Cw h ic h w ill fo llo w on th e c u rr e n c y m a r k e ts is difficult to predict, as the
dollar has probably already discounted this move, dw h ic h w a s w id e ly
e x p e c t e d b y tra d e rs.

a b c d
The relative clause identifies a person, event or thing. T/F T/F T/F T/F
The relative pronoun can be replaced with 'tha t'. T/F T/F T/F T/F
You can leave out t he relative pronoun. T/F T/F T/F T/F
 28 R e la t iv e cla u se s 1

Tasks

Sp e a k in g : lis t e n 1 m 2 8 Y o u a re g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p hrases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

and rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T ra nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o

t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it s o u n d n a t u r a l.

In v e st o rs a re co n s t a n tly searchin g f or stoc k s t h a t are C le a rly t he recession - w h ic h has cost

f u n d a m e n t a lly sound. B u t w h ic h c r i t e r i a a re a good in d ic a t o r t he A m e ric a n ec o n o m y m ore t h a n five
of t he h ealt h of a c o m p a n y? T hre e of t he m ost i m p o rt a n t m illio n jobs, inclu din g an esti m a t e d 1. 5
p erf or m a nc e m easures a re sales, p r o fit m argins, and re t urn m illio n in t he w h it e - c o ll a r s e ct o r - has
on e quity. Sa l e s fig ures a re a s t a r t, b ut t h ey a re o nly one place d a n ew p re miu m on t he a r t of
piece of t he p u z zle. N e t p ro fit m argin - aft er - ta x p rofits social n e t w or k in g a m o n g w or k e rs wh o
as a p erce n t a g e of sales - is also needed as a m easure of see t h e ir jo bs t hr e a t e n e d .
p ro fit a bility. A n d fi n a lly ret urn on e q uity, w h ic h is p rofits l<nowledge@Wharton website
divide d by t he t o t a l o w n e rs'e q u it y, is an in d ica tio n of how
e ff icie n tly s t o c k h o l d e rs'c a p it a l is being e m ploye d.
BusinessWeek website

W ritin g : 3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ce s w i t h a d e fin in g r e l a t iv e cla use.

p e rs o n a li z e d 1 I wor k for a co m pany t / iat m akes parts for the a utom obile industry
p r a c tic e
2 I have a b oss.
3 I have a colleague called
I am workin g on a project
O ur co m pany operates in a market „
In my job I deal with a lot of people .
I have a night mare cu st o m er______
I have a sa la ry____________________
9 There are many things about my job
10 In an ideal world, I would like a job

4 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c es w i t h a n o n - d e fi n in g r e l a t iv e cla u se b e t w e e n t h e co m m as. Se e t h e
firs t e x a m p le .
!t Basketball (name 0f sport)# which is 171ore popula r in the US than Europe # js my favourite sport.
12 ________________________________________(na me of film),
is my favourite film.
. (na me of actor),
is my favourite actor.
. (na me of singer / musician),
is my favourite singer / musician.
___ (na me of company),
is the market leader in my field.

Re h e arsal f o r 4 W r i t e a p a r a g r a p h or t w o fro m y o u r c o m p a n y's (o r u n iv e rsit y's) A n n u a l Re p o r t usin g r e l a t iv e

the real w o rld cla uses. Se e t h e e x a m p le .
O ur company, which has been in the m arket fo r over tw e n ty years, h ad an outsta nding year.
The figures th a t sh o w this most cle arly are turnover a nd m arket share - the form er rising by
8% year-on-year a nd the la tter by 3%.
 51 Rela tiv e cla uses 2

A C o m b i n i n g se n t e n c e s Where is not used if there is a preposition at the end of the

clause.
Look at this example of two short separate sentences:
The hotel I stayed in was quite cheap. V
I'm takin g a flig h t. It goes via Fra n k furt.
The hotel that I stayed in was quite cheap. /
We can combine the sentences using a relative clause. There The hotel where I stayed ivas quite cheap. S
are two ways, but the meanings are the same. (NOT The hotel where I stayed in was quite cheap)
a) I'm takin g a flig h t that goes via Frankfurt.
OR
D R e l a t i v e c l a u se s w i t h a p a r t ic i p l e
b) The flig h t (that) I'm taking goes via Fra n kfurt.
(-ing, -ed)
Note that articles often change when sentences are combined.
The relative clause can have a continuous verb form (with an
Example a) above has a flig h t, like the original short sentence,
- ing ending) or a passive verb form (with an -ed ending).
because the flight is mentioned for the first time and there
are several of them. Example b) above has the flig h t, because The people who are making the real decisions are a ll at Head
there is only one in the speaker's mind. These are the normal, Office.
regular uses of articles (unit 34). The products that were attracting the m ost interest were the
smaller, lig h ter models.
Remember that we often leave out the relative pronoun (th a t)
Passengers who are seated in rows J to P can now board the
in spoken English if it is possible to do so (unit 28C).
aircraft.
When we combine sentences, we do not add another Food which is sold in supermarkets needs a clearly defined
pronoun. sh elf life.
Example a) above: In these cases we can simplify the sentence by leaving out
NOT I'm taking a flight that it goes via Frankfurt. both the relative pronoun and the verb be.
Example b) above: The people making the real decisions are a ll at Head Office.
NOT The flight that I'm taking it goes via Frankfurt. The products attracting the most interest were the smaller,
lighter models.
B Use o f w h a t Passengers seated in rows J to P can now board the aircraft.
We can use the relative pronoun what to mean the thin g (s) Food sold in supermarkets needs a clearly labelled shelf-life.
that. The above examples are with defining relative clauses. With
I did n't understand what she said. a non-defining clause we can only leave out the relative
(= the things that she said) pronoun + be where there is a passive verb form.
What we need is a better m arketing strategy. The products, (which are) manufactured using the latest
(= The thing that we need is) German-designed machine tools, offer superb q u ality at a
reasonable price.
The com pany, (which was) founded in 1981, is a leading
C Use o f w h e r e , w h e n a n d w h y
player in the adventure travel market.
We can use the relative adverbs where, when and w h y with
their normal meanings to identify which thing we are talking
about.
T his is the site where the new shopping centre w ill be built.
I'l l em ail you as soon as I know the tim e when we're meeting.
It is d ifficult to understand the reason why they're reducing
their dividend payments.
In the examples above w e can leave out when or w hy, or use
that.
I'l l em ail you as soon as I know the tim e (that) w e're meeting.
It is d ifficult to understand the reason (that) they're reducin g their
dividend payments.
But w e must keep where.
NOT This is the-site the -new shopping centre will be built.

122
 29 R e la tiv e cla u se s 2

Exercises
Se c tio n A 2 9 .1 C o m b in e e ach p a ir o f s e n t e n c e s b y in cl u d in g t h e w o r d g iv e n in b rac k e ts.
1 Last year w e introduced a n e w line. It is aimed a t the youth market, (that)
The n ew line h a t we introduced last ye ar js aimed at t he youth market.
2 I'd like you to meet a colleague. He could be a useful contact for you. (wh o)
I'd like you t o meet a co ll e a g u e________________________________________________ _
3 A candidate's C V is on your desk. She deserves an interview, (whose)
The ca n d id a t e_____________________________________________ deserves an interview.
4 A visitor is coming next wee k. She's from our Paris office, (wh o)
The visit or________________________________________________is from our Paris office.
5 Tom took me to a restaurant. It was called 'Noodle Heaven', (that)
The rest a ura n t_______________________________________ was called 'Noodle Heaven'.
6 I heard a man's presentation. He was a private equity investor, (whose)
The m a n ____________________________________________ was a private equity investor.
7 Over there is a site. They're going to build a n ew factory, (where)
The s i t e___________________________________________________________ is over there.
8 Here is a mobile phone. I was telling you about it. (that)
Here i s _________________________________________________________________________

Se ctio n A 2 9 . 2 If t h e s e n t e n c e is correct, p u t a tic k ( / ) a t t h e e n d . If t h e s e n t e n c e has a w o r d w h ic h

s h o ul d n o t b e t h e r e , cross it o u t.
1 The wo m a n w h o I asked did n't k n ow the way. /
2 The firm w h ose their stand was at the back of t he hall had very f e w visitors.
3 That was t he longest meeting I've ever been in.
4 The train which it goes t o Brussels leaves from here.
5 The products which sell best t hey are those with nice packaging.
6 This model, which it was launched last year, is selling very well.
7 Everyone t hat I spoke to advised me to try again.
8 The co m pany w h ere I used t o w or k it w as called Interlink.

S e c t i o n s C, D, 2 9 .3 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ect w o r d s. T his e x ercise in clu d e s so m e r evisio n o f u n it 28.

u n it 28 1 Everyone who/which was at t he meeting will receive a copy of t he minutes.
2 She's from t he co m pany which/whose products w e distribute.
3 Notice. To whom/who it may concern: Please do not leave dirty coffee cups here.
4 There were some interesting ideas at the meeting that/what I w e n t to.
5 That/What I like best about my job is the cont act with people.
6 Has anybo dy seen t he folder what/that I left on this desk?
7 The room where/that I w or k has very little natural light.
8 The room where/that I w or k in has very little natural light.
 Exercises
S e c t i o n s B, C 2 9 .4 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h w h a t, w h ic h or w h o , o r tic k ( / ) t h e sp ac e if t h e s e n t e n c e is
a lr e a d y correct.
1 There's a lot o f noise fro m t h e b uilders *L w o r k in g ne x t door.
2 Mi k e d o es n't really k n o w w h a t he w a n ts in his career.
3 I w a s t al kin g t o a m a n ________ g oin g t o t h e sa m e co n f e re n ce as us.
4 I w a s t al king t o a m a n ________ is g oin g t o t h e sa m e c o n f e re n ce as us.
5 I as ke d h e r ________ she w a s t hin kin g.
6 This is a n e w d r u g ________ w a s d evelo p e d a t o ur C a m b ri d g e la borat ories.
7 This is a n e w d r u g ________ d evelo p e d a t o ur C a m b ri d g e la borat ories.
8 This d r u g ,________ w a s d evelo p e d a t o ur Swiss la b orat ories, is a b re a k t hro u g h.
9 This d r u g ,________ d evelo p e d a t o ur Swiss la b orat ories, is a b re a k t hro u g h.
10 w e nee d n o w is b e tt er b ra n d reco g nitio n.
11 T h e 'asse ts' inclu d e e v e r y t h i n g ________ o w n e d by t h e co m pa ny.
12 I d id n't really u n d e rs t a n d________ he w a s t alk in g a b ou t.

Sectio n A 2 9.5 C o m p le t e t h e a r t ic le b y w r i t i n g r e l a t iv e cla uses b ase d o n t h e n o t e s b e lo w . Be g i n e ach

t i m e w i t h e it h e r w h o or w h ic h .

The Battle for

In 1999 t h e re w as a m ajor battle in t h e
lu x ury g o o ds s e c t o r 1 which has
becom e a sta ndard case stu dy in
business schools all over the w orld
GUC CI
be the battle 3_____________________
Pinault w a n t e d

o p p ort u nity. He
a chance t o
global group, and G ucci provid e d t hat
b ou g ht the
build a

shares
Bernar d Arna ult's LV M H f ought a battle in G ucci 6____________________________
t o t a k e o v e r Gucci, 2________________ H e used t h e t w o classic tactics t o fight
a hostile t a k e over: a poison pill and a paying a pre miu m price.T his gave him a
A r n a ult had b ee n acquiring shares in w h it e k night. The poison pill w as t o offer majority stake and re prese ntatives on a
arch - rival G ucci, and he said t h a t he stock o p tions t o his e m ployees. T h ese n e w strategic co m mitt ee. H owever; he
should be allowe d t o n a m e a direct or gave voting rights t o t h e staff w h o w e r e had previously agreed t o leave control
to its board. T his w o u ld give him all against t h e t a k e ov er T h e w h it e knight o f t h e co m pa ny wit h D e Sole and t he
access t o inside information regarding senior Gucci t e a m . T h e battle w as o v e r -
stores, publicity and designers. D e Sole _________________ arrive d in t h e f or m D e Sole had w o n, but A rn a ult pock ete d
d ecid e d t o fight: this w as going t o of Fra ncois Pinault, 5______________ a nice profit on his shares.

1 T h ere w a s a b attle in t h e lu x ury g o o ds sector. It has b e co m e a sta n d ar d case stu d y in b usiness schools
across t h e w orld .
2 LVMH f o u g h t w it h G ucci. G ucci w a s run by D o m e nico D e Sole.
3 This w a s g oin g t o be a b attle. It w o u ld d ecid e t h e f u t ur e o f t h e industry.
4 A w h it e k nig ht arrive d. G ucci ha d b e e n lo o king f o r one.
5 Pin ault w a s t h e w h it e k night. H e w a s t h e hea d o f a retail g ro u p calle d PPR.
6 Pin a ult b o u g h t shares in G ucci. LVM H o w n e d t h e m .

124
 29 R e la t iv e cla u se s 2

Tasks

Sp e a k in g : lis t e n 1 # 2 9 Yo u a r e g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

and rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it s o u n d n a t u r a l.

W h a t is t h e r e a s o n w h y c u s t o m e r s a r e so in d e c is iv e? C h rysle r, n o w o w n e d by F i a t in a s w i f t e x it
I t 's a f a c t o r c a ll e d t h e W h o l e St o r y . W e ne e d t o k n o w f r o m b a n k r u p t c y , is r e a d y t o b e c o m e a v ia b le ,
a n y t h i n g a n d e v e r y t h i n g t h a t h elps us d e cid e in f a v o u r c o m p e t i t iv e c o m p a n y . T h e f i r s t re d esig n e d
o f s o m e t h in g , n o t j u s t p ric e o r t e r m s o r w a r r a n t i e s . v e h icl e w i ll be a n e w J e e p G r a n d C h e r o k e e t h a t
T e llin g t h e W h o l e S t o r y e li m i n a t e s a big h u r d le c a ll e d w i ll be a b it s m a l l e r a n d m o r e f u e l e f f ic i e n t
ris k . To use a m e t a p h or, w h e n yo u a d d t h e s p ic e s t o t h a n its p re d ec esso r. F i a t 's t e c h n o l o g y w ill
y o u r m a r k e t i n g c u rry , y o u r c u s t o m e r w i ll be c a p t iv a t e d be o n e o f t h e b ig g e st b e n e fit s it w il I b rin g t o
by t h e a r o m a . C h rysle r, w h ic h is k n o w n f o r l a r g e v e h icl e s.
B N ET website About website

W ritin g : 3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c es w i t h y o u r o w n id e as.
p e rs o n a li z e d 1 y^g |-m d oin g is essential fo r the sm ooth ru n n in g o f the com pany
p r a c tic e
2 I'm d oin g a j o b ___________________________________________________________

3 T h e colle a g u e I'm sh arin g an o ffice w it h is

4 I'm sharin g an o ffice w it h

5 W h a t w e n e e d in o ur d e p art m e n t is .

6 This is t h e place -

7 I still d o n't k n o w t h e e x act d at e

8 I c a n't u n d erst a n d t h e reason

9 T h e p e o ple m a kin g t h e real decisions .

10 T h e pro d ucts a ttractin g m ost interest

Re h e arsal f o r 4 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h w h e r e , w h e n , w h y or w h o se (in t h e firs t sp a ce) a n d y o u r o w n

th e real w o r k id e a s in t h e seco n d , l o n g e r space.
1 So m e o n e________opinions I respect i s ____________________________________________ _
2 O ne p l a c e________I'll never return i s _____________________________________________ _
3 O ne of t he reasons________I like my city / town i s ___________________________________
4 The t i m e ________I thin k I was at my happiest w a s _________________________________

If you are working in class, choose some sentences to read aloud. Ask and answer questions.
 I I Co u n t a ble an d u nco u n t a ble noun

A C o u n t a b l e n o u ns Some nouns only have one form and only take a plural verb.
A countable noun has a singular and a plural form. Examples are:

The new model is a big improvement.

clothes, contents, earnings, expenses, feelin gs, goods,
The new models are a big improvement.
headquarters, means ( o f transport), police, premises,
We can use numbers: one bank, fo u r banks, one person, ten people. refreshments, remains, surroun dings, trousers

B U n c o u n t a b l e n o u ns
D a I a n, a l o t o f , m a n y I m u c h , f e w I l i t t l e
An uncountable noun only has one form, and the verb is
Study the table and the examples to see how different words
always singular.
are used before countable and uncountable nouns.
The new equipment is a big im provement.
(NOT The now equipments arc) a /a n - singular countable nouns only
We cannot use numbers. W e have a new customer.
Here are some examples: a lot o f/lo ts of - plural nouns and uncountable nouns
They have a lot o f new customers.
substances, materials I have lots o f free time.
water, rice, air, oil, money, steel, food, fire
m a n y /fe w /a few - plural nouns only
abstract ideas
They don't have many new customers.
life, f u n , freedom, progress, health, time, trouble, supply,
A few customers replied to our online questionnaire.
demand, experience, power, influence, ownership, pro d uctivity
(positive: I'm pleased)
activities F ew /N ot many customers replied to our online
work, travel, sleep, footb all, help, music, research, trainin g, questionnaire, (negative: I'm disappointed)
production
m u c h /little /a little - uncountable nouns only
human qualities/feelings
I d on't have much fre e time.
honesty, patience, hope, respect, courage, love
A little time is s till left, (positive: luckily)
L ittle/N ot much time is left, (negative: unfortunately)
Be careful! The following nouns are uncountable in English:

(NOT 'an information' - instead say 'some information')

accom modation, advice, baggage, behaviour, cash, equipment,
(NOT much/ little/ a little customers/people, etc.)
ex penditure, fu rn itu re , health, homework, inform ation,
(NOT many/fe w / a few time/information, etc.)
knowledge, luggage, m achinery, money, permission, scenery,
traffic, travel, wealth, work Note that the negative uses of fe w and little are rather formal.
It is more common to say not m a ny / not much.
A few uncountable nouns end in -s: athletics, diabetes,
economics, gym nastics, news, politics. E S p e ci f ic a n d g e n e r a l m e a n i n g s
Uncountable nouns cannot be counted directly. However, we Some nouns can be either countable (with a specific
can count them using phrases like: a piece of, a bit of, an item meaning) or uncountable (with a general meaning).
of, a glass of, a bottle of, a kilo of, etc. The machine is making a strange noise.
two pieces of inform ation tivo items o f news Noise inside factories can be a problem.
This is a new business.
C Si n g u l a r o r p l u r a l v e r b ? Business is goin g w ell at the moment.
There are n't many spaces in the car park.
Some nouns can be followed by either a singular or a plural
There isn't much space in my office,
verb.
a coffee (a cup of coffee) coffee (the substance)
The com pany is/a re doing very well.
a glass (for drinking) glass (the material)
Examples are: a paper (at a conference) paper (the material)

arm y, audience, board, com mittee, com pany, data, fa m ily,

govern m ent, group, management, media, press, p u blic, staff,
team, union
126
 30 C o u n ta b le a n d u n co u n ta b le

Exercises
Se ctio n s 3 0 .1 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t w o r d s.
A , B, C, D 1 Is/Are there many/much traffic in Je d d a h?
2 Is/Are there many/much traffic problems in Je d d a h?
3 How much/How many information have w e got a b out this co m p a ny?
4 He gave me an advice/some advice which was/were really useful.
5 W e bou ght some n e w equipment/equipments last month.
6 W e b ou ght some n e w machine/machines last month.
7 This is an equipment/a piece o f equipment t hat controls t he heating process.
8 They're a start - up co m pany and t hey d on't have much/many sales yet.
9 W e d on't have much/many time before w e get serious cashflow problems.
10 We'r e making a little/a few progress, but not many/much.
11 We'r e making a little/a f e w sales, but not many/much.
12 W e have a lot o f demand/many demands for our services.

Sectio n s A, D 3 0 .2 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ce s w i t h a, a n, so m e , m u ch or m a n y.
1 That's i L good idea.
2 Well, t h a t's________progress, I suppose.
3 W e do some business in Turkey, but n o t _________
4 W e have a f e w customers in Turkey, but n o t _________
5 I'd like to m a k e________inquiry a b out train times t o Paris.
6 Can I h a v e ________information a b out trains to Paris?
7 I'll see you in an hour. I d o n't h a v e________more emails t o write.
8 I'll see you in an hour. I d o n't h a v e ________ more w or k t o do.
9 Do you h a v e________trouble with t he quality of your ra w materials?
10 Do you h a v e________ difficulties with t he quality of your raw materials?
11 I'm not going t o cl a i m _______ _ expenses for my trip, just a few.
12 W e did n't s t u d y________ macroecono mics at university, just a little.

Sectio n E 3 0 .3 Lo o k a t t h e u n d e rli n e d n o u n in e ach s e n t e n c e. W r i t e S if it h as a sp ecific, c o u n t a b le

m e a n in g , or G if it h as a g e n e r a l, u n c o u n t a b l e m e a n in g .
1 a) Do you see this material? This is unbreakable glass,
b) W h a t a beautiful win e glass! Wh ere did you get it?
2 a) In this job, e x perience is more im portant than qualifications.
b) This is going t o be an e x perience I'll re me mber for a long time.
3 a) Claire runs a business designing websites,
b) It's not good f or business wh e n
interest rates are t oo high.
4 a) You should meet Mar k - he's had
a very interesting life,
b) Ljfe is complicated sometimes.
 Exercises
Se c tio n B 3 0.4 M a t c h e a c h p h r a s e 1 - 1 2 w i t h t h e b e s t c o n t i n u a t i o n a - l.
1 A cup of m 5 A pint of 9 A barrel of
2 A glass of 6 A litre of 10 A packet of
3 A bottle of 7 A sheet of 11 A tin of
4 A kilo of 8 A t on ne of 12 A slice of

a) w eig ht is quite easy to lose if you go on a diet.

b) win e is acceptable a t a business lunch, but no more.
c) beer is t he traditional drink in an English pub.
d) petrol will tak e a small car ab out 15 t o 20 kilometres.
e) dried fruit is good to tak e on a w alk in the countryside.
f) concrete is the same as 1000 kilograms of concrete.
g) whisky costs less at t he airport.
h) whole m eal bread goes well with t o m ato soup.
i) oil cost as little as US$ 3 5 in 2009.
j) coffee is a good w a y to start t he day.
k) paper can sometimes get stuck in t he photocopier.
I) paint should be stored with t he lid put on tightly.

N o t e t h a t p hra ses 1 - 12 g iv e a w a y t o c o u n t t h e u n c o u n t a b l e n o u n s in a - l.

Sectio n s 3 0 .5 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t w o r d s in t his d ia lo g u e .

A , B, C, D

A n g e l a : Jack, there H s / a re 2a n / so m e im portant work that w e need to do.

J a c k : Really?
A n g e l a : Y es. 3S o m e p ie c e o f / A p ie c e o f em pty land has come onto the market on the
other side of town. And, as you know, w e don’t have 4m a n y / m u c h space at our
present site.
J a c k : That’s true.
A n g e l a : Well, w e think it ’s an ideal opportunity to expand. We’re thinking about
building com pletely new offices over there. We’d like you to do 5a / so m e research
on the w hole thing and then w rite 6a / so m e report on w hether to go ahead or not.
Are you interested?
J a c k : Well, I don’t have 7m a n y / m u c h 8e x p e rie n c e / e x p e rie n c e s of this kind of thing.
And I have very 9lit t le / f e w spare tim e at the mom ent - I’m doing 10a / so m e
training and I have to read a lot of background m aterial for it.
A n g e l a : I know you’re busy, but you’re one of the few people w e have w ith some
n k n o w le d g e / k n o w le d g e s of costing and evaluating large projects. We need to
make 12a p ro g re ss / p ro g re ss on this as quickly as possible.
J a c k : OK, but there 13is / a r e u m a n y / a lo t o f 15in f o r m a t io n / in f o r m a t io n s to collect. Will
I get any help?
A n g e l a : There are some people who w e can reassign from other projects to help you for
16a lit t le / a f e w hours each week. It’s n o t 17m u c h / m a n y help, but it’s something.
Oh, I forgot to say - w e ’d also pay you more to take account of the extra
ls w o r k / w o r k s .
J a c k : Really? Well, yes, it does sound like an interesting challenge. I’ll do it.
 30 C o u n ta b le a n d u n c o u n ta b le n o u ns

Tasks

a k in g : lis t e n 1 m 3 0 Y o u a re g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

and rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o

t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

T o ulo use is t h e ho m e o f Fr e n ch a e rosp ace Br o a d c a st e rs wit h o nlin e co n t e n t are

rese arch an d has been co nsid ere d a ce n t er of in cre asin g ly lo o kin g f o r w a ys t o b oost f allin g
in novatio n f o r m a ny y e ars. Rece ntly, t h a n k s to reve nu es, an d m a ny h ave begun e x plorin g t he
e x plosive g ro wt h in t h e bio t ech and co m p u t er in tro d u cti o n o f p ay m e n t m o d els. A n y m et ho ds
in d ustries, it has b eco m e one of E u r o p e's m ost t o incre ase reve nu e str e a m s w ill be w elco m e d
fas h io n a b le hubs f o r young t ec h w o r k ers. by t h e in d ustry, b eca use t he a d - f un ded model
The Industry Standard website ca n o nly str e tc h so far.
newmediaage website

W ritin g : 3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h a / an or so m e (in t h e firs t sp a ce) a n d y o u r o w n id e as in t h e

p e rs o n a li z e d s eco n d , l o n g e r sp ace.
p r a c tic e
1 I have jL bag th a t h asn't come round on the b e lt yet
2 I have s o m e luggage m ^ e room n ext to the reception desk
3 I've or d e re d______ _ f u r n it u r e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4 I've or d e re d________office c h a ir - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5 T h ere's________job t hat needs doing in m y _____________________
6 T h ere's________w or k t ha t needs doing in m y ____________________
7 In t he factory there's machinery which
8 In t he factory there's machine which _
9 I'm h avin g___ . trouble with _
10 I'm h a vi n g___ problem w i t h .
11 I discovere d__ . very interesting f a c t _______
12 I discovere d__ . very interesting information
13 Can I give you __ suggestion a b o u t_______
14 Can I give you __ advice a b o u t____________
15 I n e e d _______ time to decide _
16 I need _______ we e k to decide

Re h e a rsal f o r 4 Yo u are a n e x p e r t o n t h e m e a n in g o f lif e. W r i t e s o m e t h in g p h ilo so p h ica l o n t h e

the real w o r k f o ll o w i n g t o pics.
1 Mncir is the food o f love
2 M o n e y______________________________________________________________________
3 Freedom
4 Courage
5 Lif e____
6 T ravel__
7 Sl e e p___
8 T i m e___
9 Football _
10 Business

If y o u a r e w o r k i n g in cla ss, c h o o s e s o m e s e n t e n c e s t o r e a d a l o u d . D isc u ss t h e m .

 Pro n o u ns

A I n d e f i n i t e p r o n o u n s: a n y t h i n g , e t c. C e v e r y - / n o-
The words in the list below are called indefinite pronouns. Everyo n e (one word) means all the people in a group.
I'd like to say a big 'thank y o u' to everyone.
People: someone /somebody, anyone / anybody,
Ev e ry one (two words) means 'each single one' and gives
everyone / everybody, no one / nobody
emphasis. In pronunciation, both words have equal stress.
Things: something, anythin g, everythin g, nothin g
Places: somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere Every one o f our clients is im portant, even the sm allest
companies.
Time: sometime, anytim e
Be careful with no-, because double negatives are not used.
There is no difference between the -one forms and the -body There is nothing we can do. /
forms with people. There isn't a n ythin g we can do. /
Indefinite pronouns are followed by a singular verb, but we (But NOT There isn't nothing we can do.)
refer back to them in a sentence with they / the m / their.
Someone is w aitin g f o r you in reception. I told them you D R e f l e x i v e p r o n o u ns
w o uld n't be long. The reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself,
itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. Note that there is a
B so m e - / a n y - plural 'you' form.
We use a reflexive pronoun if the object of the verb is the
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES same as the subject. Compare:
Some- is used in affirmative sentences. I'm enjoyin g the trip.
There's something you should know. I'm enjoyin g myself.
A ny - is also used, particularly when we want to show that Some verbs may be reflexive in your language, but are
there is no limit to the possibilities. usually not in English. Examples include: change (clothes),
You can f ly anywhere you w a nt fro m here. com plain, decide, dress, feel, h urry, meet, relax, remember, rest,
sit down, stand up, wake up, wash, wonder, worry.
Compare some- and any-:
I can brin g it to you sometime tomorrow.
Note that actions that we do to ourselves do not have a
(I don't know when yet, but I'll tell you) reflexive pronoun in English.
I can brin g it to you anytime tomorrow. When I got back to the hotel, I washed and changed before going
(there's no limit - you decide) out to the restaurant.
A n y - is common in sentences with if. We can use a reflexive pronoun for emphasis. In
pronunciation, we stress self or selves.
I f there's anything you w a nt to know, ju s t ask.
I m yself have n't seen the new design, but I believe it's very good.
QUESTIONS
If the meaning is 'without help' or 'alone', w e can use by +
A ny - is used in questions.
reflexive pronoun.
Does anyone understand this new software?
A re you doing a ll the work (by) yourselves?
Some- is used with offers and requests.
(without help)
Can I give you a lift somewhere/ anywhere?
I travelled to the conference by myself.
Compare some- and any-. A ny - emphasizes that there is no (alone/on my own)
limit to the possibilities.
Be careful with themselves.
Is there something I can do to help?
Steve and M elin d a emailed themselves.
(a normal offer) (a strange meaning: Steve sent an email to himself, and
Is there anything I can do to help?
Melinda sent an email to herself)
(I'll do whatever I can)
In this case the correct version is probably:
NEGATIVE SENTENCES Steve and M elin d a emailed each other/one another.
A ny - is used in negatives. N o t ... any- means the same as
no-.
There isn't anybody here with that name.
= There is nobody here w ith that name.
130
 31 Pr o n o u n s

Exercises
S e c tio n s A , B, C 31.1 C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e w o r d s in t h e b o x .

anyone anything anything everyone everything

no one nothing so meone so m ething something

1 It's ju st n o t rig h t - som ething is worrying me ab out this.

2 The office is empty. T h e re's_____________ here e xcept me.
3 I'm sorry, I d on't thin k t h e re's_____________ I can do t o help you.
4 W e need so meone to go t o Head Office to morrow. Is _____________ fre e?
5 W e h a n d le_____________ for you, from design t o delivery.
6 T h ere's_____________ to see you. Shall I ask the m t o w a it?
7 I see t h a t___________ _ has a copy of t he agenda, so let's begin.
8 Is t h e r e _____________ else w e need t o discuss?
9 I think t h e re's_____________ wron g with t he printer. It's not working.
10 Sorry, I've decided, a n d ______________you could say w ould make me change my mind.

Se c tio n s A , B, C 31 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t or m os t li k e ly w o r d s.
1 There's anything/nothing in the mail f or you this morning.
2 There isn't anything/nothing in t he mail for you this morning.
3 W e ca n't blame anyone/no one but ourselves for this mess.
4 Anyone/ Someone called you earlier, but I d o n't k n ow who.
5 Isn't there anywhere/nowhere to go that's open at this time of night?
6 Can I ask you anything/something?
7 There's anyone/someone on t he phone t o speak to you.
8 You can do anything/something you wa nt; it w o n't make any difference.
9 Sorry, I d on't k n ow anything/nothing a b out it.

Se ctio n D 3 1 .3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h a w o r d f ro m t h e b o x in a n a p p r o p ri a t e f o r m + a r e fle x iv e
pronoun.

ask blame enjoy hurt introduce make prepare teach

1 I kppp asking mysel w hflt | w ould do jn his situation.

2 It w as n't your fault. Don't i
3 Last year Ja m es ______ ____ - Spanish using an online course.
4 Be careful! It's very heavy! Don't i
5 It was a great holiday. W e really
6 Mary, ..... ..... . -...... ........ f or a shock. I'm going to resign.
7 Let m e ... -... ... . . ..... ___ __ _ . My name is Susan Conway.
8 Sara and Nick! W h a t won d erf ul flowers! A n d little A n na - look h o w yo u've grown! Great t o see you
all. C o m e in and -.. ___ at home.
 Exercises
Se ctio n s Circle t h e co rr ec t or m os t li k e ly w o r d s.
A , B, C, D 1 Piz za Express! W e deliver your piz za sometime, somewhere / anytime, anywhere.
2 I felt myself/felt quite nervous at t he start of t he presentation, but aft er a f e w minutes I
relaxed myself/relaxed.
3 The figures in this spreadsheet d on't correspond t o t he ones on t he invoices. We'r e going t o have to
check everyone/every one.
4 Everyone has/have to m eet in the lobby at nine o'clock t o collect his/their conference registration forms.
5 Rome isn't somewhere/ anywhere near Milan.
6 Rome isn't somewhere/ anywhere I'd like to go in August. It's t oo hot.
7 Your tw o colleagues introduced themselves/each other t o me yesterday. First I met Peter, then after
lunch I met Susan.
8 I met Peter and Susan and t hey introduced themselves/each other t o me. Peter told me a little about
w h a t Susan does, and Susan told me about Peter.

S e c t i o n s B, C 3 1.5 C o m p le t e t h e d ia l o g u e w i t h t h e w o r d s in t h e bo x .

anyone anything a nywh ere everyone everything

everywhere so meone something so m ewhere

D a vid : I can’t find my BlackBerry. I’ve looked 1__£___ _ . I must have put it down
2 , but I just can’t remember where. Oh, how annoying! It could be
3

R it a : Perhaps 4____________ has picked it up by mistake? 5--------------------in the company

has the sam e type of p h o n e .6____________ could have picked it up.
D a vid : T h is is d r iv i n g m e c ra z y .
R it a :D o n ’t worry. There m ust be 7____________ w e can do to find it.
D a v i d : But what? I’ve tried 8____________ _ I’ve looked. I’ve asked people. I can’t think of
9____________ else I can do.

Sectio n D 3 1 . 6 V ic k y a n d h er h u s b a n d C h a rl es a re s t a yin g in a h o t e l. C o m p le t e w h a t V ic k y sa ys b y usin g

t h e v e r b s in b r ac k e ts w i t h or w i t h o u t a r e fl e x iv e p r o n o u n .

C harles, co m e on, try to 1 enjoy yo u rse lf (enjoy). 2 R em em ber (re me m b er) yo u ’re
on holiday. Look, why d on ’t you 3________________ (h elp) to another drink, go on. Oh, look -
there’s Daniel Westla k e over there. Wh a t on earth is he doing in Marra k ech? H ave you two
4________________ (m et) b e f ore? You know yo u ’d h ave a lot in co m m on with Daniel. Wh y d on ’t you
go over there an d 5________________ (introd uce) to hi m? While you do that I’ll go b a c k to the room
an d 6________________ (ch a n g e) in time for dinner. I d on ’t know. So m eti m es I 7- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(as k) whet her you ca n e v e r 8________________ (rela x) whe n yo u ’re a w a y from the office.
 31 Pr o n o u n s

Tasks

S p e a k i n g : lis t e n 1 ^ 31 Y o u a re g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p hrases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

an d rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it s o u n d n a t u r a l.

A irli n e s such as Brit is h A ir w a y s lease a ir c r a f t D eriva tiv es a re c o n t r a c t u a l a rra n g e m e n ts

co m pl e t e w it h crew, h ave t h e ir a cco u n ts a nd co m p u t er be twe en t w o p a r tie s - a t le ast one of w hic h is
o p er a tio ns org a nise d by so m e b o d y else, a nd sub li k ely t o be a gia n t fi n a n cia l instit u tio n - t h a t
c o n t r a c t b oo kin g t o o nlin e a g e n ts. T h e re is p r a c t ic a lly t r a n s f e r risk. W a r r e n B u f f e t t t a g g e d d eriva tive s
not hin g t h a t ca n n o t be o u ts o urce d . T h e s e d ays w it h t h e n a m e t h a t f o llo w s t h e m everyw h er e,
e veryt hin g is being shifte d t o an o u tsid e c o n t r a c t o r 'fi n a n c i a l w e a p o n s o f m ass d e st r u ct io n .'
e x ce pt t he cor e a ct iv it i e s. Fortune website
Telegraph website

W riting: 3 A n s w e r t h e f o ll o w i n g q u e sti o n s usin g t h e w o r d s in b r ac k e ts a n d y o u r o w n id e as.

1 Do w e need t o go to t he supermarket?
practice (anything) Yes- we do ~ we do n't have a nything in the fridge.
2 Have t hey moved their head office?
(so m e w h er e)____________________________________________________________________
3 W h a t do you think a b out UFOs and flying saucers?
(n o b o d y) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4 Are you going to go to London for the Christmas sales?
(everythin g) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5 Are these seats reserved?
(a n yw h er e)______________________________________________________________________
6 I can see you're having problems. Can I help?
(n o t h in g)_________________ ______________________________________________________
7 Is the phone call for m e?
(so m e o n e)______________________________________________________________________
8 Can I invite my partner to the office party?
(a n yo n e)_______________________ ________________ __________________________________

Re h e arsal fo r 4 Lo o k a g a in a t e x ercise 31.3. N o w w r i t e y o u r o w n s e n t e n c es usin g t h e w o r d in b rac k e ts in an

th e real w o rld a p p r o p ri a t e f o r m + a r e fl e x iv e p r o n o u n.
1 (ask) As/c yourself this simple question: why are we losing so many customers?
2 (b la m e)......... ...........................................................................................................
3 (e n jo y).. ... .......................... ... ...................... ............. -.......
4 (h u r t)___________ ________________________________________________________________
5 (in tro d uce)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
6 (m a k e) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7 (p re p are) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8 (teach) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

If y o u a r e w o r k i n g in cla ss, c h o o s e s o m e s e n t e n c e s t o r e a d a l o u d . A s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s .
 D e t er m in ers

A D e t e r m i n e rs We do not use no if there is a second negative in the sentence.

A determiner is a word used in front of a noun to show In this case we use any.
which thing you mean, or to show the quantity of something. O u r food d o esn't contain any additives.
Determiners include: a / the, m y / your, this / th at, all / m ost, (NOT docsr/t ito additives)
som e / any, no / none, m uch / m any, a little / a few, each / every, We do not use no of. Instead, we use none o f or none on its
both / either / neither. own as a pronoun.
Some determiners are covered in units 30, 34 and 35. None o f the machines are fa u lty.
Note that we do not use a determiner if we are talking None are fa u lty.
generally (units 30E and 35E). To emphasize the idea of none we can use N one at a ll, N o t one
T hese/M any/B oth mobile devices have G PS . or N o t a.
(particular mobile devices) A: H o w m any people came to the talk?
M obile devices are becoming more powerful. B: None at all!/N ot one!/N ot a single person!
(mobile devices in general)
E e a ch , e v e r y
B a l l / m a n y / m u c h I a f e w I a l i t t l e , e t c. The meaning of each and every is similar, and often either
Note the structures for plural nouns: word is possible. They are both followed by a singular noun.
A ll/m ost/m an y/som e/a few workers We use each when we think of the members of a group as
A ll/m ost/m an y/som e/a few of the workers individuals, one by one. It is more usual with smaller groups
A ll/m o st/m a n y /so m e/ a few o f our workers and can mean only two.
All the workers (But NOT M eet-the-workers, etc.) M ak e sure that each parcel has a label.
With uncountable nouns we use much in place of m any and a We use every when we think of all the members together, and
little in place of a fe w . See unit 30D. it is usual with a larger number.
With singular nouns we do not use the words above, except Sales have increased every year f o r the last fiv e years.
for a few special expressions: a ll day, a ll night. I believe every word he says.
We can use each of, but we cannot use every of.
C a l l m e a n i n g 'e v e r y t h i n g ' o r ' t h e o n ly
Each of the parcels needs a label.
t hin g'
Each can also be used after the subject or at the end of a
We can use a ll + subject + verb to mean 'everything' or 'the
sentence.
only thing'.
The parcels each need a label.
I'v e told you all I know. (all = everything)
The parcels need a label each.
All we need is a signature, (all = the only thing)
A ll is rarely used as a single-word subject or object. Instead
F b o t h , e i t h e r, n e i t h e r
we use everything.
We use both, either and neither to refer to two things.
Everything is/A ll the preparations are going well.
(NOT All is going well.) Both means 'the one and the other'. Note the structures:

I w a nt to hear everything/all your news. Both em ails/both the em ails/both o f the emails are
(NOT I want to hear all.) im portant.
The emails are both im portant.
A few fixed expressions do have a ll on its own.
I'v e read them both.
T hat's a ll!
Eith e r means 'the one or the other'. N eith er means 'not the
A ll's w ell that ends well.
one or the other'.
M o n d ay or Tuesday? Yes, either day/ either of the days is fine.
D no, n o n e M o n d ay or Tuesday? I'm sorry, but neither day/n either o f the
We can use no with all types of noun. days is convenient.
No employee has more than 20 days holiday. We say either . .. o r and neither ... nor.
No new ideas were p ut forw ard at the meeting.
I can meet you either M o n d ay or Tuesday.
There was no useful information in the report.
(NOT s f Monday or Tuesday)

134
 32 D e t e r m i n e r s

Exercises
Se ctio n s A, B 3 2 .1 Pu t t h e p hra ses in t h e b o x in t o o r d e r f ro m 0 % (# 1) t o 1 0 0% (# 6). T w o h a v e b e e n d o n e
for you.

none of thorn most of the m a f e w of the m

many of the m some of the m a ll of the m

1 none o f them 4 ____________________

2 5 ________ ____________
3 6 a/ / o f them

Sectio n s 3 2.2 U n d e rli n e t h e correct w o r d s.

B, C, D , E, F 1 There were none/no messages on my voicemail.
2 Not one/ Not any question has been answered.
3 Some of/ Some restaurants here have service included in the price.
4 C heck your webca ms. I can't see either/neither of you on my screen.
5 Each our dients/ Our clients each have a separate file on the database.
6 I can't come at the wee k en d. I'm busy both days/every day.
1 All of/Every o f the files are corrupted by the virus.
8 I can't see no/any solution to the problem.
9 The flight and hotel are booked. All/Everything is organi zed.
10 W e gave the sales reps each a mobile phone/a mobile phone each.
11 Every option has been/Every options have been explored.
12 OK, I think that covers all/everything. Shall w e move o n?

Sectio n s 3 2 .3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c es w i t h a w o r d or p h ras e fro m t h e bo x.

B, C, D, E, F
all (x 2) any no not one none
each (x 2) every (x 2) both either (x 2) neither

1 W e sent letters t o sixty customers, but n o t one replied!

2 I ca n't go. There are only tw o flights, and there a r e _________ seats left o n __________ of them.
3 I ca n't go. There are only tw o flights, a n d __________of the m has any seats left.
4 I w a n t is a bit of peace and quiet to finish writing this report.
5 I ca ll e d__________store in the Yellow Pages and they w e r e __________ out of stock.
6 W e have three models, a n d __________one has its o wn special features.
7 I w as nervous at the start of my talk, but after that
I e n j o y e d_________ minute.
8 I got three letters, but there w e r e ____
for you, I'm afraid.
9 I got three letters, but there
w e r e n 't__________for you, I'm afraid.
10 The Trade Fair is important. W e need
Sue and Mi ke on the stand.
11 Both roads lead t o t he city centre.
You can t a k e __________one.
12 W e forecast cashflow of a t least €50 m
i n __________of the next three years.
 Exercises
Sectio ns 3 2 . 4 R e w r i t e e ach s e n t e n c e so it h as a si m ila r m e a n in g a n d co n t a in s t h e w o r d in b r ac k e ts.
B, C, D, E, F 1 This idea w o n't work, and the other one also w o n't wor k, (neither)
N either idea w ill work.
2 W e only have a we e k left, (all)
_____________________________________________________ a week.
3 All t he participants will be sent an agenda, (every)
will be sent an agenda.
4 A t t he end of my talk nobody at all asked a question, (single person)
A t t he end of my t a l k _____________________________ asked a question.
5 Not all t he audience understood her talk, (some)
understand her talk.
6 Not one of my colleagues speaks German, (none)
German.
7 All w e w a n t is clarity in govern m e nt policy. (The only)
. clarity in govern m e nt policy.
8 No docu ments were inside this package, (any)
T h e r e____________________________________________ _____ inside this package.
9 The hotels were both unsuitable, (neither)
. suitable.
10 I'm sorry, w e have absolutely none, (all)
I'm sorry, w e have none ______ _________

Sectio n s 3 2 . 5 C o m p le t e t his a rt icle b y ch o o sin g t h e co rr ec t a l t e r n a t iv e A , B or C b e lo w .

B, C, D, E, F

The Cola Wars

One of the most famous battles in the business Pepsi through TV, sponsorship, billboards and drinks
world is that between Coke and Pepsi. ' A a core machines. They 6_____ have a slightly different
product that is little more than sugary, brown, fizzy marketing strategy. Pepsi decided long ago to focus
water - with Pepsi perhaps being a little sweeter. on the youth market, leaving Coke to be the drink
Surprisingly, 2_.... . has diversified very much: Coke of everyone. For this reason Coke is considered to be
still g e ts 3_____ from cola and drinks, although Pepsi a more valuable brand: it is more deeply rooted in
does have a snack food business as well. 4_____ for the collective psyche and is closer to the ‘essence’ of
being very big spenders on advertising - 5_____ on cola. However, there is n't 7 ........to stop Pepsi from
the planet must surely be familiar with Coke and challenging strongly in particular local markets.

1 A Both the m have B Both of the m have C Both of t he m has

2 A either of the m B neither of t he co mpany C neither co mpany
3 A all its revenue B most its revenue C much its revenue
4 A Each are famous B Every one is famous C Both are famous
5 A all person B all peoples C every person
6 A each B each one C both of the m
7 A nothing B something C anything
 32 D e t e r m i n e r s

Tasks

S p e a k in g : lis t e n <| 32 Y o u a re g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

and rep eat

T ra nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it s o u n d n a t ur a l.

W ritin g : 3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ce s w i t h y o u r o w n id e as.
p e rs o n a li z e d -j M o s t Qf o u r e m p | 0y e e s say th a t they a gree in principle with moving to a system
p r a c tic e o f perform a nce-rela ted pa y
However, not one of the m ftas m ade any concrete suggestions for how
individu al productivity could be m easured _
2 None of our co m p e tit ors________________________________________________________

However, a f e w of the m

3 The majority of our customers

However, not one single cust o m e r_______________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________ - none at all!
4 Both my p are n ts________________________________________________________________

However, neither of the m

5 Every product w e sell has

And each time w e sell a product w e make sure

6 All I need n o w is

Re h e arsal f o r 4 Lo o k a g a in a t e x ercise 32.5. N o w w r i t e a s h o rt t e x t w h e r e y o u c o m p a re t w o si m ilar

th e real w o r k c o m p a n ies w o r k i n g in t h e sa m e m ar k e t.

If y o u a r e w o r k i n g in cla ss, r e a d s o m e t e x t s a l o u d a n d d isc u ss t h e m .

 Possessives an d co m p o u n d n o u ns

A P o sse ssi v e a d j e c t i v e s a n d p r o n o u ns: Here are some common phrases with of, and examples of
m y I m i n e, e tc. nouns that follow:
M y / y o u r / h e r / h is / its / o u r / t h e ir are adjectives and come choice o f (flig h ts) piece o f (advice )
before a noun. error of (ju d g m ent) range o f ( colours)
floo d o f (co m plaints) strength o f ( the euro)
T his was your suggestion.
lack o f (fu n ds) stroke o f (luck )
M in e / y o u rs / h e rs / h is / o u rs / th eirs are pronouns, and we use level o f (com mitm ent) success o f ( the project)
them on their own. method o f (p aym ent) tim e o f ( a rriv a l)
T his suggestion was yours. num ber o f (factors) waste o f ( tim e)
There is no 'its' form as a pronoun. We can use a ... o f + possessive form to show a connection
We can add own to a possessive adjective for emphasis. between people.
M y own view is that the project is too ambitious. She's a colleague o f mine.
(= She's my colleague.)
There is no apostrophe ('s) in possessive adjectives or
pronouns. We can use o f or apostrophe for places and organizations.
We worked f o r one year on its design. the historic centre o f Prague
(NOT We worked for one year on ife design.) OR Prague's historic centre
the fu tu re o f the company
OR the company's fu tu re
B 's (a p o st r o p h e s)
We use's to show that something belongs to a person or
organization. Many other languages use 'of' in these cases.
D C o m p o u n d n o u ns
We add's even if the name ends in s. A compound noun is two nouns together. Compound nouns
are common in English, especially in business language:
The C E O 's office C h arles's em ail address
sales report management decision
With plural nouns we add the apostrophe only.
research results manufacturing productivity
The a u d ito rs' investigations are continuin g.
exchange rate insurance document
We can use th e 's form without a following noun if the stock m arket customer service
meaning is clear.
When we use two nouns together, the first noun is like an
The project was a team effort, but the origin al idea was Helen's. adjective and describes the second noun.
(= Helen's idea)
The first noun is usually singular.
A special use of's is to refer to someone's home or a
reductions in costs 4 cost reductions
workplace.
the law relatin g to companies -> company law
I'l l be at Jack's this evening.
We can use more than two nouns. To understand the
(Jack's house)
meaning, start at the end.
I must go to the acountant's.
an executive search company
(the accountant's office)
(a company that searches for executives)
If there is no possession, we do not use an apostrophe. a stock market launch
S pecial offer on Epson prin ters! (a launch in the market for stocks)
(NOT Epson printer's)
In certain fixed phrases w e cannot use a compound noun. We
Note that apostrophes can also be a short form of is or has. have to use of.
It's a lovely day. ( = It is) lack o f confidence freedom o f choice
It's been a pleasure meeting you. (= It has) the price o f success the cost o f progress
Sometimes we can use o f or a compound noun.
C usi n g o f tim e o f a rriva l a rriva l time
We use o f to show that one thing belongs to another thing. rate o f inflatio n in flatio n rate
The end o f the street. Over time there is a tendency for some compound nouns to
(NOT the street's end) be written as one word.
The tim e of the meeting. database timescale businessman
(NOT the meeting's time) network workshop motorcycle
138
 33 Po ss e ssiv e s a n d c o m p o u n d

Exercises
Se c tio n A 3 3 .1 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ect w o r d s.
1 My/mine office is a t the end of the corridor.
2 It's not really her/hers decision.
3 The co m mittee had its/it's final meeting yesterday.
4 Excuse me, is this your/yours seat?
5 Excuse me, is this seat your/yours?
6 W e do all ourselves/our own design and printing.
7 W e do all t he design and printing ourselves/our own.
8 Is this pen yours/your's or mine?

Sectio n C 3 3 .2 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e p h ras es in t h e b o x .

error of flood of lack of level of method of

piece of range of stroke of success of w ast e -e f

1 I w e n t there, but they were closed. It was a co mplete w g s*!L g t time.

2 The product launch is a disaster. There's a c o m p le t e______________ interest.
3 You should n't have told the m about that. It was a n ______________ j udg ment.
4 O ur hotel offers a w i d e ______________ facilities f or t he business traveler.
5 W e have a relatively l o w ______________ une mployment in our country.
6 I heard a very int erestin g______________ information t he other day.
7 W e arrived just a t the right time. W h a t a ______________ luck!
8 The ad has been very successful. There's a ______________ inquiries.
9 The results must be correct. W e use a very reli a ble______________ analysis.
10 I'd like t o congratulate everyone on t h e _______________ t he project.

Sectio n D 3 3 .3 M a k e t w o c o m p o u n d n o u n s f ro m t h e n o u n s in e ach g r o u p .
1 profits course training co m pany com pany p ro fits
2 staff forecast meeting sales ------------------ -------------
3 card store credit d epart ment ____________________ _______________
4 Internet sale su m mer access ____________________
5 figures price inflation range
6 survey market hour rush ____________________ _______________
7 technology keys car information
8 assistant shop failure p ower _____________________
9 shopfloor workin g wor k er lunch _____________________ _______________
10 insurance loan contract bank _____________________ _______________
11 features costs production product _____________________ _______________
12 market marketing budget leader ------------------
13 margin capital profit ex penditure _____________________ _______________
14 control sheet balance quality
 Exercises
Se ctio n s A, B 3 3 . 4 R e w r i t e t h e s e n t e n c e s usin g a p o st r o p h e s w h e r e n ecessary.
1 Ingrid k nows t hat its Marys area of work, not hers.
Ingrid knows th a t it's Mary's area o f work, n ot hers.
2 Wh e n its Christmas, all our competitors sales go up more than ours.

3 Alices friends called Bill. Hes one of Morgan Stanleys top analysts.

4 My bosss PA reads all t he customers emails.

5 I w e n t to my doctors and hes computeri z ed all t he patients records.

6 Look at those t w o Mercedes. Ones our directors and the others a visitors.

Sectio n s 3 3 . 5 W r i t e t h e seco n d s e n t e n c e so it has a si m ila r m e a n in g t o t h e firs t s e n t e n ce .

A , B, C, D 1 I'll see you in t he room w e use for meetings in ten minutes.
I'll see you m m eeting room jn ^en mjnutes.
2 This pen doesn't belong to me.
This is n 't___________________________
3 This pen doesn't belong to me.
This pen is n't__________________________ _
4 These docu ments belong to James.
These a r e ___________________________
5 Fatima met one of her colleagues at t he conference.
Fatima met a __________________________ at t he conference.
6 W h a t is your boss called?
W h a t __________________________ na m e?
7 You should consult an e xpert in law about companies.
You should consult a n __________________________ law.
8 This graph shows t he figures f or sales for last year.
This g r a p h__________________________ figures f or last year.
9 I just sent an email t o one of our customers.
I just sent an email t o a __________________________ _
10 I'm going on a course t o train managers.
I'm going o n __________________________ course.

Sectio n D Cross o u t t h e o n e w o r d in e ach g r o u p t h a t d o e s n o t m a k e a c o m m o n co m p o u n d n o u n

w i t h t h e firs t w o r d in b old.
1 s ales forecast/figures/trade/target 6 p r o d u ct manager/range/features/share
2 m a r k e t forces/sector/check/share 7 a d v e r t isi n g slogan/line/campaign/agency
3 p rice offer/list/range/rise 8 p r o d u c ti o n market/line/capacity/target
4 b r a n d image/leader/loyalty/process 9 c o m p a n y car/policy/accounts/trade
5 t a x relief/benefits/output/allowance 10 st o c k option/decision/market/exchange
 33 P o s s e s s i v e s a n d c o m p o u n d n o u n s

Tasks

S p e a k in g : iis t e n ^ ^ 33 Yo u a re g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

and rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . R e m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

W ritin g : 3 Lo o k a g a in a t s ectio n C o n p a g e 138 a n d e x ercise 33.2. T h e p h ra s es t h a t y o u se e are

p e rs o n a li z e d c o m m o n fi x e d e x p ressi o n s (e.g. e rr o r o f ju d g m e n t ). W r i t e a s e n t e n c e o f y o u r o w n
usin g t h e w o r d s in b r ac k e ts in a fi x e d e x p ressio n .
1 (error of) We shouldn't have outsourced our recruitm ent process. It was an
error o f judge m e nt.
2 (flood o f )_____________________________________________________________________

3 (lack of)

4 (level of)

5 (method of)

6 (piece of)

7 (range of)

8 (stroke of)

9 (waste of)

Re h e arsal fo r 4 Lo o k a g a in a t e x ercise 33.6. C h o os e o n e co m p o u n d n o u n f ro m e ach g r o u p 1 - 10 a n d use it t o

w r i t e a s e n t e n c e o f y o u r o w n . A d d a n o t h e r s e n t e n c e (o r t w o ) f o r in t e r es t. Se e t h e e x a m p le :
O ur sales targets are very a mbitious, a nd I'll be very surprised i f we can achieve them. If w e do n't
m anage to g e t enough sales, I prob a bly w o n't g e t my annu al bonus - a nd th a t means no skiing
in Austria this year.

If y o u a r e w o r k i n g in cla ss, c h o o s e s o m e s e n t e n c e s t o r e a d a l o u d . A s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s .
 19 A r ticles 1

A A r t ic l e s We often know which one because we mentioned it before,

using a / a n.
A / a n is called the indefinite article, and we use it to
introduce new information. We m ust have a meeting next week. The meeting should focus
on the a u ditors' report.
The is called the definite article, and we use it when the
listener knows which person or thing we are talking about. Sometimes we know which one because it is clear from
the context, or it is shared knowledge from the lives of the
'No article' is the noun by itself, without an article. We use
speaker and listener.
no article when we want to speak generally.
Where's the newspaper?
Compare:
(we know which one from the context)
I read an interesting report last week.
('report' is mentioned for the first time)
The talk w ill begin at 10.00.
(both the speaker and listener know which talk)
I read the report you gave me.
(the listener knows which report) Note that in cases like these we can use the to refer to
Reports are sent out fo u r times a year. something for the first time.
(speaking generally) We use the when there is only one of something, and so it is
clear which one.
B a Ia n I'l l speak to the boss when he gets back.
We use a / a n to introduce new information. The listener does We use the with nationalities and other groups.
not know which person or thing we are talking about. I ad mire the Italians f o r th eir sense o f design.
We use a / a n to refer to something for the first time. This is how the rich live.
I have an idea Yd like to discuss. We use the with superlatives (unit 37B).
We use a / a n to refer to one of a group of things. T his is the fastest machine in o ur range.
C an you pass me a paper clip fro m that box? There are special rules for place names (unit 35).
We use a / a n to describe someone's job.
Fion a is a financial consultant. E N o a r t ic l e
We use a / a n with an adjective to describe something. No article is used when we are talking generally.
C airo is an enormous city. Study this example for a plural noun:
We use a / a n in expressions of measurement. Pe r can also be I got the emails you sent.
used. (we know which emails)
We try to re ply to emails w ith in 24 hours.
twice a /p e r month 300 u nits an/ per hour
(emails in general)
A / a n mean 'one', so we cannot use a / a n with plurals or
Study this example for an uncountable noun:
uncountable nouns.
The information in this report gives us the power to target
Can you give me some information?
our advertisin g.
(NOT an information)
(we know which information and power)

C a or a n? Information is power.
(information and power in general)
We use a in front of a consonant sound and an in front of a
A common mistake is to use the with plural nouns and
vowel sound,
uncountable nouns used in a general way.
consonant sounds
Jobs are hard to fin d these days.
a manager, a job, a u niversity, a one - way street, a European law
(NOT The jobs are hard to find)
vowel sounds
Time is money.
an idea, an employer, an hour, an M B A
(NOT The time is the money)
Fo r me, football is like life.
D the
(NOT For me, the football is like the life)
We use the for old information. It is clear which person or
We use no article for most companies.
thing we are talking about.
I work fo r HSBC in H o n g Kong.

142
 34 A r ticle s 1

Exercises
S e c t i o n s A , B, D 34.1 U n d e rlin e t h e co rrect w o rd s.
Wh ere's a/the package w e received this m ornin g? I ca n't find it.
I have an/the ap point ment at a/the bank.
I had a/the very good holiday. A/The w e a th er was marvellous.
I've been workin g so hard t ha t I need a/the break.
They are a/the largest manufacturer of win d turbines in a/the world.
A/The presentation was a/the great success.
W e need to reach a/the decision as soon as possible.
There must be an/the answer to a/the problem.
Mi ke is an/the office worker. He works on another/the other side of t own.
His office is a/the biggest one in a/the building.
Wh e re have you saved a/the docu m ent w e w ere looking a t?
Portuguese/The Portuguese are very good negotiators.

Sectio n s 3 4 . 2 Pu t e it h e r a / a n or a d ash (~) t o s h o w n o article .

A , B, C. E
1 ~ money makes t he world go round.
2 It's a l l_____ question o f ______supply a n d _____ _ de mand.
3 Rita works i n _____ insurance co m pany i n ______Cologne.
4 I think t h a t _____ good health is the most important thing i n ______life.
5 This i s _____ good time f o r ______sales of n e w cars.
6 This is t he nu mber to call f o r _____ information.
7 I've g o t _____ colleague w h o i s ______systems analyst.
8 _....... product k n owled ge is very important f o r ______ sales consultant.
9 H e's_____ engineer. He s t u d ie d______engineering at University.
10 W e p r o d uc e______income state ment four t i m e s______year.

Sectio n s 3 4 . 3 Pu t e it h e r a / a n, t h e or a d ash (~) t o s h o w n o article.

A , B, C. D, E 1 Tbe Spanish have given us i L lot of r business.
2 most people t ho u g ht t hat it w a s ______ very
good product.
3 I like to d ri n k_____ glass o f ______win e in
____ evening.
4 I wish I could s p e a k_____ English li k e______English.
5 As soon a s _____ Hanna gets o f f ______ plane,
ask her t o give m e _____ call.
6 smoking is not permitted in this building.
7 T h ere's_____ visitor at ......... reception desk.
8 Wh e n I arrived a t ____ _ airport, I had
_____ drink and wait e d f o r ______flight.
9 I w a n t _____ action, n o t ______words.
10 person w i t h ______MB A
usually g e t s_____ good job.
11 retailing is still in recession,
b u t _____ B2B sector is doing OK.
12 Marie - Flore comes f r o m _____ France.

, / \A !p romnrd f m i i-ho ncronrM

 Exercises
Se ctio n s 3 4 .4 C o m p le t e t his i n t e r v i e w b e t w e e n a j o u r n a lis t a n d t h e C E O o f Bio t e k , a b i o t e c h n o l o g y
A , B, C , D , E co m p a n y. Use e it h e r a / an, t h e or a d a sh (~) t o s h o w n o article .

Jo u r n a l i s t : Can you begin by telling m e 1 a little about recent changes at

3 ~ Biotek?
Ce o : Well, a few years ago w e m ade 4_____im portant decision. This was to
move our operations to 5__ Cambridge, because it ’s very important for
6_____biotechnology com panies to r e c r u it7____ _ scientists from 8_____best
universities. It’s 9_____very com petitive job market in Cambridge, and w e
attract and m otivate em ployees by offering them 10_____good salaries and
11_____excellent working conditions. We’ve built up 12_____ exceptional team
here, and w e ’re focusing more and more on our cutting-edge research in
13_____field of 14...... _ gene therapy.
J o u r n a l is t : Many people say t h a t 15_____ biotechnology prom ises more than it delivers.
Is that true at Biotek?
C e o : That may be true in general, b u t 16_____biotechnology that we do is already
producing 17_____results. Last year w e made 18_____ sm all profit for 19--------
first tim e, and 20_____revenue is increasing steadily. Also, w e’ve recently
made 21_____distribution deal w ith 22_____ large pharm aceutical company.
They have the m arketing skills that w e lack, and 23_____partnership is
w orking w ell for both sides. Our aim going forward is to enter 24_____
Am erican market, and w e ’re confident of 25___ _ success.

Sectio n s 34. C o m p le t e t his a rt icle w i t h a / a n, t h e or a d ash (~ ) t o s h o w n o article.

A , B, C, D, E

How Clean Is Their Money?

'Money laundering' is 1__ >le name given to world's financial markets, but it also provides
one of2 world's biggest financial problems: 10_____opportunity for criminals to hide their
moving money that has been obtained illegally money.
into 3_____ foreign bank accounts so Private banking is 11_____ best-known
that 4_____people do not know where laundering channel. Clients of these
it has come from. Putting 5_____value banks are wealthy people who want
on money laundering is of course very their affairs handled with discretion,
difficult, but the International Monetary especially because they want to
Fund estimate that it is huge - perhaps minimize 12_____amount of 13_____ tax
$1 trillion 6_____ year, equivalent to they pay. In these banks there is 14_____
about 4% of global economic output. culture of ‘don’t ask, don’t tell'. And
7_____international payment systems allow within 15_____private banking 16_____
money to be moved in seconds between banks biggest problem of all is offshore banks. There
in different parts of 8___ _ world who know are around 5,000 offshore banks controlling
very little about each other. This payment about $5 trillion in assets, and some have no
system is crucial to 9_____ stability of the physical presence in any location.
 34 A r t ic le s 1

Tasks

S p e a k in g : lis t e n 1 & 3 4 Yo u a re g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

and rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it s o u n d n a t u r a l.

O nce p eo ple h ave a w e bsit e, t h e y s t a r t t o re ali z e t he T he sce n ario goes so m et hin g lik e t h is: t he
i m p or t a n ce of se arch e ngine o p ti m i z a ti o n . W h y ? ongoing d e ple tio n o f t he w o rl d 's oil resources,
Bec a u s e w it h o u t it, you j u s t h ave a w e bsit e, an d w h a t co u ple d w it h so arin g d e m a n d fro m e m er gin g
good is a w e bsit e if you d o n't g e t lots of t a r g e t e d eco n o m ies lik e In d i a a nd C hin a, w ill send
t r a f fic lo o kin g f o r t h e p ro d ucts an d service s w hich t he p rice of oil t hro u g h t h e ro o f. T h is w ill
you p ro vid e . T h e base of a ll S E O is co n t e n t. C o n t e n t is serio usly e sc a la t e t ra n s p o r t a tio n costs, w hich
t h e t e x t you see on t h e pa ge. T h e se arch e n gin e's job in t urn w ill cri p p le in t e rn a ti o n al tra d e , reverse
is t o provide t h e m ost re le va n t co n t e n t a v a il a b le on co m m e rcia l in t er d e p e n d e nce a nd disa ble t he
t he In t e rn e t, a nd t his is w h y G o o gle is so successf ul glo b al e co n o m y. T h e resultin g a ge w ill be one
- b eca use t h e y do it b e tt er t h a n a nyo ne else. in w h ic h n a tio ns a re isola t e d , t e c h n o lo gica l
Advisor website p ro gress is sluggish a nd t ra v e l is in fre q u e nt.
Newsweek website

W ritin g : 3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ce s w i t h y o u r o w n id e as. A d d a n o t h e r s e n t e n c e or t w o f o r i n t e r e s t if y o u
p e rs o n a li z e d want to.
p r a c tic e ^ ^ /'cf ///ce to discuss in th e m e e tin g to m o rro w . H o w can I p u t it on
th e a g e n d a?
2 I like t he idea V ° u P u t f o rw a r d in th e m e e tin g yesterd ay. Pe rh a p s w e c o u ld talk
a b o u t it o v e r lu n ch o n e d a y this w e e k ?
3 We'r e developing a p ro d uc t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

4 Have I shown you the product

5 I wor k as a/an

6 I speak to someone from head office several times a

7 I have a boss

8 I'll speak to the boss

9 A m on g all the cultures I know, I think the best negotiators are the

10 If you w a n t quality and are prepared to pay for it, this is the
in our range.
11 The information

12 Information

If y o u a r e w o r k i n g in cla ss, c h o o s e s o m e s e n t e n c e s t o r e a d a l o u d . A s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s .
 A r ticles 2

Unit 34 gives some basic rules for articles. This unit gives D S p e ci a l u ses o f n o a r t icl e
additional points.
We use no article with:

A Pla ce n a m es a n d n o a r t ic l e Company names: I work fo r Accenture.

In general, no article is used for continents, countries, states, Years, months, days: in 2001, on T hursday
islands, mountains, lakes, cities, parks, roads and streets,
Special times of the year: at C hristm as / Easter
squares, palaces, castles, cathedrals, stations and airports.
Some parts of the day: at night, at midnight
Europe C hin a C alifornia
(BUT 'in the morning', 'in the afternoon')
M a lta M o u n t Everest Lake Lucerne
Budapest H yd e Pa rk C hurch Street Languages: En glish (spoken by 'the English')
Times Square Elysee Palace Win dsor Castle Means of transport (in general): by c a r / ta x i / tra in / b u s /
K oln Cathedral M ila n S tatio n O rly A irp o rt coach / plane, on foot
(BUT 'the train to Barcelona')
B Pla c e n a m es a n d t h e Meals (in general): breakfast / lu nch / din n er
Note that all the following use the: (BUT 'the dinner w e had last night')

Plurals: the A lp s, the Bahamas, the N etherlands Note the use of 'preposition + no article' with certain places,
when the purpose of the place is more important than the
'Adjective + place': the Black Sea, the M id d le East, the West
actual place itself.
En d (but NOT where 'place' is a country or continent:
N orth ern It a ly ) in /to hospital / priso n / b e d / class / co urt
I spent two days in hospital.
Phrases with 'of': the Houses o f Parlia m e n t,
I went to hospital fo r a check-up.
the South o f Fra nce
a t/to w ork / sch o ol / u niversity
Political constitutions: the Iris h Rep ublic,
I was at work yesterday u n til 8 pm.
the Unite d Kingdo m (the U K ) , the Unite d States (the U S )
Usu ally I go to work by bus.
Rivers and canals: the D anube, the Sue z C anal
Note how we use 'home':
Oceans and seas: the A tla n tic, the M editerranean
I was at home yesterday evening (NOT at-the home)
Roads with numbers: the A 8 W h a t tim e did you go home? (NOT go to the homo)
Theatres and art galleries: the Scala, the Lo uvre
Hotels: the M a rrio tt (H o tel) E G e n e r a l a n d sp e c i f ic m e a n i n g s
Famous buildings: the Eiffel Tower, the Taj M a h al, When we use a plural noun or an uncountable noun with no
the White House article, it has a general meaning. When we put the in front, it
has a specific meaning.

C S p e ci a l u se s o f t h e Cars are a big problem in city centres.

The cars our salesforce use are a ll VWs.
We use the with:
I ca n't set up com plicated spreadsheets.
The spreadsheets f o r M a y and Ju n e are here.
International institutions: The E U , The Unite d N ations,
People can be d ifficult sometimes.
The IM F , The W T O
The people in m y office are a ll very frie n d ly.
Adjectives that refer to nationalities and groups: I prefer fish to meat.
The Spanish, The unem ployed The fish I had fo r lu nch was superb.
Some time phrases: in the past, at the moment, M oney makes the w orld go round.
in the fu tu re ( but 'at present'), the 1960s (decades), The money w e've invested is close to € lm .
the 21st century (centuries) H ow's business?
Points of the compass: (in ) the south - west The clothing business is ve ry com petitive.
Negotiating with suppliers is m y responsibility.
Playing instruments: I play the g u itar
The negotiating was much easier last time.
Job titles and official titles: the M ark e tin g Director,
the Prim e M in iste r
Magazines and newspapers: The Econo mist,
146 The W a ll Street Jo u rn al
 35 A r t ic le s 2

Exercises
Se ctio n s 3 5 .1 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t w o r d s.
A . B , C, D 1 I w e n t to Pisa/the Pisa by car/the car and saw Leaning Tower/the Leaning Tower.
2 They w o u ld n't pay, so w e too k the m to court/to the court.
3 Crete/The Crete is very beautiful at this time of year.
4 Helmut Kohl was Chancellor/the Chancellor w h o helped t o reunite Germany/the Germany.
5 My son is in hospital/in the hospital and ca n't go to school/the school.
6 W e fle w over Alps/the Alps and saw Mont Blanc/the Mont Blanc.
7 On our trip t o UK/the UK w e visited Canterbury Cathedral/the Canterbury Cathedral.
8 In past/the past people telep honed from cabins in t he street. Can you believe it!?!
9 I'm tired! Thank goodness it's time to go home/go to home.
10 I used to wor k for Deutsche Bank/the Deutsche Bank.
11 My daughter wa nts to go t o university/the university aft er her exams.
12 I bou ght this suit from Fifth Avenue/the Fifth Avenue w h e n I was in States/the States.
13 Do you k n ow L ake Windermere/the Lake Windermere? It's in Lake District/the L ake District, in north
west/the north-west of England/the England.
14 The govern m e nt wa nts the rich/the rich people t o pay more tax.
15 Wh e n I am at work/at the work, I usually have lunch/the lunch at a b out one.
16 Danube/The Danube is t he main river in Central Europe/the Central Europe.

Se ctio n E 3 5 . 2 In e ach p a ir o f s e n t e n ce s, fill in o n e sp ac e w i t h the a n d t h e o t h e r sp ac e w i t h a d a sh (~ ) t o

s h o w n o article.
1 a) n sales are increasing across every division of t he company,
b) 7he sa|es w e made last month were up 6 % year -on-year.
2 a) _____information in your report will be very useful to us.
b) ... .... information ab out t he Kazakh market is hard t o find.
3 a ) _____ visitors should sign their name at t he reception desk.
b ) _____ visitors from Algeria will be arriving at eleven.
4 a) This maga zine article give s_____ advice about which stocks t o buy.
b) Thank you f o r _____ advice you gave me last week.
5 a ) _____ bonds I have are all long - term investments.
b )_____ bonds are a good invest ment w h e n interest rates are falling.
6 a ) _____ fashion right n o w is t o look like an A merican gang member.
b )_____ fashion in music changes all t he time.
7 a ) _____ French exports t o t he rest of Europe are up 4 % this year.
b )_____ French are world leaders in t he luxury goods market.
8 a) time is money.
b) ... . time it takes t o do t he job properly is well wort h it.
 Exercises
S e c t i o n s C, D C o m p le t e t h e sec o n d s e n t e n c e so it h as a si m ila r m e a n in g t o t h e firs t se n t e n ce .
1 I was a student until last year.
I was a t university until last year.
2 Please d on't call me t oo early - I'll be sleeping.
Please d on't call me t oo early - I'll b e ________________ bed.
3 I had a quiet we e k en d in my house.
I had a quiet w e e k e n d________________ home.
4 W e walk e d to t he station.
W e w e n t to t h e ________________ foot.
5 David is still in his office.
David i s ________________ work.
6 W e e mploy 250 people right now.
W e e mploy 250 p e o p le________________ present.
7 I drink coffee at 10 am but never at 10 pm
I drink coffee i n ________________ morning but n e v e r_________________ night.
8 I catch t he bus in t he morning.
I g o ________________ w o r k _________________ bus.

Sectio n s C o m p le t e t h is t e x t w i t h t h e o r a d ash (~) t o s h o w n o article .

A , B, C, D, E

Poland and the Poles

I Poland is a large territory at the heart
of 2_____ Europe. It is bordered by 3_____
Germany to 4_____west; 5_____ Czech Republic
and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and
Lithuania to the east; and 6_____Baltic Sea and
Kaliningrad to the north. Much of the country is
a flat, fertile plain, although in the south there
are 7____ Tatra mountains. Poland has one
of 8... highest numbers of lakes in 9_____
world (over ten thousand), the largest being
10 Lake Sniardwy. Poland’s rivers include 21____ Polish could be heard everywhere -
II Vistula and 12__ Odra, both of from 22____ biggest cities to 23_____ most
which frequently flood, causing major problems remote areas of Scotland and Wales. Then,
for 13 . authorities in towns such as 14_____ just as suddenly, they all went back. 24
Wroclaw. pound was weakening against 25_ zioty,
Poland joined 15_____EU in 2004, and in the and26......... opportunities in the UK and Ireland
next few years an interesting social phenomenon in general were becoming fewer and fewer as
took place. At that time 16_____unemployment 27 economy slowed.
rate in Poland was high, and 17 Polish No one knows what will happen in 28_........
currency was weak. But there was work in future, but Poland does have a tradition of
18....... UK and 19_____Ireland, and more than 29____ migration and an adaptable and
one million young Poles went looking for it. skilled workforce. If there is a strong economy
They found jobs in 20___ . restaurants, hotels, somewhere in Europe, and 30 jobs that
agriculture and construction. On the streets, need doing, Poles are likely to be there.
 35 A r tic le s 2

Tasks

Speaking: listen 1 % 35 Yo u a re g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p hrases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

and repeat
Translate 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

W h a t w ill be t h e i m p a ct of glo b al w a r m i n g? Risin g Ta x is in Sin g a p o re a r e a b u n d a n t and

se a levels w ill t h r e a t e n t o floo d isla n ds lik e t he re a so n a b ly p rice d , b ut h ar d t o fin d d urin g rush
M a ld iv e s in t he In d i a n O c e a n . T h e ris k of t id a l w av es h ours, w h e n it rains, a n d b etwee n 11 pm and
co uld rise in F l o r i d a a nd o t h er co a st a l st a t es. D iseases m id ni g h t. T h e t a x is fr o m t h e a ir p o r t t o t he
co m m o n in t h e t r o p ics w o uld m ove n ort h. Diseases c e n t ra l b usiness d is t r ic t cost aro u n d $ 1 6 .
c a rri e d by m osq uit oes, f o r e x a m ple, h ave b eco m e Asia-Inc website
m ore co m m o n in C e n tra l A m e ric a an d Me xico.
Fortune website

W riting: 3 Lo o k a g a in a t secti o n s A - D o n p a g e 146. W r i t e a s e n t e n c e o n t h e t o p ic in b r ac k e ts usin g y o u r

personalized o w n id e as.
practice ^ , con^jnen^ in the 21st century Asia is likely to becom e the m ost im porta nt
region in terms o f grow th a nd glob a l d eve lop m e n t
2 (an island or a l a k e) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3 (a palace or a c astle) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

4 (a river or c a n a l).

5 (a theatre or an art gallery)

6 (a famous building)

7 (a part of the day wit ho ut 't h e ').

(a meal, talking generally)

9 (a place, w h ere the purpose is more important than t he actual place itself).

4 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h y o u r o w n id e as.
10 People

11 The people

12 Life

13 The life

If y o u a r e w o r k i n g in cla ss, c h o o s e s o m e s e n t e n c e s t o r e a d a l o u d . A s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s .
 A d ject iv es a n d a d v e r bs

A A d jectiv es an d a d v erbs C G ra d a b le a n d n o n -g ra d a b le a d jectiv es

An adjective describes a noun. Look at these sequences:
We need a significant increase in sales. boiling hot, warm, cool, cold freezing
An adverb describes a verb and says how (q uick ly ), when excellent/fantastic good, bad terrible/awful
(to m orrow) or where (over there) something happens. enormous large/big, small tiny/minute
Adverbs can come in different positions. 'How' adverbs Adjectives in the middle of the sequence are 'gradable'. We
usually come after the verb. can make them stronger or weaker with words like: a bit,
quite, reasonably, relatively, very, extremely.
We planned everythin g very carefully.
The weather was quite hot / cold.
Frequency adverbs (unit 1) come after be and auxiliaries, but
(NOT quite beifetg-/ freezing)
before other verbs.
The sales fig ures were very good / bad.
She is never late. She never goes there. (NOT very excellent/ awful)
Other 'when' adverbs can come before or after the verb. Adjectives at the end are 'non-gradable'. With these
Last year profits rose. Profits rose last year. adjectives we use absolutely.
If w e have several adverbs together, the usual word order is: The talk was absolutely excellent / aw ful.
HOW - WHERE - WHEN
O u r profits rose slightly in Benelux last year.
(N O T lasf - ye a f4n -Be n e t o x) D O rd er o f a d jectiv es
As well as describing verbs, adverbs can also describe When we have more than one adjective, we use this order:
adjectives and other adverbs. Opinion: wonderful, lovely, nice, difficult, im portant, well- made
It's relatively expensive, (adverb + adjective) Size: large, sm all, long, short
I did it very easily. (adverb + adverb) Other qualities: cheap, clean, quiet, fast
Age: new, old, second -hand
Adverbs are covered in other units in this book: 1, 3, 5, 7, 39,
Shape/pattern: circular, rectangular, short -sleeved, striped
40, 43, 44 and 49.
Colour: white, red and blue
Origin/nationality: Germ an, French
B Form o f a d v erbs Material: metal, plastic, steel, cotton
Many 'how' adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an Type (what kind?): com pany (p olicy), mobile (d evice),
adjective. A few add -y, - ally, or - ily, depending on the cash (p aym ent)
spelling of the original adjective.
Words in the final two categories can be nouns used as
slow - slo w ly f u ll - f u lly adjectives.
dra m atic - d ra m a tic a lly steady - ste a d ily
Here are some examples:
Some adverbs and adjectives have the same form. Examples a 10-page American legal contract
include: fast, hard, early, late, high, low, right, wrong, (size, nationality, type)
d aily / w e e kly / m o n thly / q u arterly.
an efficient worldwide distribution network
T his is a fa st machine. (adj.) (opinion, size, type)
T his machine goes very fast, (adv.) a cheap clean energy source
It's a hard decision. (a d j.) (quality, quality, type)
H e's working very hard. (adv.)
Note that the adverb hardly is not related to the meaning E i n t e r e st i n g I i n t e r e st e d
of hard.
Adjectives ending -ing describe what we are reacting to
It's so noisy I can hardly think. (outside us).
('hardly' = almost not) Adjectives ending -ed describe our feelings (inside us).
Note that good is an adjective and w ell is an adverb.
I fo u n d her comments quite surprising.
She's a good negotiator. I was surprised by her comments.
She negotiates well.
Other pairs like this are: bored / boring, confused / confusing,
e xcited / e xciting, interested / interesting, tire d / tirin g.
 36 A d je c tiv e s a n d a d v e r b s

Exercises
Sectio ns A, B 3 6 .1 C o m p le t e t h e sec o n d s e n t e n c e so it h as a si m ila r m e a n in g t o t h e firs t se n t e n c e.
1 There was a slight fall in profits in April.
In April profits fel1 slightly .
2 W e saw a dramatic improve ment in our share price last month.
Last month our share p ric e__________________________________
3 There has been a significant drop in de mand f or oil over the last f e w months.
De mand for oil h a s_________________________________ over the last f e w months.
4 There was a slow recovery in consumer confidence last year.
Consu mer c o n fid e n ce ....... .............. _ .... .. last year.
5 There has been a gradual rise in une mployment.
U n e m ploy m e n t_________________________________ _
6 There was steady growth in Korean G DP f or many years.
For many years Korean G D P_________________________________ _

S e c t i o n s C, E 3 6 . 2 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ect a d j e ctiv e s.

1 I could n't do any more wor k last night. I was just so tired/tiring.
2 I d on't think t he audience liked the talk. They looked bored/boring.
3 I d on't think t he audience liked t he talk. It was a bit bored/boring.
4 Your n ew e -learning project sounds really excited/exciting.
5 They made very big/enormous profits last year.
6 They made absolutely big/enormous profits last year.
7 The sales figures last month were extremely bad/terrible.
8 Wa rs a w is absolutely cold/freezing at this time of year.

Se ctio n A 3 6 . 3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ce s w i t h o n e w o r d fro m list A a n d o n e f ro m list B.

Re a d t h e w h o l e lin e first.

A: badly completely easily extremely heavily quite une x pectedly weH

B: delayed designed helpful illegal late made promoted recogni z able

1 This suitcase is very veil m ade . It will last for years and years.
2 The n ew product is b e i n g ....... . ________ . . You see t he posters everywhere.
3 This website is v e r y ................ .. . I ca n't find the information I need.
4 You've been . . I really appreciate it.
5 O ur offices are . Look out for t he large flags at the front.
6 I'm sorry, my flight has b e e n .... . I'll call you w h e n I arrive.
7 Taking bribes is - _ ________ ___ . You'll lose your job if they find out.
8 I arrived at t he presentation ._ and missed the first part.
 Exercises
Se ctio n D Pu t e ach g r o u p o f w o r d s in t o t h e b e st or der.
1 n ew package an ama zing software a n a m azing n e w softw a re pack age
2 old - fashioned a large machine cutting __________________________ _____________________
3 woo d e n square t w o cartons _______________________________________________
4 period a transition three - month difficult _______________________________________________
5 chips computer Taiwanese high - quality _______________________________________________
6 a strategy well - planned invest ment _______________________________________________
7 a n ew revolutionary device handheld _______________________________________________
8 awful plastic cheap souvenirs _______________________________________________

Sectio n A, B C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ces w i t h t h e w o r d s in t h e bo x . A t t h e e n d o f e ach s e n t e n c e w r i t e

a dj. (a d j e c tiv e) or a d v. (a d v e r b ) t o s h o w h o w t h e w o r d in t h e g a p is b e in g use d.

good well fast fast hard hard hardly late late monthly

1 We'r e going to introduce a monthly newsletter for all employees.

2 I'm sorry, your goods are going to arrive about a we e k __ ____ .
3 That departure time is t o o ______________ Do n't you have anything earlier? _____
4 Everything's fine. The negotiations are going v e r y______________ ________________
5 The hotel w a s _____________ , but w e did n't like t he food in t he restaurant. ____
6 I was so tired t hat I c o u l d_____________ keep my eyes open.
7 It's a - - - - - - - - - - - choice, but I think Carla is t he better candidate.
8 I had to w or k v e r y_____________ to get everything finished on time. ___
(late is possible f or #8 but is not t he answer)
9 I'm sorry, I d on't understand. You're talking t oo _ _ ________ . ____
10 We'll have to make a ______________ exit if things start going wrong. ____

Se ctio n A, B Re a d t his a r t ic le a b o u t h o m e n e t w o r k s. U n d e rli n e t h e c orrect a d j e c t iv e or a d v e r b

e ach ti m e .

All Your
Home Content
U n der One Roof
In the Dark Ages, many years ago (long before you were born), homes just had one computer. People
shared it. This may seem 1strange/strangely to you, but it's true. Nowadays, of course, a home might
have a 2large/largely variety of computers, plus a games console and a set-top TV box. Music, video
and photos all need to be managed and shared. Everything needs to be integrated 3proper/properly,
connected to the Internet, and, of course, connected to the printer/s in different rooms and to the flat
screen/s hanging around the house. Oh, yes - it would b e 4good/well if it was all wireless as well. Finally,
all the files need to be backed up 5regular/regularly and 6lnvlslble/invislbly to the user.

Don't worry - it's 7easy/easily\ What you need is a home network with a server at its heart, and in
fact developments in consumer electronics are moving very squick/quickly in this field. The companies
that get everything 9right/rightly are going to do v e ry 10'good/well.
 36 A d j e c t iv e s a n d a d v e r b s

Tasks

S p e a k in g : lis t e n 1 % 3 6 Yo u a re g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

and re p eat

T ra n sla te 2 T ra nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

W ritin g : 3 W r i t e s e n t e n c e s usin g t h e w o r d s in b r ac k e ts a n d y o u r o w n id e as.

p e rs o n a li z e d -j (s|jghtly/last year) O u r t u r n o v e r f e ll slig h tly la s t year, e s p e cia lly in t h e N o rth A m e ric a n m a rk e t.
p r a c tic e
2 (significantly / in our domestic m ar k e t) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 (late, adj.) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4 (late, adv.) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5 (right, adj.) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
6 (right, ac/v/.)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7 (relatively successful) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

8 (reasonably good)

9 (absolutely awful)

10 (well - made, reliable, German)

11 (beautifully - designed, expensive, Fre nch).

12 (horrible, cheap, plastic).

Re h e a rsal f o r 4 W r i t e a p a ra g r a p h d escrib in g e ach o f t h e f o ll o w i n g . G iv e d e t a ils usin g a g o o d v a ri e t y

th e real w o r k Qf a d je ctiv e s.
1 (your house or flat) I live in a ...
2 (your clothing) I'm wearing a ...
3 (an electronic device t ha t you o wn) It's a ...

If y o u a r e w o r k i n g in cla ss, c h o o s e s o m e p a r a g r a p h s t o r e a d a l o u d . A s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s .
 C o m p arin g 1

A C o m p ara tiv es a n d su p e rla tiv es Note the following irregular forms:

We use the comparative form of an adjective to compare two
separate things, situations, people, etc. good better the best
bad worse the worst
Model C40 is more powerful than model C30.
fa r farth e r /fu rth e r the farth est / furth est
M o d el C20 is less powerful than model C30.
We use the superlative form to say that one thing in a group O f a ll the hotel breakfasts I have had in m y life, this one is
has more or less of a quality than all the others. the worst. (NOT the worse)
The m ost powerful model we make is the C60.
The least powerful model we make is the C20. C O t h e r p o i n ts (use o f t h a n , t h e , e v e r,
e t c.)
B Form We use than after a comparative form.
The form depends on the number of syllables in the word This year's profits w ill be a little higher than last year's.
and the spelling. It's a lot more difficult than I thought at first.
We use the before a superlative form. We can also use a
Adjective Comparative Superlative
possessive.
One syllable
This is the/our/D igicom 's most powerful model.
cheap cheaper t h e cheapest
nice n icer t h e nicest Comparative and superlative adjectives can be used without
a noun if the meaning is clear from the context.
One syllable ending in a vow el + consonant
big big g er t h e big g est T heir level of customer service is good, but ours is better.
hot h o tte r t h e h o ttest Digico m produces a range o f models, but this one is the most
powerful.
One or two syllables ending in -y
risky ris k ie r t h e ris k ie st The present perfect with ever is often used with superlatives.
easy e asie r th e e asiest This is the most fuel-efficient car we have ever produced.
Two or more syllables This is one o f the w orst years we have ever had.
modern m o re modern th e m o st modern
le ss modern th e le a s t modern D a s ... a s ...
expensive m o re expensive th e m o st expensive We can compare two equal things with (ju st) as ... as.
le ss expensive th e le a s t expensive
The C 6 0i is (just) as powerful as the C60.

Note in the table above that one-syllable adjectives ending in We say that two things are not equal with not as ... as.
'vowel + consonant' double the final consonant, and that -y The C40 is not as powerful as the C60.
becomes i.
Some two-syllable adjectives can form in either way. E C o m p a ri n g a c t i o n s
Examples include: clever, common, narrow, polite, quiet, simple, When we compare actions we can use an auxiliary at the end
tired. of the sentence.
common com m oner t h e com m onest The C60 ru ns faster than the C40.
OR OR The C60 runs faster than the C40 does.
common m o re common t h e m o st common You've done more work than me.
Note that long adjectives have a less / least form that short OR You've done more work than I have.
adjectives do not have. To make this meaning with short
adjectives we just use another word.
T his piece o f metal is shorter / smaller.
(NOT

54
 37 C o m p a r i n g 1

Exercises
Se ctio n s U n d e rlin e t h e co rrect w o r d s.
A , B , C, D 1 Hopefully t he n ew line will be so profitable as/as profitable as the old one.
2 This handset is the most profitable/the more profitable w e'v e ever made.
3 This version of the software is the most recent/the most recenter.
4 The guarantee is a year longer than/that with our older models.
5 Nothing is worse/worst than missing a flight because of traffic.
6 This printer is one of the best/the better on t he market.
7 The situation is not as bad as/not as bad it looks.
8 The situation is more bad/worse t oday than it was yesterday.
9 I'm sorry, t he journ ey here too k longer than/the longest w e expected.
10 We'll be there soon. It's not much farer/further.

Sectio n s 3’ C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h a c o m p a r a t iv e o r s u p e rl a t iv e f o r m o f t h e a d j e c t iv e in
b r ac k e ts. In clu d e a n y o t h e r n e ce ssa ry w o r d s li k e t h e , m o re, less, as or th a n .
1 Intel is biggest ;bjg) manufacturer of microchips in t he world.
2 This keyboard is quite difficult to use. It's________________ (small) the one I'm used to.
3 The conference was a little disappointing. It w a s ________________ (interesting) I expected.
4 Yesterday was one of (hot) days of t he year.
5 I think this suggestion is (good) t he other one.
6 It's impossible t o choose betwee n these t w o products. O ne is j u s t________________ (good) t he other.
7 The first round of negotiations was easy. The next will b e ________________ (difficult).
8 W e'r e only a small company. W e'r e n o t________________ (large) some of the other players in our sector.
9 Unfortunately our sales figure are _ (bad) last year.
10 This is . (bad) case of corruption I've ever seen.

Sectio n s Pu t o n e s u it a b le w o r d in e ach sp ace.

A , B, C, D, E 1 W e are a bigger co m pany G N C, but Satco are 'i e biggest.
2 W e can meet up either day. O ne day i s ______ good ........ t he other.
3 Nobody knows more ab out marketing _ _ T i n a _________
4 O f course I'll send you a sample. It's t h e _____ I can do after all your help.
5 It's not perfect but it's the ____ I can do in t he time.
6 He is one of t he difficult customers I have ever dealt with.
7 Everyone else had wor ke d a lot longer on t he p roject________I ... ............
8 This market is not risky it used to be.
9 Both hotels are very upscale. O ne is as e x p e nsive. . t he other.
10 This restaurant attracts more students t han t he other one. It's as expensive.

fi&sMux n Mmt Theiw t tmt v^vtl

ftLw r^fM R ve. *— B u r I T M P rK ts j — — —

Tfre/W 90 MUCHF ff> T £ R J r^

~X&i
 Exercises
Se ctio n s C o m p l e t e t h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e s o i t h a s a s i m il a r m e a n i n g t o t h e f i r s t s e n t e n c e .
A , B, C, D 1 Liam is a better analyst than Chris.
Chris is not as good an analyst as | j a m .
2 I have n't read as many sections of t he report as you.
You've r e a d _________________________________________
3 I e x pected the meeting to last longer.
The meeting did n't la s t________________________________________expected.
4 O ur depart ment's training budget isn't as big as yours.
Your depart ment's training budget i s _____________________________________
5 No presentation I've given is more important than this one.
This is t h e _________________________________________
6 This speaker is more interesting than t he last one.
The last speaker w as n o t ________________________________________this one.
7 No one in the t ea m has better com munication skills than Jane.
Ja n e h a s________________________________________in the team.
8 I have rarely met a more interesting person.
He is one o f _________________________________________

Sectio n s A, B 3 C o m p le t e t h e m a g a z in e a r t ic le a b o u t in v e s t m e n t o p t io n s w i t h t h e c o m p a r a t iv e or
s u p e rl a t iv e f o r m s o f t h e a d j e c t iv e s in b rac k e ts.

Investment choices: risk and reward

In t h i s a r t i c l e w e ’r e g oi n g t o lo o k a t t h e t h r e e m a in t y p e s o f i n v e s t m e n t s : c a s h , b o n d s a n d s t o c k s .

The 1_______ (safe) place for your money is cash stocks. They offer the chance of much 8_ ................
in the bank, and because this has a very low level (great) profits over the long term, but you might
of risk it also has a 2____________ (low) return than make a loss if the company does badly. The
the other options. However, in a falling market 9 .......... (bad) case scenario is that the
cash is the 3 .....(good) place to be - you company goes bankrupt and you lose everything.
can buy stocks later at a 4____________ (cheap) You can reduce the risk by investing in a fund rather
price. If it’s a normal market and you want a than individual stocks.
6 .. (good) return on your money, you So what should you do? In fact, most financial
should consider bonds. A bond is like a long-term advisors recommend a balance. In the middle of
loan you give to a government or company, and in your career you can afford to have a 10____________
return you receive a fixed rate of interest. Bonds (large) part of your investments as stocks, with some
are often a 6____________ (attractive) option than bonds for stability. As you g e t 11____________ (near)
cash, particularly when interest rates at the bank retirement, the 12____________ (sensible) thing to do
are falling. is to switch your money into bonds, and also have
The 7 (risky) form of investment is some cash available for emergencies.
 37 C o m p a r i n g 1

Tasks

S p e a k in g : lis t e n 1 % 3 7 Yo u a re g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

an d rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o r t t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it s o u n d n a t u r a l.

As t h e t a ll e s t , lon gest, la r g es t an d m ost e x p e nsive It 's still good t o be king of yo ur c o r p o r a tio n -

cruise ship ever b uilt, Queen M a r y 2 provides j u s t n ot as good as it used t o be. In f a c t , f allin g
her guests w it h u n p rece d e n t e d a m e n it ie s and m a r k e ts a nd a slo win g eco n o m y a c t u a lly
a cco m m o d a tio n a t e ve ry t u r n . A n d no m a tt e r w hich see m t o be p u ttin g t h e b ra k es on e x ecutive
i t in e r a ry you choose, you m ay w e ll find t h a t t h e m ost co m p e ns a tio n p ac k a g es.
e nch a n tin g isla n d of all is t he one y o u're sailin g on. BusinessWeek website
GoDirectCruises website

W ritin g : 3 W r i t e a p a r a g r a p h c o m p a rin g t h e t h in g s in b rac k e ts. Se e t h e e x a m p le .

p e rs o n a li z e d 1 (pasta, piz za, riso tt o) A ready-m ade pizz a is the easiest to cook, bu t a b e tter
p r a c tic e option is perh a ps to buy a pizz a base a nd a dd your ow n topping. Pasta is just
as easy to cook i f you buy a sauce in a jar, but, again, m aking your ow n sauce
is h e a lthier a nd nicer. R isotto is the m ost d ifficu lt to prep are - you have to add
the w a ter b it by b it a nd g e t the timing right. It can also be more expensive i f
you use ingredients like asparagus or porcini mushrooms.
2 (Joh n ny Depp, Brad Pitt, Geor ge C lo o n e y)________________________________________

3 (Kia, VW, Ferrari)

4 (Sales jobs, Marketing jobs, Finance jobs)

Re h e arsal fo r 4 W r i t e a f e w p a ra g r a p h s c o m p a ri n g y o u r o w n c o m p a n y w i t h t w o o t h e r n a m e d c o m p a n ies
th e real w o r k o p e r a ti n g in t h e sa m e m ar k e t. If y o u are a s t u d e n t, d o t h e sa m e f o r t w o o t h e r e d u c a tio n a l
in stit u t io n s.
 C o m p arin g 2

A S m a ll a n d l a r g e d i f f e r e n c e s D C o m p a ri n g a d v e r b s
We can use adverbs before a comparative structure to talk Adverbs follow the same rules as adjectives.
about small and large differences. Compare product A with One syllable
product B: hard, harder, the hardest
Two syllables ending -y
more ... than ...
early, earlier, th e earliest
A is a b it/a little/sligh tly more expensive than B.
A is considerably/ much/ a lo t/fa r more expensive than B.
Two or more syllables
effectively, more effectively, the m ost effectively
as ... as ...
A is not nearly as expensive as B.
The adverbs w ell and badly are irregular.
A is a lm o st/n early/n ot quite as expensive as B. w ell, better, the best
A is twice as expensive as B. badly, worse, the worst
A is more than twice as expensive as B. We can use many of the same structures as adjectives (see
sections A and B opposite).
We can use even to emphasize a comparison. T h eir share price rose almost as ra p id ly as it fe ll.
A is even more expensive than B. Em ployees have to work harder and harder to get promotion.
The quicker we can sign the deal, the sooner we can start
B O t h e r st r u c t u r e s w i t h c o m p a r a t i v e s production.

We can say that something is increasing or decreasing by We often need comparative and superlative adverbs when
repeating a comparative word with and. the verb has the form of a present participle (doin g ) or a past
participle (done).
The personal pensions market is gro win g bigger and bigger.
Investors are becoming more and more sophisticated. Vietnam is developing more rapidly than its neighbours.
Vietnam is one o f the most rapidly developing countries in the
We can say that one situation depends on another by using
world.
the + one comparative followed in the next phrase by the +
This product is more attractively designed and more solidly
another comparative.
built.
The bigger the com pany and the larger its costs, the greater is H e r C V was the most carefully writtten.
the op p ortu nity f o r savin gs an d efficiencies.
The phrases below are also useful for comparing things. E C o m p a ri n g n o u ns
We compare nouns using the words below.
e x actly / ju s t / alm ost/ n e arly / v ir t u a lly / more or less / rou g hly
the same ... as ...
Countable nouns (products, people, banks)
e x actly / just / very / m o re / less / q uite / a b it / a little like
more, the most, fewer, the fewest, ( n o t) as m any . . . a s
com pletely / q uite / slig h tly different from (to)
very sim ilar to
We have few er people working f o r us now than two years ago.
compared to /in comparison with
There a r e n 't as many products on the market now as there used
comparatively / relatively
to be.

Customers expect exactly the same service online as they get in

Uncountable nouns (time, money, information)
tra ditio n al retailin g.
more, the most, less, the least, ( n o t) as much . . . a s
The new B M W is more like an A u di.
The new B M W is slightly different from its predecessor.
I'm working as a freelancer now and I earn considerably
Compared to Fin nish , En g lish is easy.
less money.
It's relatively cheap, given the quality.
I d o n't have nearly as much time fo r reading as 1 would like.

C P h r ases w i t h s u p e r l a t i v e s
The phrases below are common with superlatives.
One o f the largest retailers in the U S ...
By fa r the/E asily the largest retailer in the U S ...
The second/third/fourth largest retailer in the U S ...
158
 38 C o m p a rin g 2

Exercises
Se ctio n s 3 8 .1 U n d e rli n e t h e c orrect w o r d s.
A , B, C, D , E 1 The n e w design is considerable/considerably lighter than t he old one.
2 There are nearly twice as many people workin g here as/than last year.
3 The sooner they decide, it's better/the better f or us all.
4 There's each time more/more and more invest ment in Turkey.
5 W e have the nearly largest/the second largest market share in Brazil.
6 This model might be better for you. It's slightly less/quite less expensive.
7 This is by far our faster/fastest selling product.
8 W e need to check t he figures more careful/more carefully next time.
9 W e need to be more careful/more carefully with t he figures next time.
10 It's a little more expensive, but t he quality is much better/more better.
11 O ur sales this year are virtually the same as/the equal o f last year.
12 This is one of the best-lthe well- organi z ed conferences I've ever been to.

Sectio n s A, B 3 8 .2 M a t c h a w o r d or p h ra s e f ro m list A w i t h o n e f ro m list B t h a t h as t h e sa m e m e a n in g .

T h e n w r i t e t h e p airs in t h e co rr ec t sp aces b e lo w .

1 They're similar in many ways. They're roughly/more or less t he same.

2 They're very similar. T h e y'r e ............... . _... ............. t he same.
3 They're identical. They're the same.
4 X costs $580 and Y costs $600. X i s __________________________ cheaper.
5 X costs $400 and Y costs $600. X i s __________________________ cheaper.
6 X costs less than other similar products. X is ........ _ .................... . . .cheap.

Se ctio n D 3 8 . 3 R e w r i t e e ach s e n t e n c e usin g a s u p e rl a t iv e w i t h a p r e s e n t p a rt icip l e ( doing ) o r a p ast

p a rt icip l e ( done ) .
1 Few credit cards are accepted as wid ely as Visa.
Visa is probably t h e most w idely a ccepted credit card.
2 No market is growing as fast as China.
China i s_________________________________ market.
3 Few watches on the market are designed as cleverly as t he n ew Seiko.
The n ew Seiko is one o f _________________________________ watches on the market.
4 Few of our products are selling as well as this.
This is one of o u r_________________________________ products.
5 Fe w facts about A ma z on are less known than this.
This is one of _ _ -________________facts a b out A ma z on.
6 No area of business is changing as rapidly as biotechnology.
By far _ ... _ _ .... -__________________ area of business is biotechnology.
 Exercises
Se ctio n s 3 8 . 4 A c o m p a n y w a n t s t o m o v e t h e lo c a ti o n o f its o f fic es a n d t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l o p tio ns. Re a d
A , B , C, E t h e d e t a ils in t h e t a b l e a n d t h e n c o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s b e l o w w i t h t h e p h ras es in t h e bo x.

L ocation size re n t ru n n in g costs d istan c e to city

(m 2) (p e r m 2) p e r year c e n tre (km )

Docklands (converted warehouse) 290 €500 €120,000 3

City View Tower 300 €350 €125,000 5
Greenfield Business Zone 320 €200 €105,000 15

slightly not nearly more than twice roughly the same

slightly less considerably less as much as many

1 The locations all have a similar size, but Greenfield is s ^'9M1Y. larger.
2 There's a l m o st_____________ square metres at Docklands as at City View.
3 There's a l m o st_____________ space at Docklands as at City View.
4 The rent at Greenfield i s____ :________ t han at the other t w o places.
5 The rent at Docklands i s _____________ t he rent at Greenfield.
6 The running costs at Docklands and City V ie w a r e - - - - - - - - - - - -
7 The running costs at Greenfield a r e _____________ than at the other t w o locations.
8 To get to the centre, Greenfield i s _____________ as convenient as City View.

Sectio n s 3 8 . 5 St u d y t h e t a b l e , w h ic h s h o w s f i n a n cia l in f o r m a ti o n f o r t h r e e la r g e oil co m p a n ie s in

A , B, C, D , E
m illio ns o f US d ollars.

C om pany Total % change O perating % change

Revenues y-o-y P rofit y-o-y

Exxon Mobil 477,000 32 82,000 34

BP 361,000 29 32,000 30
Total 205,000 17 30,000 16

M a k e p h ras es b y m a tc h in g a n it e m fr o m c ol u m n A w i t h a n it e m f ro m c ol u m n B. T h e n use t h e
p h ras es t o c o m p le t e t h e r e p o rt e x tra ct.

The table shows t ha t all three companies did well

by -comparison with 1 in comparison with t he previous year. However, there
in more are significant differences. Exxon is 2- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
considerably much as company, with 3____________________revenues than the
the fastest far t he largest other t w o companies. It is also 4____________________
roughly growing company: last year revenues and profit were both up
half as t he same by more than 3 0 % compared t o t he previous year. BP
also had a successful year, with year - on - year growth
5____________________as Exxon. The results at Total were
mixed: revenues are increasing steadily, but profit growth is
only 6____________________its tw o competitors.
 38 C o m p arin g 2

Tasks

S p e a k in g : lis t e n 1 % 3 8 Yo u a re g o i n g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

and rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T r a nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . Re m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it s o u n d n a t u r a l.

W ritin g ; 3 Lo o k a g a in a t t h is u n it a n d n o tic e h o w t h e la n g u a g e use d f o r co m p a rin g is m or e v a ri e d t h a n

p e rs o n a li z e d t h e si m ple c o m p a ris o n s o f u n it 37.
N o w t u r n t o e x e rcise 38.4 a n d c o v e r e v e r y t h i n g e x c e p t f o r t h e in f o r m a ti o n t a b l e a t t h e t o p .
W r i t e t w o or t h r e e s e n t e n c es o f y o u r o w n c o m p a rin g t h e t h r e e lo ca tio ns, usin g t h e t o pics
b e lo w . Yo u ca n als o r e f e r t o y o u r p r e s e n t lo c a ti o n (i m a g i n a ry).
1 (sjz e) Docklands has the le ast space, but, to be honest, the size a t all three
locations is virtu ally the sa me . A ll the locations o ffe r considerably more space
than we have now, which is good as the company is grow ing bigger a nd
bigger every year.
2 (r e n t)__________________________________________________________________________

3 (running costs)

4 (distance t o t he city centre)

Re h e arsal fo r 4 W r i t e a f e w p a r a g r a p h s c o m p a rin g t h e d if f e r e n t p r o d uc ts t h a t y o u r c o m p a n y sells. If y o u a re

th e real w o rld a s t u d e n t, d o t h e sa m e f o r d if f e r e n t co urses / classes. Y o u m ig h t fin d it u se f u l t o o r g a n i z e y o u r
id e as in t o t a b l e s, ch arts o r d ia g r a m s b e f o r e y o u s t a r t w r it i n g .

If y o u a r e w o r k i n g in cla ss, c h o o s e s o m e e x a m p l e s t o r e a d a l o u d . A s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s .
 a A d v e r bs o f d e g re e

A I n t e n si f y i n g a d v e r b s C O t h e r st r u c t u r e s w i t h t o o a n d e n o u g h
Intensifying adverbs (also called 'modifiers') make the After too and enough we can use a phrase with for.
meaning of the following word stronger or weaker. Sales are too low fo r an annual bonus.
H ave we got enough chairs fo r everyone?
Strong: absolutely, com pletely, considerably, extremely, highly,
After too and enough we can use a to infinitive.
incredibly, quite, really, terribly, totally, very
M o d e ra t e: f a irly , moderately, pretty, quite, rather, reasonably, Sales are too low to ju stify an a n n u al bonus.
relatively, sig nifica n tly, somewhat We d on't have enough tim e to do everything.
W eak: a bit, a little, m argin ally, slig h tly
D so , su c h a, su c h
Look at these examples with adjectives, adverbs, verbs and We use so and such for emphasis.
comparatives:
The whole thin g was highly professional. So w ith adjectives a n d adverbs
T heir rates are a little expensive. The m eeting finish e d so quickly.
The job was done very professionally. Such a w ith adjective + sin g u la r n o u n
They replied quite quickly. It was such a quick meeting.
I'm sorry but I really disagree w ith that. Such/So m any/So few w ith p lu ra l n o uns
I marginally prefer option B. You have such frie n d ly colleagues.
It's slightly more expensive. There were so many people in town today.
It's relatively expensive.
Such/So much/So little w ith u n co u n tab le n o u n s
Not all adverbs can be used in every case. Some It was such good advice.
combinations do not make sense together. I have so much work to do.
They replied slig h tly q uickly. X
H is presentation was m argin ally good. X So and too are different. So expresses an opinion which can
be either positive or negative. Too is always negative and
See unit 36C for the rules with gradable and non-gradable
suggests a problem or bad situation.
adjectives.
There are so many people working on this project.
(it's just a comment and could be a good thing)
B too, enou g h, n o t enou g h
There are too many people working on this project.
Here are the meanings:
(and therefore we need to reduce the number)
Too: 'more than is necessary or good' So can be used with that to express a result. Too cannot be
N o t enough: 'less than is necessary or good' used with that.
Enough: 'as much as is necessary'/'sufficient' We finish e d so q uickly that I was home by 5.30.
n , .. . , ............. |......................... , ,:
Look at these examples with adjectives, adverbs and nouns:
E f a ir l y, q u i t e , r a t h e r a n d p r e t t y
H is salary is too low.
F a irly suggests a moderate degree.
H is salary is / is n 't high enough.
I speak French fa irly well - around interm ediate level.
The negotiation is goin g too slowly.
The negotiation is / isn't g oing fa st enough. Q uite (mainly British English) suggests a higher degree than
f a irly . It often suggests surprise in a positive way.
I have too many jobs to do.
I have too much work to do. The film was quite good - 1 enjoyed it.
I h ave / don't have enough time. Rath er is stronger than quite. It often suggests surprise in a
Note the positions: too comes before adjectives, adverbs and negative way.
nouns; enough comes after adjectives and adverbs, but before It's rather late to do a nythin g about it now.
nouns. Pre tty is similar to rather but is more informal.
We use too m any / few + plural nouns and too m u ch / little + It's pretty strange - don't you thin k?
uncountable nouns.
Note that the exact meaning of these words can depend on
We spent too many euros on the consultants. the intonation used.
We spent too much money on the considtants.

162
 39 A d v e r b s o f d e g re e

Exercises
S e c t i o n s A , B, E 3 9 .1 M a t c h e ac h p h ra s e 1 - 8 w i t h t h e p h ra s e a - h w i t h t h e cl ose st m e a n in g . Be ca r e f u l - so m e
a r e v e r y si milar.
1 It's slightly slow. a) It's moderately slow.
2 It's quite slow. b) It's a little slow.
3 It's rather slow. c) It's comparatively slow.
4 It's relatively slow. d) I'm surprised it's slow and I d on't like it.

5 It's so fast. e) I w a n t it to be even faster.

6 It's t oo fast. f) I w a n t it to be slower.
7 It's fast enough. g) It's very fast.
8 It's not fast enough. h) OK. That's as fast as it needs t o be.

S e c t i o n s B, C, D 3 9 .2 U n d e rli n e t h e correct w o r d s.
1 There were so few/so little customers t ha t I w e n t ho me early.
2 W e ca n't back out now. There's too much/too many money involved.
3 It was such a/so boring meeting t ha t I nearly fell asleep.
4 The meeting was such a/so boring t ha t I nearly fell asleep.
5 The price t hey w ant e d was so high/too high for my budget, so I said no.
6 W e had so much/so many n e w business t hat w e needed extra staff.
7 I had so much/so many reports t o write t ha t I co mpletely missed lunch.
8 W e have so few/so little information t ha t w e ca n't make a decision.
9 The salary they are suggesting sounds so good/too good t o be true!
10 The meeting was so short/too short. W e could n't cover everything.
11 Can you help m e? I'm not enough tall/tall enough t o reach t he top shelf.
12 There isn't enough money/money enough in t he budget.

S e c t i o n s B, C, D 3 9 .3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ce s w i t h t o o , e n o u g h , so , su c h , m u c h , m a n y , l i t t le o r f e w . So m e
w o r d s a re use d m or e t h a n o nce.
1 Is your coffee t o o h ot? Wo uld you like a little cold w a t e r?
2 I h a d ________________ trouble finding so m ewhere t o park t hat I arrived late.
3 I h a d ________________ problems finding so m ewhere t o park t hat I arrived late.
4 I h a d ________________ cash on me t ha t I could n't even buy a sandwich.
5 There w e r e ________________ restaurants open t ha t w e had to eat in t he hotel.
6 The price of their shares i s ________high t o buy any more right now.
7 W e'r e m a k in g________good progress
t h a t w e should finish a w e e k early.
8 We'r e ex pecting a lot of people.
This room w o n't be l a r g e_________
9 I could n't do any w or k on t he train.
I w a s ________tired t hat I fell asleep.
10 She sp e a k s________quickly for me to
understand.
11 They p a y________late t ha t w e w o n't
receive the money until June.
12 T h a t's________a great idea. It'll save us
thousands of dollars.

" A A 11 fppc hyp n u i + p h icr h nvi H 1 i p I - u m i a m i u n u h m i p H t t lp

 E x e rcis e s
Se c tio n D Lo o k a t t h e t a b l e . Se n t e n c e s a) a n d b) ca n b e c o m b in e d w i t h t h e s e n t e n c e o n t h e rig h t
usin g e it h e r so ... t h a t or such ... t h a t. W r i t e t h e t w o p o ssib le c o m b in e d s e n t e n c e s b e lo w .

1 a) There was a big drop in their share price.

. + Investors beca me very nervous,
b) The drop in their share price was very big.

a) There w as such a big drop in th eir share price th a t investors beca me very nervous.
b) The drop in their share price was 50 big th a t investors beca me very nervous.

2 a) That com pany has very large debts. „ ........................ „ .

.. . , , , + T heres a risk it will have to close down,
b) That co m pany s debts are very large.

a) That co m pany h a s_________________________________there's a risk it will have to close down.

b) That company's debts a r e _____________________ there's a risk it will have to close down.

3 a) Our order f ulfilment system works very well,

+ Most goods are shipped within 48 hours.
b) W e have a very good order f ulfilment system.

a) O ur order fulfilment system w o r k s__________________ most goods are dispatched within 48 hours.
b) W e h a v e__________________________________________most goods are dispatched within 48 hours.

4 a) The advertising campaign was very successful,

+ Sales increased by 2 5 % per month.
b) The advertising campaign was a success.

a) The advertising campaign w a s_____________________ sales increased by 2 5 % per month.

b) The advertising ca mpaign w a s _____________________ sales increased by 2 5 % per month.

S e c t i o n s B, D C o m p le t e t h e seco n d s e n t e n c e so it h as a si m ila r m e a n in g t o t h e firs t s e n t e n c e a n d

co n t a i n s t h e w o r d in b r ac k e ts.
1 I did n't buy t ha t laptop because t he screen was t oo small, (enough)
I didn't buy t hat laptop because the screen w asn't large enough
2 The problem was so difficult t ha t I referred it to my line manager, (such)
I t _________________________________ t ha t I referred it to my line manager.
3 There w ere n't enough copies of the agenda, (f ew)
T h e re_________________________________ of the agenda.
4 There's not enough space on this spreadsheet for all the results, (little)
T h ere's........ ...... ............... ....................... on this spreadsheet for all t he results.
5 It was such a good presentation t ha t w e easily w o n the contract, (so)
T h e _________________________________ t ha t w e easily wo n the contract.
6 I sold too f e w units last month to get a bonus, (enough)
I _________________________________ last month to get a bonus.
7 We'v e sent out lots of brochures and we'll need to print some more, (many)
We'v e sent out ________________________________ w e'll need to print some more.
8 I have n't got enough time to prepare for the meeting, (too)
I've g o t _________________________________ to prepare for the meeting.

164
 39 A d ve rb s o f d e g re e

Tasks

S p e a k in g : lis t e n 1 3 9 Y o u a re g o in g t o h e a r e i g h t p h rases. List e n a n d r e p e a t.

an d rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 T ra nsla t e t h e s e s h o rt t e x ts t a k e n f ro m t h e In t e r n e t in t o y o u r o w n la n g u a g e . R e m e m b e r n o t t o
t r a n sl a t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b u t r a t h e r t o m a k e it so u n d n a t u r a l.

MMNMMHAMSK

T h e G re e ns an d S o c i a lis t s op pose M r M o s t r e t a il e rs build t h e ir m ar k e tin g an d disp lay

B a rr o s o's re - election on t h e groun ds t h a t he pla ns aro u n d t h e assu m p tio n t h a t sho p p ers a re
is t o o orie n t e d t o w a r d fre e t r a d e and fre e ove rw h el m in g ly f e m a le , b ut t h a t's n ot such a saf e
m ar k e ts. I f only. O ur c o m p la in t w it h Mr. bet a ny m or e . A Nielse n Co. r e p o r t d e m o nst ra t es t h a t
B a rr o s o's le a d ership is t h a t he h a s n't been m al e sho p p ers a r e b eco min g in cre asin g ly i m p o rt a n t
bold e nough in w o r k i n g t o w a r d lib erali z in g a nd need t o be reco g ni z e d . T o d ay, a ccor din g t o t he
E u r o p e's econ o my. re p o rt, 3 1 . 5 p erce n t o f men a c t as p ri m a ry house hold
Wall S treet Journal website shopper, up fro m 1 4 . 3 p erce nt in 1 9 8 5 .
B N ET website

W ritin g : 3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h y o u r o w n id e as.
p e rs o n a li z e d -| n o w | am extre mely in terested in intensifying adverbs, b u t ple ase don't
p r a c tic e my te/ / frjencjs
2 Taking everything into consideration, I am re ason ably___________________________

3 The builders w h o work e d on our house did the job pretty -

4 I'm sorry but I really -

5 Compared to other similar companies, my own is relatively.

6 The situation in our market has changed so m ewhat

7 On the whole, I think I marginally prefer

In my life I have too much

and not e n o u g h_________
9 I think w e have enough money in t he budget f o r .
but not enough t o ________________ _______ ______
10 In my job I have so much
and so lit tl e____________
11 In my business, there are t o o many

12 I really like '_____________ ' - s/ he's so .

and s/ he's such a ___________________

Re h e arsal fo r 4 W r i t e a s h o r t t e x t t o e x p la in w h a t y o u li k e or disli k e a b o u t o n e o f t h e t o p ics b e lo w .

an actor /singer /sports personality you like a place you like
a film / book you disliked a previous job you disliked

If y o u a r e w o r k i n g in cla ss, c h o o s e s o m e t e x t s t o r e a d a l o u d . A s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s .
 Time adverbs
A in, on, at, no p re p osit io n We can use du rin g to talk about periods of time. D urin g
answers the question 'When?'. F o r answers the question
in the morning / J u n e / t h e s u mm e r / t h e third 'How long?'.
q u a rte r/ 2 0 1 2 / the n i n e t i e s / t h e tw entieth cen tury I didn ' t f ee l nervous du r i n g my presen ta tion .
on F r iday / F r iday m o r n i n g / t h e 2n d o f A p r il / (when didn't you feel nervous?)
the s ec o n d / Christmas Day She talk ed f o r about thirty m inutes.
at three fif t ee n / the w ee k e n d / t h e en d o f the w ee k / (how long did she talk for?)
n igh t / Easter, Ch r is t mas / b r e a k fas t , lunch, Ag o means 'before the present'. It is used with the past
dinn er simple.
no this m o r n i n g /y e s t e r day afternoon / t on igh t/ I cam e h ere f o u r y e a rs ago.
preposition last n igh t / t h e day before y e s t e r day / (NOT siftce-four years)
a f e w days ag o / las t w ee k /t o m o rr o w m o r n i n g /
To refer to a time before another time we use befo re (that) or
the day a fter t o m o rr o w / n e x t w eek
previously.
The word night has some special forms. I cam e h ere f o u r years ago. Bef o r e th a t / P re v iou s l y , I lived in
Budapest.
I w oke up three times in th e night.
(= during the night)
It happened on F rid a y night.
D d urin g or w h ile ?
(= one particular night) D u rin g is a preposition and comes before a noun phrase.
The hotel is quite n oisy at night. While is a linking word and comes before a clause
(subject + verb).
(= in general when it is night)
I m oved into marketin g du r i n g my tim e at Bacardi.
We can use in for the time it takes to complete something.
I m oved in to marketin g while I was w o rk in g at Bacardi.
The lin e can assem b le 80 vehic les in a day.
We can also use in to talk about 'future time from now'. In
E b y or u n t il ?
this case we sometimes add the word 'time' at the end.
By means 'on or before'. Until means 'up to'.
The n ew offices will be ready in two months (time).
I n eed y o u r report by Friday.
(NOT after two months)
(on or before Friday - perhaps Thursday)
He 'll be away un til Friday.
B on tim e o r in t im e ? (all the time up to Friday)
On tim e means 'at the right time'. In tim e means 'with enough
time in advance'. F then, a fter, a ft e rw a rds
The pla n e took o ff exactly on time. Then is used like 'next' in a sequence.
(not late and not early)
First w e discu ssed sales, a n d th en new markets.
We arriv ed a t the airp ort in tim e to hav e a meal.
(early enough to do something before the flight) A ft e r is usually followed by an object.
Af t e r th e m ee t in g I n eed to sp ea k with you.
C for, since , during , a go A fterwards means 'at a later time' and can come at the end of
a sentence.
We use f o r and sin ce with the present perfect to talk about
something continuing up to now. We use f o r to talk about the It was a lo n g m eetin g an d (afterw ards) w e w ent f o r a drin k
period of time and sin ce to say when it started (unit 5C). (afterw ards).
I've w orked h ere f o r two years.
(period of time) G C a le n d ar re fere nces
I've w orked h ere s in ce Ja nu a ry . In the UK people say the tenth o f Jun e or J un e the tenth and
(point in time when it started) write Day/Month/Year: 1 0 / 6 / 0 9 .
We can also use f o r with other tenses, and sometimes we can In the USA people say J un e ten and write M onth/D ay/
leave it out. Year: 6 / 1 0 / 0 9 .
I'm stayin g in the UK f o r a yea r.
The train in g p eriod laste d (for) three months.
 40 Tim e a d ve rb s

Ex e rcises
Se ctio n A 40. Pu t in , o n or a t.
1 m + parts o f d ay (the evening) 9 _ ___ + years (2008)
2 . . . ..... + lo n g er religious holid ays (Easter, Ramadan) 10 _ - + days ( Monday)
3 ...... + meal ti m es (dinner) 11 .. .. + d at es (5 May)
4 ........ + special days (my birthday) 12 _ ___ + m o n t hs (August )
5 ........ + long p eriods (the nineteenth century) 13 ___ the weekend
6 ... + cloc k ti m es ( four thirty) 14 _ ___ the moment
7 _____ + d ay + p art o f d ay ( Monday morning) 15 that day
8 _____ + seasons ( the winter) 16 _ ___ the end of the year

Sectio n A 4 0 . 2 It is n o w We d n e s d a y af t ern o o n. Pu t t h ese phrases into order, w it h 1 as t h e m ost dista n t

in t h e past, an d 14 as t h e m ost dist a n t in t h e fu ture.
1 _£L 2 ___ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ N OW 7 ___ 8 ____ 9 ____ 10 .... 11 12 13 ___ 1 4 ____

a) a f e w days a g o h) this ti m e ne x t w e e k
b) t o nig h t i) this evenin g
c) in a f e w w e e k s' ti m e j) t his m ornin g
d) in a f or t ni g h t k) t h e d ay b e f ore yester day
e) in an h o ur I) t o m o rr o w eve nin g
f) last night m) yest er d ay m ornin g
g) last w e e k n) t h e d ay aft er t o m o rr o w

Se ctio n s 4 0 .3 U n d erlin e t h e correct wor ds.

A , B, C, D, E, F 1 Sorry, I w as out o f t he office this morning/in this morning.
2 Bye. I'll see you the day after tomorrow/the next day.
3 W e have a security guard to look after the premises at the night/at night.
4 It's very important to arrive at meetings on time/in time in this country.
5 If you arrive on time/in time, w e can talk a little before t he meeting starts.
6 The joint venture has been operating successfully for/during three years.
7 W e had a f e w problems for/during the summer, but things are O K now.
8 I started workin g here since two years/two years ago.
9 The market crashed, but I had sold my shares a f e w months ago/before.
10 During/While t he meeting I made a lot of notes.
11 During/While she was talking I made a lot of notes.
12 It happened during/while house prices w ere crashing in 2009.
13 It happened during/while the crash in house prices in 2009.
14 W e have to finish this project by/until t he end of t he month.
15 I have to w or k late. I'll be here until/by eight this evening.
16 W e reviewed the training plans, and after/then talked a b out t he cost.
17 W e had lunch, and afterwards/after I showed the m round the factory.
18 Afterwards lunch/After lunch I showed the m round t he factory.
 Ex e rcises
Se ctio n C 4 0 . 4 M a k e q u estions using H o w lo n g an d t h e present perfect. M a k e a nsw ers using
f o r or sin ce .
1 Q (H o w long / you / work h ere?) How lond have Y ° u worked here?
A (about six months) For about six months.
2 Q (H o w long / you / have a subsidiary in Po l a n d ?)__________________________________
A (2 0 0 9 )__________________________________________________________________________
3 Q (H o w long /Peter Middelhoff / be C E O ?)________________________________________
A (the start of last y e a r)________________________________________________________
4 Q (H o w long / your company / have the same l o g o ?).
A (a b o ut tw e n ty y e a rs)_________________________
5 Q (H o w long / you / know Lei H u a n g?).
A (a long t i m e)___________________
6 Q (H o w long / you / have this particular jo b?)
A (the co m pany was restructure d)________
7 Q (H o w long /you / be interested in antiq ues?)
A (ages and a g e s)________________________
8 Q (H o w long /you /live in this t o w n ?).
A (I w as b o r n)___________________

Se c t i o n s C, D, F 40. C o m plet e t his e x tract fro m a jo b i n t e rvie w by w it h fo r, sin ce , d u rin g , w h ile , a g o , b e fo re ,

a f t e r or a ft e r w a r d s.

In t e r v ie w e r : Perhaps you could begin by telling us a little bit about your career history?
w e’ll move on to your current job.
Al essan d r o : Yes, of course. I graduated from Bocconi University in Milan five years
2 _____________ I was at B o c c o n i 3 _____________ about six years, and
4 _____________ th at period I worked p art-tim e as an analyst in my uncle’s
consultancy firm.
In t e r v ie w e r : Did you m anage to find a job easily 5 _____________ you left university?
Al essan d r o : Well, eventually I was offered a job in an Italian bank, but 6 _____________
th at I had been looking for work 7 _____________ quite a long time.
In t e r v ie w e r : So how long did you work at the Italian bank?
Al essan d r o : I worked there 8 _____________ about two years.
In t e r v ie w e r : And why did you leave that job?
A l essan d r o : Well, I enjoyed my time there a lot, and 9 _________ I was there I learned
a lot of techniques for financial analysis. But I wanted the chance to do
something more challenging in an international environment. It had been
my dream to work in an international company 10_ ___________ leaving
school.
In t e r v ie w e r : So w hat did you do?
A l essan d r o : I decided to take a risk and move to London - th at was about two years
I I _ I just left Italy, with no job to go to. I thought th at it
would be easier to find a job 12 _____________ I was actually living in
London. It was only 13 _____________ th at I realized how much competition
there was! Anyway, eventually , 14 _____________ some months, I did find a
job at an investment bank in the City. T h at’s where I’m working now.

168
 40 T i m e a d v e r b s

Tasks
S p e a k in g : lis t e n 1 f t 4 0 You are g oin g t o h ear ei g h t phrases. Listen an d repeat.
an d rep eat

T ra n sla te 2 Tra nslate t h ese sh ort t e x ts t a k en fro m t h e In t e rn e t int o y o ur o w n la n g u ag e. Re m e m b er n o t t o

tra nsla t e w o r d f o r w or d , b ut ra th er t o m ak e it soun d natural.

W h y s h o u l d y o u p a y y o u r i n v o ic e s o n t i m e ? A s w e ll K o r e a n a u t o m a k e r H y u n d a i is o f f e r i n g t o
a s b ein g u n e t h ic a l , t h e p r a c t i c e o f d e li b e r a t e ly p a yin g g u a r a n t e e lo w f u e l p ric e s f o r a y e a r f o r
l a t e r t h a n t h e a g r e e d t e r m s is w r o n g f o r so u n d A m e r i c a n c o n s u m e rs w h o b uy its v e h icl e s
e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s : i t w e a k e n s y o u r o r g a n is a t i o n d u ri n g t h e n e x t t w o m o n t h s. H y u n d a i s a ys it
b e c a u s e i t h a r m s y o u r r e p u t a t i o n ; it d a m a g e s y o u r is t a r g e t i n g t h e l a r g e n u m b e r o f p o t e n t i a l c a r
r e l a t i o n s w i t h s u p p li e rs ; it w e a k e n s t h e e c o n o m y as a b u y e rs in t h e U S w h o a r e h o ld in g b a c k b e c a u s e
w h o l e b e c a u s e i t c o n s t r i c t s g r o w t h ; it i n d ic a t e s t h a t t h e y a r e u n s u r e a b o u t t h e d ir e c t i o n o f f u e l
t h e b u y e r is in d i f f ic u l t i e s , a n d t h is m a y m e a n t h e p ric e s.
t e r m s w o rs e n n e x t t i m e . BusinessWeek website
Pay On Time website

W ritin g : 3 C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h y o ur o w n ideas.

p e rs o n a li z e d 1 In summer, at the week ends, I often take mY familY to the beach and we have a barbegue
p r a c tic e
2 In winter, in the mornings, I o f t e n - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 On Friday evening, at the end of t he wee k, I o f t e n - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

4 On Christmas Eve, at night, w e usually

5 Wh e n you have a small baby y o u - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

______________________________________________________________________________ in t he night.
6 The day before yesterday I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
and t he day after t o m orro w I'll p ro b a bly - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7 I arrived at t he airport on time a n d - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8 I arrived at the airport in time t o - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9 I've been in my current job sin c e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
10 I've been in my current job f o r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
11 H ow long? She was talking f o r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
12 Wh e n was she tal king? You'll never believe it, but she was talking d u rin g_____________________

13 Wh e n was she tal kin g? You'll never believe it, but she was talking while

14 He's out of the office but he should be back by _ .....

15 He's a w ay on holiday u n t il__________________________
16 The meeting should end around 5 pm, and afterwards

17 In t he UK, people w ould say my birthday (day and month) either a s '__________________________
______________________________________ ' or as '___________________________________________
while in the USA they would say '__________________________________________________________

If y o u a re w o r k i n g in class, ch o o s e s o m e s e n t e n c e s t o rea d a lo u d . A s k a n d a n s w e r q u esti o n s.

 Linking words 1
A Lin k in g w ords D Co n trast / Surprise : d e sp it e / in sp it e o f
We use some linking words to join parts of sentences. D espite and in spite o f are like although (they suggest surprise),
Examples include and, but, because, so. This unit and unit 42 but they are followed by a noun or noun phrase.
deal with these words. A lthou g h I was ill, I went to work.
We use other linking words and phrases to make a link = I n spite o f my illness, I w ent to work.
across sentences and between paragraphs. Examples include A lthou g h sales in crea sed , operatin g profit fe ll.
Firstly, A ctually, In gen eral. Units 43 and 44 deal with these = D e s p ite th e in c r e a s e in sales, operatin g profit fe ll.
words. Remember that a gerund (verb with -ing) can act as a noun.
D e s p ite f ee li n g ill, I w ent to work.
B A d d itio n : and, a lso, as w e ll, etc. (NOT Despite-1 felt-iti)
To emphasize the fact that there are two things we can use
both ... an d .... E Com p are and con trast: w here as
I need to call both A n dy a nd Patricia. We can use whereas to compare two facts and emphasize the
We use too, as w ell, as w ell as and also to add another fact. difference between them. The clause with whereas can come
Note the positions. at the beginning or end.
I need to call A ndy, Patricia a nd Giselle t oo / a s well. In do n esia has a lot o f n atural resources, w h erea s Sin gapore has
I n eed to call A n dy a nd Patricia as well as Giselle. none.
I need to call A ndy, P atric ia a nd also Giselle. W h erea s Indonesia has a lot o f n atural resources, Singapore has
n on e .
C Co n trast / Surprise : bu t, a lthough, Whereas is typical of careful speech and writing.
though, etc.
But makes a simple contrast. It expresses a conflict between F a ltho u gh or w here as or w h ile ?
two ideas/facts/feelings. Althou gh in a sentence suggests surprise. Sometimes the
In theory it's a g oo d idea, but I don ' t thin k it 'll w o rk in practice. clause with although seems surprising, sometimes the other
We can use y e t in place of but. It is slightly formal. clause does.

Alth ou gh introduces information that is less important, or We had a reason able y ea r in Asia, although sales f e ll a little in
makes something in the sentence seem surprising. Japan.
(Japan sales figures seem surprising)
I t ’s a g rea t idea, a lthough it 'll need ca refu l costing.
We cho se optio n B, a lthough it was a little m ore expen sive. A lthou g h sales f e ll a little in Japa n, we had a reasonable y ea r in
the rest o f Asia.
The clause with although can come at the beginning.
(Asia sales figures seem surprising)
A lthou g h I disagreed, I didn 't say anything.
Whereas simply compares two facts. It makes a strong
We can emphasize but and although with still and anyway. contrast, but there is less suggestion of surprise.
I wasn ' t f ee li n g w ell, but I still w ent to work. We had a reasonable y ea r in Asia, w h e re a s sales in Europe were
I wasn ' t fee li n g w ell, but I w ent to w ork anyway. q u ite disappointing.
I still went to w ork, although I wasn ' t f ee li n g well.
We can use while like although or whereas.
Althou gh I wasn 't f ee li n g w ell, I w ent to w ork anyway.
W hile there are still som e issues to resolv e, I think we should go
We can use though in informal speech like al though. We often
ahead.
use two separate sentences and put though at the end.
(like 'although')
I really disagreed with him. I didn ' t say anythin g, though.
Inflation rose by 2% last year, w hile h ou se prices w ent up 4%.
(= Although I disagreed with him, I didn't say anything.) (like 'whereas')
We can use even though like although to give a stronger
contrast.
Ev en though I wasn 't f ee li n g well, I still w ent to work.

170
 41 Lin k in g w o r d s 1

Ex e rcise s
Sectio n s 41. U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t w o r d s.
C, D, E, F 1 Although/Even I like this company, I probably w o n't w or k here long.
2 Kate gave a good presentation, although/despite having very little time t o prepare.
3 In spite of/Although their shares are rising, their future is still uncertain.
4 This year our earnings are close t o $8 m, while/despite last year they were just $6 m.
5 Whereas/In spite of these three candidates have an MBA , these other ones don't.
6 I sa w t hat movie you were talking about. I did n't enjoy it, although/though.
1 I did n't have much time, but/whereas I managed t o visit the w h ole factory.
8 I drive a Peugeot, but/whereas my wif e drives a VW.
9 The product launch was w a y over budget, but w e did it still/anyway.
10 Although/In spite of t he delay, w e still arrived on time.
11 I did n't manage t o close t he deal, although/whereas I really tried.
12 Although/Whereas their share price is falling at t he moment, t he co m pany is still a good long - term
investment.

Se ctio n B 4 1 .2 R e w r i t e e ach s e n t e n c e usin g t h e w o r d / s in b r ac k e ts so t h a t it e m p h asi z e s t h e f a c t t h a t

t h e r e a re t w o t hin gs.
1 W e can handle t he transport arrange ments and t he insurance.
a) (also) We can handle the transport arrangements and also the insurance.
b) (b o t h ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
c) (t o o ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2 I w a n t the sales figures f or October and November.
a) (as w e ll) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
b) (as well a s)__________________________________________________________________
c) (a lso) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Se ctio n s 4 1 .3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c es w i t h a lt h o u g h , a n y w a y , b u t, in s p ite o f, s till, th o u g h or w h e re a s.

C, D, E, F 1 Carol didn't recogniz e Mark Lamer, although she hacj met hjm before.
2 I d on't like karaoke b a rs,_____________ I w e n t with my Japanese clients anyway.
3 I offered my best price, but t h e y _____________ did n't seem interested.
4 I think we'll have to chan ge our suppliers. It's a pity,
5 t he early problems, the project
has been a great success.
6 Korea is a mature m a r k e t ,_____________ Vietna m
is still an e merging economy.
7 W e d on't have all the facts, but it's worth
discussing t he basic id e as_____________ _

"And as your department representative,

let me just say that I am both proud
anri hnnnnrfid tn hfi takinn nrfidit
 Ex e rcises
Se ctio n s 4 1 . 4 Jo in each pair o f sentences using t h e w or ds give n. T h ere are t w o w a y s each ti me.
C, D, E, F 1 It was snowing. The flight left on time.
a) A lt h o u g h ' t was snowing, the flightleft on time
b) Despite t h e snow, the flight left on time
2 I had a headache. I still w e n t to t he meeting.
a) In spite o f ____________________________________________________________________
b ) , b u t________________________________________
3 So me analysts think t hat stocks will fall in value. Others disagree.
a ) , w h e r e a s__________________________________ _
b) A lt h o u g h___________________________________________________________________ _
4 There were difficulties in t he negotiations. W e w o n t he contract.
a) D es pit e_____________________________________________________________________ _
b) Even t h o u g h________________________________________________________________ _
5 Oil prices rose slightly last year. This year they have gone down.
a) W h e r e a s______________________________ _______________________________________
b ) , a lt h o u g h_________________________________ _
6 T hey've never been successful. They keep on trying.
a ) , y e t ________________________________________
b) D espit e_____________________________________________________________________ _

Se c t i o n s 4 1 .5 C o m ple t e t his article a b o u t t h e use o f p h o nes t o trac k p eo ples' m ove m e n ts w it h th e

, C. D, E, F w or d s in t h e box.

as - weH as w ell as b ot h d espite even t h o u g h w h er e a s ye t

Geo-Tracking:
We Know Where You Are
Imagine that your company had a complete and exact trend: how people access the Net. 4_____________
record of your customers' movements - commuting ten years ago most people used laptops or PCs to
to work, going to the supermarket, and walking the surf the Web, these days mobile platforms are equally
(j0g 1 as well What about if you knew that important.
information in real time every minute of the day? How However, 5_____________ progress with the
could you use that knowledge? What sort of goods technology, there are serious privacy issues at stake.
and services could you sell them? 2_____________ Do people really want you to know where they are
this might seem like science fiction, it isn't. If you 6 night and day? (Especially night!).
carry a mobile phone, there are now various ways to Will they accept location-specific marketing on
track your movements across the planet. You leave a their phones? These are certainly problem issues,
digital trail via cell phone base stations and satellites 7 consumers are becoming less
3_____________ numerous Wi -Fi access points inside resistant to having location-based advertising 'pushed'
buildings. at them. The key seems to be to make it relevant,
This 'geo-tracking' has a synergy with another timely, and to give people the ability to opt in or out.
 41 Lin k in g w o r d s 1

Tasks
S p e a k i n g : lis t e n 1 # 41 You are goin g t o h e ar eig h t phrases. Listen an d repeat.
and repeat
T r a n sl a t e 2 Tra nslate th ese short te x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t er n e t int o yo u r o w n la n g u a g e. Re m e m b er n ot t o
tra nsla t e w o r d f o r w or d , b ut ra t h er t o m a k e it sou n d natural.

W ritin g : 3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ce s w i t h y o u r o w n id e as.
p e rso n a liz e d 1 I agree with you in principle, although / have one or two technical questions
p ra c t ic e that I would like to ask
2 Alt hough she doesn't have much e x perience of t he marketing a r e a ,________________

3
__________________________________________________ _ I didn't say anything, t hough.
4 Even though t he product is still at the develop mental stage, it still

5 Russia and Brazil are rich in energy resources, whereas C hina and India

6 Wh ere as our turnover is up 8% this year,

7 Wh ile there are still some issues to resolve, I think

8 Shares of IBM rose 2 % yesterday, while shares o f .

9 In spite of
sales growth has been disappointing.
10 Despite not having
, she got t o t he top of her profession.

R e h e a rsa l f o r 4 W r it e a se n te nce or t w o sayin g so m e t hin g surprising a b o u t each o f t h e f o llo w in g , using a

t h e re a l w o rld v a rie ty o f gra m m a tical constructions:
your career path so far your co m pany your national culture

5 W r i t e a s e n t e n c e or t w o c o n t r a s tin g e ach o f t h e p airs o f it e m s b e lo w .

you and a close family me mber
sales this year (so far) and last year
the Chinese and Indian economies
 Unking words 2
A Reason: b e ca use , as, b e c a use of, du e to For a present purpose we use the present simple, w ill or can.
For a past purpose we use the past simple, would or could.
We use because, as and since when we want to explain the
reason for something. A s and since are a little more formal. I'l l send it by D H L Ex press today so (that) it ge t s / it ' ll ge t to
them on time.
I'm callin g to com plain b eca u se the goods are damaged.
I sent it by D H L Ex press yesterday so (that) it g o t / it'd ge t to
I am returnin g the goods insid e this package, a s / s i n ce they were
them on time.
damaged on arrival.
If the subject of the first part of the sentence and the subject
A s and since can come at the beginning of the sentence.
of the purpose clause are the same, we use to. If not, we use
Because is not common in this position.
so (th at).
A s / s i n ce the goods were damaged on a rriva l, I am returnin g them
I'm callin g to talk about the sales conference.
inside this package.
('calling' and 'talk' both have T as the subject)
We use because of, due to, owin g to and as a result of before a I'm callin g so (that) w e can talk about the sales conference.
noun or noun phrase. ('calling' and 'talk' have different subjects)
I'm callin g to com plain b eca u se o f the damaged goods.

E M anner: like , as, as i f

B Result: so We can use like or as to mean 'in the way that'. Like is more
We use so to express a result. Note the relation between common, and as is more formal.
because and so: H e runs the com pany li k e / a s his fa th er used to.
I'm callin g to com plain b eca u se the goods are damaged, (reason) W e'll have fo u r people working on the stand, li k e / a s we did last
The goods are damaged, so I'm callin g to com plain, (result) year.
Before a noun or noun phrase we must use like if we mean
C Purpose: to and fo r 'in the way that'.
We use the to infinitive to express purpose (to say why we H e ru ns the com pany like his father.
do things). (NOT as his father)
H e went to the airp ort to m ee t M r Li. We use like to give examples.
(NOT for to meet) (NOT for moot) O n ly a fe w companies, like A reva and G E, can provide the
I'm callin g to talk about the sales conference. technology f o r a n uclear power plant.
(NOT for to talk) (NOT for talk)
We can use in order to or so as to in place of to. They are more We use as to say what job/function/role a person or thing
formal. has.
H e called a press conference in o r d e r to e x plain the background to She works as a fin a n cia l controller.
the merger. W e're using the C roatian market as a test f o r the whole Balkans
We use the negative in order not to or so as not to. We cannot region.
use not to on its own. We use this room as a storage area.
I'l l call a ta xi so as no t to miss m y flig h t. Like would be wrong in the last three examples because it
means 'something is similar to something' not 'something is
We can use f o r followed by a noun to say why we do something'.
something. We can use as i f or like before a clause to say how someone or
I'm here f o r a m ee t in g with Ele n a Ko pytina. something feels, looks, sounds or behaves.
(= to have a meeting) I have a temperature. I feel as i f / li k e I should go home.
S h all we go out f o r s o m e lunch?
(= to have some lunch) It looks as i f / li k e we're going to break even by the end o f the year.

D Purpose: so th a t
We can use so (th a t) to express purpose. After so (th a t) we use
subject + verb.
We have to be more fle xible so (that) we c a n respond to changing
customer expectations.
174
 42 Li n k i n g w o r d s 2

Ex e rcises
Sectio n s A, B 4 2 .1 C o m plet e t h e second sen te nce so it has a similar m ea nin g t o t h e first an d cont ains th e
w o r d in brackets.
1 I sent Karen a copy of t he minutes because she missed t he meeting, (so)
Karen missed the meeting, so I sent her a copy o f the minutes .
2 She doesn't know, so I'll ask so meone else, (since)
Si n c e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 I'll call you back. I have to go n ow because I have a meeting, (so)
I'll call you back. I have a m e e ti n g ,_________________________________________________
4 I had a lot of paperwork to do, so I finished wor k late, (because)
I finished wor k l a t e _____________________________________________________________ _
5 I had to do all t he paperwork, so I finished wor k late, (because of)
I finished w or k l a t e ___________________________________________________ I had to do.

S e c t i o n s C, D 4 2 . 2 U n d erlin e t h e correct wor ds.

1 We'r e not in this business just to make/for to make short - term profit.
2 I'll explain in more detail so/in order to our objectives are clear.
3 I wrot e t he date in my diary so that/so to I w o u ld n't forget.
4 He resigned in order to/for spend more time with his family.
5 Alesha ca me to me in order to/for advice.
6 We'll agree t o your offer so t hat w e can/could close t he deal.
7 W e agreed t o their offer so t hat w e can/could close t he deal.
8 She rechecked the figures so t ha t t he auditors won' t/wouldn't find any errors.
9 I'll recheck t he figures so t hat t he auditors won' t/wouldn't find any errors.
10 Ma ny visitors co me here to see/for to see our auto mated production line.

S e c t i o n s C, D 4 2 .3 Match t h e b e gin nin g o f each se n te nce 1 -12 w it h an e n din g a) or b).

1 I w e n t to Barcelona to a) t he trade fair.
2 I w e n t to Barcelona for b) attend the trade fair.

3 I'm here for a) a meeting with Manuel Lopez.

4 I'm here to b) meet Man uel Lopez.

5 I kept his business card so t ha t I a) 'd re me mber his name.

6 I'll keep his business cards so t ha t I b) reme mber his name.

7 I think it's time to a) a short coffee break.

8 I think it's time for b) have a short coffee break.

9 I'll deal with it personally so I a) could check everything was OK.

10 I dealt wit h it personally so I b) can check everything is OK.

11 It's wort h shopping around for a) a better price.

12 It's wort h shopping around to b) get a better price.
 Ex e rcises
Se c tio ns C, D 4 2 .4 W r i t e / if t h e s e n t e n c e is p o s s i b l e . W r i t e X if it is g r a m m a t i c a l l y in c o rr e c t .
1 I'll speak louder so t ha t everyone can hear. 0
2 I'll speak louder in order to everyone can hear.
3 Sorry, I'll explain my proposal again t o avoid any confusion.
4 Sorry, I'll explain my proposal again so avoid any confusion.
5 Sorry, I'll explain my proposal again so w e avoid any confusion.
6 W e send a monthly newsletter not to lose contact with our clients.
7 W e send a monthly newsletter so as not to lose cont act with our clients.
8 I'll tak e an umbrella so I w o n't get wet.
9 I'll tak e an umbrella so I w o u ld n't get wet.
10 I'll take an umbrella so I d on't get wet.

Sectio n E 4 2 .5 C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h as or like, or p ut as/like if b o th are possible.

1 Wh ile I w as a t university, I sometimes wor k e d as a w ait er to earn some extra money.
2 In a situation like this, you should do e x actly_____________ it says in t he book.
3 I'll tak e my annual leave in A u g u s t ,_____________ last year.
4 It so u n d s_____________ t he negotiations are not going very well.
5 W e sent the order in t w o co nsig n m e nts,_____________ w e agreed in t he meeting.
6 So m e co u n tries,_____________ Swe d en, have strong environ mental policies.
7 I'm lucky. I have a small room at ho me t hat I u s e_____________ my study.
8 This crisis is n o t_____________ t he last one. It's worse!

Se ctio n s 4 2 .6 U n d erlin e t h e correct w or ds in this dialo g u e b e t w e e n t w o managers.

A , B C, D, E

Pa mel a : I’ve just seen the last set of sales figures, and it looks 1 as if/as w e’ll make a loss
this quarter. Things are getting serious, and the CEO is talking about laying
people o ff,2 lik e /a s our com petitors. We need to look for some imaginative
solutions 3 s o / fo r we can avoid that.
Ja c k : You’re right. We have a great team here, and we don’t w ant to lose anyone. It
would be good to reassure people th at their jobs are safe, 4 no t to/so as no t to
w orry them unnecessarily.
Pa mel a : T hat’s right, and 5 s in ce /s o that I work 6 lik e /a s the D irector of Human
Resources it’s my responsibility to come up w ith some ideas.
Ja c k : So w hat are you thinking of?
Pa mel a : Obviously w e’ll begin by having a freeze on hiring new p eop le,7 like/as i f w e did
last year. Beyond that, I’m thinking of unpaid vacations and reducing employees’
work hours.
Ja c k : Well, 8 s i n ce th a t/a s the situation is serious I think people might be prepared to
accep t that.
Pa mel a : They’ll have to accep t it. It’s a c ris is ,9 s o / b ec a u s e crisis measures are necessary.
And people will have to do a greater variety of jobs as well. We’ll train staff
10 that/so they can move from one departm ent to another w ith ease.
Ja c k : Even people 11 a s /lik e me?
Pa mel a : Yes, even you. I’m calling a meeting n ext week 12 to /fo r explain my ideas.

176
 4 2 Lin k in g w o r d s 2

Tasks
Sp e a k in g: list e n 1 # 4 2 You are goin g t o h ear eig h t phrases. Listen an d repeat.
an d re p e a t
T r a n sl a t e 2 Tra nslate th ese sh ort t e x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t er n e t int o yo u r o w n lan gu ag e. Re m e m b er n o t t o
tra nsla t e w o r d f o r w or d , b ut ra th er t o m a k e it soun d nat ural.

N a tio ns a re c o n stru ct in g f u t u ris t ic scie nce A ch e m ic a l m a k e r re d uce d t he ti m e t o m a r k e t of its

p ark s, w it h n e ar b y housing a nd cit y a m e n ities, t o p R& D p r oj ec t by m ore t h a n 12 m o n ths. H o w? It
t o gain a co m p e titiv e edge in t h e ne xt k ille d t hr e e z o m bie p rojects, re d e ploye d t he resources
g e n era tio n of k n owle d g e in d ustries. t o a cc e le ra t e its m ost p ro misin g n ew p ro d uct, and
BusinessWeek website i m prove d e arly - st a g e R& D co lla b o r a ti o n b e twe en
e n gin e ers a nd m a r k e t e rs so t h a t e x ecutives co uld m a k e
b e tt er d ecisions.
B N ET website

W ritin g : 3 C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h y o ur o w n ideas.

p e r s o n a li z e d i |-m g0jng t o call head office t o check a few details about the new pricing policy
p r a c t ic e
2 I'm going to call head office so as not t o _________________________________________

3 Hello? Is that customer services? Yes, I'm calling to complain because of

and because you

4 I'm here in Paris for

5 I'm here in Paris so that

6 These days w e d on't do business like

7 A plastic ice -cube tray can also be used as

Wh e n I fell in love for the first time I felt as if

Re h e arsal f o r 4 A n sw e r t hese q u estio ns using a 'reaso n / p ur pose' w o r d or p hrase fro m p a g e 174 and ideas of
th e real w o r k y Q ur o w n . Writ e a co m plet e p ara grap h each time.
1 W h y do some people climb mountains?
2 W h y do people yawn / sneeze / shiver?
3 W h y do people get married?
4 W h y are you doing this exercise?

A nsw e r t hese questions using a 'm a n n er' w or d or phrase from page 174 and ideas o f yo ur o wn.
Writ e a co m plet e paragrap h each time.
5 H ow does your boss treat yo u? H ow do you treat your boss?
6 H ow do you treat your boss's boss?
7 H ow do you use the largest room in your wor k place? H ow could you use it?
8 H ow did you feel wh e n your first child / nephew / niece w as born?

If y o u a r e w o r k i n g in cla ss, c h o o s e s o m e p a r a g r a p h s t o r e a d a l o u d . A s k a n d a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s .
 Developing an argument 1
A Lin k in g across se n t ences D True bu t su rp rising: in fa ct, a c tu a lly
Units 41 and 42 gave short, everyday words to join parts of a We use In fact, A c t u a lly or As a m atter o f fact to say what
sentence. We can use longer, more formal words and phrases is really true, when this is surprising or different to what
to link across sentences and within more complex sentences. people think.
Look at the examples below for and, but and so: We have plenty in stock. I n fa c t, we could d eliver tomorrow.
and: In ad dition, Besides, Moreover, Furtherm ore (surprising)
but: However, Nevertheless, O n the other hand I thought we had some in stock, but actually we don’t.
so: Therefore, Consequently, As a result (different)
These words are typical of careful speech (e.g. presentations)
and writing. They usually come at the start of a sentence and E A lt e rn a t iv e s: e it h e r ... or, inst e a d o f
have a comma afterwards, but can come after a comma in the We use either to begin a list of possibilities. We do not begin
middle of a sentence. with or.
S u p plier A is cheaper and has good d elivery times. H ow ever, E it h e r we could cancel the launch, o r we could sim ply postpone it.
sup plier B has better q u ality and is more fle x ible with volume. (NOT Or we could ..., or we could ...)
This new process produces less waste, and as a r e s u lt it's much We use instead (of) to mean 'in the place of something else'.
better f o r the environ m ent. At the end of a sentence, instead is used without of.
Can we meet on F rid a y instead o f T h ursd ay?
B N u m b e ring p o in ts and co n clu d ing: I n s t e a d o f Thursday, can we meet on F rid a y?
first ly , in a dd ition, fin a lly, ove ra ll, in C an we meet on F rid a y instead?
con clusion
We can use F irs t / F irs tly / F irs t of a ll to begin a list of points. F Exce p t io ns: e xc e p t for, a p a rt from
For other points we say S eco n d / S eco n d ly / T hird / T hird ly, etc. We use except, except for, w ith the exception o f o r apart fro m to
To add a point without numbering we can say In ad dition, As mean 'not including'.
w ell as this or Besides this. I contacted everyone exce p t (for) Irin a.
To finish the points we can say F in a lly.
W h y choose the Czech Re p u blic? Well, f i r s t o f all, it has a G G e n e ra lizing: in genera l, on the w hole
trained, fle x ible and relatively inex pensive workforce. As well as To talk generally we can say: In general, O n the whole, As a
this, it has a good location in C e n tral Europe near to key markets. rule, Typically, Bro a d ly speaking.
Finally, it has good infrastructure.
I n ge n e r a l , large p u blic companies have fiv e key relationships:
To conclude one particular discussion point we can say customers, business partners, suppliers, employees and
O ve rall or Taking everythin g into consideration.
shareholders.
So, overall, things are im proving. If we want to make a balanced argument, we often use one
To finish and conclude more formally we can say In of these phrases followed by a word like but + a contrasting
conclusion. idea.
In con clu sion , I'd like to thank you a ll very much fo r coming On th e whole, I thin k y o u ’re right, a lthough I disagree with
here today. you about the level o f risk.
A s a ru le, we usu ally ask fo r an upfront paym ent on a first - tim e
C Exa m p les: fo r exa m ple , fo r inst a nce , order. H ow ever, I thin k we can be fle x ible on that.
such as
We can use f o r example or f o r instance. H Su m m a rizing: so, b a sic a lly, to sum up
O u r costs have gone up. F o r instance, the cost o f steel has n early To summarize quickly we can use So, Basically, In short and To
doubled. p ut it sim ply. To summarize more formally we can use To sum
O u r costs have gone up. The cost o f steel, f o r exa m p le, has n early up and In sum m ary.
doubled. Basically, the whole idea is ridiculous.
We use such as in the middle of a sentence to give examples. So, to su m up, I'v e looked at three m ain issues in my
It is the same as 'like'. S uch as is followed by a noun phrase, presentation. F irst, ...
not a whole clause.
Some delays are beyond our control, such as strikes or bad weather.
 43 D e v elo p in g a n a r g u m e n t 1

Ex e rcises
Se c t io ns 43. U n d erline t h e correct wor ds.
A, C, D, E, F, G instead/instead of?
1 If you d on't w a n t the Canon, w h a t a b out this Panasonic
2 The fall in share prices has made investors nervous. On t he other side/hand, it could be an excellent
buying opportunity.
3 As a rule/As a whole, I d on't normally have a big lunch, but I'll co m e with you to t he restaurant today.
4 All co m modity prices rose last wee k, apart/except soybeans and wheat.
5 W e can either/or w ait f or a train, or go by taxi.
6 I k n ow Madrid very well. As a matter of fact/On the whole, I wor ke d there f or a short time many years
ago.
7 For instance/On the whole I am a supporter of t he green move ment. However, I think t ha t they are
wron g t o oppose nuclear energy.
8 I like t o drive t o wor k because I can go door -to - door. On the other hand/Besides, t he train would
probably be quicker.
9 I like t o drive to wor k because I can go door -to - door. On the other hand/Besides, t he co m pany pays
f or my petrol.
10 Investment in areas for example/such as biotechnology can be risky.
11 Investment in some areas, for example/such as biotechnology, can be risky.
12 The resumes are all very strong, except for/instead of these t w o here.

Se c t i o n s 4 3 .2 C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h t h e w or ds or phrases in t h e box.

A , C, D, E, F, G
aetuaHy moreover either e xcept in general
instead nevertheless so such as therefore

1 People thin k it's expensive, but actually over the long term it isn't.
2 The restaurant is open every d a y _____________ Monday.
3 She is out of t he country a n d _____________ unable to attend t he meeting.
4 I was going on Tuesday, but n ow I'm going
on M o n d a y_____________ _
5 , I think t he meeting w e n t very
well, although w e didn't manage t o agree on
a budget for next year.
6 So me a re a s,_____________ recruitment, are
outsourced to other companies.
7 I'm sorry, I've had e n o u g h______________ he
goes, or I go.
8 It's reliable, safe and easy to use______________ ,
it's e xcellent value for money.
9 It's reliable, safe and easy to use______________ _
t he maintenance costs can be quite high.
10 , in short, w e offer a full range of
insurance products to both corporate and private clients. and greater consumer satisfaction; on the other
hand, w e're the middle m an."
S e c t i o n s A , C, G 43. Pu t f o ur co m mas in t his sh ort p ara grap h.

in general tatelng a n M B A Is a q o o d Id e a f o r a n am,bltlous you.ng

•professional, t-towever y o u d o have to m.atee soigne sacrifices, you. n^lss out on

two wears' valuable work, experience for example and It ca n be very expensive.
 Ex e rcise s
Sections A, B, C, Rea d t his article a b o u t tr af fic in city centres. C o m plet e t h e article by choosin g t h e best
D, E, F, G, H a lt e r n a tiv e fro m A, B, C or D b elow.

W a n t to e n ter th e city? Sorry, yo u’ll have to pay.

raffic congestion in city centres is a big problem are often unavailable or of poor quality. Wh a t can
for both businesses and residents. Policy makers be done? Public transport has to become more
are being forced to think of solutions based on reliable and more comfortable.6 , bicycle use
public transport, road pricing and restricted should be encouraged - 7... _ , by having
use of various kinds. Wh a t are the reasons more cycle lanes. Some large cities,8.
for this? 1 £ , cars cause noise and Cologne and Amsterdam, are already
pollution in areas where people walk, shop organized in this way. But the most radical
or go sightseeing.2 .. this, they require measure is road pricing. Asking motorists
parking areas, and space in city centres is to pay t o enter city centres is controversial,
limited. And 3_____ , cars cause traffic jams but is an increasingly common solution. So,
and 4 . _ many hours of work time are lost. , we can see that imaginative and sometimes
5 , people do like the freedom and unpopular measures will be needed t o make the city
convenience of using their own can and alternatives centre a more pleasant place to work and live.

1 A As well B First of all C In fact D As a result

2 A Besides B Also C For example D Except
3 A f or e xample B h owever C instead D finally
4 A either B both C as a result D instead of
5 A However B Therefore C So D In conclusion
6 A To sum up B In addition C Actually D For example
7 A on t he wh ole B in addition C actually D f or e xample
8 A such as B as well as C instead of D except
9 A thirdly B in conclusion C instead D also

Sectio n s 4 C o m plet e t his speech ma d e b y t h e lea d er o f a Korea n tra d e d ele g a tio n in Slo va k ia w it h
t h e w or ds an d phrases in t h e box.

as a rule f-if st-e-f-alt h owever in addition

in conclusion in fact instead of therefore

C ould I just say a f ew w or d s? Than k you. Well, 1 r /rsf o f all i’^ |j|<e t0 thank everyon e here at
the Bratislava C h a m b er of C o m m erce for organi zing our short tour of Slova kia. W e h ave e njoyed
looking round all the fact ories an d meeting the e m ployees. 2_____________ , I would like to thank
the Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, who m a de the whole trip possible. As you know,
w e s e e the Euro p ea n market as very important for our co m pany. 3__________ __ , it is central to
our future plans. 4_____________ I look forward to a close coo peration betwee n our two countries
in the future. 5_____________ I think it’s better to k ee p the cere m o nies short on occasio n s like this.
6____________, I would just like to tak e this opportunity to le ave you with something to re m e m ber our
visit. I h ave great pleasure in presenting this boo k with phot ograp hs of K orea to Mr Telensky, who
took such goo d ca re of us. 7...... . , I ho p e that w e m ay h ave the ple asure of welco min g
so m e of you to our country in the n ear future. Perh a p s the next time we meet it will be in Seo ul
8 Bra tislava! O n ce again, thank you all very much.

180
 43 Developing an argum ent 1

Tasks
Speaking: listen 1 % 4 3 You are g oin g t o h ear eig h t phrases. Listen an d re peat.
and repeat

T ra n sla te 2 Translate t h ese short te x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t e rn e t into yo u r o w n lan gu ag e. Re m e m b er n o t to

tra nsla t e w o r d f o r w or d , b ut ra t h er t o m a k e it sou n d natural.

A s a r es ul t of t he re f or m s in t he a r e a of Re s e a rch e rs f oun d t h a t w h il e u n d erw eig h t and

b a n k in g, tra d e , a n d invest m e n t, t h e eco n o m y e x t re m ely obese p e ople die e a rli e r t h a n p eople
g re w sig n ific a n tly and achiev e d high a n n u al of a n o r m a l w eig h t, p eople w h o a r e slig h tly
g ro wt h ra t es. In f a c t , last y e a r t h e eco n o m y ove rw ei g h t a c t u a lly live lo n g er t h a n t h ose o f a
g r e w by 8 % . n o r m al w eig h t.
Asia Econ website Reuters website

W ritin g : 3 C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h y o ur o w n ideas.

p e rs o n a li z e d •) |-ve divided my presentation into three parts. First of all I'm going to give you an
overview of the company and its product range
Secondly, I'm going to .... -............ - ................... - ...........
And finally I'l l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
If you have any questions, please feel free to interrupt.
2 As you can see, our products offer e xcellent value f or money. As well as this,

3 Our costs have gone up significantly this year. For instance,

4 So m e delays are beyond our control, such as

5 W e have a lot of e x perience in this market. In fact,

6 I t ho ug ht t hat workin g in a cross-cultural t ea m wo uld present some challenges,

but a ct u a lly - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7 A t the rate w e're workin g w e're not going t o meet the project deadline. The w a y
I see it w e have t w o options. Either w e __________ ___ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - -_ _

or w e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8 W h y d on't w e outsource our recruitment process instead o f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
____ _______________________________________________________ ?
9 The planning for t he conference is all complete, except f o r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

10 In general I think t h a t______________________

alt h o u g h - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
11 Yes, I listened to everything she said. Basically,

12 So, t o sum up, the main message t hat I w a n t you t o tak e a w ay from this
presentation i s ______________________________________________________
i t ! Developing an argument 2
A O ther lin k in g w o rds and p hrases Other words used to make a personal comment include:
Study this list of common linking words and phrases.
It extends the list given in unit 43. ad mittedly, coincidentally, curiously, incredibly, interestingly,
iro nically, n a tu rally, parado xically, predictably, sig nifica n tly,
Emphasizing something important surprisin gly, unbelievably, understandably, unex pectedly
Esp ecially, Pa rtic u la rly, In p articular, Above all, S p ecifically
A dm ittedly, option B is a little more expensive. I s till thin k it ’s
Explaining in another way
better, though.
In other words, To p ut it another w ay, That is (to say),
I ron ica lly , the talk about mass com m unication was cancelled
To p ut it sim ply
because no one knew it was on the programme.
Correcting yourself P redictably, Pro d uctio n com plained about Sales prom ising
I mean, O r rather u nrealistic d elivery times - again.
Changing the topic (informal) U nd ersta nd a bly , she was upset by the news.
B y the way, Talking about, O n the subject o f
Announcing a change of topic (more formal) C a t the end, in the end, a t la st
In relatio n to, W ith regard to, A s f a r as ... is concerned The phrases at the end, in the end and at last do not have the
Preparing to finish same meaning.
A n yw ay
A t the end refers to a point in time
We need to keep our costs down, esp ec ia lly in the curren t There were a lot o f questions a t th e e nd o f my talk.
economic clim ate. In the end means 'after a lot of time'/'eventually'
We need to keep our costs down, especially as / b ec a u s e the I waited u n til ten, and in the e nd I left.
com pany is not doing so well. (used with a past tense)
By th e way, how is C la u d ia? I have n't seen her f o r ages.
A t last means we are pleased because a long wait
A n d that's the situ atio n in Europe. A s f a r as La tin A m erica is
has ended
c on ce rn e d , we o nly have a presence in Bra z il at the moment.
A t last I'v e finish e d this report!
Anyw ay, I re ally m ust be going now. It was very nice to meet you.
(used with a present tense, e.g. present perfect)

B Personal com m e n t
There are many words and short phrases that come at the
D if, unless, o th e rw ise
beginning of a sentence and help us to make a personal Conditionals with i f (units 17 and 18) are important for
comment. developing an argument.
The linking words unless and otherwise have the meaning
Giving your own ideas (often to disagree) 'if not'. Look at the next three examples, which all have the
I thin k, Fro m m y point of view, In my opinion, In m y view, same meaning:
Perso n ally, I am convinced that I f we don 't p a y the invoice now, th e y'll cut our credit line.
You heard something but are not sure Unless we p a y the invoice now, th e y'll cut our credit line.
A p p arently, It seems that, It appears that We should p ay the invoice now, oth erw is e th e y'll cut our credit
Something is already known or not surprising line.
Clearly, O f course, O bvio usly
Good/bad luck E A b b re v ia t io ns in w rit t e n English
Fortu n ately, Lu c k ily, U nfortu n ately, S a dly Note the following abbreviations, which are common in
You are being honest written English. The first two can also be spoken (simply as
To be honest, Fra n k ly, A ctu ally, To tell you the truth letters).
i.e. = 'that is to say' (from the Latin 'id est')
A pp a re n tly , she resigned because they refused to give her a e.g. = 'for example' (from the Latin 'exempli gratia')
promotion. N B = 'note' (from the Latin 'nota bene')
O f c ou rse, w e'll have to do some market research before we take a
fin a l decision.
F ra nk ly , I don't re ally care what he thinks.
 44 D evelo p in g an arg u m e n t 2

Ex e rcise s
Sectio n s 4 4 .1 U n d erlin e t h e correct w or ds.
A , B, C, D, E 1 I like all t he marketing ideas, but in particular/in particularly the free samples.
2 An d that's t he situation in France and Germany. In relation to/ln relationship with t he UK market,
things are a little different.
3 It seems that/Apparently that the Board is looking for a n e w CEO.
4 Fortunately/With good fortune, our depart ment is not affected by the restructuring.
5 Actually/Truly, I've never really trusted him.
6 With regard to/With regard the question of finance, we'll need t o raise about $2m.
7 I tried arguing with the m, but at the end/in the end I just gave up.
8 Frankie's managed t o get a job at last/in the end!
9 Unless/Otherwise w e decide within t he next f e w weeks, it'll be t oo late.
10 W e must decide within t he next f e w weeks, unless/otherwise it'll be t oo late.
11 We'r e ex panding into some of t he smaller European markets, i.e./e.g. Slovenia and the Baltic States.
12 W e need a sales n etwork in each of Europe's three biggest economies, i.e./e.g. Germany, France and
the UK.

Se ctio n s A, B 4 4 . 2 C o m plet e t h e replies t o t h e co m m e nts in speech marks by f o ll o w i n g t h e instructions in

brack ets an d using t h e w or ds an d phrases in t h e box.

above all a nyway apparently by t he w a y

frankly of course or rather personally unfortunately

1 'W e should have the prototype ready by Ju n e.'

(give your o wn ideas) Personally # | think Au gust is more realistic.
2 'The insurance premium doesn't look t oo expensive.'
- (something is already k n o w n )_____________ , it will need to be renewed annually.
3 'I've got t w o spare tickets for the opera tonight. Are you interested?'
- (you would like t o go but c a n 't)_____________ , I've got a previous com mit ment.
4 'So, I had lunch with Ma gd a and Viktor, and then I had a meeting with t he auditors.'
(change t he t o p ic)_____________ , w h a t did Ma gd a say about Paris?
5 'The joint venture with Optika is running into all sorts of problems.'
- (be h o n e st)_____________ , w e should never have entered into it in t he first place.
6 'W h y didn't Robert get t he n e w sales jo b?'
- (you heard so m e t h in g)_____________ , his interview w as a co m plete disaster.
7 'Yes, t he conference should be very interesting. A n d there's a choice of hotels.'
- (prepare t o fin is h)_____________ , w e can sort out t he hotels nearer t he time.
8 'Car m en really deserves t o be the t ea m leader on this project.'
(emphasi z e one important p o i n t)_____________ , because of her e x perience in this area.
9 'I think w e should target our next line of clothes at a you nger market.'
- (correct yourself) It's a good i d e a ._____________ , it could be a good idea if w e d on't lose our
existing customers by doing so.
 Ex e rcise s
Sectio n s U n d erlin e t h e correct w or ds in this p rese n ta tio n a b o u t robotics. This e x ercise includes
A , B, C. u n i t 4 3 so m e revision o f u nit 43.

Today I’m going to be talking about robotics, a nd 1anyway/in particular the co m m ercial exploitation
of robots. 2Especially/Clearly t here ’s a huge interest in the subject, as can b e se e n b y the nu mber
of p eo ple in the a u die nce today. An d this is not surprising, as w e predict that over t he next d e c a d e
robotics is going to b e one of the world’s fast est growing industries. Tens of millions of dollars are
being invested in the d evelo p m e nt of personal robots, and 3instead/as a result progress has been
rapid. Scie n tists now understan d the t ech nolo gy n ec e ssa ry for co m ple x actions like walking on
two feet without falling over. AOn the other hand/At the end, it's cle ar that the d evelo p m e nt of ‘robo
sa p ie n s’ - with something that a p pro ximates human intelligence - will tak e longer,
5especially/or rather a lot longer.
Let’s tak e on e e x a m ple wh ere robotics is making a big i mpact now: health care. Ro bots are doing
a whole ran ge of tasks: reminding patients to tak e m edicines, interacting with patients who show
cog nitive decline, collectin g d at a a nd monitoring patients, a nd assisting p eo ple with limited mobility.
6Specifically/ln fact, t h ey’ll soon b e doing almost everything 7except for/instead o f peeling the
grap es!
Wh o is taking the lead in d evelo pin g robotics w orld wid e? 8Nevertheless/In general it’s the Ja p a n e s e ,
9although/apart from the A m erica ns are trying hard to ca tch up. But the market is big e nough for
everyo n e. Small co m p a nies across Euro p e are d evelo pin g and selling robots in are as
:osuch as/for example auto mated manufacturing, materials handling in d an g ero us or
dirty environ ments, and security and military ap plications.
However, 11a s far as start-up companies are concerned/concerning start-up companies, home
entertain ment is p erha ps a saf er ar e a to launch the robot revolution. C o m p are d to the other areas,
singing a nd d ancin g robots d on ’t do anything essential, and so it’s O K if they ma k e a mistake
sometimes. 12Especially/Furthermore, ho me entertainment is likely to b e t he big g est market
13in the end/at last, with so m e h ouse holds having two or three robots, just like t hey h ave co m p uters
today.
So, 14/n fact/to sum up, I’ve tried to show you how I b elieve w e ’re entering a n ew ag e, the a g e of
the robot, and it’s an a g e that’s full of b usin ess opportunities.

S e c t i o n s A , B, C Check t h e a nsw ers t o e x ercise 44.3 b e f ore yo u do t his e x ercise. T hen fin d w or ds an d
phrases fro m t h e a nsw ers t o 44.3 t h a t are similar t o t h e e x pressions b elow.
1 on t he wh ole 8 h owever
2 apart from 9 in short
3 because of this ....... _ .... - 10 eventually
4 as a matter of fact 11 a bove all
5 with regard t o .. 12 I mean
6 despite t he fact t hat .. . 13 like
7 in addition ..... _.... 14 obviously

184
 44 D evelo pin g an arg u m e n t 2

Tasks
S p e a k i n g : lis t e n 1 f t 4 4 You are g oin g t o h ear eig h t phrases. Listen an d re peat.
and repeat
T r a n sl a t e 2 Tra nslate t h ese sh ort t e x ts t a k en fro m t h e In t e rn e t into y o ur o w n la n g u a g e. Re m e m b er n o t to
tra nsla t e w o r d f o r w or d , b ut ra t h er t o m a k e it sou n d natural.

W ritin g : 3 C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h y o ur o w n ideas.

° ' 1 I t h o ug h t there were some very strong candidates for t he n ew job. In particular,
p r a c t ic e the firs t tw o p e o p le w e s a w s h o u ld b e ca lle d b ack f o r a n o t h e r in t e rv ie w
2 They're going to downsi z e t he company. In other w o r d s ,______________________

3 Yes, very interesting idea about t he product launch. By the w a y ,____________

4 So that's t he story in our banking division. As far as t he insurance side of the
business is co n ce rn e d , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5 I was speaking to Gina from Accounts yesterday. Apparently,

6 The TD600 has more functionality than the TD400. O f course,

7 Kate was in favour of the idea but A n gelo was against it. Frankly,

8 In the end I found that

9 A t l a s t_______________ . . N o w I can go home.
10 A d m it t e d ly___________ , but at least it works.
11 Senior managers, i.e.
each have an e xecutive office on the top floor.
12 So m e depart ments, e.g.
have had their budgets cut this year.

Re h e arsal f o r 4 Loo k a g ain a t t h e lo n g er te x ts in u nits 43 an d 44 t h a t use several lin king w or ds an d phrases

th e real w o rld (e x ercises 43.4, 43.5 an d 44.3). N o w w rit e a f e w p ara gra p hs on o n e o f t h e f o ll o w in g topics:
The script for a guided tour of my factory / offices / campus
The script for a guided tour of my city / town
Marketing successes and failures in my business
The impact of n ew technology on my business
Money - making ideas from my favourite hobby
 Developing an argument 3
A Em p h asizing: p re p ara tory i t D Em p h asizing: n e ga t iv e fre q u e n cy +
We can emphasize information by using It plus a form of inv e rsio n
be at the beginning of the sentence. Compare a) and b) each We can emphasize a negative frequency expression such as
time: never (before) by putting it at the beginning of the sentence.
a) M ag d a re ally does a ll the work in that team. This is then followed by auxiliary + subject (so an inversion
b) It's M a g d a who re ally does a ll the work in that team. of the order of a normal statement).
(not anybody else) N e v e r (befo re) have I rece iv e d such good customer service.
a) I spoke to you on the phone last week. T heir sales staff were outstanding.
(normally: I have never (before) received such good ...)
b) I t was m e who spoke to you on the phone last week.
(not somebody else) Other phrases that are followed by an inversion are shown
below. These structures are mostly quite formal.
a) They were discussin g my suggestion.
U nd e r no c ircu m sta n ces can we agree to their proposal.
b) I t was m y su ggestion that they were discussing.
(not anybody else's) On no accoun t m ust we repeat the mistake we made last year.
A t no tim e was o ur M ark etin g D irector aware that the
a) We should move o ur production to Morocco. advertisin g agency was w orkin g f o r a com petitor at the same time.
b) It's M o ro cco that we should move our production to. N o t only did we lose our money, but we seriously damaged our
(not somewhere else) reputation as well.
O nly t h e n did I realiz e that I was speaking to th eir C E O , not ju st
B Em p h asizing: The t h in g is a re gular middle manager.
We can emphasize a whole sentence with the phrase The
thin g is. E Em p h asizing: p osit io n o f adv e rbs
T h e th in g is (that) the idea is ju st too risky. Unit 36 mentioned that the usual order of adverbs is manner-
T h e th in g is, how much money w ill a ll this cost? place-time ('How-Where-When').
Other nouns used with this structure include: O u r sales rose slightly in Be n e lu x last year.
The answ er is The fa ct is The idea is Place or time can be moved to the front for emphasis. This
The point is The problem is The question is can be done over several sentences to organize a paragraph
The solutio n is The trouble is The tru th is around a time frame or a series of locations.
T h e f a c t is, we should ju st use a different supplier. I n Be n e l u x our sales rose slig h tly last year. I n G e rm a ny a nd
T h e q u estion is, w h at are we goin g to do about it? F ra n ce sales were unchanged, w hile i n S p a in they actu ally f e ll a
T h e trouble is (that) it's goin g to be ve ry expensive. little.

C Em p h asizing: Wha t w e n e e d is F Em p h asizing: do / d id w it h a ffirm a t iv e s

We can emphasize a whole sentence with a clause that begins D o / D id can be used to emphasize an affirmative verb.
with W h a t and has a form of be. Yes, we do have that in stock. So you can order as m any as you
W hat we n ee d is a bigger budget. want.
W hat we c a n ’t do is ju st walk away. (normally: Yes, we have that in stock)
W hat I 'm g o i n g to do is call them right now and ex plain the I d id make a back -up copy, ju st like you suggested. It's on my U S B
whole situation. stick.
W hat w o rries m e is (that) the costs f o r this project keep (normally: I made a back-up copy)
escalating.
W hat h a pp e n e d was (that) the road was closed and I had to G Em p h asizing: fie ld o f re levance
come by a different route.
If we want to emphasize one particular aspect of an issue, we
can use a phrase like:
Note. Sections A-C above are all examples of 'cleft
sentences' ('cleft' is a grammar word meaning 'divided'). Fro m a tech nical /fin a n cia l / com m ercial/ economic / ad m inistrative
There are two parts to a cleft sentence, one with the verb point o f v ie w ,...
be and the other with the main verb. We can also say:
Tech nically /fin a n cia lly / co m m ercially / economically /
a d m inistratively (speaking), ...
186
 45 D e v e l o p i n g a n a r g u m e n t 3

Ex e rcise s
Se ctio n A 4 5 .1 Re w rit e each sentence using It + a f or m o f b e so t h a t yo u e m p hasi z e t h e u n d erline d w or d .
1 W e get paid in dollars, not in euros.
It's dollars that w e get paid in, not euros.
2 Brand image really differentiates products.

3 Nouriel Roubini gave the best analysis of t he recession in 2008.

4 They imple mented my ideas.

5 W e should invest in e merging markets, not our domestic market.

6 i negotiated t ha t deal.

S e c t i o n s B, C 4 5 .2 C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h t h e phrases in t h e box. Several a nsw ers are possible b ut

o n ly o ne solutio n uses each p hrase in t h e m ost a p pro p ria t e w ay.

The answer is The idca -is The question is The trouble is The truth is j

1 Leyla told us about Head Office's plans for next year. T'he idea is t o launch a n e w line of bathtime
products for babies - body washes, shampoos, towels made from organic cotton, t ha t sort of thing.
2 Sales are falling and several of our best managers have left. Wh a t, then, should w e d o?
____________________w e need to replace our CEO wit h one w h o has t he co m mit ment and vision to
turn the co m pany around.
3 W e'v e trained him, coached him and given him every chance. But it doesn't seem t o make much
difference_____________________, t he job is just too big for him.
4 O ur products are not differentiated in t he market. They appeal t o everyone and no one.
, w h o exactly do w e w a n t to t arg e t?
5 Custo mers like our products, but they complain they ca n't find the m in t he shops.
____________________our distributors carry products from many different companies, and w e d on't
get the focus w e need.

C o n tin u e as before.
------------------------------------------ - __________
W h a t I'm going t o do is W h a t w e ca n't do is
W h a t w e need is W h a t happened was
W h a t worries me is

6 t ha t no one is giving
me straight answers to my questions.
7 just w ait and hope t hat
the problem goes away.
8 __________________ t ha t Sandra forg ot t o
tell me the meeting time had changed.
9 a better and faster
manag e m e nt information system.
10 talk t o my boss and see
w h a t she says ab out it.

" 7 -Tii / ir /»/ * «-«/i/> S '/ t il / TAZ/o 11 T s l n n ' t - m n Is f t f - l i

 Ex e rcises
Se c tio n D The first f e w w or ds in t h e sentences b e lo w are in t h e w ro n g order. W r it e t h e sentences
a g ain w it h a ca pital le tt er an d t h e correct w o r d order.
1 before never I have seen such incompetence.
Never before have I seen such incompetence.
2 under circumstances he will no sell his shares in t he company.

3 account no on you must talk to t he press a b out this.

4 a t ti m e I no did a u th ori z e this p ay m e nt.

5 only not they did offer me a promotion, they're also upgrading my car to a Lexus.

Sectio n E M o v e t hre e ti m e e x pressions t o a n e w p osition in this p ara gra p h a b o u t t h e e a rly hist ory
o f SAP. The n e w versio n should e m p hasi z e t h e ti m e fra m e. T h e first has been d o n e f o r you.

Five former IBM employees launched a company i'm 1973^ to develop some software for
processing real-time business information. The first component was complete one year
later: a financial accounting package. 50 of the 100 largest German companies were SAP
customers by the middle of the 1980s, and revenues had reached around $50 million.

Se ctio n F 4 5 .f Re w rit e t h ese sentences using do /did t o e m p hasi z e t h e u n d erlin e d ver b.

1 Yes, I understand w h a t you're saying, but I still disagree.
Yes, I do understand what you 're saying _ but | stj|| disagree.
2 I ordered the spare parts, but they have n't arrived yet.
, but t hey have n't arrived yet.
3 Have a seat. Wo uld you like anything to drink?
_______________________________________________ Wo uld you like anything to drink?
4 Believe me, I did everything I could, but it just w as n't enough.
Believe m e ,______________________________________________ _

Sectio n G C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h commercial, commercially, financial, financially, technical or

technically.
1 From a technical p0 jnt 0f vjeW( t he n e w turbine is an engineering masterwork.
2 , the n e w turbine is an engineering masterwork.
3 speaking, t he n e w turbine was very expensive to develop.
4 From a ________ __ ____ _point of view, t he n e w turbine was very expensive t o develop.
5 speaking, t he n e w turbine will have a limited market.
6 From a _ .. ..... ....... ......... .... point of view, t he n e w turbine will have a limited market.
 45 D e v e l o p i n g a n a r g u m e n t 3

Tasks
S p e a k i n g : lis t e n 1 % 4 5 You are goin g t o h ear eig h t phrases. Listen an d repeat.
and rep eat
T ra n sla te 2 Tra nslate th ese short te x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t er n e t int o yo u r o w n la n g u a g e. Re m e m b er n o t to
tra n sla t e w o r d f o r w or d , b u t rat her t o m a k e it soun d natural.

Writin g : 3 C o m plete t h e sentences w it h yo ur o w n ideas.

p e rs o n a li z e d 1 It's Man uela w h o organized the whole event. I think she did a great job
p r a c t ic e
2 It was me w h o - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 It's n ow t h a t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
________________________________________________ , not next we e k or next month.
4 Yes, yes, I understand that these changes aren't going to be easy. The point is,

5 I think w e all k n ow w h a t the problems are. The question is ,__ _____ ___________
_______________________________________________________________ ?
6 T hey're one of our biggest customers. W h a t w e can't do i s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

7 I apologi z e once again for w h a t has happened. W h a t I'm going to do is

8 If everything goes as planned, the n ew service should attract a lot of n e w clients.

W h a t worries me is_________________________________________________________
9 Never before have I s e e n ____________________________________________________

10 Under no circumstances can w e

11 Not only did w e ______________________

but w e a ls o__________________________
12 That's not really true. In fact w e do have

13 From a financial point of view.

14 Technically speaking,

Re h e arsal f o r 4 T hink o f a proble m or difficult issue yo u are facin g in yo ur business, professional or personal
th e real w o rld life. Choose an issue w h e re t h ere are several possible solutions / outco mes. Writ e a short
present atio n w h e re yo u e x plain t h e situ atio n an d w h a t might hap p en.
 a n Prepositions of place
A a t or i n i With addresses, we use in or on for the street name and at
We use at to talk about the position of something, or about when we say the street number as well.
the place where something happens. A t shows a general I went shopping in O xford Street, (common in UK)
location. I went shopping on F ifth Aven ue, (common in US)
There's someone at th e door. O u r offices are at 14 H ig h Street.
(position)
I'l l see you at th e m eeting. C a bov e I b e lo w , o v e r I u n d e r
(where something happens) A bove / below mean 'higher/lower than'. They can be used
We use in with the name of a container, place or area to show with or without an object.
that someone or something is inside it. The flo o r a b ov e / b e lo w us is occupied by an insurance company.
There's plenty of paper in th e photocop ier. Fro m the m ountain I could see the lake below.
She's i n th e t h ird room on the left. O ver / under mean 'directly above/below'. They both need an
O u r head office is in P a r i s / i n th e north. object.
Study these examples for public buildings: We fle w rig h t ov e r Win dsor Castle on o ur w ay into Heathrow.
I'l l see you at the airport. There's s till a lot o f oil und e r the sea.
(the place in general) O ver can also be used for movement. In this case it is like
I ’ll see you in the airp ort terminal. 'across'.
(inside the building)
We have to go ov e r / across to the other side o f the street.
I had a hard day at the office.
O ver can also mean 'covering'.
(perhaps I spent some time out of the building)
I ’ll be back in the office at three. H e p ut his jacket ov e r the back o f his chair.
(inside the building) They p ut a plastic sheet ov e r the hole in the roof.
All four words can be used for positions in a management
B Exp ressio ns w ith at, in and on hierarchy.
Note these fixed expressions with at: A b ov e m e is the Regio nal Sales Manager. U nd e r m e there are
eight sales consultants.
at the fro n t / b ack at the statio n / airp ort
a t the top / bottom at ho m e / work / school D opposit e , n e x t to I b esid e , n e a r I b y
at the beginning / end at the seaside
O pposite means 'exactly on the other side of' a space.

Note these fixed expressions with in: We sat opposite each other in the meeting.
N e x t to and beside mean 'exactly at the side of'. Beside can be
in the middle in a book / magazine more formal.
in the corner in the photo / picture M ig u el should sit n ex t t o / b e s i d e Irene in the restaurant tonight.
in my hand in the cou ntry N e ar (to ) means 'close to'. B y means 'at the side of'.
in a queue ( B r E ) in hospital / prison
The metro station is very n e a r (to) our offices.
in lin e ( A m E ) in a row / colu m n
C an we have a table b y the win d o w?
in the ch air (= in charge of the meeting)
We stayed in a hotel n e a r the sea.
(close to the sea - a few kilometers away)
Note these fixed expressions with on:
We had a holiday by the sea.
(we were on the beach a lot of the time)
on the left / rig h t on televisio n / the radio
on the screen on the page / map
on the phone on the platform E O th er p re p osit io ns o f place
on the com puter on the pavement Study these opposites:
on the fir s t flo o r on the Rhin e (rive rs ) in to / o u t o f inside / outside
on the M 6 ( m otorways and roads) towards / aw ay fro m backwards / forwards
on the p la n e / b us / train (but in a car/taxi, because you are in fro n t of / behind on top of / underneath
contained in a smaller space where you can't stand up)
The preposition past meaning 'passing' is often used when
giving directions.
190 Go down this road, past the church, and take the firs t left.
 46 Pr e p o sit i o n s o f p la c e

Ex e rcises
Se c tio ns 4 6 . 1 U n d erlin e t h e correct w or ds.
A, B, C, D, E 1 Look in the Appendi x at/by t he end of t he report.
2 Wh e n I got in/on t he train, I foun d out there was a Wi - Fi connection.
3 W h a t a fantastic view! The sky above/over and t he sea below/under.
4 Next we e k I'll be at/in Hungary for a f e w days.
5 Turn into Western Ave nue and you'll see our offices on/at your left.
6 I bou ght this tie on/at Madison Ave n u e in N ew York.
7 She'll be here in a f e w minutes - she's just at/on the phone.
8 The p ower socket is over there, by/at t he door.
9 This graph isn't labeled. You need to write t he units by/next to the X axis.
10 Put a sheet above/over t he machine t o stop it getting dusty.
11 Siena is near/by Florence.
12 I'll see you t o m orro w at ten thirty, at/by t he office.
13 It's a large block. O ur offices are at/on t he fifteenth floor.
14 The customs officer asked me t o tak e everything out/out of my suitcase.
15 The waiter t oo k us t o a table by/near t he win d ow, (close t o t he win d o w)
16 The waiter too k us t o a table by/near the win d ow, (next to t he win d o w)
17 I'll meet you at/in t he front of t he building in ten minutes.
18 I'll meet you at/in front of t he building in ten minutes.

Se c t i o n s A , B 4 6 . 2 C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h at, in or on.

1 I live H nu mber 295 Ma n or Road.
2 You shouldn't really p a r k _____ t he pave ment.
3 I had a lovely m e a l_____ t he plane.
4 I'd like to liv e_____ the country w he n I retire.
5 G o t o t he end of t he road, and you'll see t he bank ...... .. the right.
6 I'll be arrivin g_____ your o ffic es______Barcelona at three.
7 I often w o r k _____ home in t he evening.
8 I w e n t t o visit my s o n _____ hospital yesterday.
9 I w on der w h a t's_____ television this evening.
10 The size of t he t e x t_____ t he screen is very small. C a n't it be bigger?
11 Is t hat your daughter I can s e e _____ the p hot o?
12 the beginning of my career I wor k e d in telesales.
13 It was a very well - run meeting. Erika w a s _____ the chair.
14 Wr ocla w is _____the south - west of Po l a n d ,______t he river Odra.
15 She w o r k s_____ Se vill e,______ t he University.
16 The sales figures? Yes, I have the m right h e r e_____ my hand.
17 The taxi rank i s_____ t he back of the station.
18 I must have been st a n d in g_____ line f or a bout half an hour.
19 I'm on sick leave right now, but I should be b a c k_____ w or k next week.
20 The last Finance Minister is s till_____ prison.
 Ex e rcises
Sectio n s C o m p le t e t his e m ail, w h ic h g iv e s d ir ecti o ns t o s o m e o n e's o f fice, w i t h t h e w o r d s in t h e bo x.
A , B, C, D, E
across a t (x 2) backwards in front of fie a f ;
ne x t t o o n (x 2) p ast towards u n d ern e a t h

Hi Ja n. As promised, here are the directions for how to get to our offices by car. fj§
The place where vou’re staving the previous night is actually quite 1 n e a r to us - about 40 km away
Leave the city 2.. the A3 motorway heading e a s t 3..................... Metroville. Come off
the motorway 4 exit 19 and just carry on for a few minutes. You’ll go 5 a
large car showroom 6 _ your left, and just after that you’ll co me to some traffic lights. Go
7... _ this first set of lights, and then 8 _.... _ _ the next lights turn right. You’re now in
Victoria Road. Follow the road to the end and you’ll see our offices rig h t 9 you. You ca n ’t
miss them.
The car park is actually down a r a m p , 10 the building. There’s a little cabin
11 the ramp where the security guard sits - you’ll see it. When you get down into the
parking area, there’s not much room to manoeuvre, so you might have to go 12 and
forwards a few times before you can fit in the space! W e ’re all used to it.
Ju st go to reception when you arrive and ask for me - I’ll be right down.
Looking forward to seeing you next week
Hendrik

Se ctio n s C o m plet e this e mail a b o u t m a g a z ine ar tw o r k by p u tting o n e suit able w o r d in each space.
A , B, C, D
Sue ,
Thanks for sending me the artwork for the magazine advert. I have a few comments about the
la yo u t 1 on the page. The photograph 2 the top looks good, but instead of being
3 . . - ..... the middle I think it should be 4 the left, 5 to the main
block of text. Also, I think we should have the co mpany lo g o 6 _... __ _ . the bottom right corner.
Did you know there’s going to be an article about our co mpany 7 the sa me maga zine? I
hope it will be on the page directly 8... ....... .... .... our advert, but of course that isn’t 9
my hands.
Can you also send the artwork to Steve for his com ments? He should be back 10 work on
Monday.
Thanks
Tony
 4 6 Pr e p o sit i o n s o f p la c e

Tasks
Sp e a k in g: list e n
a nd re p e a t
1 % 4 6 You are goin g t o h ear eig h t phrases. Listen an d re peat.

T r a n sl a t e 2 Tra nslate t h ese sh ort t e x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t er n e t int o y o ur o w n la n g u a g e. Re m e m b er n o t to

tra nsla t e w o r d f o r w or d , b ut ra t h er t o m a k e it soun d nat ural.

W ritin g : C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h yo ur o w n ideas.

p e rs o n a li z e d 1 A t t he back of my house there's a garden with a lawn and some shrubs _
p r a c t ic e
2 A t t he beginning of this book, inside t he front cov er,______________________
3 A t w or k I often f e e l_____________ , while at home I usually f e e l_____________
4 In the middle of my o f fic e ,_______________________________________________
5 In the corner of this p a g e ,_______________________________________________
6 In my country, in t he country,
7 Waitin g in line i s ___________ __ in my country
8 A t the last meeting I w e n t t o , ______ was in the chair
9 In t he spreadsheet I use most often, have ____ in t he rows
d own t he left hand side, a n d ______ in t he columns across t he top.
10 I have set up my Internet browser to have
on the screen.
11 If I'm talking on t he phone, I o f t e n ______
12 On t he first floor of this building there i s ___________
13 On t he m otorways in my country you c a n 't _________
14 I suddenly realized I was on the wrong platform, so I
15 From the plane I looked d own at t h e ______________ below
16 Under my d e s k___________________________________
17 As w e w ere landing w e fle w right o v e r .
18 I put a plastic sheet o v e r_____________
19 A b ove my boss in t he manag e m e nt structure there i s ______________________
20 I saw with horror t hat there was only one chair available f or me t o sit down.
It was next t o ____________________and directly o p p o sit e__________________
21 A palindrome is a wor d or a line t ha t can be read t he same forwards and backwards.
So me e xamples are: level, radar a n d ____________________________________________ _
22 As the ship sailed a w ay f r o m ____________________and t o w a r d s__________________ ,
I k n ew t ha t my life wo uld never be t he same again.
23 From t he outside, it probably looks as though my co m pany i s ______________________
__________________________ , but from t he inside it's______________________________
24 Just before you get to our offices you go past -

If y o u a re w o r k i n g in class, ch o o s e s o m e s e n t e n c e s t o re a d a lo u d . A s k a n d a n s w e r q u es ti o n s.
 m Verb + preposition
A V erb + pre p osit io n involve sb in sth split sth into sth
Here is a list of verbs and the prepositions normally used in vite sb to sth substitute sth fo r sth
with them: prevent sbfro m sth su p ply sb w ith sth
protect sb against sth tell sb about sth
account fo r consist of object to share sth with sb thank s b fo r sth
allo w fo r cooperate with p ay fo r spend sth on sth translate sth into sth
ap ply fo r coordinate with plan on invest sth in sth waste sth on sth
approve of count on prepare fo r
base on decide on q u alify fo r W e've s p e n t €2m on advertisin g this year.
believe in depend on recover fro m I can split yo u r order into two shipments.
belong to focus on refer to
With re mind there is a difference between about and of.
benefit fro m graduate fro m rely on
budget fo r hope f o r specializ e in D an a r e m i nd e d me ab out the appointm ent.
cater fo r in sist on suffer fro m (= she told me not to forget)
comment on know about take care of D an a r e m ind s me o f my sister.
compete with lead to welcome to (= she is like my sister)
com ply with liaise with w o rry about
concentrate on listen to w ait fo r C V erb + d iff e re n t pre p osit io ns
Some verbs can go with several different prepositions.
I'v e app lied f o r a job at Siemens.
agree with sb; agree to/about/on/w ith sth
We ca te r f o r a ll tastes and budgets.
Does yo ur m achinery com ply with safety regulatio ns? I agree with you ab out that.
Do I q u a lify f o r a disco u nt? They agreed to our demands.
W e agreed on a compromise.
Some of the verbs above can be used alone, without a
preposition + object. apologize to sb for sth
I hope / insist. It depends. I'v e decided. I'm liste nin g / w aitin g . I must apologize to S usan f o r my aw fu l behavior last night.
Others must have a preposition + object. ask for/about sth
It belongs to me. That was a nice lunch. S h all we ask f o r the b ill?
The process consists o f fo u r m ain stages. A sk the w aiter about the dish o f the day.
This w ill lead to a lot of problems.
I'm r e l y i n g on you f o r yo u r support. complain (talk, write, etc) to sb about sth

In questions the preposition goes after the verb, at the end of I'm goin g to com plain to the manager ab out the service in here.
the sentence or the main phrase. See unit 16B. hear about sth from sb; hear of sth
Who does this b e lon g to? I h e a r d ab out yo ur news f r o m a colleague. C on gratulations!
W h a t did you d ec id e on (in the m eeting )? I'v e never h e a rd o f that com pany in my life.
W h a t did you pa y a ll that money f o r ?
look at/for sth

B V erb + o b je ct + p re p osit io n Look at these new designs - they're a m a zing!

W e're looking f o r a w ay out o f this contract.
With some verbs the object comes before the preposition.
In the list below, sth means 'something' and sb means result from/in sth
'somebody'. T his situatio n re su lts f r o m bad plan nin g, and it w ill resu lt in
We can in s u r e you aga in st fir e and theft. total chaos i f we're not careful.
W e've s p e n t €2m on advertisin g this year.
think o f/ about sth
I can split yo u r order into two shipments.
What did you think o /th e meeting?
You look worried - what are you t h ink in g about?
add sth to sth congratulate sb on sth
ask sb about / for sth divid e sth into sth work at/fo r/o n
blame sb f o r sth exchange sth fo r sth
I'm working at U B S .
borrow sth fro m sb ex plain sth to sb
I'v e worked f o r this com pany since u niversity.
charge sb fo r sth inform sb a b o u t / of sth
They worked on this proposal f o r m any weeks.
194 compare sth w ith / to sth insure sth against sth
 47 V e r b + p r e p o sit i o n

Ex e rcise s
Se c tio n A C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h a w o r d f ro m list A a n d a w o r d fr o m list B.

1 If you w a n t to succeed, you really have t o believe in yourself.

2 Finish w h a t you're doing - I'l l____________________you outside.
3 W h a t you're saying can o n ly____________________one possible conclusion.
4 Of course t he size of our order w i l l____________________t he price.
5 Your C V is strong, but w h a t do y o u ____________________ marketing to tee nagers?
6 O ur e xport industries a lw a ys____________________t he effects of a strong euro.
7 I have t o look smart at wor k - my boss d o e s n't____________________informal clothes.
8 Does our customer d a t a b as e____________________data protection legislation?

Sectio n B 4 7.2 U n d erlin e t h e correct w or d .

1 I think w e should ask the m for/about/with more information.
2 Can you supply us for/about/with enough parts t o upgrade 50 machines?
3 You remind me about/of/for so meone I used t o w or k wit h in Toulouse.
4 If I forget, remind me about/of/for it again tomorrow.
5 They blamed t he union against/from/for going on strike unnecessarily.
6 W e might have to split the order for/in/into t w o separate consignments.
7 I'd like t o congratulate Patricia on/with/about winnin g Employee of t he Month.
8 This safety feature prevents t he operator against/from/with being hurt or injured.
9 This year w e'll be investing more than €4 m on/in/to plant and equip ment.
10 This year we'll be spending more than €4 m on/in/to plant and equip ment.

Se c tio n C C o m ple t e t h e sentences w it h prep ositions. C hoose fro m: about, at, for, from, in,
to, of, with.
1 I'm writin g 1 ° . all our customers about some exciting offers this month on selected models in our
range.
2 Have you heard a n y t h in g______ Head O ffice? They said t hey'd decide this week.
3 Wh o's Giusep pe Sa p oni? I've never h e a r d______ him.
4 Do you a g r e e______ me this?
5 The improved productivity results. ____ all t he invest ment t ha t w e made last year.
6 The invest ment that w e're making n o w should result______ improved productivity next year.
7 I must a p olo gi z e______ not contacting you earlier, but I've been very busy.
8 I co m plain e d______ t he m a n a g e r ......... _ the food and he gave us a free drink.
9 Ma k e sure you look _____ the small print before you sign anything.
10 Unless their quality improves, we'll have t o l o o k ______ a n ew supplier.
 Ex e rcise s
S e c t io ns A, B, C 4 7 . 4 Complete the sentences with a word from list A and a word from list B.

A: agreed apologi z ed apply insist involve listen p ay rely remind waste d

B: about fef for for in on on on to with

1 You can P a y t ° L the goods in twelve monthly instalments.

2 I've a lr e a d y________________ an hour this morning ...... .......... this report.
3 The first thing is t o ___________________________ t he client to find out their needs.
4 Eve ry b o d y___________________________ t he decision. It was unanimous.
(on and to are possible but are not t he answer)
5 The C hief O perating Officer is leaving next month. I w o n d er if Chris is going t o ________________ _
__________his job.
6 W e need t o ________________ our business p art n ers__________ this discussion.
7 Vanda is very good at workin g under pressure. You can a l w a y s___________________________ her if
there's an emergency.
8 T h e y___________________________ t he delay and said t hat t he items are in t he mail.
9 I'm certain to forget. Pl e a s e________________ m e __________ it nearer the time.
10 No, no, I ___________________________ paying. You're my guest.

S e c t i o n s A , B, C 4 7 .5 C o m plet e t h e se q u e nce o f e m ails w it h t h e correct prep ositions. T h e n u m b er in brackets

a ft er t h e space sh o ws t h e n u m b er o f lett ers in t h e w or d .

I’v e just b e e n looking 1 (2) your w e bsit e an d co m p arin g your online banking facilities 2________ (4)
your co mpetitors. I h ave a f ew questions.
a) If I want to borrow m o n e y 3________ (4) you, how much will you ch a r g e me 4_________ (3) the lo an? I
assu m e t hat as an Internet b an k your c h e a p e r o perating costs will r e s u lt 5________ (2) a lower interest
rate than a normal bank.
b) I s e e that if I o p en an acco u n t this month I qualify 6________ (3) a cre dit car d with sp e cial repay m ent
terms. Do you offer insurance 7________ (7) online fraud with this c a r d? I read a lot of stories about
h ac k ers an d cy bercri m e.
T ha n k you. _____ _________ ________________________________ .

Thank you 8________(3) your recent email. Here is the information you requested.
a) You can rely 9________(2) the fact that our interest rates are very competitive, but I cannot give exact
figures, as it depends 10________(2) the amount you want to borrow and chan ges in line with base
rates. I invite you 11________(2) ch eck the table on our website for the current rates. You can click on
the link below.
b) Yes, as soon as you inform us 12_______ (2) any possible fraud associated with your card we take
care 13________(2) everything. We investigate the issue and refund any money that you have lost. We
have invested heavily 14_______ (2) IT security over recent years and we do everything n ecessary to
prevent hackers 15________(4) entering the system.
I hope this answers your questions. Please do not hesitate to contact us again if you think
16________(2) anything else.

196
 47 V e r b + p r e p o sit i o n

Tasks

S p e a k i n g : lis t e n 1 ft 4 7 You are g oin g t o h e ar ei g h t phrases. Listen an d repeat.

and rep eat
T r a n sl a t e 2 Tra nslate t h ese sh ort t e x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t er n e t int o y o ur o w n lan gu ag e. Re m e m b er n o t to
tra nsla t e w o r d f o r w or d , b u t ra t h er t o m a k e it sou n d nat ural.

W i t h over t en billio n e uros investe d in vario us C hin a and Br a z il a re w or k in g on a cu rre n cy

s ec t o rs of t h e Ro m a n ia n econ o my, t he a rr a n g e m e n t t o a ll o w e x p ort ers and i m p or t ers to
A u st ria n b usiness co m m u n it y is d et er min e d settle d e als in t h e ir local cu rre ncies, byp assin g t he US
t o co n solid a t e its p osition in t he local m ar k e t. d ollar, t he c o u n trie s' c e n t ral b a nks said on Su n d ay.
In v e s t o rs a re st a yin g f ocuse d on o p p o rt u n itie s O t her c e n t ral b an k ers h ave also q uestion e d t he d o lla r's
in a r e a s such as in fr a s t r u c t u r e an d a g ric u lt u r e . f u t u r e role as t he w o rld's d o m in a n t reserve curre ncy.
Bucharest Business Week website CNBC website

Writin g : 3 C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h y o ur o w n ideas. T he first w o r d y o u w ill n ee d is a prep osition

p e rs o n a li z e d (lo o k back a t p a ge 194 if yo u ca n't re m e m b er).
p r a c t ic e
1 Wh e n w e wor k out t he budget w e need to allow f o r travel expenses
2 I've been at this co m pany too long and I'm thinking of a p p lyin g - - - - - -
3 I disagree with his w h ole argu m ent - it's b a s e d - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4 Before w e tak e this product to market, I think it wo uld benefit -
5 It's difficult to be profitable in this field - w e c o m p e t e________
6 Are you sure t ha t the wast e disposal process co m plies________
7 Marketing is a big area, and in this talk I'm going to f o c u s - - - - - - - - -
8 I g r a d u a t e d____________________________ (+ place) wit h a degree in
9 He said t o me, 'I'm in charge here and I insist______________________
10 Our product design t ea m liaises clo sely - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
11 It too k t he co m pany three years t o reco ver_____________
12 The financial services area is very wid e, but w e specialize
13 While I'm away, Henri will tak e c a r e ___________________
14 Goo d morning everyone and w e lc o m e_________________

4 Co m plete t h e sentences w it h yo ur o w n ideas. T he preposition yo u need is provided.

15 Do you k n ow w h a t? I b la m e________________________ for
16 To set up my own business I'd need t o b o rr o w___________ . from
17 A t the hotel they charged m e - - - - - - - - - - - f o r - - - - - - - - -
18 Over the next t w o years w e're going to in vest - - - - - - -_____ - - - in
19 Wearin g this safety clothing will p r o t ec t_________ against _
20 Things are going crazy. Last month w e s p e n t - - - - - - - -____ o n .
21 W e carry a full range of office furniture and can supply . with
22 This is ridiculous! I've already w a s t e d - - - - - - - - - - - on .
23 Luckily, Ma x re m in d e d_____________ a b o u t - - - - - - - - -
24 Ma x re m in ds_________________________ o f - - - - - - - - -
25 This w h ole mess results f r o m __________ _______________
26 This w h ole mess will result i n _________________________

If y o u a re w o r k i n g in class, c h o o s e s o m e s e n t e n c e s t o rea d a lo u d . A s k a n d a n s w e r q u es ti o n s.
 Adjective + preposition
A A d je c t iv e + pre p osit io n certain about lim ited to suitable fo r
Some adjectives can have a preposition after them. The com patible with m arried to sure of
preposition may be followed by a noun or noun phrase. covered in opposed to typical of
We're a ll d isa ppo in te d with the results. dependent on pop ular with used to
It's com patible with yo u r e xisting IT system. experienced in prepared fo r useful fo r
When followed by a verb, the - ing form must be used. fam ous fo r ready fo r wrong about
:
I'm r e s pon s ib le f o r a u th o riz in g new loans.
O u r com pany is fa m ou s a ll over the w orld f o r the q u ality of its
A re you i n te re s te d in looking around the p la n t?
engineering.
An adjective can also be followed by a to infinitive. If we
S he was f u ll o f enthusiasm when I explained our idea.
need to mention a person, we use f o r between the adjective
W e're u s e d to (= accustomed to) delays on the metro. They
and the infinitive.
happen a ll the time.
It's im portant to follo w the safety procedures.
It's im portant f o r us to m ove q uickly in these negotiations.
D A d je c t iv e + choice o f pre p osit io n
Some adjectives can be followed by different prepositions.
B F e e lings In the list below sth means 'something' and sb means
Many examples of adjective + preposition are connected with 'somebody'.
feelings.
angry/annoyed about sth; angry/annoyed with sb
afraid of fe d up with proud o f I'm ve ry a n g r y about the delay.
amazed a t / b y fon d of satisfied with I'm ve ry a n g r y with them fo r causin g this delay.
bored with interested in serious about He was a nnoy ed about what the jo u rn alist wrote.
disappointed with keen on shocked a t / b y He was a nnoy ed with the jo urn alist.
doubtful about nervous o f surprised a t / b y good/bad at sth (ability)
enth usiastic about optim istic about suspicious o f
I'v e never been very g ood at dealing with conflict.
excited about pessim istic about tired of
fascinate d by pleased with worried about good/bad for sth/sb
A new person at the top would be g ood f o r the company.
I'm ju st am azed by property prices in London. I thin k a vacation would be g ood f o r you.
I'm re ally excited ab out startin g my new job. good/bad with sth/sb
I'm not very k ee n on frie d food, to be honest.
She's ve ry g ood with fig ures.
For behaviour towards another person we use adjective + to. She's very g ood with d ifficult customers.
Examples include kind to, nice to, polite to, rude to.
happy about/with sth
I thought he was rather r ud e to the waitress.
A re you happy with m y suggestion?
Note this meaning of sym pathetic:
happy for sb
H e w asn't very sym pathetic to /to w a rd s my suggestion.
(= he didn't support it) C on gratulatio ns! I'm very happy f o r you both.

responsible for sth

C O th er a d je c t iv es I'm re s pon s ib le f o r a ll the transport and logistics.
Here are some other common examples of adjective + responsible to sb
preposition.
The Fin a nce D irector is directly re s pon s ib le to the C E O .

accustomed to f u ll of related to sorry about sth

answerable to g u ilty o f relevant to I'm so rr y about a ll the trouble I'v e caused.
attached to im portant fo r rich in sorry for (+ - ing sth)
aware of involve d in rig h t about
I'm s o rr y f o r ca u sin g so much trouble.
based on lackin g in safe fro m
capable of late fo r sim ilar to (feel) sorry for sb
i I fe l t s o rr y f o r George when he d id n't get the promotion.

198
 4 8 A d j e c t i v e + p r e p o sit i o n

Exercises

S e c t i o n s B, C, D 4 8 .1 M a t c h t h e b e g i n n i n g o f e a c h s e n t e n c e 1 - 1 0 w i t h a n e n d i n g a - j.
1 Are you interested a) at motivating people in her team.
2 It's the same hotel b) with us f or sending the wron g items.
3 Are you aware c) for another drink?
4 They were really annoyed d) of the difficulties you are creating?

,
5 He's beco me very keen e) about this, but I d on't think it's going t o work.
6 Ja n e is really good f) by the overcrowding problems at Heathrow.
7 I'm so tired. I'm not used g) in any other items from the cat alog ue?
8 Are you ready h) as last time.
9 I was quite surprised i) to the time difference yet.
10 I could be wron g j) on golf since his promotion.

S e c t i o n s B, C 4 8 .2 C o m plete t h e sentences w it h a w o r d fro m list A an d a w o r d fro m list B.

1 This fun d is very popular with investors looking f or long - term growth.
2 O ur security infrastructure makes your IT n e t w o r k _____________ _ malware.
3 For further details, see t he copy of t he c o n t r a ct________________ this letter.
4 The starting salary i s ______ _ -.. .......... previous experience.
5 So me time ago he mentioned t he possibility of a permanent contract, but I d on't think he's
it.
6 W e 'r e .... ........... ............... . every stage of t he process, from design right through to production.
7 I need a change. I' m _____________________ doing t he same thing every day.
8 Hedge funds are very risky. They're n o t ____________________ most investors.

Se ctio n D 4 8 .3 U n d erlin e t h e correct w or d .

1 I'm annoyed about/with all this confusion with the wron g invoices.
2 I'm annoyed about/with the m for sending t he wron g invoices.
3 I've spoken t o Ma h m ut and I'm happy with/for all t he arrange ments.
4 Maggie deserved to get promoted - I'm really happy with/for her.
5 I'm sorry about/for arriving so late - I got delayed in traffic.
6 Low inflation is good at/for/with every sector of the economy.
7 She'd be e xcellent in Hu man Resources -
she's really good at/for/with people.
8 Richard, can you help us with this translation?
You're good at/for/with French.
9 If you need t o refer t he decision upwards,
w h o are you responsible for / to?
10 As Sales Director, h o w many staff
are you responsible for/to?
 Exercises

Se c t io ns B, C, D 4 8 . 4 C o m p le t e t h e sec o n d s e n t e n c e so it h as a si m ila r m e a n in g t o t h e first.

1 Consu mers find t he old models a bit boring.
Consu mers are a bit bored w / fh the old models
2 Julia is Adrian's wife.
Julia is m arrie d__________________________________________________________________
3 Driving on the left is still strange to me.
I'm not u s e d____________________________________________________________________
4 Do you find archaeology interesting?
Are y o u ________________________________________________________________________?
5 Mathe matics was always my best subject.
I was always very g o o d ___________________________________________________________
6 The advertising campaign was a disaster. You said it would be.
You were ri g h t___________________________________________________ It was a disaster.
7 There w ere lots of people in the conference hall.
The conference hall was f u l l______________________________________________________
8 I d on't really like her idea.
I'm not really very k e e n __________________________________________________________

S e c t i o n s B, C, D 4 8 .5 C o m plete t h e seq u ence o f e mails w it h t h e w or ds in t h e box.

a w are attached capable compatible covered depen dent

involved lacking late opposed prepared right similar useful

David - are you 1 aware 0f the artic le about Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in the latest
Marketing Monthly? I’ve scanned it and 2________________ it to this email.
Basically, it says that in the future B2B co mpanies like ours shouldn't be too 3________________ on
their brand name, and that we have to be 4________________ for a situation where customers show
less and less brand loyalty. To retain customers, it says w e ’re going to need CRM software that is
5________________ of managing all our customer information. Basically, CRM software integrates data
from the sales force, the call center and the website. That information also beco mes 6- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
for marketing - things like understanding buying behaviour and so on.
I remember you saying something 7________________ to this in a meeting last year, and as you are
8________________ in IT purchasing decisions I thought you should see the article.
Madeleine „

Thanks for the email and the article. You’re absolutely 9________________ about the importance of
CRM, and if you remember I proposed at that meeting that we invest in new CRM software. Most
people were 10________________ to the idea, partly beca use of the difficulty in finding software
11________________ with our other IT systems. I thought at the time they were 12_________________ in
vision, but it’s not too 13________________ for us to start. I'll put together a short report based on the
ideas 14 __________ in the article and circulate it.
Thanks again for sending it and thinking about this issue.
David

200
 4 8 A d j e c t i v e + p r e p o sit i o n

Tasks

S p e a k i n g : lis t e n 1 ^ 4 8 You are g oin g t o h e ar eig h t phrases. Listen an d repeat.

and repeat
T r a n sl a t e 2 Tra nslate t h ese short te x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t er n e t int o y o ur o w n lan g u a g e. Re m e m b er n o t to
tra nsla t e w o r d f o r w o r d , b ut ra t h er t o m a k e it soun d natural.

In f o r m a tio n t e ch n o lo g y is n ot i m p o rt a n t A l t h o u g h D e n m ar k is lac k in g in n a t u r a l resources, it m a k es

e nough on its own t o g e nera t e a up f o r t his w it h a stron g w o r k f o rc e . D e n m ar k has a fre e
sust ain e d recovery. Ra th er, sustain e d m a r k e t eco n o m y co u ple d w it h a larg e w e lf a r e s t a t e a nd has
g rowt h w ill be d e p e n d e n t on a rec ov ery one of t h e w o rl d 's hig h est levels o f inco m e e q u ality. I t is
in p riv a t e co nsu m p tio n. ran k e d as t he seco n d m ost p e ace f ul c o u n tr y in t h e w orld , as
F T website w ell as being t h e w o rl d 's le ast corru p t.
Global edge website

Writin g : 3 C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h yo u r o w n ideas. T h e first w o r d yo u w ill need is a prep osition

p e rs o n a li z e d (lo o k back a t p a g e 198 if yo u ca n't re m e m b er).
p r a c t ic e about its sales potentia:
1 I think t he n ew product is overpriced. I'm doubtful
2 I have a 90 - minute co m m ut e twice a day - I'm really fed u p _________________
3 I'd prefer not to go t o an Indian restaurant. I'm not very k e e n ________________
4 Spring is in t he air and I'm feeling quite o pti m istic - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5 Looking back over my life's work, I'm p r o u d________________________________
6 I w e n t to the office party last we e k and I was shocked
7 Anto nio is always so negative and I'm getting tired —
8 W h a t? You w a n t to try paragliding? Are you aware —
9 These customer satisfaction figures are b a s e d________
10 Ma k e sure t ha t the software is co m p a tib le - - - - - - - - -
11 In business it's dangerous t o be t oo d e p e n d e n t_______
12 Our co m pany is f a m o u s____________________________
13 Trade union representatives were fully inv olve d - - - - - - - - - - - -
14 He's good at his job, but a little shy and la c k in g - - - - - - - - - - - -
15 The n e w rules do not apply t o all e mployees - they are limited
16 The green move ment in my country is opposed - - - - - - - - - - -
17 This job doesn't offer me any more challenges - I'm ready .
18 It's an interesting point, but I'm not sure it's rel eva n t_____
19 Brazil is a country that is r ic h - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
20 Do you k n ow w h a t? I think you're right
21 I d on't think the film is suit a ble________
22 My relocation t o Hong Kong is going well, but I'm still not used
23 I apologi z e - I was co mpletely w r o n g - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
24 The drop in interest rates will be g o o d ______________
25 Ale x ander is the office ad ministrator - he's very good
26 How's your n e w jo b? Are you h a p p y_______________
27 Congratulations! I'm really h a p p y__________________
28 In my job I'm responsible .
29 In the manag e m e nt structure, my line manager is directly responsible

30 I've never been very good

 i V l Noun + preposition
A Noun + pre p osit io n C Noun + pre p osit io n (from u n it 48)
Here is a list of nouns and the prepositions normally used Many of the adjectives in unit 48 have related nouns with the
with them: same preposition. Here are some examples:

a b ility in example of price of awareness of interest in preparation fo r

advantage of experience o f / in reason f o r certain ty about involve m ent in satisfaction with
advice on hope of re ply to doubt about opposition to sim ilarity to
altern ative to knowledge o f solutio n to excitement about optimism about s u ita b ility fo r
benefit of / fro m lack of substitute fo r fe ar o f pessimism about w o rry about
cause of m atter with success a t / in
cost of method o f tax on
d ifficu lty with opinion of trouble with D Pre p osit io n + noun
Here is a list of common prepositional phrases (preposition +
Words referring to increases and decreases (rise, f a ll, etc.) can noun):
be followed by in or of.
In refers to the thing that has increased or decreased. O f at o ur expense, at short notice, at cost price, at a good price,
refers to an amount. at a profit / loss, at fir s t sight

There has been a r i s e in operating profit o f 3%. beyond our control

Words that can be used like this include: by accident, by car / ta x i, by chance, by (cre dit) card, by hand,
by m onthly instalm ents, by law, by mistake, by courier,
increase, rise, reduction, f a ll by return ( o f m ail)
f o r a change, f o r lunch, f o r pleasure, f o r sale
Nouns meaning 'need' or 'request' have fo r after them. in advance, in bulk, in cash, in charge of, in good condition,
Examples include: in connection with, in debt, in demand, in the end, in favo u r
of, in f u ll, in general, in a h urry, in the market (companies),
ap plication for, demand for, need for, order for, preference for, in my opinion, in stock, in fin a n cia l terms, in the pipeline,
request f o r in touch, in tra nsit, in trouble, in other zvords, in w ritin g
on approval, on a rriva l, on avearge, on a re gular basis, on the
Study how we use w ith and between:
basis of, on business, on display, on foot, on hold, on holiday,
There is a relatio nship with what happened last year. on closer inspection, on the In tern et, on the other line,
There is a relationship b etw een this year a nd what happened last on loan, on the market (products), on order, on the phone,
year. on purpose, on sale, on schedule, on strik e, on television,
Words that can be used like this include: on track, on trial, on the whole
out o f business, out o f date, out o f order,
connection, contrast, difference, lin k, relationship out o f the question, out o f stock, ou t o f work
und e r pressure
B Noun + p re p osit io n (from u n it 47) up to date, up to you
Many of the verbs in unit 47 have related nouns with the
same preposition. Here are some examples: I apologise f o r callin g this meeting a t such short notice.
The concert is cancelled due to circumstances b eyond our control.
agreement with decision about in vita tio n to We met in the street by chance.
agreement about decision on objection to We need 2 5 % of the total price in advance.
ap proval of divisio n into paym ent fo r We d on't have that colo ur in stock, but we do have more on order.
belief in focus on preparation fo r The economy is on track f o r recovery.
budget fo r inform ation about protection against Your software is quite out o f date.
com parison with insistence on reference to You should alw ays keep yo u r a n tiviru s software up to date.
com plaint about insurance against responsibility fo r It's up to you - 1 don't mind which restaurant we go to.
com pliance with investm ent in spending on Note: f o r sale and on sale both mean 'available for people to
buy'. But on sale has a second meaning of 'available to buy
at less than the usual price'. You only know which meaning
202 from the context.
 49 N o u n + p r e p o sit i o n

Exercises

Sectio n A 4 9 .1 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c es w i t h t h e p r e p o sit io n s in t h e bo x.

betwee n betwee n for for in in of of te to with with

|_________________________________________________________________________ U.____________________________ I

1 Have you received a reply the letter you sent to the lawyers?
2 The de mand . microchips is very cyclical.
3 There is a strong co n trast. _ ....... _ the wor kf orce here and the one in Germany.
4 There is a strong co n tra st________t he workf orce in Germany.
5 Wh a t's t he m a t t e r_____ _ your PC? Try rebooting it.
6 Last year there was a f a l l_______ u ne mployment ____ 1 . 5%.
7 Is there any diff e re n ce________these t w o designs? They both look t he same.
8 A t the m o m e nt I ca n't think of any solution _ ___ t he problem.
9 The incre ase________profits was disappointing. There w as a ris e________ only 2 % .
10 I'd like to place an o r d e r________ forty cases of single malt whisky.

Se c t i o n s A , B, C 49. C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h a w o r d fro m bo x A an d a w o r d fro m bo x B.

1 W e should change suppliers. W e have so much trouble with them.

2 T h e _____________________oil has gone up by $20 a barrel since this time last year.
3 T h e ____________________ using a small co m pany is t ha t they're usually cheaper.
4 The restructuring plan proposes a _____________ of the co m p a n y_______ five business units.
5 W e have n't received t h e ir ..................... .... our last invoice.
6 Does anyone have a n y _____________________ t ha t proposal? OK, it's agreed.
7 There are rumours of t h e ir_____________________suspicious arms deals.
8 It's a violent film. I'm not sure ab out i t s _____ _______________ a young audience.

Sectio n D 49. U n d erlin e t h e correct w or ds.

1 At/In first sight it looks like a good deal, but w e need more details at/in a hurry.
2 A: Shall w e go t o a Thai restaurant by/for a chan g e?
B: It's up to/over to you.
3 Are you paying by/in cash or by/in card?
4 The house next door is for/at sale. It's been on/in t he market for ages.
5 Very f e w Board members are at/in favo ur o f t he acquisition.
6 W e need t o keep in/on t ouch with t he situation as it develops.
7 Are you here on/for business or on/for pleasure?
8 A: Did you do it by/on purpose?
B: No, of course not, I did it by/on mistake.
9 By/In financial terms t hey're not doing well. They're $10m in/with debt.
10 A: It's Niels Jensen from Tyco at/on t he phone.
B: Can you put him at/on hold while I look for his file? OK, I've foun d it - I'll tak e it at/on the
other line.
 Exercises

Se ctio n D 49 You can o fte n guess t h e m e a nin g o f a p rep ositio nal p hrase fro m t h e co nt e x t. Ma tch each
phrase a - j w it h its m e a nin g 1 -10 b elow.
a) I'm sorry, I think w e were talking a t cross purposes. Let me make myself clear.
b) For the time being I think w e should wait. W e can make a decision later.
c) It's t o our a dvantage to wor k t ogether on this. We'r e all in t he same b oa t.
d) It was fantastic news. A n d it ca me co mpletely out of t he blue.
e) There are t w o n ew products in the pipeline. They'll be launched later this year.
f) You have to be really on the ball in this job. The situation changes all the time.
g) I'm speaking off t he record of course, but t he co m pany is in serious difficulties.
h) In a nutshell, w e're behind schedule and over budget. It's a disaster.
i) I'm afraid t he n ew CEO is out of his depth with this latest crisis.
j) In t he Iona run stocks are generally a better invest ment than bonds.

1 about different things wit h o ut realizing 0 6 une x pectedly

2 quick - thinking and quick - acting 7 saying it briefly and clearly
3 being planned and happening soon 8 over a long time period
4 in t he same unpleasant situation 9 for a short period of time
5 in a situation t ha t is t oo difficult for him 10 unofficially

S e c t i o n s A , B, D 4! C o m ple t e t h e se q u e nce o f e m ails w it h t h e correct prep ositio ns. T he n u m b er in brackets

af t er t h e space sh o ws t h e n u m b er o f letters in t h e w or d .

Erika
The interviews for the post of IT manager are happening next week, and HR have just sent me
information 1_ 3 b o u t _ (5) a\\ t^e candidates. I thought we should get together to discuss the CVs
before the interviews.
Here are my thoughts. 2________(2) my opinion there is a need 3________ (3) someone with a good
knowledge 4- - - - - - (2) integrating different applications. The problem 5________ (4) our current IT
system is that all the parts work separately - our website, the back - office, our supply chain, etc. We
need someone who has shown s u c c e s s 6________(2) dealing with all these areas - although HR have
warned me that there’s a lack 7_______ (2) really strong candidates.
Also, a lot of our IT infrastructure is quite 8________(3) of date and w e ’ll have to make a big investment
9- - - - - - (2) new hardware soon. We need someone who’s 10________ (2) touch with what's available
11 - - - (2) the market and can take responsibility 12________ (3) the whole purchasing process.
What do you think?
Pete

Pete
Yes, we should have a meeting. It will be good to discuss these things 13________(2) a dvance
14- - - - - - (3) a change. Usually the job interviews are arranged 15________ (2) very short notice and
we don’t get a chance to really look at the CVs in detail.
Are you free on Friday morning to do this? I could make any time betwen 9 and 11. And can I have a
quick look 16________(2) the CVs beforehand?
Erika

204
 4 9 N o u n + p r e p o sit i o n

Tasks

S p e a k i n g : lis t e n 1 4 9 You are goin g t o h ear eig h t phrases. Listen an d repeat.

and repeat
T r a n sl a t e 2 Tra nslate t h ese short t e x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t er n e t int o yo u r o w n lan gu ag e. Re m e m b er n o t t o
tra nsla t e w o r d f o r w or d , b ut ra t h er t o m a k e it sou n d natural.

Writin g : 3 C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h yo u r o w n ideas.

p e rs o n a li z e d The eq uip m ent has t he additional advant age of needing very little maintenance
p r a c t ic e
O ur baby is tw o wee ks old and I'm suffering from lack o f ________________________
In this recipe you can use chicken as a substitute f o r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
If the govern ment could, t hey'd even put a tax o n ______________________________
Last quarter w e saw a rise i n _________________________________ o f - - - - - - - - - - - - -
This su m mer has been very hot and there's been a high de mand f o r - - - - - - - - - - - -
There's a strong contrast b e t w e e n____________________a n d _____________________

9 A ma zing! I was walking d own t he street and chance

10 This n e w machine i s ______ trial while w e ___
11 Can I put y o u ______ hold while I ___________
12 I'm sorry, I' m ______ a hurry, can you j u s t____
13 This menu looks interesting. I think I'll t r y - - - a change.
14 I need - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . from you _ writing.
15 Those politicians receive . our expense.
16 Is y o u r________________ ______ d a te?
17 Please w r i t e ___________ ________ full.
18 The only w a y to sell this _____a profit is if w e
19 They w e n t ____________ business because of
20 I hope w e c a n _________ _ a regular basis.
21 T h is__________________ isn't mine it's________loan.
22 W e h a v e______________ _____ t he pipeline.
23 I did n't do i t __ purpose - I was j u s t .
24 . first sight
but closer inspection
25 W e are very sorry but due to circumstances . our control
26 W e 'r e ______ schedule t o ________________
 J Trends, graphs and figures
A Verbs d e scrib ing tre nds Some verbs can be used with or without an object.
The box below shows verbs that describe different business W e'll in c r e a s e / im prove our market share.
trends (= tendencies). AND O u r market share w ill i n c r e a s e / improve.

Upward movement C Sp e e d and a m o u n t o f ch a nge

go up, increase, rise, clim b
We can use adverbs to talk about the speed and amount of
Rapid upward movement change.
take o ff, ju m p, rocket, double
Speed
Downward movement
Sales grew ... q uickly, rapidly, g ra du a lly , steadily, slowly
go down, decrease, f a ll, drop, decline
Amount
Rapid downward movement
Sales grew ... significantly, c on sid erab ly, m oderately ,
collapse, crash, slu m p, plum m et, halve
to som e extent, slightly, m arginally
Highs and lows
Note the relationship between 'verb + adverb' and
peak, reach a peak, f a ll back, bottom out, h it a low, pick up
'adjective + noun':
Change in size
grow, expand, shrink, contract Sales g r e w steadily.
There was steady grow th in sales.
Stability and volatility
stay the same, be fla t, be unchanged, be (rela tively ) stable,
fluctu ate, vary, move w ith in a range, level off D Gra p hs and ch arts
Good and bad The language in section A is often shown visually in a
im prove, get better, strengthen, recover, deteriorate, get worse, presentation or report by means of (lin e ) graphs, ( b ar) charts,
weaken (pie ) charts and tables.

Individual points A graph/chart may have: a horiz ontal and a vertical axis; a
stand at, be at, be above, be below solid / dotted / dashed line ; a segment; a shaded area; bars.

States A table has rows and colu mns with headings.

be up / down, stay high / low, re main hig h / low
E F igu re s (d ecim al poin t, com m a, etc.)
Note these irregular verb forms: A decimal point is written as a 'dot', not as a comma like in
go - went - gone grow - grew - grown some languages. It is spoken as point.
rise - rose - risen f a ll - f e ll - falle n 6.5 six p oint fiv e
Note these nouns: 0.25 zero p oint two fiv e

a rise, growth, an im provem ent, a f a ll, a drop, a peak, a recovery, a

h alvin g, a doubling A comma can be used to separate thousands from hundreds.
Note the following prepositions: 6,200 six thousand two hundred (AmE and BrE)
6.280 six thousand two hundred eig hty (AmE)
Sales increased f r o m $5A m to $5.8m.
6.280 six thousand two hundred a nd eighty (BrE)
There was an increase i n sales o f$0.4m .
Note also:
Sales increased (by) $0.4m.
{by is usually missed out in AmE) 2m two m illio n ( N O T m illio ns)
2.5m two point fiv e / tw o and a h a lf m illio n

B Trend v erbs w ith o b je cts

Verbs are used in different ways. Some verbs are always
F Lin k in g w ords and phrases
followed by an object. Linking words are used for analyzing trends. They can join
parts of a sentence or link across sentences. See units 41-44.
W e'll r a i s e / l o w e r / c u t the budget.
Here are just a few examples:
(NOT The budget-wili -raise/low er/art)
although, and, basically, because, clearly, firs tly , however,
Other verbs are never followed by an object.
in ad dition, in fact, in general, in m y opinion, in p articular,
In fla tio n w ill r i s e / f a ll / g o up.
in relatio n to, in spite of, so, therefore, whereas

206
 50 Tren ds, g r a p h s a n d f i g u r e s

Exercises

Se c tio ns A , B, C 5 0 .1 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ect w o r d s.

There was a slightly/slight rise in profits last month.
W e rose/increased our profits slightly last month.
There was a sharp fall in/of our sales last quarter.
by/of 6% last quarter, (or no preposition)
O ur sales fell
W e fell/improved our market share last year.
Their share price hit/beat a low/down last month, but it has recuperated/recovered since then and
n ow stands at/in €3.78.
Their share price met a top/peaked in May, but it's fallen back since then.
Inflation is increasing slow/slowly at t he moment, in/by about 1 % a year.
9 There is a slow/slowly increase in t he rate of inflation of/by a b out 1 % a year.
10 Operating profits w e n t from $ 2. 5m to/until $3.1 m.
11 This year, dividends paid to shareholders raised/rose by 6% year - on-year. Last year, in comparison,
they fell/cut slightly.
12 This year w e raised/rose dividends to shareholders by 6% year - on -year. Last year, in comparison,
w e fell/cut them.

Sectio n E 5 0 . 2 Writ e in w or ds h o w yo u w o u ld say t h e n u m b ers in brackets, using British English. Look at

section C an d t h e a d ditio n al e x a m ple b e lo w t o h elp you.
1 (1 ,230) one thousand two hundred and thirty
2 (1 2,300)
3 (1 2,030)
4 (1 20,300)
5 (1 23,000)
6 (1 23,330)
7 (1 ,230,000)

Se ctio n F 5 0 .3 C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h t h e w or ds or phrases in t h e box. Look care f ully a t t h e

p u nct u a tio n t o see if t h e w or ds join parts o f sentences or lin k across sentences.

because because of so although in spite of in a d dit ion h owever therefore

1 Sales are up 5 % . /n addition _ mar|<et share is up 2 % .

2 Sales are up 5 % . ___ _ _ _ , market share is d own 2 % .
3 Sales are up 5 % , ________________ market share is d own 2 % .
4 Sales are up 5 % _________________ a drop in market share of 2 %
5 Sales are up 5 % . ..... ... ..... ....... , w e
should get a bonus at t he end of the year.
6 Sales are up 5 % _________________ we'll
all get a bonus at the end of the year.
7 Sales are up 5 % ________________ the
n ew advertising campaign.
____________ t he
8 Sales are up 5 % ____________
n ew advertising campaign has started.
 Exercises

Se ctio n E 5 0 .4 M a t c h t h e rule s f o r n u m b e rs in f o r m a l w r i t i n g 1 - 6 w i t h t h e e x a m p le s a - f.
1 Use figures for large amounts s a)
2 Use words for numbers b elow ten b)
3 Use wor ds for tw o numbers t ogether c)
4 Use words at t he beginning of a sentence d)
5 Use words f or estimates e)
6 Use words f or ordinals (first, second) f)

Sectio n E 5 0 . 5 In m a ny sit u a tio ns w e do n o t give an e x act fig ure, j ust an a p p ro x i m a t e one. W r it e t h e

p hrases in t h e bo x on t h e a p p ro p ria t e lines b elow.

considerably more than around a little over exactly almost

a little under much less than a b out precisely slightly more than

4 0% 1 much less th a n 5qo/0

4 8% 2 _________________________________ 5 0 % / __________________________________ 5 0 %
4 8 - 5 2% 3 _______ 5 0 % / ............... ....... _.......................... 5 0%
5 0% 4 _________________________________ 5 0 % / __________________________________ 5 0 %
5 2% 5 _________________________________ 5 0 % / __________________________________ 5 0 %
6 0% 6 _________________________________ 5 0 %

Se ctio n s 50. C o m plet e t h e co nversa tio n b e tw e e n a b a n k manager, A n d r e w C uttin g (A C), an d a

A , B, C, D, E, F business o wn er, Chris W o o d (CW), by u nd erlinin g t h e correct wor ds.

AC: Before we decide on the conditions S A LE S

for the loan, we need to have a careful 16

look at your business. I’ve got the sales 15

1g r a p h / g r a p h ic for last year right here. 14

Can you just go through the 13
2v a lu e s / fig u r e s for me?
12
CW: Of course. As you can see, sales
11
at the start of the year were quite
10
3f la t / le v e l, 4s o / a lt h o u g h th a t’s not
9
surprising 5 b e c a u s e / d u e t o we always J F M A M J J A S 0 N D

have a quiet period after Christmas.

AC: OK, but there w asn’t much of a
6r e c o v e r / r e c o v e ry over the spring period. Prom your graph I see th at in June you
were only 7 in c r e a s e d / u p ^ b y / w it h two 9 m illio n / m illio n s 10e u r o s / o f e u ro s com pared
to January. W hat happened?
CW: Well it was a difficult trading period for us - our main com petitor n c u t / f e ll their
prices aggressively. l2H o w e v e r / In s p it e o f, in the second n h a lf / h a lv e of the year
things started to improve. We launched a series of new products onto the m arket,
and you’ll see th at sales u ris e d / r o s e 15s i g n if ic a n t / s ig n if ic a n t ly over the autumn
period. In fact the figure went l6t o / u n til a little 11u n d e r / o v e r fifteen million by the
end of the year. We were very happy with those results. And we expect the increase
18o f / in sales to continue this year. Our sales forecasts are looking very good.
AC: Yes, th at looks very promising. I think we can ...
 50 Tren ds, g r a p h s a n d f i g u r e s

Tasks

S p e a k i n g : lis t e n 1 f t SO You are g oin g t o h e ar ei g h t phrases. Listen an d re peat.

and repeat
T r a n sl a t e 2 Tra nslate t h ese sh ort t e x ts t a k e n fro m t h e In t e rn e t int o yo ur o w n lan gu ag e. Re m e m b er n o t to
tra nsla t e w o r d f o r w or d , b ut rat h er t o m ak e it sou n d natural.

ng: 3 C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h y o ur o w n ideas.

1 l a <;t ypar sales o f our cholesterol-lowerinq foods rnsp stpadily
2 Last y e a n .................. ......................... ........... ................ fell significantly.
3 Last m o n t h ,______ ______ _______ - . ... w e n t up marginally.
4 In recent years, .................... .... ............__reached a peak and then fell back.
5 In recent years, ______ _ hit a low but then picked up a little.
6 In my country, ....... __ is/are growing rapidly.
7 In my co u n try,_____ _________ ___ _______ ................ is/are slowly contracting.
8 In my c o u n try,..................................... ....... . has/ have levelled off and is/are
n ow relatively stable.
9 In my li f e ,________ _ ___ _ ______ _____ ___ __ is/are getting worse - dramatically.
10 In my life, -................ . ......... -__ ___ is/are improving - gradually.
11 Since I w as a child I've noticed a halving in t he numbers of ...................................
and a doubling in t he numbers o f ................
12 It's really important t ha t w e raise
and lower

Re h e arsal f o r 4 C hoose t w o relat e d tre n ds fro m y o ur area o f w o r k or fro m yo u r p ersonal life w h e r e yo u

r»e r e a l w ors can d r a w grap hs coverin g several m ont hs / q uarters / years on t h e h ori z o nt al axis. Writ e a sh ort
prese nt a tio n describing t h e tre n ds (this u nit) an d a n aly z in g t he m (la n g u a g e fro m units 4 1 - 4 4).
Se e t h e e x a m ple to pics b elow.
total sales and sales of your most popular product over tw o years
production volumes for tw o different products over six months
seasonal patterns of spending for t w o different budget areas
time spent doing gardening and time spent doing sports over t he last year
your motivation during a language course and your motivation w hile on a diet

If y o u a re w o r k i n g in class, c h o o s e s o m e p r e s e n t a tio n s t o re a d a lo u d . D r a w t h e g r a p h s o n t h e
b o a r d b e f o r e y o u st a rt. A s k a n d a n s w e r q u es ti o n s.
 1 Verb tenses: present (units 1-2)
Test 1.1 C o m plet e t h e sentences b y p u ttin g each ver b int o t h e present sim ple or present continuous.
Use co ntractio ns (I'm inst ea d o f I a m , d o n ’t inst ea d o f d o n o t, etc.) w h e r e possible.
1 A: W h a t d o you do (you / do)?
B: I'm an engineer.
2 A: W h a t are you doing (you /d0)?
B: I'm looking for the docu m ent I saved.
3 Can you help m e? I ________________ (not understand) Spanish.
4 Can I call you back? I ________________ (talk) with a client.
5 This p ro d uc t________________ (not sell) - we'll have to put it on special offer.
6 I'll get in t ouch with you as soon as I ________________ (k n o w) t he results.
7 W e ________________ (stay) at t he Marriott Hotel. We'll be there until Friday.
8 You'll have to be quick if you w a n t to talk to Darina. S h e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (just /leave).
9 O ur co m p a n y________________ (make) parts f or t he auto mobile industry.
10 W h e n ________________ (you / usually / get) t o w or k in t he mornin g?
11 W h e n ________________ (the auditors / come)? This w e e k or next w e e k?
12 K la u s________________ (co me) from Munich, in t he south of Germany.

Test 1.2 Decide if uses a - h are usu ally associate d w it h t h e present si mple (PS) or present co ntin u o us (PC).
a) facts and permanent situations [PS] e) habits and routines
b) actions and events in progress n o w |___ j f) te m porary situations
c) arrange ments for the future F j g) fixed timetables
d) verbs of thinking and feeling [__ ] h) current trends and changes [__ I
Match each sen te nce 1-8 w it h uses a - h.
1 She's talking on another line. Can I ask her to call you back? [F]
2 I'm working in our Istanbul office for a f e w months.
3 W e offer an IT solution t hat is customi z ed, reliable and secure. M
4 W e release figures f or sales and earnings every quarter.
5 Internet fraud and cybercrime are increasing all over the world. [__)
6 OK, I understand w h a t the problem is now.
7 I'm arriving in Lyon at 10.30.
8 The plane arrives in Lyon at 10.30.

Test 1.3 Pu t t h e ti m e e x pressions in t h e bo x int o t w o cate gories: t h ose most o f t e n used w it h t h e present
simple, an d th ose m ost o ft e n used w it h t h e present contin uo us. W r it e t h e e x pression in t h e
correct colu mn b elow.

a ft e f always as soon as at t he mo m ent before currently every day hardly ever

most of t he time never next time normally nowadays occasionally often
right n ow sometimes these days twice a year until usually wh e n

Presen t simple Presen t co ntin uo us

after at the moment
 Test 1

Test 1.4 Pu t t h e w or ds int o t h e correct order. T h e first w o r d is give n each tim e.

1 I at about 1 o'clock have usually lunch. I usually have lunch at about 7 o ' clock .
2 Lunch just a sandwich often is. Lu nch - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 I from time t o time visit in Paris Head Office. I ----------------------------- -
4 I ever hardly am late in t he morning. I ----------------------------- -
5 I ever hardly tak e the train t o wor k. I ------------------------------
6 I prepare once a month a sales report. I ------------------------------
7 I miss a Board meeting never. I ----------------------------- -
8 I am late f or a Board meeting never. I ------------------------------

Test 1.5 So m e o f t h e f o ll o w in g sentences are rig ht an d so me are wro n g. Pu t a tick ( / ) n e x t t o t h e rig h t

ones, an d correct t h e w ro n g ones.
1 I'm invoicing you f or your last order. rL.
2 ^ m a greetftg with you completely.
3 O ur chocolates are containing only the finest ingredients. ________________
4 O ur chocolates are winnin g prizes all over the world. __ ______________
5 We'r e setting up subsidiaries in Laos and Ca mbodia.
6 W e'r e ownin g subsidiaries in Laos and Ca mbodia.
7 I'm knowing they will make a decision this wee k.
8 I'm guessing they will make a decision this wee k.
9 A t first sight, it's see ming t o be a sensible suggestion.
10 A t first sight, he's making a sensible suggestion. _____
11 W e'r e having a lot of trouble with our suppliers.
12 Unfortunately, w e're having no alternative.

Test 1.6 C o m plet e t h e sentences by p u ttin g each ver b int o a f orm o f t h e present si m ple or present
co ntin uo us. Use co ntractio ns w h e r e possible. The ver bs in each se n te nce m ay or m ay n o t h ave
dif f er e n t tenses.
1 Every time inflation g o es up (g0 Up)_ people (de mand) higher salaries.
2 In fl a tio n________________ (fall) quite quickly right now, w h i c h _________________ (mean) t hat central
banks all over the world can keep interest rates low.
3 (you / wait) for Victoria Wil k inso n? I _________________ (not / think) she'll be long.
4 W h a t e x actly________________ (our customers / want)? Nobody around h e r e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (seem)
to know.
5 Carlo doesn't have much e x perience of this situation. I ________________ (hope) h e _________________
(k n o w) w h a t h e __________ ______ (do).
6 W h a t e x actly________________ (you / mean)? I _________________ (not / understand).
7 W h a t e x a ctly_________________ (you / say)? __________ ______ (you / want) us t o renegotiate the w h ole
contract?
8 (your chicken / taste) O K? The food here is usually very good, but of course it all
________________ (depend) on which particular c h e f_________________ (work) in t he kitchen on
t hat day.
9 O ur su p pliers________________ (not / be) very flexible at the mo m ent - I _________________ (imagine)
t hat t h e y________________ (have) a lot of orders and t h e y______________ ___ (have) problems with the
production capacity of their plant.
10 I ________________ (agree) - w e .......... .......... (waste) our time discussing this. Let's move on.
 2 Verb tenses: past (units 3-4)
Test 2.1 Writ e t h e p ast sim ple f orm o f t h ese irre g ular verbs.
1 become 6 choose 11 grow 16 ris e_______
? begin ......... 7 e a t .. .... ...... 12 keep 17 s e n d ______
break 8 •'all 13 lead _ 18 s h u t______
4 bring 9 find 14 lend _ 19 s p e n d_____
5 buy 10 f o r g e t_________ 15 meet 20 understand

Test 2.2 U n d erlin e t h e correct w or ds.

1 Wh e n I got/was getting to the office, I heard/was
hearing your voicemail.
2 Wh e n I wor ke d at Telekom, I used
to claim/was claiming all my travel expenses.
3 The network suddenly went down/was going down just as I printed out/was printing out last
month's figures.
4 Wh e n I was/used to be a little boy, I used to dream/was dreaming of being an astronaut.
5 Wh ile t he plane descended/was descending, my ears started/were starting t o ache really badly.
6 We wanted/were wanting a reliable firm, so w e chose/were choosing Philips.
7 W e used to have/were having offices in Latvia and Estonia, but then w e combined/were combining all
our Baltic operations at our Vilnius office in Lithuania.
8 Wh e n I arrived/was arriving at t he office, Jaroslav waited/was waiting for me.
9 The door was open so I knocked/was knocking and went/was going in.
10 Stavros lost/was losing his t e m p er with Dimitri w hile they discussed/were discussing the quality
problems in the plant.
11 Wh e n I was/used to be in Paris last October, I visited/was visiting the museums every day.
12 I was feeling/used to feel assertive so I was deciding/decided to speak to t he HR Director a b out the
w a y I had been treated.

Test 2.3 C o m plet e t h e second se n te nce so it has a si milar m ea nin g t o t h e first sen te nce an d cont ains t h e
w o r d in brackets. This e x ercise practises t h e p ast p erfect an d used to.
1 Michael made some notes and started writing, (had)
After ; some notes, he started writing.
2 This Internet connection is slower than before, (didn't)
This Internet co n n ecti o n_______________________ be so slow.
3 I was sure I had my passport with me. (forgotten)
I was sure I _______________________ my passport.
4 In the past, the factory produced 4,000 units a month, (used)
The fa c t o ry_______________________ 4,000 units a month.
5 I t ho u g ht t he article seemed familiar, (had)
I t h o u g h t_______________________ the article before.
6 Aisha left before I arrived, (already)
By the time I arrived, A is h a_______________________ _
7 Wh e n I was you nger I w e n t skiing a lot. (used)
I _______________________ a lot w h e n I was younger.
8 I left the win d o w open, but I only reme mbered at t he airport, (had)
Wh e n I got to t he airport, I reme mbered t h a t_______________________ open.
 Test 2

Test 2 A Oomptete w ith the time ev.preisi.Qos in the box.

at on in wh e n while / when

1 The co m p uter gave an error message ! - - I was loading up t he n ew software.

2 did you first notice the fault?
3 W e sent you t he in voice_____________ t he end of last month.
4 Central Europe was changing very ra pidly_____________ t he nineties.
5 W e sent t he g o o d s_____________ t he fifteenth. Have n't you received the m yet?
6 t he ECB raised interest rates last month, t he euro rose against the dollar.
7 she was checking the invoices, she noticed a small mistake.
8 W e were acquired by N ovartis_____________ 2006.
9 W e m e t_____________ eight for a business breakfast.
10 W h a t were you d o i n g_____________ I called you this morning?
11 W e changed our advertising ca m p a ig n_____________ t he beginning of t he year.
12 I'll check my files and call y o u _____________ the morning.
13 This issue ca me to li g h t_____________ w e were assessing the viability of our operations in North
America.
14 This issue ca me t o li g h t_____________ I spoke t o our North A merican office.

Test 2.5 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c es b y p u t t in g o n e v e r b in t h e p ast si m ple a n d o n e in t h e p a st p e rf e ct.

1 Wh e n t he DVD started, I _________ (reali ze) I ____(see) t he film before.
2 By the time I _____________ (get) t o t he phone i t ______________(stop) ringing.
3 H o w _____________ (you / find out) t hat you _____________ (got) t he jo b?
4 Before I _____________ (join) ABN A mro I ______________(work) as an invest ment analyst at ING.
5 I _____________ (send) her an email just to see h o w things were going. Meanwhile, my boss
_____________ (already / spoke) t o her boss.
6 I _____________ (always / suspect) t hat t he c o n t ra c t______________(not / be) strictly legal.
7 By the time I _____________ (leave) university I ______________(gain) a lot of valuable e x perience working
as an intern at Intel.
8 The p ro ject_____________ (be) totally underfunded. If only w e ______________(k no w) right at t he start!

Test 2.6 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s b y p u t t in g t h e v e r b in b r ac k e ts in t o e it h e r t h e p a st p e r f e c t o r p ast

p e rf e c t co n tin u o u s.
1 By last Christmas I : ~ v ' ' (decide) it was time t o change my job.
2 I ~________ _ (think) about changing my job for some time before I finally decided.
3 I ____________________(wait) f or over an hour by t he time he arrived.
4 Actually, I ____________________(already hear) t he news before she told me.
5 Their share p ric e____________________(rise) steadily on rumours t hat t hey were a tak eover target.
6 I could n't give him a lift because I ____________________(not finish) work.
7 You wo uld think t hey'd k nown each other for ages, but in fact t h e y____________________(never
meet) until this year.
8 My eyes were hurting because I ____________________(look) at t he screen all day.
9 After I ____________________(see) t he n ew design I realized it was going to be a great success.
10 They closed d own t he factory because i t ____________________(lose) money for years.
 3 Verb tenses: connecting past and
present (units 5-6)
Test 3.1 U n d erlin e t h e correct or m ost li k ely a nswers.
1 I'm waiting/l've been waiting here for ages.
2 I'll join you in t he restaurant. I'm waiting/l've been waiting for my colleagues.
3 The markets have had/had a sharp fall last week.
4 The markets have had/had a sharp fall this week.
5 If you need t he instruction manual, I've left/l left it on your desk.
6 I've left/l left t he instruction manual on your desk yesterday.
7 A: H o w long are you working/have you been working here?
B: A b o ut t w o years. I joined t he co m pany w h e n t hey opened this branch.
8 A: H o w long are you working/have you been working here?
B: A b o u t tw o weeks. Then it's on t o Chicago. Head Office send me all over the world.
9 W e ca n't supply the goods because they haven't paid/didn't pay t he deposit.
10 W e could n't supply the goods because they haven't paid/didn't pay t he deposit.
11 I'm waiting for Sue. Wh e n have you last seen/did you last see her?
12 I'm waiting f or Sue. Have you seen/Did you see her?

Test 3.2 Cross o u t t h e mista k e in each sen te nce an d w rit e t h e correction a t t h e end.
1 She is sending emails all w e e k but hasn't placed an order yet. _____________
2 W e have started this course three wee ks ago. -----------
3 A: 'W h a t have you been doing all m ornin g?' B: 'I've been writt en letters.' -----------
4 Wh e n have you arrived? -----------
5 You have ever been t o India? -----------
6 Paula has been organi z ed t he press conference for Friday at nine.
7 Sales have been rising since three months. -----------
8 I live in this city since I was born. -----------
9 I w ait here a long time. Wh e re have you b een? -----------
10 I didn't give a presentation before, so I'm a bit nervous. -----------
11 A t last! I'm waiting f or this p hone call all morning. -----------.
12 H o w long do you w or k here? -----------

Test 3.3 C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h t h e ti m e e x pressions in t h e box. Several a nsw ers m ay be possible
but o n e solution uses each e x pression in t h e m ost a p pro p ria t e w ay.

yet for smce often ever never already so far just always

1 I've lived in my city -centre flat since 2009. I love it there.

2 Thanks f or t he present! I'v e ____________ _ w a nt e d a gold Rolex!
3 W e 'v e _____________ interviewed f our candidates this morning, and none of the m is really suitable for
t he job.
4 Have y o u _____________ wor ke d a broa d?
5 I'v e _____________ heard t hat w e'v e w o n t he contract! Congratulations everybody!
6 Hurry up! Have n't you finished_____________ ?
7 Nina has wor ke d in this co m p a n y_____________ over five years now.
8 I'v e _____________ been to a karaoke bar before. It's certainly an interesting e x perience!
9 I'v e _____________ passed this building, but this is t he first time I've been inside.
10 W e'v e been very busy on t he stand this m or nin g._____________ w e'v e given a w ay over 200
brochures.
 Test 3

T e st 3 .4 C o m p le t e t h e seco n d s e n t e n c e so it h as a si m ila r m e a n in g t o t h e firs t se n t e n ce . Yo u m a y n e e d a

n e w v e r b , or a t i m e e x p ressi o n li k e t h o s e in Test 3.3. Use co n t ra ctio n s w h e r e p ossible.
1 Ja n doesn't wor k at this co m pany now.
Jan has left this company.
2 This is t he first time I've been to t he United States.
I _________________________________ to the United States before.
3 That's strange! My copy of Business Grammar Builder isn't here!
That's strange! My c o p y_________________________________ disappeared.
4 I saw a friend of yours a f e w moments ago.
I _________________________________ a friend of yours.
5 I'm still writing this report.
I _________________________________ this report yet.
6 W e started working here three years ago.
W e'v e b e e n _________________________________ three years.
7 Is this your first visit to Serbia?
Have y o u _____ ____________________________ before?
8 It's a long time since I spoke t o Goran.
I _________________________________ to Goran for a long time.
9 Is Anna still out of the office?
H a s_________________________________ back yet?
10 I'm sorry, but Rachel Dawson isn't here.
I'm sorry, but Rachel Dawson h a s_________________________________ out.
11 I last saw David in 2008.
I _________________________________ since 2008.
12 I came to live here three months ago.
I've b e e n ....... ................... .. ............ .. ........ three months.
13 H o w stupid of me! My laptop is still in the car. I hope it's still there!
H o w stupid of me! I _________________________________ my laptop in the car. I hope it's still there!
14 I'm still reading this report.
I _________________________________ reading this report yet.
15 Ronan left the building a mo ment ago.
Ronan h a s_________________________________ t he building.
16 Have you been to Scandinavia at any ti me?
Have y o u _________________________________ to Scandinavia?
17 I've had English lessons at my co mpany since January.
I've b e e n _________________________________ English at my co mpany since January.
18 It's ages since w e last had an order from CWP.
W e _________________________________ an order from C WP for ages.
19 This is the first time I've eaten reindeer steak.
I'v e _________________________________ reindeer steak before.
20 I started playing tennis about six months ago.
I've b e e n _________________________________ about six months.
21 I d on't reme mber Helen's phone number.
I'v e _________________________________ Helen's phone number.
22 The last time I saw Marguerite was Monday.
I h a v e n't_________________________________ Monday.
 4 Verb tenses: future (units 7-8)
Test 4.1 U n d erlin e t h e correct or m ost li k ely a nswers.
1 Wa it f or me. I’ll be/l've been ready in a moment.
2 W e need t o move f orward - w e ca n't just w ait until the econo my recovers/will recover.
3 That looks very heavy. Will I/Shall I help you?
4 Notice. This elevator is going to be/will be out of service until f urther notice.
5 Look out! It's going to fall/lt'll fall\
6 A: 'D o you w a n t me to call t h e m?'
B: 'No, it's all right,I'll do/l'm doing it.'
7 Please d on't leave until I come back/will come back.
8 Julie w o n't be here next week. She 'll work/ She'll be working at our other office.
9 The flight att en d ant is calling us. I think w e will/we're going to board t he plane.
10 They'll probably/They probably will cut back the training budget next year.

Test 4.2 Correct t h ese sentences by eit h e r crossing o u t or ad din g w or ds. W r it e t h e correction a t t h e end.
1 I go to get an accurate valuation of all our properties. /'m going to get
2 The visitors from Jap a n will here at 9.30. __________________________
3 Justine will probably to get the sales job. __________________________
4 Sue is going lend me her copy of the report. __________________________
5 Bye for now. I see you later this evening. __________________________
6 I not be in t he office to morrow. I'm workin g from home. __________________________
7 W h a t exactly you going t o discuss at t he next m eetin g? __________________________
8 It's snowing - the flight probably will be delayed. __________________________

Test 4.3 Decide if uses a - h are m ost o ft e n associate d w it h w ill, b e g o in g to, t h e p rese n t co ntin u o us (I ’m
d o in g ), t h e f u t ur e co ntin u o us ( I'll b e d o in g ) or t h e f u t ur e p erfect ( I'll h a v e d o n e ).
a) future facts
b) fixed future arrange ments __________________________
c) instant decisions __________________________
d) future plans and intentions __________________________
e) predictions with present evidence __________________________
f) general opinions a b out t he future __________________________
g) looking back from t he f uture __________________________
h) activities in progress in t he future __________________________

N o w match t h e u n d erlin e d for ms 1-8 b e lo w w it h uses a - h.

1 W e 're going t o launch t he n e w model at the Frankfurt Mo tor Show.
2 Sorry a b out this confusion. I'll look into it right a w ay and I'll call you back.
3 I thin k w e l l probably make a small loss this year.
4 Jud ging by these figures, w e 're going t o make a small loss this year.
5 I'm meeting my bank manager on Thursday. W e 're having lunch together.
6 During my presentation I'll be describing the key benefits of our n e w service, [j
7 Next year will be t he tenth anniversary of our company.
8 It's not a difficult job. W e 'll have finished by lunchtime.

216
 Test 4

Test 4.4 C o m plete t h e second se n te nce so it has a similar m ea nin g t o t h e first sentence. T he a nsw ers
inclu d e th ese forms: '/ /, w o n 't, s h a ll, present sim ple (/ d o ), p rese n t co ntin u o us (I'm d o in g ) and
f u t ur e co ntin u o us [ I’ll b e d o in g ).
1 I promise to call you w h e n I get back.
Wh e n I get back, 1 c you.
2 Wo uld you like me to close t he w in d o w?
________________ close the w in d o w?
3 A fter t he conference w e can travel back together.
Wh e n t h e ________________ w e can travel back together.
4 W h a t job will you have after the co m pany reorgani z ation?
W h a t ________________ doing after t he co m pany reorgani z ation?
5 They refuse t o lower their price.
T h e y________________ lower their price.
6 Are you free t o m orrow evenin g?
A r e ________________ anything t o m orro w evenin g?
7 I'll w a it here until it stops raining.
Wh e n it stops rai nin g________________ leave.
8 I need to find a n ew job soon if sales d on't improve.
I ________________ looking for a n e w job soon if sales d on't improve.
9 H o w ab out having a round of golf aft er w or k?
________________ w e have a round of golf after w or k?
10 The product launch is at the Berlin Expo in April.
W e ________________ t he product at t he Berlin Expo in April.

Test 4.5 Re w rit e each se n te nce choosin g fro m ’ll / w o n ’t, s h a ll or g o in g to. Use t h e main ver b u n d erlin e d .
1 Sarah doesn't plan t o g e t married yet.
_____ _______ married yet.
2 H o w a b out having a ga m e of tennis a t the w e e k e n d?
_________________________________ a game of tennis at the we e k e n d?
3 I've decided to study Arabic in Qatar.
_________________________________ Arabic in Qatar.
4 I promise to be back before midday.
_________________________________ before midday.
5 I have an ap point ment to see the doctor, so I can't come.
_________________________________ the doctor, so I can't come.
6 I promise not to f o ra e t.

7 I plan to do my MB A at Insead in France.

____________ _____________________ my MB A in France.
8 Wo uld you like me to help you with those bags?
with those bags?
9 W e'r e willing t o co me back later if you like.
_________________________________ back later if you like.
10 I intend to ask my boss about opportunities f or promotion.
my boss about opportunities for promotion.
11 I w a n t to have the salmon.
_________________________________ the salmon, please.
12 I've decided to have the salmon. W h a t about you?
the salmon. W h a t about you?
 5 Passives (units 9-10)
Test 5.1 Cross o u t t h e mista k e in each se n te nce an d w rit e t h e correction a t t h e end.
1 Lucas has b ee n offer a n ew job in Brazil. has been offered
2 Your parcel was been posted yesterday. ................... ........
3 A n ew industrial site is be developed outside t he t own. __________________
4 All the food at the reception was ate. __________________
5 Gold is produce in large quantities in South Africa. __________________
6 Nothing will being decided before next week. __________________
7 The presentation is giving at the Hotel Intercontinental. __________________
8 I've just heard t hat Carla is been promoted to Marketing Director. __________________
9 The introduction to the report was writing by the CEO. __________________
10 Man y customers are losing through poor after -sales service. __________________

Test 5.2 Re w rit e each sentence w it h a passive verb, w it h o u t m en tio nin g w h o did t h e action.
1 The authorities have closed the casino.
The casino has been closed.
2 So meone broke into our house last week.

3 Nowadays people everywhere speak English.

4 The local authorities have finally opened the n ew motorway.

5 So meone left this bag in reception.

6 The city council will ban all traffic from the city center.

7 W e leave the liquid f or 24 hours after adding the ingredients.

8 The organi zers are postponing the meeting.

Test 5.3 C o m plete t h e second sentence so it has a si milar mea ning t o t h e first sent ence and cont ains
t h e w o r d in brackets.
1 They have just serviced all our machines, (had)
W e have just had all our machines serviced
2 They are coming to clean the carpet tomorrow, (having)
W e _________________________________________________ ;___________________________
3 They printed some business cards with the n e w logo, (had)
W e _____________________________________________________________________________
4 To morrow they are repairing my car. (getting)
To morrow I ____________________________________________________________________ _
5 They have just refused my request for credit, (had)
I___________________________________________________________________
6 They just fined me for illegal parking, (got)
 T es t 5

Test 5.4 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t w o r d s in t h is article .

overnments across Europe are Starting/being started gets smaller, it is also getting older. From around now
to worry. Why? Because low birth rates combined onwards the ‘baby boom er’ generation 10u;ill start/
with longer life expectancy 2m ean / are m eant that the luill be started to retire, and their retirement benefits
Continent will soon have fewer people working and n iuill fu n d / w ill be fu n d e d by fewer and fewer tax-paying
fewer people paying taxes. As a result, a whole range of young workers.
measures m ust 3take / be tak en to deal with the problems So solutions will have 12to fin d / to be fo u n d. Increasing
that demographic change %ill bring/iuill be brought. immigration is, in theory, one option - although most
This whole issue 5ad dressed / w as ad dressed recently at agree it is politically unfeasible in the current climate.
the World Economic Forum in Davos. Many speakers Another option is to raise the retirement age and make
6highlighted/iuere highlighted that this is a global problem, people work until later in life. This is almost certain
not just a European one. However, the facts cannot 13to do/to be done. Finally, tax and social security models
7ignore / be ignored: the situation in Europe is particularly m ust 14loofe at / be looked at in a completely new way, for
serious. In Europe, 2.1 children per woman Considers/ example by encouraging people to look after themselves
is considered to be the population replacem ent level. in retirem ent with private pension plans and so on.
No country achieves this, and the worst performers Apart from this, governments will have to tackle the
(Germany, Italy, Spain and Greece) all have a national root cause of the problem and try to boost birth rates. Tax
average of less than 1.4 children per woman. Spain’s and cash incentives can 15giue/be giuen to parents who
population, for example, 9expects/is expected to fall from have babies, maternity leave schemes can be extended,
40 million to 35 million by 2050. And as the population and state-subsidized child care can 16prouide/be provided.

Test 5.5 C o m plet e t h e second se n te nce so it has a similar m ea nin g t o t h e first sentence. Do n o t m e ntion
w h o did t h e action.
1 So m eone checked these figures for me last week.
I -— figures checi> ed |ast week.
2 They grow much less coffee in Colu mbia these days.
These d a y s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 So m eo ne delivered this package this morning.
This p a c k a g e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4 The city council is redeveloping t he old docklands area.
The old docklands a r e a _____________________________
5 They've put up interest rates again.
Interest r a t e s____________________________________________________________again.
6 We'll discuss your idea in t he meeting tomorrow.
Your i d e a ___________________________________________________________ to morrow.
7 The technician installed some n ew software on t he n etwork yesterday.
Yesterday w e __________________________________________________ on t he network.
8 Tokyo is my place of birth.
I ____________________________________________________________________ in Tokyo.
9 Wh e n is your date of birth?
Wh e n e x actly____________________________________________________________b orn?
10 So meone stole Peter's car last week.
Pe t e r_________________________________________________________ stolen last wee k.
11 Did anyone tell Alex about the meeting?
W a s ________________________________________________________about the meeting?
11 l-lac an\/nno m a rlo a h^ rk i in rnn\/ rvf t h k filp ?
 6 Modals (units 11-14)

Test 6. U n d erlin e t h e correct or m ost a p pro p ria t e w or ds.

1 That looks like Carlos over there, but it can't/mustn't be. He's in Spain.
2 Marie isn't a t her office, so she can/must be on her w ay here.
3 I think you need to/have necessity to get some advice from your colleagues.
4 Is your car door d a m ag e d? So m eo ne must/must have tried t o break in.
5 It's getting very late. I think we'd better/we would pay the bill and leave.
6 I might/can be able t o help you, but I'm not sure.
7 Yes, it's a good idea - w e should/must lease rather than buy.
8 It's absolutely necessary - w e should/must lease rather than buy.
9 Katja can' t have/must have heard t he bad news. She doesn't look very worried.
10 Sorry, I must to/have to go now. I d on't w a n t t o be late.
11 You might not/don' t need to co me to the meeting if you're busy.
12 This invoice can't/mustn't be right. It says €8 9 0 t o repair the photocopier!

Test 6. C o m plet e t h e sentences w it h t h e w or ds or phrases in t h e box.

have t o had t o d o n't -have t o didn't have to must

mustn't must have might have should could

1 W e'r e trying a n ew dress code. W e don : nave to w e ar formal clothes on Fridays.

2 Y o u ___________________ t ouch t hat red b utton! The w h ole production line will stop!
3 I'm not sure, but I think I ____________________ made a mistake.
4 Before w e agree, w e 'l l____________________ study the contract in more detail.
5 Is t ha t t he tim e? I re a lly____________________go now.
6 If you needed t he goods urgently, w e ____________________speed up t he order.
7 Sorry I'm late, but I ____________________talk t o a contractor a b out some maintenance work.
8 I t ____________________been embarrassing f or you t o forg et his name.
9 I think w e ____________________accept their offer. It's t he best w e'll get.
10 Luckily, w e ____________________ borrow t oo much money for the mortgage on our house.

Test 6 Match t h e uses o f w ould a - j w it h sentences 1-10 b elow.

a) offering help f) reporting t he spoken wor d will (i.e. reported speech)
b) offering something g) be willing t o do something
c) polite request h) asking or giving opinions a b out a possible situation
d) invitation i) past refusal
e) imaginary future with if j) past habit

1 Wo uld you mind calling back later?

2 W h a t would you do if they refused t o n egotiat e?
3 Wo ul d you like some milk in your coffee?
4 Wo uld you like t o join us f or dinner to m orro w evenin g?
5 Wo uld you like me to open the w in d o w?

6 They w o uld n't drop their price under any circumstances, [j

7 He said he would call back later.
8 Wh e n I was a student I would go out every night.
9 Eileen would lend you t he money, I'm sure.
10 W h y would anyone do a thing like t h a t?

220
 Test 6

Test 6.4 C o m p le t e t h e seco n d s e n t e n c e so it h as a si m ila r m e a n in g t o t h e firs t s e n t e n ce . Use a w o r d or

p h ra s e f ro m t h e bo x .

c a n't m ig h t sh o uld h ave t o d o n't h ave t o ou ght to

c a n't be m ig h t be m ust be sh ould be

1 It w o u ld be a g o o d idea t o bring in a fir m o f o utsid e consulta nts.

We .houid bring in a fir m o f o utsid e co nsulta nts.
2 It's n o t n ecessary f or yo u t o leave a d e posit.
Y o u ______________ leave a d e posit.
3 I'm sure t h a t isn't Jo h n , b ecause he's in Paris.
T h a t ______________Jo h n , b ecause he's in Paris.
4 A n n e is al m ost certainly w it h a cust omer.
A n n e ______________ w it h a custo mer.
5 I e x p ect t h e m e e tin g will be finish e d by t en.
T h e m e e t i n g ______________ finishe d by t en.
6 It's possible t h a t I'll be late.
I ______________ late.
7 W e are n o t allo w e d t o dispose o f w a st e in t h a t way.
W e ______________ dispose o f w a st e in t h a t way.
8 Perha ps o ur interests will differ on this issue.
O ur i n t e re sts______________ differ on this issue.
9 It's t h e rule t h a t w e nee d t o ch ec k all b an k references.
W e ______________ ch ec k all b an k references.
10 A t this p oin t it's b ett er t h a t I disclose a personal interest in t h e matter.
A t this p oint I ______________ disclose a personal interest in t h e matter.

Test 6.5 C o m p le t e t h e seco n d s e n t e n c e so it h as a si m ilar m e a n in g t o t h e firs t se n t e n ce . Use a w o r d or

p h rase fro m t h e bo x.

m ig h th ave could h ave should h ave (x 2) m ust have

c a n't h ave sh o ul d n't h ave mig h t n o t h ave

1 Perh a ps David m a d e a mistak e.

D a v i d ..... ....... ....... m a d e a mistak e.
2 I'm sure t h a t she w o r k e d very hard on t his project.
S h e ______________ w o r k e d very hard o n this project.
3 I'm sure t h e w a rr a n ty h a sn't e x pired already.
T h e w a r r a n t y ______________ e x pired already.
4 It w o u ld h ave b ee n a g o o d idea f o r yo u t o tell me.
Y o u ______________ t old me.
5 Perh a ps yo u d id n't see t h e article a b o u t us in The Economist.
Y o u ______________ seen t h e article a b o u t us in The Economist.
6 I w a s e x p ecting t h e m t o call by now.
T h e y ______________ calle d by now.
7 It w a s a bad idea f o r us t o d ro p o ur prices so m uch.
W e ______________ d ro p p e d o ur prices so much.
8 It w a s possible f or us t o see this pro ble m co ming.
W e ______________ seen this p ro ble m co ming.
 7 Questions (units 15-16)
Test 7. W h e n w e m a k e q u e s ti o n s in s p o k e n En glis h, w e o f t e n l e a v e o u t t h e a u x ili a r y v e r b a n d t h e
s u b je ct p r o n o u n . F o r e x a m p le , in st e a d o f s a yi n g , 'D o y o u li k e i t?' w e j u s t say, 'Li k e it?'. W r i t e f u ll
q u e sti o n s usin g t h e u n d e rli n e d v e r b .
1 Finished y e t? W e 'r e all w a it in g! H ave you finished yet?
2 Se e yo u t o m o rr o w? O r are yo u b usy all d a y? ___________________________________
3 You look rela xed. H ave a nice h olid ay? ___________________________________
4 St eve's a bit difficult so m etim es. K n o w w h a t I m e a n? ___________________________________
5 Hi, Erik. C o m in g o u t f or a drin k la t er? ___________________________________
6 Sorry I'm so late. Be en w aitin g lo n g? ___________________________________
7 Int eresting con f ere nce, isn't it? Enjoying yo u rself? ___________________________________
8 Heard t h e la t est? Isabel is t a k in g early re tire m ent. ___________________________________

Test 7.2 R e w r i t e e ach q u es ti o n , b e g in n in g as s h o w n .

1 W h a t's t h e ti m e?
C o uld you tPlI me he time is ?
2 W h a t does this m e a n?
I'd like t o k n o w ?
3 H o w much does this cost?
C o uld I ask ?
4 W h a t ti m e does t h e b an k o p e n?
D o yo u k n o w .................... ?
5 A m I in t h e right s e a t?
C o uld yo u tell m e if ............ ?
6 W h e r e's t h e O p era H o us e?
D o yo u k n o w i
7 Is t his t h e w a y t o t h e st a tio n?
C o uld yo u tell m e if ?
8 W h o is t h e sp e a k er a t t h e ne x t sessio n?
I'd like t o k n o w . ............ ......... ?

Test 7.3 M a tc h t h e b e g in n in g s o f t h e p h rases w i t h t h e ir e n din gs.

1 Do you mind if I ... a) closing t h e w i n d o w ?
2 W o u l d you mind if I ... b) closed t h e w i n d o w ?
3 W o u l d you mind ... c) close t h e w i n d o w ?

So m e b o d y asks W o u ld y o u m in d i f I o p e n e d th e w in d o w ? W r i t e ( / ) if t h e a n s w e r is a p p ro p ri a t e
in n o r m al c o n v e rs a ti o n ; w r i t e (X) if it is n ot.
4 Yes, I w o uld .
5 Yes, please.
6 No, o f course not.
7 G o a h e a d . T hat's fine.
8 Please do.
9 W h y ? I t hin k it's cold in here.
10 To be honest, I'm fine. It could be
a little chilly w it h t h e w i n d o w open.

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 T est 7

Test 7.4 W r i t e s h o r t a n s w e rs f o r e ach q u e s ti o n , b e g in n in g as s h o w n . Use c o n t r a c t io n s ( d o n 't in st e a d o f

do not ) w h e r e p ossible.
1 D o yo u like Bra z il? Yes, ' do . No, d ° r.
2 D oes Kare n like Bra z il? Y es, - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - - - - - -
3 D o t h e y like Bra z il? Y es, - - - - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - -
4 H ave yo u w o r k e d here lo n g? Y es, - - - - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - -
5 Has Kare n w o r k e d here lo n g? Yes, - - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - - - - - -
6 A r e yo u co m in g w it h us t o n i g h t? Y e s ,____________ N o , - - - - - - - - - - -
7 Is Kare n co m in g w it h us t o n i g h t? Yes, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - -
8 C a n yo u co m e o n Frid ay? Y e s , - - - - - - - - - - - No, — - - - - - - - -
9 Will yo u be here t o m o rr o w? Y es, - - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - - - - - -
10 Did you h ave t o p ay a lo t? Y es, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - -
11 Is t h a t yo ur c o a t? Yes, - - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - - - - - -
12 Is t h a t Maria over t h e r e? Y es, - - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - - - - - -

Test 7.5 C o m p le t e e ach s e n t e n c e w i t h t h e v e r b in b rac k e ts w h e r e t h e r e is o n e .

1 ' You ^ av' ’ ' (h ave g ot) t h e file, h a ve n't y o u ?' 'Yes, o f co urse.'
2 'T h ey'll be back by 4 . 0 0 ,_________________ ?' 'I e x p ect so.'
3 'Y o u _________________ (le ave) n o w, are y o u ?' 'Sorry, I really h ave t o g o.'
4 'T h ey'v e b ee n here b e f o r e ,_________________ ?' 'Yes, I t hin k so.'
5 'Yo u can m e e t Ida a t t h e s t a t i o n ,_________________ ?' 'Yes, o f course, it's in my diary.'
6 'Yo u d o n't h a p p e n t o k n o w t h e t i m e ,_________________ ?' 'Sorry, I d o n't .'
7 'Yo u ha d t h e sa m e t hin g f or lu nch y e st e r d a y,_____ ___________ ?' 'Yes, e x actly t h e sa m e.'
8 'Y o u _________________ (f or g e t) t h e p ro d uct sa m ples, did y o u ?' 'N o, o f course n o t.'
9 'Y o u _________________ (give) m e a h a n d , could y o u ?' ' O f course, w h a t can I d o ?'
1 0 'Y o u _________________ (b e) here yest er day, w e r e y o u ?' 'N o , I w a s n 't .'
11 'Let's h ave a brea k n o w ,_________________ ?' 'O K, g o o d id ea.'
12 'I'm l a t e ,_________________ ?' 'O nly a little. Bu t d o n't w o rry a b o u t it.'

Test 7.6 Pu t t h e w o r d s in t o t h e co rr ec t o r d e r t o m a k e q u es ti o n s. A d d a c a p it a l l e t t e r a t t h e b e g in n in g .
1 t a k e Visa d o y o u ? _________ ____ 1.....
2 please I can see t h e m e n u ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 e xcuse m e here a n yo n e is s i t t i n g ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4 fro m w h ic h co u n try d o co m e y o u ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5 by w h ic h ro ut e yo u did c o m e ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
6 t o w h o yo u w e r e j ust n o w t a l k i n g ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7 w h a t m e a n d o yo u e x actly by t h a t ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8 a little m ore specific yo u could b e ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9 w h a t ti m e t h e ne x t train t o Brussels i s ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
10 you can tell m e w h a t ti m e is t h e ne xt train t o Br u ss e ls? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
11 d o n ee d yo u a ny help w it h y o ur s u i t c a s e ?________ =- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
12 this Bla c kBerry t o w h o d oes b e l o n g ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
13 I could ask so m e t hin g y o u ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
14 do t hin k you could I ask you s o m e t h i n g ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
15 t h e station w h e re i s ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
16 yo u could me tell t h e station w h e re i s ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 8 Conditionals (units 17-18)

Test 8.1 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t w o r d s.

1 If w e se nt t h e g o o ds by sea, t h e tra nsp ort costs will be/would be m uch lower.
2 If t h ey promote/promoted t h e bran d better, t h ey'll gain m ar k e t share.
3 If yo u left/had left earlier, yo u m ig h t h ave g o t t h ere o n time.
4 If a n yo n e fro m H ea d O ffice visits, t h ey al w ays stay/will stay in a five - star hotel.
5 If I w e r e you, I'd call/l'll call t h eir t ech nical su p p o rt nu mber.
6 If I have/had m ore ti m e, I'd be a ble t o co m e up w it h a solution.
7 If it breaks down/will break down, it t a k es days f or t h e service e n gin e er t o arrive.
8 If yo u n ee d e d t h e m o n e y urgently, I could phone/could have phoned A cco u n ts t o try a n d sp e e d up
yo ur p ay m e nt.
9 If yo u e n t e r t h e d a t e in t h e w r o n g f or m a t, t h e co m p u t e r doesn't recognize/didn't reco g ni z e t h e
in form atio n.
10 If we'd been/we were m ore caref ul, w e w o u l d n 't h ave lost so m uch money.
11 I'd become/l'd've become rich by n o w.
If I'd b o u g h t m ore shares,
goes/will go w ell, I'm sure t h ey'll o ff er yo u t h e job.
12 If yo u r seco n d in t e rvi e w
13 If yo u would have backed up/backed up y o ur files more o ft e n, yo u wouldn't risk/didn't risk losing all
y o ur w o r k .
14 If yo u hadn't acted/wouldn't acted so quickly, we 'd be/we are in big tro u ble.
15 T h ey're asking a lot o f d e tailed q uestions a b o u t t h e co n tract. I wish I have/had it w it h me.
16 I wish it is/was Friday!

Test 8.2 w ill do, w ould do,

C o m p le t e e ach s e n t e n c e w i t h t h e v e r b in b r ac k e ts in o n e o f t h e s e f o r m s:
w ould have done. Use c o n t r a ct io n s t y p ic a l o f sp e e ch w h e r e p ossib le ('II do, 'd do, ’d've done ).
1 If w e g o t a virus o n t h e n e t w or k , w e ci ir -'e (lose) all o ur dat a.
2 W e _________________ (b e) in Paris by six if t h e train isn't late.
3 If y o u'd given a h a n d o u t f or yo ur t al k, I t hin k t h e y _________________ (ask) m ore q uestions.
4 If yo u tell m e w h a t yo u w a n t , I _________________ (g e t) it f o r yo u a t t h e airport.
5 W e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (g e t) m ore inquiries if w e a d vertise d m ore o ft en.
6 If w e h a d n't left so early, w e _________________ (miss) t h e flig ht.
7 D o n't w o rry - if yo u h a ve n't g o t a ny ch a n g e o n yo u, I _________________ (le ave) t h e tip.
8 W e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (sort o u t) t h e p ro ble m m uch so o n er if w e 'd ha d t h e m a nu al.
9 If yo u w e r e in his situ atio n, w h a t _________________ (you / d o)?
10 If y o u'd b e en in his situ atio n, w h a t _________________ (you / do)?
11 If I w o r k e d a b ro a d , I _____ _____________ (n o t see) m y fa m ily so o ft en.
12 W e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (n o t g e t) t h e co n tra ct if w e h a d n't sh o w n t h e m t h ese t esti m o nials fro m o ur
clients.

Test 8.3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c es w i t h if, unless o r otherwise.

1 T heir offices are very near. W e'll w a l k t h e r e , ........... it's raining.
2 W e w o u ld p ro b a bly g e t t h e c o n t r a c t______________ w e d ro p p e d o u r price a little.
3 C o m e o n !______________ w e hurry, w e'll miss t h e plane.
4 If t h e cost is u n d er € 1 0, 0 0 0 , it's w o rt h d o i n g .______________ it's n o t a g oo d idea.
5 you h ave a n y m ore q uestions, please feel fre e t o call.
6 W h a t w o u ld you d o ______________ t h ey o nly i m ple m e nt e d a p art o f t h e pla n?
7 See if w e can do t h e jo b w it h f e w e r p e o p l e ;______________ w e d o n't h ave m uch scop e f or cutting
costs.
8 I d o n't f eel able t o t a k e a d e cisi o n______________ I h ave all t h e figures.

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 Test 8

Test 8.4 C o m p le t e t h e / ' / se n t e nce t h a t co m m e n ts o n e ach sit u a tio n . T h e / / s e n t e n c e i m a g in e s t h e

o p p o sit e t o w h a t r e a lly h a p p e n e d .
1 Sit u atio n: Em m a d id n't leave early, a n d so she missed her flight.
If Em m a b a d left early t sh e wouldn ' t have missed h er flig ht.
2 Sit u atio n: H e di d n't m a k e m ore copies, so w e did n't h ave e n o u g h h a n d o u ts f o r everyon e.
If h e ____________________________ , w e ____________ _________________ e n o u g h h a n d o uts f or everyo n e.
3 Sit uation: I f or g o t t o bring yo ur ma p, so I w e n t t o t h e w ro n g building.
If I ____________________________ , I _____________________________ t o t h e w ro n g b uilding.
4 Sit uation: T h ey did n't invest in n e w t ech n olog y, so t h ey did n't survive t h e recession.
If t h e y ____________________________ , t h e y _____________________________ t h e recession.
5 Sit u ation: Yo u did n't w a it, so this has h a p p e n e d .
If y o u _________________ ___________ , t h i s .......................... ........... ..........
6 Sit u atio n: I di d n't reali z e yo u w e r e so b usy w h e n I ask e d yo u t o help me.
If I ____________________________ , I ____________ ________ _________ t o help me.
7 Sit u atio n: T h e G o v e rn m e n t di d n't collapse, so t h ere w a s n 't a crisis.
If t h e G o v e r n m e n t____________________________ , t h e r e _____________________________ a crisis.
8 Sit u ation: T h ey did n't bring o u t t h eir n e w m o del on tim e, so t h ey lost m ark e t share.
If t h e y ____________________________ , t h e y _____________________________ m ark et share.

Test 8.5 C h o os e t h e co rr ect c o n ti n u a ti o n f o r e ac h se n t e n ce.

1 I w a s n't t a k in g notes, a n d n o w I c a n't re m e m ber w h a t she said, 0
a) I wish I t o o k notes. b) I wish I'd t a k e n notes.
2 This is a very un usual situation,
a) I wish I'd k n o w n w h a t t o do. b) i wish I k n e w w h a t t o do.
3 O ur offices are in t h e city ce n t er an d t h e rent is very high,
a) I wish w e w e r e ou tsid e t h e center. b) I wish w e are ou tsid e t h e center.
4 T h ey g ave t h e jo b t o an e x ternal ca n did a t e, b ut n o w t h e y re gret it.
a) T h ey wish t h ey h a d n't d o n e it. b) T h ey wish t h ey did n't d o it.
5 I c a n't e n t er t h e syste m b ecause I d o n't h ave t h e password,
a) If o nly I'd h ave t h e p assword. b) If o nly I had t h e password.
6 T here are t o o m a ny similar mo dels o n t h e m ark e t right now.
a) If o nly w e la u nche d o u r version earlier. b) If o n ly w e 'd la u nche d o ur version earlier
7 I'm w orrie d a b o u t t h e m eetin g ne xt Friday. W e ne e d t o g e t a g ree m e n t,
a) I wish w e succee d. b) I h o p e w e succee d.
8 M y present atio n is g oing fro m bad t o w o rse! Peo ple are actu ally leaving t h e ro o m!
a) I wish I could start ag ain. b) I wish I w o ul d start again.

Test 8.6 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ces w i t h a f or m o f t h e v e r b in b rac k e ts. Use c o n t ra ct io n s w h e r e p ossible.

1 W e 'r e n o t t h e m ark et leader, b ut I wish w e w e r e (be).
2 He m a d e a mess o f all my p h ot oco p yin g. I wish I ______________ (d o) it myself.
3 I t old t h e m all o ur p ro d uct d e ve lo p m e n t ideas. If o nly I ______________(n o t say) so m uch.
4 I c a n't u n derst an d a nyt hin g Ma rie says. I wish I ______________ (ca n spea k) French.
5 Yo ur d essert looks goo d. I wish I ______________(or der) t h a t too.
6 I'm ho peless a t ch o osin g clot h es f or my w if e . If o nly I ______________ (h ave) o ur d a u g h t er here.
7 T h ey're m e etin g a t t h e m o m en t. I wish I ______________(ca n be) a fly on t h e w all.
8 This inf or m ation is i m port an t. I wish y o u ______________(give) it t o me b ef ore t h e meetin g.
 9 Verbs + -ing or infinitive (units 19-20)
Test 9.1 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ect w o r d s.
1 I really c a n't affor d t oeat/eating in such an e x p ensive rest aurant.
2 D o yo u mind to come/coming b ac k in h alf a n h o ur?
3 D o yo u w a n t to come/coming b ac k in h alf an h o u r?
4 K a t e d e nie d to give/giving t h e o ffice keys t o a n yo n e else.
5 H e a d mitt e d to make/making a serio us mistak e.
6 Remind/ Remember me t o call Sylvia this aft er n o o n.
7 I really e njoye d to visit/visiting yo u r co m p a ny an d m e e tin g all yo ur colleag ues.
8 I h o p e to be/being a t t h e ne x t m e etin g, b u t I'm n o t sure if I can m a k e it.
9 I e x p ect to be/being a t t h e ne x t m e etin g. I t hin k I can m a k e it.
10 If she isn't in t h e o ffice w h e n yo u call, k ee p to try/trying.
11 W e t e n d to recruit/recruiting p e o ple w h o can s h o w so m e e x p erience o f w o r k in g in a similar
e nviro n m e nt.
12 I refuse to believe/believing t h a t w e c a n't i m ple m e n t t h e plans.
13 W e m a n a g e d to get/getting t h e o u tco m e w e w e r e loo kin g for, b u t it w a s n 't easy.
14 I c a n't sta nd p e o ple to interrupt/interrupting all t h e ti m e. It's so rude.
15 W h e r e d o yo u f a n cy to go/going f o r lu nch t o d a y?
16 I've arra n g e d to meet/meeting t h e m a t t h eir hotel.
17 W e g u ar a n t e e to deliver/delivering t h e g o o ds by t h e e n d o f Ju n e .
18 Im a gine to win/winning t h e lott ery!
19 T he m a n a g er refuse d to see/seeing me.
20 I reali z ed I had f o r g o tt e n to pack/packing my p h o n e recharger.
21 If I miss my co n n ectio n , it m e a ns to arrive/arriving in Fra n k furt a ft er midnight.
22 I trie d to lift/lifting it, b u t it w a s t o o heavy.
23 I e n joy to get away/getting away t o t h e coast a t t h e w e e k e n d .
2 4 I'd love to get away/getting away t o t h e coast this w e e k e n d .
25 I tried t o p ersu a d e him, b u t he refuse d to listen/listening t o me.
26 I a d m it to be/being a little careless last tim e, b u t I w o n 't do it a gain.
27 W e nee d t o t a k e drastic actio n, b eca use w e risk t o lose/losing everyt hin g.
28 It's n o t w o r t h t o think/thinking a b o u t using t h e profits f o r reinvest m e nt, b ecause w e said w e'd p ay
shareh old ers a hig h er dividend.
29 T h e y'v e d ecid e d t o order/ordering 10 0 0 pieces this time.
30 He off ere d t o meet/meeting m e a t t h e airport.

Test 9.2 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c es w i t h t h e v e r b s in t h e b o x . C h o os e e it h e r t h e -ing f o r m or to + i n fin it iv e .

be ca use co m e co m pro mise get g e t t hr o u g h give make rise u n pac k w a it

1 T h ey a d mitt e d m a king a mist ak e o n t h e p a p erw or k .

2 Wa g es tend fast er t h a n inflation.
3 W e 'r e all g oing o u t f or a drin k a ft er w o r k . D o yo u fa n cy w it h us?
4 I c a n't m a n a g e w h e n I call t h e m . I k ee p _ a n e n g a g e d t o n e.
5 D o yo u mind _ . f o r a co u ple o f min ut es w h il e I finish o ff w h a t I'm d oin g h er e?
6 T h ey a gree d us t hirty m ore days t o p ay t h e invoice.
7 T h e logistics fir m d e nies t h e d a m a g e.
8 T h eir n e g o tia tin g p osition w a s very rigid. T h ey refused
9 I s a w him t h e g o o ds, a n d t h ere w a s no d a m a g e visible a t t h e time,
10 I e njoyed self - e m ploye d f o r a w h ile , b u t my inco m e w a s q uit e insecure.

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 10 Phrasal verbs (units 22-23)
M a t c h t h e b e g in n in g s o f s e n t e n c e s 1 - 12 w i t h t h e ir e n d in g s a - l.
1 In my jo b I deal a) aft er t h e w h ol es al e side.
2 T h e G o v e rn m e n t is tryin g t o cut b) up w it h d evelo p m e n ts in t h e field.
3 Here's t h e a p plica tio n f or m. C a n yo u fill c) w it h all t h e p a p er w or k relat ed t o
4 I deal w it h t h e retail side o f t h e business, an d cust o m e r accou nts.
K at e looks d) w i t h o u t him o n t h e n e g o tia tin g t e a m .
5 I h o p e Jo h n g ets b e tt er soon. W e c a n 't do e) up all y o ur files.
6 T ha n k s f o r yo u r call, a n d I look f) in w it h t h e co m p a n y culture an d t h e
7 First I'll give yo u a n o v er vie w o f t h e co m p a ny, an d o t h e r p e o ple in t h e d e p art m e n t.
t h e n I'll m ove g) d o w n o n b ure a ucracy in t h e p ublic
8 Be f ore yo u switch o ff t h e PC , m a k e sure yo u b ac k sector.
9 W e 'r e g oin g t hr o u g h a p eriod o f consolid a tio n, h) on t o o u tlin e t h e services w e o ff er an d
a n d so m e s maller co m p a nies in t h e m ar k e t will so m e plans w e h ave in t h e pipeline.
p ro b a bly be t a k e n i) over in t h e ne x t f e w years.
10 W e nee d so m e n e w typists chairs. I'll look j) f or w ar d t o m e e tin g yo u o n t h e t e nt h.
11 T hese days yo u ne e d t o d o a lot o f reading t o k) t hr o u g h so m e o nlin e ca t a lo g u es a n d
keep see w h a t I can fin d.
12 It's i m p o rt a n t t o fin d a ca n di d a t e w h o fits I) in b ot h sides an d sign it a t t h e botto m.

1 0 .2 R e w r i t e e ach s e n t e n c e b y re p la ci n g t h e u n d e rli n e d w o r d s w i t h a p h ras al v e r b fro m t h e b o x in

t h e co rr ect f o r m .

co m e across deal w it h g e t t hr o u g h g o over lo o k f o r w a rd -t o

pick up p u t b ac k t o run o u t o f sort o u t t a k e up

1 I t hin k I'm g oin g t o e njoy t h e w e e k e n d very m uch.

I'm looking forw ard to t h e w e e k e n d very much.
2 T h e m achin e occu pies a b o u t f o u r sq u are m eters o f flo o r space.
T h e m a c h i n e ___________________________________ a b o u t f o ur squ are meters o f flo or space.
3 I t hin k w e'll h ave t o d elay t h e m ee tin g until ne xt w e e k .
I t hin k w e'll h a v e ___________________________________ ne x t w e e k .
4 T h ey are n ot an easy co m p a n y t o d o business w i t h .
T h ey are n o t an e asy c o m p a n y - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5 T here's a small pro ble m. W e 'r e j ust tryin g t o c u t it right now.
T here's a small pro ble m. W e 'r e j ust t r y i n g - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - n o w.
6 C a n yo u collect m e fro m t h e air p ort in v o ur c a r?
C a n y o u ___________________________________ fro m t h e air p ort?
7 Be f ore w e finish, I'd j ust like t o su m m ari z e t h e main points again.
Be f ore w e finish, I'd j ust l i k e ___________________________________ t h e main points again.
8 W e h ave a lot o f w o r k t o c o m pl e t e .
W e h ave a lot o f w o r k t o - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9 I've lost my pen. Let m e k n o w if yo u fin d it bv c h a n c e .
I've lost my pen. Let m e k n o w i f ____________________________________
10 W e 'll h ave t o c o n tin u e t h e m e etin g t o m orro w. W e h ave no m ore ti m e left.
W e'll h ave t o c o n tin u e t h e m e etin g t o m orr o w. W e h a v e _________________________________
 T est 10

Test 10.3 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c es w i t h t h e w o r d s in t h e bo x .

away b ac k by down in to o ff ©r over out t hr o u g h up

1 H old °1L a m o m e nt, t h a t's n ot e x actly w h a t I said.

2 C lare will t a k e ________ my jo b w h e n I'm given m y n e w assig n m e n t ne x t m o nt h.
3 I h a t e it w h e n t h ey p u t yo u o n hold a n d yo u c a n't g e t ________ _
4 T he t ot al bill f o r f o u r nights w o r k s ________ a t € 4 6 0 .
5 T h e fac t o ry will c l o s e ________ ne x t year. T h ey're m ovin g p ro d uctio n t o Vie t n a m .
6 It's g oin g t o be difficult t o g e t ________ w it h such a small b u d ge t.
7 Pa ula g r e w ________ in a little villag e o u tsid e V enice.
8 I'll d ro p y o u ________ a t t h e sta tion on my w a y ho me.
9 I'll l o o k ________ t h e p ro ble m a n d g e t _________ t o yo u t o m orro w.
10 No, I d o n't h ave it a ny more. I t h r e w i t _____ *___ _

Test 10.4 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c es w i t h t h e p h ra sal v e r b s in t h e bo x .

catch up w it h cu t d o w n o n f a c e up t o faU- ba€k - ef» g e t b ac k t o

g e t alo n g w it h g e t aro u n d t o m ove o n t o run o u t o f sit in on

1 T h ere h ave b ee n a n u m b er o f u n e x p ect ed d evelo p m e n ts. It's luc ky w e h ave a co n tin g e ncy plan t o
fall back on
2 He's a very easy - going kind o f g uy - he c a n _________________ j ust a b o u t a nyo n e.
3 T h e q u ality re port says w e c a n _________________ a lot o f w a st e in t h e fac t o ry by re d ucing d e f ects an d
scrap.
4 W e 'v e tried everyt hin g a n d, basically, w e 'v e c o m p l e t e ly_________________ n e w ideas.
5 Sorry it's t a k e n so long t o _________________ a n sw e rin g y o ur e mail.
6 A r e yo u g oin g t o t h e rest a ura n t n o w ? I h ave a f e w t hin gs t o d o here in t h e office, b ut I'll
____________ yo u later.
7 Est era has j ust st art e d w o r k in g w it h us a n d I t h o u g h t it w o u ld be useful if she c o u l d - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
t h e m e etin g.
8 It's n o t g oin g t o be easy, b u t y o u h ave t o _________________ yo u r responsibilities.
9 N o w I'd like t o _________________ this ne x t slide, w h ic h sh o ws o u r sales by region.
10 I nee d so m e ti m e t o loo k into this. C a n I _________________ yo u la t er?

Test 10.5 M a t c h t h e b e g in n in g s o f s e n t e n c e s 1 - 12 w i t h t h e ir e n d in g s a - l.
1 M y p arents w e r e q uit e strict an d b ro u g h t m e a) it b ac k t o Frid ay?
2 W h e n are yo u arrivin g? W o u l d yo u like m e t o pick b) it f o r w ar d t o W e d n e s d a y?
3 W h e n are yo u le avin g? W o u l d yo u like m e t o drop c) up in a very tra ditio nal way.
4 Pe t e r? A n y c o m m e n ts? W o u l d yo u like t o co m e d) o f f t h e lights w h e n yo u leave.
5 A r e yo u w o r k in g la t e? Please m a k e sure yo u t urn e) up s m o k in g an d g o o n a diet.
6 I c a n't m a k e t h e m e e tin g o n T hursday. C a n w e bring f) yo u o f f?
7 I c a n't m a k e t h e m e e tin g o n Thursday. C a n w e p ut g) yo u u p?
8 1 h ave no idea w h a t it means. H ave yo u tried lo o king h) o ff w h e n 1e nt ere d a t u n n el.
9 T he cost o f o ur ra w ma terials sho uld co m e i) in h ere?
10 I'll try a n d fin d her. C a n yo u j ust hold j) on f o r a m o m e n t?
11 Sorry a b o u t t h a t - 1t hin k w e w e r e cut k) it up in an o nlin e dictio n ary?
12 M y d oct or says 1 sh o uld give 1) d o w n as t h e recession de e p e ns.

228
 11 make & do, have, get (unit 25)

Test 11.1 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h m a k e, d o or h a v e . Y o u m a y h a v e t o c h a n g e t h e f o r m .
1 W h a t are yo u doing a t t h e w e e k e n d?
2 I' m ________ serious d o u b ts a b o u t t h e w h o le t hin g.
3 O K, shall w e ________ a st a rt?
4 A r e yo u g oin g t o t h e post o f fic e? Ye s? C o ul d y o u ________ m e a f a v o u r?
5 C a n I ________ a su g g e stio n? W h y d o n't w e _________ a m e e tin g t o discuss w h a t t o _________ _
6 I t hin k w e ne e d t o ________ m ore t ests b e f ore w e _________ a final decision.
7 T h e c o m p a n y________ a lot o f m o n e y last year, b u t this ye ar w e'r e n o t _________ so well.
8 I t ________ m e really m a d w h e n p e o ple c a n 't _________ t h eir jobs properly.
9 I'm _...... ..... g re a t difficulty i n _________ plans w h e n everyt hin g is so con fusin g.
10 G o o n ! ________ a g o! It d o es n't m a tt er if y o u _________ a mistak e.
11 T h e help I g o t fro m my e m p l o y e r________ it possible f or m e t o _________ an M B A . I'm g oin g t o
________ t h e course a t ESA D E in Barcelo n a.
12 I' m ________ my best b u t I really c a n 't _________ sense o f t h ese figures. I' m _________ a lot o f tro u ble
seeing w h a t t h ey all refer to.
13 T h e n e w line f o r t h e Pra g u e m e tro has g o n e o u t t o t ender. W e ________ a g o o d c h a nc e t o w i n so m e
o f t h e w o r k , a n d I ________ no d o u b t t h a t w e s h o u l d _________ a bid.
14 I've b e e n ________ a lot o f over ti m e recently. I nee d t o _________ a rest - I'm e x hauste d.
15 T h e b uilders a r e ________ so m e w o r k o n t h e flo o r b e lo w a n d t h e y 'r e _________ a lot o f noise.
U nf ort u n a t ely, w e c a n 't ________ a nyt hin g a b o u t it.
16 W e d o n't n or m ally o ff e r t h os e t er m s t o first - time custo m ers, b u t in t his case I t hin k w e c a n ________
a n e xce ption.
17 I've j ust b e e n ________ t h e acco u n ts a n d it loo ks like w e f i n a ll y_________ a p rofit last quarter.
18 T h e m e n u loo ks really g o o d . I'm g oin g t o ________ French o nion sou p as a starter, a n d t h e n t h e pasta
w it h se af o o d . Bu t I t hin k I'll _ _ _ _ _ w i t h o u t dessert. I' m ________ a bit o f an e ff or t t o lose w ei g h t.

Test 11.2 M a t c h t h e uses o f g e t in s e n t e n c e s 1 - 8 w i t h t h e ir d ic t i o n a ry d e fi n it i o n s a - h (sth = s o m e th in g ,

sb = s o m e b o d y ).
1 I did n't g e t h o m e until eig h t last night. 0 a) o btain / receive / be given
2 I'm g e ttin g a direct flig h t t o A mst er d a m . b) b uy
3 W e 'r e o nly g ettin g a 4 % p ay rise t his year. 0 b eco m e
4 Did yo u g e t w h a t she w a s sayin g? d) arrive a t a place
5 It's no g oo d . W e 'll n ever g e t t h e m t o agree. e) bring sth / fetch
6 I'm g e ttin g tired. Shall w e c o n tin u e t o m o rr o w? f) u n d erst a n d
7 I sho uld g e t so m e thin g f o r my w i f e a t t h e airport. g) m a k e sb do sth / persuade
8 I'll g e t last year's fig ures. Ju st w a it a m o m e nt. h) travel by / catch

N o w m a tch e a ch s e n t e n c e 9 - 14 w i t h s o m e o f t h e d e fi n it i o n s a - h a b o v e .
9 I'm sorry, I did n't q uite g e t t h a t last point.
10 D o n't worry, yo u'll soon g e t used t o it.
11 I'm g ettin g eye strain fro m loo kin g a t t h e screen f o r t o o long.
12 Is t h a t yo ur n e w c ar? W h e n did yo u g e t it?
13 C a n I g e t yo u a drin k w h il e y o u'r e w a it i n g?
14 I g o t here by taxi.
 12 Reported speech (units 26-27)
Test 12.1 R e w r i t e e a ch q u e s ti o n in r e p o rt e d sp e ech. Use c o n t r a ct io n s w h e r e p ossible.
1 'A r e yo u g oin g o u t f o r lu n c h?' Ra hul ask e d me.
Ra hul ask e d m e i f ( whether) I was going out f or |u nc h.
2 'W h a t did you d o y es t er d a y?' C arol as ke d me.
C arol ask e d m e __________________________________________ t h e d ay before.
3 D mitry asked us, 'D o you o ft e n g o t o G er m a n y f o r m e e tin gs?'.
D mitry asked u s __________________________________________ f o r meetings.
4 'H o w m a ny in tervie ws h ave you d o n e t o d a y?' Patricia ask e d me.
Patricia ask e d m e __________________________________________ t h a t day.
5 'A r e yo u g oing t o ch a n g e jobs, S u e ?' asked Jose.
Jo se ask e d Su e __________________________________________ _
6 'W h o did yo u t al k t o a t t h e c o n f e r e n c e?' Ya n m ei ask e d me.
Ya n m ei ask e d m e __________________________________________ a t t h e co nf ere nce.
7 T he t ech nicia n ask e d me, 'Will you be here t o m o rr o w?'.
T h e t ech nicia n ask e d m e __________________________________________ t h ere t h e ne x t day.
8 'W h e r e are yo ur n e w o f fic e s?' M ar y ask e d me.
M ar y ask e d m e __________________________________________ _
9 'H a v e yo u seen A n t o n re c e n tly?' he as k e d me.
H e aske d m e __________________________________________ recently.
10 He asked me 'Will you be seeing Masu m i over t h e ne xt f e w d a ys?'.
He asked m e __________________________________________ ove r t h e ne xt f e w days.

Test 12.2 Re m e m b e r t h a t in r e p o rt e d sp e ech t h e r e are o t h e r c h a n g e s as w e ll as t h e v e r b c h a n g e. R e w r i t e

e ach s e n t e n c e b e l o w in re p o rt e d sp e ech, c h a n g in g all t h e u n d e rli n e d w o r d s.
1 Tony said t o me, 'I'M see you here t o m o r r o w'.
He said ____________________________________________________________________________ _
2 'W e receive d vo ur e m ail u p d a t e a b o u t t his issue last w e e k .' t h ey said.
T h ey said ____________________________________________________________________________

Test 12.3 R e w r i t e e ach s e n t e n c e in r e p o rt e d sp e e ch , usin g a v e r b f ro m t h e bo x .

advise d a p olo gi z e d f o r co n g ra t u la t e d on invite d o ff ere d p re m is e d refused su g g est e d

1 'I'll m e e t yo u a t t h e airp ort, Ek a t erin a,' said Jaroslav.

Jarosla v promised to meet Ekaterina a t t h e airport.
2 'W o u l d you like t o co m e t o t h e p ro d uct la unch, Je a n ?' as ke d Chris.
C h r i s__________________________________________ t h e p ro d uct launch.
3 I w o u l d n't sign t h e co n tr act if I w e r e you, T od d,' said Patsy.
Pa t s y - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - t h e contract.
4 'H o w a b o u t g ettin g an alt ern a tive q u o t e?' said Ronan.
R o n a n __________________________________________ an alt ern a tive q uote.
5 'I'm sorry f o r arriving so lat e,' said Serena.
S e r e n a __________________________________________ so late.
6 'Shall I give you a li ft?' said Leon.
L e o n __________________________________________ m e a lift.
7 'W e ll d o n e, y o u'v e w o n t h e E m ploye e o f t h e Year a w a r d !' he said.
H e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - h e r ______________________ Em ploye e o f t h e Ye ar a w ar d .
8 'N o, I c a n't acce p t a ny f u rt h er d elays,' said Pat.
P a t __________________________________________ a n y f urt h e r delays.
 13 Relative clauses (units 28-29)

Test 13.1 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h w h o , w h o s e , w h ic h o r th a t. So m e t i m e s t w o a n s w e rs a re p ossible.

1 T h e sta tio n ery that/which y0U or dere d has arrive d.
2 T h e s p e a k e r_________________ p rese nt a tio n I heard b e f ore lu nch w a s very g oo d .
3 T h e s p e a k e r,_________________ w a s a n aca d e m ic fro m a n A m erica n b usiness sch o ol, g ave an ov ervie w
o f gree n b usiness o p p ortu nities.
4 Ev e r y o n e_________________ I m e t in t h e W a r s a w o ffice aske d h o w yo u w er e.
5 This p r o d u c t ,_________________ f e a t ures are d escrib e d in t h e leaflet, sells very w ell.
6 This p r o d u c t ,_________________ is o ur b est seller, is availa ble in f o u r colours.
7 T h e first t h i n g _________________ yo ur custo m ers will n o tice is t h e price.
8 T h e i n f o r m a t i o n ,_________________ is strictly co n fid e n tial, co m es fro m a very g o o d source.
9 T h e p e rs o n _________________ b o o k this is w a n ts it back.
10 T h e p e rs o n ,_________________ h a d b e e n see n earlier by t h e security g uar d, tried t o run o ff w it h my
h a n d b a g.
11 T h e p e r s o n _________________ le n t m e t his b o o k w a n t s it back.
12 T h e p e r s o n _________________ I b orr o w e d this b o o k fro m w a n ts it back.

Test 13.2 Lo o k b ac k a t t h e p r e vio u s e x ercise a n d d e cid e if y o u ca n miss o u t t h e r e l a t iv e p r o n o u n { w h o ,

w h o s e , w h ic h , t h a t ). If y o u ca n, p u t a b r a c k e t a r o u n d t h e w or d / s. If y o u ca n't , w r i t e a tic k ( / ) a t
t h e e n d . Se e t h e e x a m p les:
1 T h e sta tio n ery (that/which) yo u or dere d has arrive d.
2 T h e sp e a k er whose p resen ta tio n I heard b e f ore lu nch w a s very g o o d . /

Test 13.3 In Test 13.1, t w o a n s w e rs w e r e p o ssib le in 1, 4, 7, 11 a n d 12. A n s w e r t h e s e q u es ti o n s:

1 For p eo ple, w h ic h relative p ro n o u n is m ore co m m o n in speech: who or that?
2 For t hin gs, w h ic h relative p ro n ou n is m ore c o m m o n in sp eech: which or that?

Test 13.4 R e w r i t e e ach p a ir o f s e n t e n c e s as o n e s e n t e n c e usin g t h e w o r d in b r ac k e ts.

1 Rani s h o w e d m e a m a g a z in e article. It w a s really interesting, (w h ic h)
Rani show ed me a magazine article which was r e a | | y interesting.
2 W e w e n t t o a p rese nt atio n yest erday. It w a s very interestin g, (t h a t)
T h e p re s e n t a ti o n_____________________________________________________ very interesting.
3 W e w e n t t o a p resen ta tio n yest erday. It w a s very interestin g, (t h a t)
W e w e n t t o a _____________________________________________________ very interesting.
4 I b orr o w e d a frien d's la pt o p . H e w a n ts it back, (w h ose)
T h e f r i e n d _____________________________________________________ back.
5 So m e Ja p a n e s e visitors ca m e yesterday. T h ey g ave m e this gift, (w h o)
T h e Ja p a n e se visit o rs_____________________________________________________ this gift.
6 This is a gift. T h e Ja p a n e se visitors w h o ca m e yester day g ave it t o me. (t h a t)
This is t h e g i f t _____________________________________________________ g av e me.
7 A n a d ministrat or runs o ur office. She's g e ttin g marrie d t o m orr o w, (w h o)
T h e a d m i n is t r a t o r_____________________________________________________ g ettin g m arrie d t o m orro w.
8 I m e t a w o m a n . H er sister w o r k s f o r ABN . (w h ose)
I m e t _____________________________________________________ ABN .
9 A ma n is w a iti n g in reception. H e w a n t s t o see you. (w h o)
T h e m a n _____________________________________________________ see you.
 aa Nouns, pronouns and articles
(units 30-35)
Test 14.1 Cross o u t t h e m ist a k e in e ach lin e a n d w r i t e t h e c or r ec ti o n a t t h e e n d .
1 I sp e n t a --t i m e t alk in g t o Stanislav, a n d t h e n I w e n t h o m e. some time
2 Kat e's sister is doct or. __________________
3 Is this c o n f e re n ce p ro gra m m e y o ur or m i n e? __________________
4 T h ey say t h a t t h e w i n e is g o o d f o r yo u in small a m ou n ts. __________________
5 W r i t e d o w n t h e full p ro d uct co d e all t h e ti m e yo u sell so m e t hin g. __________________
6 C a n yo u give m e an a d vic e? __________________
7 I'm sorry, w e h ave t w o eleva t ors b ut eit h er o n e is in service. __________________
8 I nee d so m e in f orm a tions a b o u t acc o m m o d a tio n in Lo n d o n. __________________
9 W e all trie d t o g e t t h e m a chin e w o r k in g b u t no o n e o f us co uld d o it. __________________
10 Wa l k in g will t a k e t o o long - let's g o w it h t h e taxi. ___________ _
11 Sorry I'm late, t h e traffic w e r e very busy. __________________
12 O u r m ar k e tin g direct or is e xcellent. Sh e has so m uch g o o d ideas. __________________
13 A: 'H o w m a ny p e o ple visited yo ur sta n d this a f t e r n o o n?' B: 'N o a t all.' _________________
14 H ave yo u ever m e t t h e colle a g u e o f Ja n e ? __________________
15 There's co ff e e a n d t here's t e a. You can h ave b ot h. __________________
16 T h ere is t o o f e w in f or m a tion t o m a k e a decision. __________________
17 W e h ave t w o basic m o dels - every o n e has slightly diff ere n t f eat ures. __________________
18 H ave yo u seen t h e inflation p re dictio ns in t h e Ministrys re p o rt? __________________
19 W e h a ve n't g o t chairs e n o u g h f o r t h e m e etin g. __________________
20 T here are n o n e spare parts in stock a t t h e m o m e nt. __________________
21 Turn on t h e T V - t h e n e w s are on in a f e w minut es. __________________
22 You'll fin d all t h e statistics a t t h e re port's e n d. __________________
23 W e 'r e a lea ding player in eit h er t h e film an d m usic industries. __________________
2 4 T h ere are e n o u g h fre e sa m ples f o r o n e every. __________________
25 Luisa k ee ps t al kin g a b o u t t h a t idea o f her's. __________________
26 C o uld yo u give m e a n in f or m a tion, p le ase? __________________
27 C a n yo u sp ea k u p? I c a n't h e ar n o thin g. __________ _________
2 8 W e loo k e d a t t w o possible sites b ut eit h er o f t h e m w e r e t o o small. __________________
29 A t t h e e n d o f m y p resen ta tio n, t h ere w a s n 't no single q uestion. __________________
30 Please co m e b ac k t o m orro w. T h ere isn't no o n e t o see yo u t od ay. __________________
31 Please p u t t h e m a n u al b ac k in it's p ro p er place w h e n yo u finish. __________________
32 He's o nly g o t t h e j o b b ecause he's t h e boss son. __________________

Test 14.2 Each p a ir o f w o r d s co n t a i n s o n e c o u n t a b l e n o u n a n d o n e u n c o u n t a b l e n o u n . W r i t e t h e w o r d s in

t h e c o rr ec t c ol u m n b e l o w a n d w r i t e a/an or some b e f o r e t h e w o r d .
acco m m o d a tio n / a p art m e n t desk / f urnit ure b ag / lu g ga g e work / jo b travel / trip tro u ble / pro ble m
cha nce / luck wine / litre e q uip m e n t / m achin e d ollar / m oney e m ail / corresp on d ence fact / inf or m a tio n
advice / su g g estio n hour / tim e trainin g / co urse law / legislatio n progress / step f or w a r d
idea / brainst or min g policy / insurance

C o u n t a b le n o u n s U n c o u n t a b l e n o u ns
an apartment some accommodation

232
 Test 14

T e s t 1 4 .3 C o m p l e t e t h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e so t h a t i t h a s a s i m il a r m e a n i n g t o t h e f i r s t s e n t e n c e a n d c o n t a i n s
t h e w o r d in b r a c k e t s .
1 T h e bo x isn't e mpty, (so m e t hin g)
There 's something in t h e box.
2 Let m e tell yo u w h a t I t hi n k yo u sho uld do. (a d vice)
Let m e give y o u - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 W e trave le d t h e re o n t h e train, (by)
W e trave le d t h e r e ___________________________________________________________________________
4 I f e el w o rrie d , (so m e t hin g)
me.
5 Every m ornin g I w a l k t o t h e office, (f o o t)
Every m ornin g I g o t o t h e o f f i c e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
6 M ar tin is a frie n d o f m y boss, (o n e)
M artin i s ____________________________________________________________________________________
7 Sin e a d a dvises p e o ple a b o u t t h eir tax. (advisor)
Sin e a d i s ____________________________________________________________________________________
8 M a n u e la k n o w s this b usiness b e tt er t h a n a nyo n e, (k n o w s)
b e tt er t h a n Ma n u e la.
9 I h a ve n't g o t a nyt hin g t o do. (g ot)
I'v e _____________________________________________________________________________________ do.
10 W e are all t e a drin k ers here, (every b o d y)
_________________________________________________________________________________________ t ea.
11 A r e w e g oin g t o be driven t h e r e? (driving)
Is _________________________________________________________________________________ us t h e re?
12 Pe o ple w h o are u n e m ploye d nee d b ett er trainin g progra m m es, (t he)
b e tt er training progra m m es.
13 T he p ro t o ty p e nee ds t o be ch a n g e d a lot. (redesig ning)
T he p ro t o ty p e n e e d s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
14 W e c a n't d o a n yt hin g, (n o thin g)
T h e r e ___________________________________________________________________________________ do.
15 W h a t did t h a t piece o f m achin ery co st? (h o w)
t h a t piece o f m achin ery cost?
16 T here is little travel in my job. (m uch)
T h e r e _______________________________________________________________________travel in my job.
17 C lara d o es people's acco u nts f or her job. (acco u n t a n t)
Clara i s ____________________________________________________________________________________ _
18 N o o n e w a s o n ti m e yest er day, (la te)
____________________________________________________________________________________yesterday.
19 T h ere w a s n o thin g I co uld d o a b o u t it. (c o u ld n't)
I ___________________________________________________________________________________ a b o u t it.
20 N o b o d y a t all w a s availa ble t o see me. (single)
N o t ________________________________________________________________ w a s available t o see me.
21 T here isn't a n y reason t o worry, (no)
____________________________________________________________________________ reason t o worry.
22 T he re p ort did n ot con t ain t h e inf orm atio n I w a n t e d , (in)
T h e in f or m atio n I w a n t e d ____________________________ ________ ____ __________ ______ t h e re port.
23 This co p y b elo n gs t o t h e cust omer, (cop y)
This i s ______________________________________________________________________________________
2 4 There's n o thin g in t h e p ost t his m ornin g, (a n yt hin g)
___ ________________________________________________________________ in t h e post t his m orning.
 15 Adjectives and adverbs (units 36-40)

Test 1 5 .1 Cross o u t t h e m ist a k e in e ach lin e a n d w r i t e t h e c orr ec ti o n a t t h e e n d .

1 I'm really interesting in t h e area o f in n ovatio n in o nlin e retailing.
2 T h ey say t h ey'll finish t h e n e w sh o p pin g mall until t h e e n d o f t h e year. ____________
3 Pe ter has been w o r k in g very hardly o n t h e C -Plan project. ____________
4 I b o u g h t a blue lovely silk tie. ____________
5 W e ha d a g re a t ti m e o n holiday. T h e p e o ple w e r e t o o friendly. _____ _______
6 This m a g a z in e article is e x tre m ely e x cellent - it's w o r t h readin g. ____________
7 O n t h e w h o le I t h o u g h t t h e m e e tin g w e n t very g oo d . ____________
8 Using my PC f o r a long ti m e m a k es my eyes f e el tiring. ____________
9 N eve r w e give disco unts o n t h ese pro d ucts - w e j ust d o n't ne e d t o. ____________
10 A r e yo u interesting in e x t en din g t h e w a rr a n t y? ____________
11 T here is t o o m uch n e w in f orm a tion t h a t I'm still a little co n fuse d . ____________
12 It w a s so a risky project t h a t w e d ecid ed t o ca ncel it. ____________
13 In my o pinio n t h eir m a n a g e m e n t t e a m is n o t e n o u g h e x p erience d. ____________
14 I d o n't h ave ti m e e n o u g h t o d o it n o w - can it w a it until ne xt w e e k ? ____________
15 T heir co m p a n y is larger as ours. ................
16 T h eir co m p a ny is j ust as large t h a n ours. ____________
17 It's t h e b ett er price I can offer. ____________
18 I've b een w o r k in g in this co m p a n y since t hree mont hs. ____________
19 T he n e g otia tio n w a s such t e nse w e ha d t o call a short break. ____________
20 W h e n I will g e t back, I'll give yo u a ring. ____________
21 I h ave t o g o o u t t o mail this p ac k a g e until t h e p ost office closes. ____________
22 You w o r k much h ard er as t h ey d o - yo u d eserve t h e pro m otio n.
23 In my o pinio n o ur prices are so high in relation t o o ur co m p e titors. ........ ........
2 4 Last w e e k's m e e tin g w a s very pro d uctive, b u t this o n e w a s little useful.
25 G o lf isn't as g o o d f o r fitn ess an d h e alt h t h a n swi m m in g. ................
2 6 I'll w a it here by six, t h e n I'll assu m e y o u'r e n o t co m in g. ____________

Test 15.2 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n ces w i t h a t i m e a d v e r b or p re p o siti o n. C h o os e fro m : in, on, at, for, since,
during, while, ago, afterwards, after, then.
1 Shall w e all go o u t f or a meal 9H my birt h d ay?
2 He start ed w o r k in g here f o ur years ........................
3 He's b ee n w o r k in g h e r e ___________ _ f o u r years.
4 He's b ee n w o r k in g h e r e ....................._ leaving university.
5 T h e flig h t a r r iv e s______________Tuesday a f t e r n o o n ______________ f o u r t h i r t y ______________ t h e
aft er n o o n.
6 I arrive d a t t h e m e e tin g ______________ ti m e t o ch a t w it h so m e o f t h e o t h er p articipants.
7 Let's try t o start t h e m e e tin g time.
8 M y p rese nt atio n will finish a t midday, so w e co uld m e e t f o r l u n c h _______________
9 I'll give my p r e s e n t a ti o n ,______________I'll nee d a little ti m e t o relax.
10 D o n't w o r r y !......... ............ yo u r p resent atio n yo u'll be a ble t o relax.
11 I've b ee n w a i t i n g ______________ m ore t h a n an hour.
12 W e m a k e up o ur a c c o u n t s______________ t h e e n d o f every quarter.
13 W e h ave t hre e shifts in t h e fact ory, inclu ding o n e t h a t w o r k s ______________ night.
14 I h ave n't heard fro m t h e m ______________ t hree w ee k s.
15 I h a ve n't heard fro m t h e m ______________last w e e k .
16 my prese nt atio n t h e p rojector su d d e nly sto p p e d w or k in g.
17 _____________ I w a s t al kin g t h e p roject or su d d e nly sto p p e d w o r k in g .
18 t h e su m m er w e usually h ave a sale, (two answers)
 Test 15

T e s t 1 5 .3 C o m p l e t e t h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e so it h a s a s i m il a r m e a n i n g t o I h e 't i r s t s e n t e n c e a n a corttaTns^'rrre
w o r d / s in b r a c k e t s .
1 Y o u r spe ech w a s really e xcellent, (spo k e)
Yo u spo / ce really well
2 W e st arte d w o r k in g o n t h e project in Ja n u ary, (work in g / since)
W e ________________________________________________________________________________
3 Retail b a n k in g isn't as p rofita ble as invest m e n t b an k in g , (more)
Invest m e nt b a n k i n g _______________________________________________________________ _
4 Sh e's a v ery caref ul w ork er, (w ork s)
S h e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - :- - - -
5 I've n ever seen w o rs e service t h a n this, (ever)
This is ......... .......................................................................................................... .
6 M o n ic a left Paris in Ju ly (staye d)
M o n i c a ________________________________________________________________________ July.
7 D o yo u fin d o p era in t erestin g?
A re ... ..................... ....... ................................................................................... .........?
8 T h e m e e tin g ha d a p ositive finish, (finish e d)
The m e e tin g - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9 This last w e e k has b ee n hard w o r k f o r yo u. (w o r k e d)
You h a v e ____________________________________________________________ t his last w e e k .
10 Lee is a b a d golfer, (plays golf)
L e e ________________________________________________________________________________
11 Lee is a g o o d golfer, (plays golf)
L e e _______________________________________________________________________________ _
12 C o uld yo u n ot t al k so fast, p le ase? (slowly)
C o uld y o u _________________________________________________________________ ple ase?
13 T h e C hin e se m ar k e t is big g er t h a n t h e Indian m ark et, (as)
T h e Indian m a r k e t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
14 A lain sells t h e sa m e n u m b er o f pro d ucts as Thierry, (just)
A lain s e lls_________________________________________________________________________ _
15 T h e o t h er m e m b ers o f t h e t e a m are m ore e x p erienced t h a n Romy. (least)
R o m y______________________________________________________________________________
16 W h il e t h ey w e r e in t ervie win g m e I n otice d a stain o n my shirt, (t h e int ervie w)
I n otice d a stain on my shirt.
17 I start ed this jo b in 2 0 0 8. (doin g / since)
I __________________________________________________________________
18 Dian e is on holiday. She's b ac k ne xt w e e k , (a w a y on holid ay)
Dian e i s _________________________________________________________________ ne x t w e e k .
19 T h e train arrive d e x actly w h e n it w a s su p pose d to. (tim e)
T he train a r r iv e d __________________________________________________________________ _
20 His in terve ntio n w a s t o o late t o save t h e n e g otiatio ns, (tim e)
H e d id n't i n t e r v e n e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
21 I n e e d y o u r re p ort o n Frid ay a t t h e latest, (by)
I n e e d _______________________________________________________________________ Friday.
22 W e tried hard b ut fin ally w e g ave up. (e n d)
W e tried hard b u t __________________________________________________________________
23 W e 'v e b ee n b uilding this p ro t o ty p e f or f o u r mont hs, (started / ago)
W e ________________________________________________________________________________
2 4 It's t w e lv e a n d I've b een w a iti n g f o r you since ten. (t w o)
I've b ee n w a iti n g f or y o u ____________________________________________________ hours.
 16 Prepositions (units 46-49)
Test 16.1 C o m p le t e t h e s e n te n ce s w i t h a p re p o sitio n . C h o o se fro m : at, in, on, over, to, under.
1 M y b ro t h er w or k s &L t h e airport.
2 C a n yo u call m e b ac k? I' m ..... ....... t h e mid dle o f a m eetin g.
3 T h e taxi d ro p p e d m e o f f ________ my h o t e l_______ __ t h e city centre.
4 W e f l e w ________ t h e n e w sports sta diu m as w e w e r e la n din g.
5 H e ha d a s u it c a s e________ o n e ha nd, a n d his g olf c l u b s_________ t h e other.
6 G o d o w n t h e corrid or a n d my o ffice i s ________ t h e right.
7 T here's a fire e s c a p e ________ t h e b ac k o f t h e b uilding.
8 Sh e w a s n 't f e elin g w ell a n d t h e d oct or se nt h er ............ hospital.
9 She's s p e a k i n g ..........__ t h e p h o n e right n o w - can I ask her t o call yo u b ac k?
10 He had a p ortrait o f hi mself h a n g i n g ________ t h e w all.
11 T h e au t h or's n a m e i s ________ t h e b o tt o m o f t h e page.
12 In t h e old days, b e fore t h e t u n n el w a s built, yo u ha d t o d r i v e ________ t h e Alps.
13 I h ave six j u ni or m a n a g ers w o r k i n g ________ me.
14 I'll be w o r k i n g ________ h o m e f o r m ost o f t o m orro w.
15 Hello. This is Ulri ke sp ea kin g. I' m ________ Pa r is ,_________ t h e H ot el Versailles.
16 Susa n n a's j ust rung. S h e 's________ t h e rest a ura n t havin g a drink.
17 Susa n n a's j ust ru ng. S h e 's________ t h e bus stop.
18 Ji m g ave m e a l i f t ________ t h e s t a t i o n _________ his car.
19 I m e t K a t i________ t h e bus yesterday.
20 Stra tf or d i s ________ t h e river T ha m es.
21 W h o is g oing t o b e ________ t h e c h a i r_________t h e ne x t m e e t in g?
22 O u r offices a r e ________ t h e f o ur t h floor.

Test 16.2 D ecid e w h ic h p re p o sitio n fro m t h e b o x g o e s w i t h e ach v e r b .

a b o u t (x 2) a g ainst f or (x3) fro m (x2) in (x 2) into o f (x2) o n (x 3) t o (x3) w it h (x2)

1 I m ust a p olo gi z e I2 L being late.

2 W e l c o m e ______________ C olo g n e!
3 I'd j ust like t o a d d s o m e t h i n g ______________ w h a t Ja w a d j ust said.
4 Is t h e fact ory i n s u r e d______________ fire d a m a g e?
5 T he co st? We ll, it d e p e n d s______________ w h a t y o u'r e l o o k i n g ______________ _
6 T h e w h o le p ac k a g e c o n sis t s______________ t h e main u nit plus t h ese f o ur accessories.
7 I've divide d my p r e s e n t a ti o n ..................... . t hr e e main parts.
8 W e nee d t o diversify t o p reve n t u s ______________ b eco min g t o o d e p e n d e n t o n j ust o n e pro d uct.
9 Please, let me p a y ______________ this.
10 W e can sup ply yo ur o u t l e t s______________ a full ra n g e o f sizes.
11 W e s p e ci a li z e______________ cat ering e q ui p m e n t f or t h e rest aura nt and hotel sectors.
12 Do you k n o w a n y t h i n g ______________ t h e m ark e t in t h e G ulf st at es?
13 He co n g ra t ula t e d u s ______________ g ettin g t h e co n tract.
14 Lisbon re minds me a b i t ______________ Sa n Francisco: t h e bridge, t h e hills, t h e w ea t her.
15 Please re mind m e ______________ her birt h d ay nearer t h e time.
16 I a g r e e _________ _____ you.
17 D oes this bag b e l o n g ______________ a n yo n e h ere?
18 In t h e ne x t m e e tin g I t hin k w e sho uld f o c u s______________ t h e plan ning sche d ule.
19 I invest ed all my s a v i n g s______________ stocks in 2 0 0 7, a n d a f e w years la ter I ha d al m ost n o thin g left.
20 W e ha d a t e m p or ary cash - flow pro ble m a n d ha d t o b orro w m o n e y______________ t h e bank.
 Test 16

Test 16.3 U n d e rli n e t h e co rr ec t w o r d in t h e s e a d j e c t iv e + p r e p o sit io n co m b in a ti o n s.

1 A r e yo u certain to/about/from t h a t?
2 of/on/by t h e m f or o u r parts.
I h o p e t h eir w o r k ers d o n't g o o n strike. W e 'r e d e p e n d e n t
3 This line is very p o p ular for/to/with cust o m ers loo kin g f o r valu e f o r money.
4 O ur co u n try is lackin g in/of/for e n er g y resources - w e h ave t o i m p ort all o ur oil a n d gas.
5 O u r co u n try is rich in/of/for e n e r g y resources - w e e x p ort a lot o f oil a n d gas.
6 A r e you a w a re to/by/of j ust h o w serious t his p ro ble m is?
7 A r e yo u intereste d in/for/of long - term ca pit al g ro wt h or re g ular in co m e?
8 I'm a n n oy e d with/for/about t h e m with/for/about b eing so infle xible.
9 W h a t g u ara n t e es can yo u give a b o u t yo ur q u ality? It's i m p o rt a n t to/for/by us.
10 O u r n e t w or k solutio n will k ee p yo u saf e against/for/from hack ers a n d viruses.
11 M y jo b is very u n pre dict a ble - yo u h ave t o be re ad y for/about/to a nyt hin g.
12 I f e lt sorry for/about/to Edi w h e n he g o t t h e results fro m t h e hospital.
13 Let m e use a calculator. I'm n ot very g o o d at/for/by maths.
14 It's o ft e n g o o d at/for/by y o ur care er if yo u w o r k a b roa d f or a f e w years.
15 I'm responsible for/to/of a t e a m o f six consulta nts.
16 If a nyt hin g g o es w r o n g , I'm directly resp onsible for/to/of t h e CE O .

Test 16.4 C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h a n o u n f ro m list A a n d a p r e p o sitio n fro m list B.

A : a d va n t a g e a d vice co m plia nce increase invest m e n t lack m a tter

pessimism p4ee reason reply solutio n su bstit ut e tro u ble

B: a b o u t f or f or in in ef of of on to to w it h w it h w it h

1 A t the m o m ent the price o f oil is a b o u t $ 7 5 a barrel.

2 C a n yo u tell m e t h e _________________ t h e d e la y? W e 'v e been w a itin g a long tim e.
3 T h e m a i n _________________ pro p osal B is t h a t it's m uch cheaper.
4 T h e _________________ pro p osal A is t h a t it's very e x pensive.
5 W h a t's t h e _________________ Jill? Sh e looks ra th er upset.
6 H ave t h ey se nt a _________________ y o ur last e m ail?
7 T here's a __________________ e x p erience a t senior m a n a g e m e n t level.
8 I'm sure w e can fin d a _________________ this proble m, b u t it m ay t a k e so m e tim e.
9 C l ever ad vertisin g is n o _________________ g o o d q u ality a t a re aso na ble price.
10 This y e ar w e'r e m a kin g a m a j o r_________________ n e w t ech n olog y.
11 C a n yo u give m e s o m e _________________ t h e best w a y t o invest my savin gs?
12 Everyo n e's w o rrie d a b o u t t h e f u ture. T here's a lot o f _________________ t h e econ o my.
13 T h e t e n d e r has t o be a n o p e n an d tra nsp are n t process, i n _________________ EU re gulatio ns.
14 Last y e ar t h ere w a s a n _________________ o p era tin g costs o f 4 % .

Test 16.5 C o m p le t e t h e t e x t w i t h t h e p r e p o sit io n s in t h e bo x .

across a t (x 3) down inside n ear ne x t t o o ff on (x 3) o p p osit e to

Liz left early t o g o t o her j o b in terview. Sh e g o t 12H t h e bus, paid h er fare t o t h e d river an d w e n t
2______________ Sh e sat d o w n 3______________ a frien dly - loo king w o m a n an d st arte d ch a ttin g. T h ey
discovere d t h ey w e r e b ot h g oin g 4______________ t h e sa m e sto p. 'I'v e g o t an in t e rvie w 5______________
a place calle d Park H o use,' said Liz. 'Is i t 6______________ t h e sto p w h e r e w e g e t o f f?' 'Yes, it's n o t far.
You w a l k 7______________ t h e park, 8______________ For bes Roa d, a n d it's 9_______________t h e right,
10______________ t h e e n d o f t h e ro a d,' t h e w o m a n re plied. 'In fact, I live 11______________ t h e o t h e r side o f
t h e road, j u s t 1 2 _______ _ , so I can s h o w yo u t h e w a y.' W h e n t h ey arrive d 13______________ t h eir sto p
t h ey g o t 14______________ tog et her.
endix 1 Regular verbs: all forms
Present sim ple (u n i t 1)
Affir m a tive: l / you / we / they w o r k . She / he / it w o r k s.
Q u estio n: D o l / you / we / they w o r k ? D o es she / he / it w o r k ?
N e g ative: l / you / we / they d o n 't w o r k . She / he / it d o e s n't w o r k .

Present continuous (u n i t 1)
Affir m a tive: I a m h el p in g . You / we / th ey a re h el p in g . She / he / it is h elpin g.
Q u estio n: A m I h e l p i n g? A r e you / we / t hey h e l p i n g? Is she / he / it h e lp i n g?
N e g ative: I'm n o t h el p in g. You / we / th ey a r e n 't h e lp in g. She / he / it is n't h el p in g.

Past sim ple (u n it 3)

A ffir m a tive: l / you / she / he / it / we / they st a rt e d .
Q u estio n: Did l / you / she / he / it / we / they s t a r t?
N e g ative: l / you / she / he / it / we / they d i d n 't st art.
For irregular past simple forms see Appendix 2.

Past continuous (u n i t 3)
A ffir m a tive: l /she / he /it w a s h e lp in g. You / we / th ey w e r e h el pi n g.
Q u estio n: W a s l /she / he /it h e l p i n g? W e r e you / we / t hey h e l p i n g?
N eg ative: l /she / he /it w a s n 't h el p in g. You / we / th ey w e r e n 't h elp in g.

Past perfect (u n it 4)
A ffir m a tive: l / you / she / he / it / we / they h a d a rrive d .
Q u estio n: H a d l / you / she / he / it / we / they a r r iv e d ?
N eg ative: l / you / she / he / it / we / they h a d n 't a rriv e d .

u s e d t o (u n i t 4)
A ffir m a tive: l / you / she / he / it / we / they use d t o w o r k .
Q u estio n: Did l / you / she / he / it / we / they use t o w o r k ?
N eg ative: l / you / she / he / it / we / they d i d n 't use t o w o r k .

Present perfect (u n i t 5)
A ffir m a tive: l / you / we / they h a v e lo o k e d . She / he / it h as lo o k e d .
Q u estio n: H a v e l / you / we / they l o o k e d? H as she / he / it l o o k e d?
N e g ative: l / you / we / they h a v e n 't lo o k e d . She / he / it h a s n't lo o k e d .

Present perfect con tinuous (unit 6)

A ffir m a tive: l / you / we / they h a v e b e e n w a it i n g . She / he / it h as b e e n w a it i n g .
Q u estio n: H a v e l / you / we / they b e e n w a i t i n g ? H as she / he / it b e e n w a i t i n g ?
N e g ative: l / you / we / they h a v e n 't b e e n w a i t i n g . She / he / it h a s n't b e e n w a it i n g .

w i l l (u n it 7)
A ffir m a tive: l / you / she / he / it / we / they'll + u n d e rs t a n d .
Q u estio n: W i ll l / you / she / he / it / we / they + u n d e rs t a n d?
N e g ative: l / you / she / he / it / we / they w o n 't + u n d e rs t a n d .
b e g o in g to (u n i t 7)
A ffir m a tive: I' m / y o u'r e / s h e's / h e's / it's / w e'r e / t h ey'r e g o i n g t o + c h e d
Q u estio n: A m I / Are you / ls she / ls he / ls it / Are w e / A r e t h e y g o in g t o
N e g ative: I'm not / You a re n't / Sh e isn't, etc. g o in g t o + check.

F u t u r e p e r f e c t ( u n i t 8)
Affir m a tive: l / you / she / he / it / we / they w ill h a v e fin is h e d .
Q u estio n: W i l l l / you / she / he / it / we / they h a v e fi n is h e d?
N e g ative: l / you / she / he / it / we / they w o n 't h a v e fin is h e d .

P a s s i v e (u n i t 9)
A c t iv e Pa ssiv e
Sh e helps. Sh e is h el p e d .
Sh e is helping. Sh e is b e in g h e lp e d
Sh e helpe d. Sh e w a s h e lp e d
Sh e w a s helping. Sh e w a s b e in g h elp e d .
Sh e ha d helpe d Sh e h a d b e e n h el p e d
Sh e has helpe d. Sh e h as b e e n h e lp e d
Sh e will help. Sh e w ill b e h e lp e d
Sh e will h ave helpe d. Sh e w ill h a v e b e e n h e lp e d

R e p o r t e d s p e e c h ( u n i t 2 6)
A ctu al w ord s spok en Re p o r t
'1 w o r k t h er e.' He said (t h a t) he w o r k e d t here.
'I'm w o r k in g t h er e.' H e said (t h a t) he w a s w o r k i n g there.
'1 t o o k it.' He said (t h a t) he t o o k it / had t a k e n it.
'1 w a s reading it.' H e said (t h a t) he h a d b e e n re a d in g it.
'1 ha d left by t h e n .' H e said (t h a t) he h a d l e f t by t he n.
'I'v e f or g o t t e n it.' H e said (t h a t) he h a d f o r g o t t e n it.
'I'v e b ee n re a din g' H e said (t h a t) he h a d b e e n re a d in g.
'1 can h elp .' H e said (t h a t) he co u ld help.
'1 will h elp .' H e said (t h a t) he w o u l d help.
'1 m ay help.' He said (t h a t) he m ig h t help.
'1 co uld / wo uld / mig ht g o.' H e said (t h a t) he c o u ld / w o u ld / m ig h t go.
'1 must / should g o.' H e said (t h a t) he m ust / sh o uld go.

In finitives
Present: t o li k e
Present passive: t o b e li k e d
Perf ect: t o h a v e li k e d
Perf ect passive: t o h a v e b e e n lik e d
 endix 2 Irregular verbs
Verb Pa st si m ple Pa s t p a rt icip le Verb Pa s t si m ple Pa s t p a rt icip l e
arise arose arisen go went gone
be w a s, w e r e been grin d g ro un d g ro un d
b ear bore b orn(e) g ro w g re w g ro w n
b e at b e at b ea te n han g hu ng hung
b eco m e b eca m e b e co m e have had had
begin b eg a n begun h ear heard heard
bend b ent b e nt hide hid hidden
bet bet bet / bette d hit hit hit
bind b ou n d b ou n d hold held held
bite bit bitten / bit h urt h urt hurt
bleed bled bled keep k ept k e pt
b lo w b le w blo w n k neel k nelt k nelt
brea k bro k e bro k en know knew known
breed bred bred lay laid laid
bring b ro u g h t b ro u g h t lead led led
b ro a dcast b roa dcast b ro a dcast lean leant / leaned leant / leaned
build built built leap leapt / leaped leapt / leaped
burn b urnt / b urne d b urnt / b urne d learn learnt / learne d learnt / learne d
burst burst burst leave left left
b uy bought boug ht lend lent lent
catch ca u g h t ca u g h t let let let
ch o ose chose ch ose n lie lay lain
co m e ca m e co m e light lit / lighted lit / lighted
cost cost cost lose lost lost
cree p cre pt cre pt make made made
cut cut cut m ean meant meant
deal d e alt d e alt meet met met
dig d ug d ug pay paid paid
do did done p ut p ut p ut
draw d re w d ra w n read read read
d rea m d rea mt / drea m e d drea mt / d rea m e d ride rode ridden
drin k dra n k d ru n k ring rang rung
drive drove driven rise rose risen
eat at e eaten run ran run
fall fell fallen say said said
f ee d fed f ed see sa w seen
feel f elt f elt seek so u g h t so u g ht
fig h t fou g ht fou g ht sell sold sold
find found foun d send sent sent
flee fled fled set set set
fly fle w flo w n se w se w e d sew n / sew e d
f or bid f or b a d e f or bid d e n sha k e sho o k sha k en
f or g e t f or g o t f or g o tt e n shine sh o n e sh o n e
f or give f or g ave f or give n sh oo t shot shot
free z e fro z e fro z en show showed sh o w n
g et g ot g ot / g otte n shrink shra n k shru n k
give g ave given sh ut sh ut shut

240
 A ppendix 2

Verb Pa s t si m ple Pa s t p a rt icip l e Verb Pa st si m ple Pa s t p a rt icip le

sing sang sung sting stung stu ng
sit sat sat strike struck struck
sleep sle pt sle pt sw e ar sw ore sw or n
slide slid slid sw e e p sw e p t swept
smell smelt / smelled smelt / smelled swi m sw a m sw u m
sp ea k spo k e spo k e n swin g swung swung
spee d spe d / spee de d spe d / spee de d take took t a k en
spell spelt / spelled spelt / spelled t e ach tau ght tau ght
spen d spe n t spe n t t e ar t ore t orn
spill spilt / spilled spilt / spilled tell told t old
spin span spu n t hin k th ou g ht th ou ght
spit spat spa t throw threw t hr o w n
split split split u n dersta n d u n d erst o o d u n derst o o d
spoil spoilt / spoiled spoilt / spoiled wake woke woken
spread spread spread wear w ore w orn
spring spran g sprun g weep wept wept
stand stoo d stood wi n won won
steal stole stolen w in d wound wound
stick stuck stuck w rit e wrote writt e n

N ot e: W h e r e t w o alt e rn a tiv e f or ms are give n, t h e seco n d f or m is used in A m erica n English.

p n H iv 3 Diagram of the English
verb system
N o tes to th e d iagra m
T h e dia gra m is a w a y o f sh o wi n g t h e w h o le English t e nse syste m in a sim plifie d f or m. Using t h e dia gra m
has t hre e benefits:

You can see t h e 'big pict ure' o f h o w all t h e t enses are relat ed, an d this can help yo u w h e n yo u stu dy
t h e in dividual t enses separately.

You can see t h a t t h e re is a p a ttern a n d logic t o English verbs.

Yo u g e t a visual pict ure, a n d so m e p e o ple fin d this helps t h e m t o u n derst a n d a n d learn.

Read t hr o u g h t h ese n otes a n d refer t o t h e dia gra m a n d t h e Key a t t h e top:

T h e first r o w sh o ws t h e t hre e si m p le t enses. T h e p ast sim ple refers t o a co m ple t e d actio n / situatio n. T he
present sim ple refers t o actions / sit uations t h a t are usually / always tru e (facts, habits, etc.) an d so do n o t
really h ave a ti m e re fere nce. T h e f u t ur e sim ple has lost t h a t n a m e a n d is n o w m ore o ft e n calle d t h e will
f u ture; it refers t o f u t ur e facts or g e n eral beliefs.

T h e seco n d ro w sh o ws t h e t hre e c o n t in u o u s t enses, w h ic h all h ave t h e m e a nin g o f 'a n actio n in

progress'. T h ere is also a n associat e d m e a nin g t h a t t h e actio n has a li mited d ura tion.

T h e third ro w sh o ws t h e t hre e p e rf e c t t enses, w h ic h all h ave t h e m e a nin g o f 'lo o k in g b ac k'. T h e past

p erf ect looks b ac k fro m t h e past, t h e present p e rf ect looks b ac k fro m t h e present, a n d t h e f u t ur e
p erf ect looks b ac k fro m t h e f ut ure.

N o t e t h e t w o e x a m ple se nt e nces f o r t h e present p erf ect: t h e first sh o w in g ti m e t h a t g oes fro m t h e

past until n o w (I've been in this job for three years), an d t h e seco n d sh o w in g t h e present result o f a
past actio n (I've finished the report). In b ot h cases t h e m e a nin g o f l o o k i n g b ac k fro m t h e p resent' is
retaine d.

T h e f o urt h ro w sh o w s t h e t hree p e rf e c t c o n t in u o u s tenses, w h ic h all h ave t h e m e a nin g o f 'lo o k in g

bac k a t an actio n in progress'. N o t e fro m t h e dia gra m h o w t his is a co m bin a tio n o f t h e m e a nin gs o f t he
previous t w o lines: 'lo o k in g b ac k' + 'actio n in progress'.

T h e fift h ro w sh o ws t h e use o f be going to, w h ic h has a m e a nin g o f 'lo o k in g f o r w a r d'. Was/were going
to looks f or w ar d fro m t h e past (t o an actio n w h ic h did n't h a p p e n; if it did, w e w o u ld j ust use t h e past
sim ple), am/is/are going to lo o k f or w ar d fro m t h e present.

Units 1 - 8 o f t h e b o o k h ave a m uch f uller e x pla n atio n o f all t h es e ver b tenses.

T h ere are so m e uses o f English ver bs t h a t a dia gra m ca n n o t sh o w. M a n y o f t h ese o t h e r uses can be
e x plaine d by o n e si m ple idea: a p ast f o r m in English can refer t o social distance an d distant probability as
w ell as t h e m ore o b vio us m e a nin g o f distance in time. So:

k n o wi n g t h a t w e can use t h e past t o s h o w social distance helps t o u n d erst a n d w h y I was wondering if I

could ...? is m ore f or m al or p olit e t h a n Can I...?
k n o wi n g t h a t w e can use t h e p ast t o s h o w distant probability helps t o u n d erst a n d w h y if I could, I
would is imaginary, w h er e a s if I can, I will is a real possibility.
Diagram of the English verb system
Loo kin g b ac k a t an
In progress Loo kin g back Loo kin g f or w a r d
actio n in progress

Past Present Future

Pa s t si m ple - - - - - - - - - - Pr e s e n t s i m p l e - - - - w ill f u t u r e

I s t a r t e d this job three years ago. I usually le a v e home around 7.30. I'll b e forty next year.
Inflation w ill probably rise in the long term.

Pa s t c o n tin u o u s Pr e s e n t co n tin u o u s F u t u re c o n tin u o u s

While I w a s w o r k in g at ABC I moved W e'r e d e v e lo p in g two new products I'll b e w o r k in g at our Paris office
from Sales to Marketing. at the moment. next year.

Pa s t p e rf e c t Pr e s e n t p e rf e c t F u t u re p e rf e c t

The merger h a d already h a p p e n e d I'v e b e e n in this job for three years. By the end of the year I expect that
when I joined the company. I’v e fin is h e d the report. sales w ill h a v e im p ro v e d

Pa st p e rf e c t c o n tin u o u s Pr e s e n t p e r f e c t c o n t in u o u s F u t u re p e rf e c t co n tin u o u s

We'd b e e n s e llin g the same product for I'v e b e e n w ritin g this report all If I retire when I'm sixty, I' ll h a v e b e e n
years before we changed the design. morning. w o r k in g here for more than twenty years.

w a s g o in g to b e g o in g to f u t u r e
endix 4 British and American English
M o st diff ere nces b e t w e e n British English a n d A m erica n English are m a tters o f p ro n u ncia tio n, voca b ula ry
a n d spelling. T hese are n o t covere d here. In t er ms o f gra m m ar, t h e f oll o w in g areas are t h e m ost im p ort an t.

BRITISH E N G LISH A M ERIC A N E N GLISH

h a ve and h a ve g o t
In BrE have got is m ore co m m o n. In A m E have is m ore co m m o n. Bu t b ot h co u ntries use bot h f or ms.
H a v e y o u g o t any children? D o y o u h a v e any children?
I'v e g o t two children I h a v e two children.
I h a v e n 't g o t any children. I d o n 't h a v e any children.

Present perfect and past sim ple

In A m E t h e p ast sim ple is o ft e n used w h e r e t h e p resent p erf ect is used in BrE. This is especially tru e wit h
just, already, yet, ever a n d never. H o wever, t h e p resent p erf ect is still very co m m o n in A m E, especially in
writin g.
Your taxi h a s just a rriv e d Your taxi j u s t a rriv e d
I'v e already s p o k e n to her about it. I already s p o k e to her about it.
H a v e you fin is h e d the report yet? D id you fin is h the report yet?
H a v e you ever e a t e n sushi? D id you ever e a t sushi?
It's never d o n e that before. It never d id that before.

gotten
In A m E gotten is o ft e n used as t h e p ast participle o f t h e ver b get.
It's g o t late. Maybe we should go. It's g o tt e n late. Maybe we should go.
He's g o t a new job. He's g o t t e n a new job.

sh a ll and sh o u ld for suggestio ns

In BrE shall is used in sug gestions, w h er e a s should is m ore co m m o n in A m E.
S h a ll we break for coffee now? S h o u ld we break for coffee now?

Question t ags
Q u estio n t a gs are m uch less co m m o n in A m E.

You can speak French, c a n 't y o u ? You can speak French, r ig h t?

I'll call a taxi\ s h a ll I? I'll call a taxi, O K ?

Adverbs
In in form al A m E t h e -ly e n din g t o a d verbs is o ft e n left o u t. Also, in infor m al A m E an a d jective is
so m e tim es used in place o f a n adverb.

It's working r e a lly s lo w ly at the moment. It's working r e a l s lo w right now.

It's working r e a lly w e ll at the moment. It's working r e a l g o o d right now.

c a n't and m ustn't

In BrE can' t is used t o say t h a t so m e t hin g is logically impossible. In A m E mustn't is also used.
I called but there's no reply. I called but there's no reply.
They c a n 't be at home. They c a n ’t / m u stn't be home.
 Appendix 4

Pre p ositio ns
N o t e t h e f o ll o w in g differences in t h e use o f pre positions.
Britis h En glish A m e ric a n En glish
What did you do a t the weekend? What did you do o n the weekend?
Pat is in the team now. Pat is o n the team now.
It's 10 minutes p a s t three. It's 70 minutes p a s t / a fte r three.
It's twenty to three. It's twenty to / o f three.
We're open from Monday to / till Saturday. We're open from Monday th ro u g h Saturday.
I looked o u t o f the window. I looked o u t the window.
I stayed a t h o m e on Saturday. I stayed h o m e Saturday.
He wrote to m e about his visit. He wrote m e about his visit.
I m e t an old colleague yesterday. I m e t w it h an old colleague yesterday.
They p r o t e s t e d a g a in s t globalization. They p r o t e s t e d globalization.
I looked ro u n d / a ro u n d the museum. I looked a ro u n d the museum.
She walked t o w a r d s / t o w a r d me. She walked t o w a r d me.
I haven't seen him f o r several weeks. I haven't seen him in several weeks.

Go a n d ...
In A m E t h e w o r d and is left o u t fro m this struct ure.
I'll g o a n d s p e a k to Mary. I'll g o s p e a k to Mary.

so m e w h e re and som e p la ce
In infor m al A m E someplace, anyplace and no place can be used as w ell as somewhere, anywhere an d
nowhere.
Let's find s o m e w h e re to eat. Let's find so m e w h e re / so m e p la ce to eat.

The
N o t e t h ese differences f o r musical instru m e n ts a n d t h e w o r d hospital.
My sister plays th e p ia n o . My sister plays p ia n o .
My mother is in h o s p it a l My mother is in t h e h o s p ita l.

Numbers
In A m E t h ere is no and a ft er t h e h u n dre ds w h e n yo u say n u m bers.
two hundred a n d fifty two hundred fifty

On the telephone
Hello, is t h a t Paul? Hello, is th is Paul?

T h e diff ere nces a b ove are typical o f in form al, sp o k e n English. A m o n g st e d uc a t e d spea k ers, a n d in
f or m al writ t e n English, t h e differences are f ewer. For e x a m ple, t h e p resent p e rf ect is co m m o n in
A m erica n n e wsp a p ers a n d ma ga z ines. O ft e n t h ere are g re a t er re gional differences w it h in a
co u n try t h a n t h ere are b e t w e e n cou ntries.

N o te t h a t C a n a di a n English, A ustralia n English, Irish English, etc. are o ft e n a mi xture o f British an d

A m erica n f or ms. O t h e r varieties o f English like Indian English or Philip pines English s h o w in flue nces
o f past historical co n n ectio n s an d also h ave m a ny f e a t ures o f t h eir o w n.
___ I
 n and Repeat scripts
Track 01 (U n i t 1 Task 1) H I Track 07 (U n i t 7 Task 1)
1 So w h a t exactly do you d o? 1 I'll get some more paper.
2 My job involves studying market trends. 2 Richard's going to be late.
3 I d o n't make any real operational decisions. 3 I'm meeting Andrea at the airport at nine.
4 It doesn't take long to get here. 4 In the future, videoconferences will replace meetings.
5 Sarah Kennedy is expecting me. 5 We'r e going to test the prototype next week.
6 Chinese companies are investing heavily. 6 Wo uld you mind w aitin g? I w o n't be long.
7 They're not replying to my emails. 7 W h a t are you going to d o?
8 Are you enjoying this conference? 8 I'll see you tomorrow.

^ Track 02 (U n i t 2 Task 1) ^ Track 08 (U n i t 8 Task 1)

1 Wh ere do you w ork? 1 Tomorrow I'll be interviewing candidates all morning.
2 W h a t project are you working on right n ow? 2 By t he time she arrives you'll have left.
3 The production line doesn't w or k at weekends. 3 As soon as I've finished, I'll tell you.
4 The production line isn't working a t the moment. 4 I was going to mention it, but I forgot.
5 W e take a sample once a day. 5 We'll have repaid the loan by December.
6 We'r e taking a big risk. 6 Shall w e break for coffee n o w?
7 I understand t hat you're expecting a visit. 7 O ur visitors are due to arrive a t 10.30.
8 It depends on w h a t you want. 8 I can't do it right n ow - I'm about to have a meeting.

(f § Track 03 (U n i t 3 Task 1) (p i Trac k 09 (U n i t 9 Task 1)

1 W h a t happened after you launched the product? 1 The goods were damaged in transit.
2 While w e were marketing it, our distributor w e n t bust. 2 This ad will be seen by millions o f people.
3 I didn't see you in the office last week. 3 The project w o n't be finished by the end of the month.
4 No, I was working at home for a f e w days. 4 Twenty retail outlets have been closed.
5 W h a t did Pat do wh en she saw the artwork? 5 All of our IT systems are being reviewed.
6 She called the designers and said it w asn't suitable. 6 Your order can't be shipped until w e receive payment.
7 W h y did Renata take so long to get here? 7 The questionnaire is completed online.
8 They were doing roadworks and t he traffic was moving very slowly. 8 A loan has been arranged.

Track 04 (U n i t 4 Task 1) 0 Track 10 (U n i t 10 Task 1)

1 After she'd made a f e w notes, she started writing the report. 1 The econo my is expected to expand next year.
2 I called my husband because the meeting still hadn't finished. 2 They are k nown to be looking at a merger.
3 I hadn't seen the figures, so it put me at a disadvantage. 3 The Board is thought to have demanded his resignation.
4 The rain had stopped by the time I arrived. 4 I was given this sample at the trade fair.
5 They'd been producing generators for over ten years. 5 W e were promised delivery within tw o weeks.
6 I hadn't been sleeping well. 6 I had my car repaired yesterday.
7 I used to work in marketing. 7 W e have the components assembled in Vietnam.
8 I didn't use t o spend so much time on reports. 8 We'r e getting the machines cleaned tomorrow.

{§1 Track 05 (U n i t 5 Task 1) Track 11 (U n i t 11 Task 1)

1 The goods have already left our warehouse. 1 I'm sorry I could n't co me to your talk yesterday.
2 I've just had a brilliant idea! 2 I'm sorry, I can't help you right now.
3 We'v e known each other for more than t we nty years. 3 I d o n't think I'll be able to co me t o the conference.
4 I've never used my credit card on the Internet. 4 I managed to speak to him yesterday.
5 I haven't spoken to Mag da yet. 5 I think I'll go home now.
6 I've always work ed in insurance. 6 I'll give you a hand with your bags.
7 She's been in a meeting since nine. 7 I'll be there at six o'clock.
8 Have you ever been to Sao Paolo? 8 Will you hold the elevator for me, please?

IP Trac k 06 (U n i t 6 Task 1) ^ Track 12 (U n i t 12 Task 1)

1 Last year sales w e n t up by 1 5%. 1 You have to fill in this application form.
2 This year sales have gone up another 1 2%. 2 You must try to be more diplomatic.
3 Have you seen my laptop? 3 W e d o n't have to decide yet.
4 I'm sure I left it here earlier. 4 You're not allowed to park here.
5 I've been looking at the contract in detail. 5 I'll have to speak to my boss.
6 I've noticed a lot of potential problems. 6 W e ought to sign the contract.
7 H o w long have you been producing cars at this site? 7 I'd better finish this spreadsheet.
8 We'v e invested around twe nty million dollars. 8 W e shouldn't have spent so much money.

246
 Track 13 (U n it 13 Task 1) % Track 19 (U n it 19 Task 1)
1 There's no answer. She must be in a meeting. 1 Have you considered postponing the launch?
2 There w as no answer. She must've been in a meeting. 2 Do you mind waiting a mo ment?
3 Lisa should be here soon. 3 I got used to wakin g up early.
4 Lisa should have arrived by now. 4 We'r e managing to improve our supply chain.
5 O ur profits are likely to improve next year. 5 W e decided to cancel the meeting.
6 I might have more news for you next week. 6 W e decided w e would cancel the meeting.
7 I may not be able to get there in time. 7 He persuaded the bank t o lend him the money.
8 That ca n't be Dana - she's a w ay at a conference. 8 I made the m check all the figures again.

H ) Track 14 (U n it 14 Task 1) | f | Track 20 (U n it 20 Task 1)

1 Could you spell that for me, please? 1 I remember seeing him before so mewhere.
2 Wo uld you mind giving me a hand? 2 I must remember to call her this afternoon.
3 Wo uld you mind if I opened the wi n d o w? 3 W e stopped buying from that supplier.
4 Do you mind if I give you a decision next w e e k? 4 I stopped to buy something f or my daughter.
5 Is it all right if I change my ticket? 5 I saw her giving the first part of her presentation.
6 Wo uld you like me to give you a lift? 6 I sa w her give her wh ole presentation.
7 Shall I make a copy f or yo u? 7 W e risk being taken over by a larger company.
8 Shall w e have a short break n ow? 8 I deserve to be given a pay rise.

f t Track 15 (U n it 15 Task 1) Track 21 (U n it 21 Task 1)

1 Wh e n do you service t he machines? 1 They promised me a full refund.
2 Which project are you working on? 2 They offered us a better deal.
3 Wh ose car did you use? 3 They offered a better deal to our competitors.
4 Wh ere were you working at the time? 4 I lent my dictionary to Louisa from marketing.
5 How much research had you done beforehand? 5 I lent Louisa my dictionary.
6 W h y have you cut the advertising budget? 6 She explained the situation to me.
7 W h o did you m eet? 7 I've prepared a report f or the Board meeting.
8 W h o met you? 8 I'll bring some samples f or you.

Track 16 (U n it 16 Task 1) | f | Track 22 (U n it 22 Task 1)

1 You w e n t to the conference, didn't you? 1 Could you fill in this form, please?
2 You didn't go to the conference, did yo u? 2 Could you fill it in, please?
3 You could n't give me a hand, could yo u? 3 Will you back me up in the meeting?
4 Let's break for coffee now, shall w e? 4 Our lawyers will draw up a n e w contract.
5 Could you tell me w h a t your terms of payment are? 5 W e turned down their offer.
6 I'd like t o k n ow h ow w e can finance this project. 6 I could n't do wit ho ut my secretary.
7 Wh ere did you get t hat information fro m? 7 I've never come across a situation like this.
8 W h a t is this piece of equip ment f or? 8 I'm sorry to take up so much of your time.

0 Track 17 (U n it 17 Task 1) (§ ) Track 23 (U n it 23 Task 1)

1 If sales increase, w e make more profit. 1 Shall w e move on?
2 If sales increase, we'll make more profit. 2 Shall w e move on to the next item on the age n da?
3 If sales increased, w e'd make more profit. 3 Your idea fits in nicely with our existing plans.
4 If I've made any mistakes, I'll correct them later. 4 I try to keep up with developments in my field.
5 If anyone from Head Office calls, say I'm in a meeting. 5 Sandra is standing in for Mike.
6 If I was on the Board, I'd argue against the merger. 6 W h a t message do you w a n t to get across?
7 If I were you, I'd w ait until tomorrow. 7 I'd like t o bring up the issue of costs.
8 Unless he arrives soon, he'll miss the flight. 8 Can I just go over that again?

| § ) Track 18 (U n it 18 Task 1) {§ ) Track 24 (U n it 24 Task 1)

1 If you'd called me yesterday, I wo uld've told you. 1 Marketing requires careful planning.
2 If w e'd been better prepared, w e might've been more successful. 2 W e are a small manufacturing company.
3 If he'd listened more carefully, he w o uld n't have made that mistake. 3 The meeting w as very interesting.
4 Supposing you had a million dollars, h ow would you invest it? 4 I was very interested in your comments.
5 W e can start the project next wee k, as long as everyone agrees. 5 Success in this business depends on having the right contacts.
6 W e can start the project next wee k, unless anyone disagrees. 6 He responds well to working under pressure.
7 Keep your receipt in case you need to return the goods. 7 I started the job not k nowing w h a t to expect.
8 I wish w e didn't have so many meetings. 8 She mentioned having work ed in France.
 6 Every one of our clients is important.
f t Track 25 (U n i t 25 Task 1)
7 Let me introduce myself.
1 make an attempt / do your best
8 Are you doing all the w or k by yourselves?
2 make a bid/ do business
3 make a complaint / do a course f t Track 32 (U n it 32 Task 1)
4 make an investment / do a lot of damage 1 All w e need is a signature.
5 make a mistake / do so mebody a favour 2 I w a n t to hear everything.
6 make a profit / do research 3 I w a n t to hear all your news.
7 make progress/ do something about it 4 None of the machines are faulty.
8 make a suggestion / do work f or somebody 5 H ow many people ca m e? None at all!
6 Ma k e sure t hat each parcel has a label.
f t Track 26 (U n i t 26 Task 1)
7 I believe every word he says.
1 He said he'd bring the figures to the meeting. 8 Mon d ay or Tuesday? Either day is fine.
2 She said she work ed for IBM.
3 She said she'd work ed for IBM. f t Track 33 (U n it 33 Task 1)
4 She said she'd been working for IBM. 1 This was your suggestion.
5 He said the campaign was a great success. 2 This suggestion was yours.
6 He says the campaign is a great success. 3 My own view is that the project is too ambitious.
7 She said she'd see me there the next day. 4 The original idea was Helen's.
8 He said he'd read my report about the project. 5 She's a colleague of mine.
6 lack of funds/level of co m mit ment
f t Track 27 (U n i t 27 Task 1)
7 stroke of luck / waste of time
1 I suggested changing the supplier. 8 executive search company /stock market launch
2 They refused to lower the price.
3 He advised us to w ait until next year. f t Track 34 (U n it 34 Task 1)
4 She promised she'd call me today. 1 I read an interesting report last wee k.
5 I thou g ht yo u'd finished. 2 I read the report you gave me.
6 They asked me wh en the goods would arrive. 3 Reports are sent out f our times a year.
7 She asked me if w e'd spent all the budget. 4 W e produce an income statement fo ur times a year.
8 He told me not to worry. 5 Mike is an office work er - he works on the other side of t own.
6 The Portuguese are very good negotiators.
f t Track 28 (U n i t 28 Task 1)
7 It's all a question of supply and demand.
1 The train which leaves at 8 am is direct. 8 Product knowledge is very important f or a sales consultant.
2 The train, which leaves at 8 am, is direct.
3 The person w h o I spoke t o on the phone said it w as in stock. f t Track 35 (U n it 35 Task 1)
4 The items t hat you wanted were shipped yesterday. 1 I visited the UK, France and the Netherlands.
5 The items, which were shipped yesterday, should arrive next week. 2 They w ould n't pay, so w e took the m to court.
6 The custo mer whose co mpany I visited has placed an order. 3 My son is in hospital and can't go to school.
7 The technician, w h o spent over an hour here, said it was working 4 I'm tired. It's time to go home.
fine. 5 I bought this suit from Fifth Avenue wh en I w as back in the States.
8 Here's the catalogue w e order from. 6 The Danube is the main river in Central Europe.
7 This article gives advice about buying stocks.
ft Track 29 (U n i t 29 Task 1) 8 Thank you for the advice you gave me last week.
1 I'm taking a flight t hat goes via Frankfurt.
2 The flight I'm taking goes via Frankfurt.
3 W e introduced a n e w line t hat is aimed at the youth market. f t Track 36 (U n it 36 Task 1)
4 W e introduced a n e w line aimed a t the youth market. 1 Our profits rose slightly in Benelux last year.
5 The n e w line w e introduced is aimed at the youth market. 2 She's a good negotiator. She negotiates well.
6 The hotel where I stayed was quite cheap. 3 There was a slight fall in profits in April.
7 The people making the real decisions are all at Head Office. 4 In April profits fell slightly.
8 Food sold in supermarkets needs a clearly labeled shelf life. 5 The talk was quite good.
6 The talk was absolutely excellent.
f t Track 30 (U n i t 30 Task 1) 7 well - made / heavily promoted
1 She gave me some information. 8 unexpectedly delayed / completely illegal
2 She gave me a piece of advice.
3 We'r e making a little progress, but not much. f t Track 37 (U n it 37 Task 1)
4 We'r e making a f e w sales, but not many. 1 Model C40 is more powerful than the C30.
5 Experience is more important than qualifications. 2 The most powerful model w e make is the C60.
6 It's an experience I'll remember f or a long time. 3 The least powerful is the C20 - it's less powerful than the C40.
7 There aren't many spaces in the car park. 4 The C60i is just as powerful as the C60.
8 There isn't much space in my office. 5 The C 60 runs faster than the C40 does.
6 This year has been worse than last year.
f t Track 31 (U n i t 31 Task 1) 7 This is one of the worst years w e'v e ever had.
1 So meone is waiting for you - I told the m you w ould n't be long. 8 We'll be there soon - it's not much further.
2 I can bring it to you sometime tomorrow.
3 I can bring it to you anytime tomorrow.
4 There isn't anything w e can do.
5 I'd like to say a big 'thank you' to everyone.

248
 5 Predictably, Production complained about Sales - again.
< t| Track 38 (U n it 38 Task 1) 6 I waited until ten, and in the end I left.
1 A is slightly more expensive than B. 7 Unless w e pay the invoice now, they'll cut our credit line.
2 A is considerably more expensive than B. 8 W e should pay the invoice now, otherwise they'll cut our credit line.
3 A has roughly the same specifications as B.
4 The market is growing bigger and bigger. ^ Track 45 (U n it 45 Task 1)
5 Investors are becoming more and more sophisticated. 1 It's Mag da w h o really does all t he work.
6 The sooner t hey decide, the better for all of us. 2 It was me w h o spoke to you on the phone last week.
7 It's one of the most rapidly developing countries in the world. 3 The trouble is, it's going to be very expensive.
8 This product is more attractively designed than the other. 4 W h a t w e need is a bigger budget.
5 W h a t I'm going to do is call the m right now.
0 Track 39 (U n it 39 Task 1)
6 Never before have I received such good custo mer service.
1 The wh ole thing was highly professional. 7 Under no circumstances can w e agree to t heir proposal.
2 Their rates are a little expensive. 8 Technically speaking, the n e w machine is very easy to service.
3 They replied quite quickly.
4 I marginally prefer option B. ^ Track 46 (U n it 46 Task 1)
5 Their delivery times are too long for us. 1 I had a hard day at the office.
6 Do w e have enough chairs for everyone? 2 I'll be back in the office at three.
7 There are so many people working on this project. 3 You'll see our offices on your left.
8 There are too many people working on this project. 4 She'll be here in a f e w minutes - she's just on the phone.
5 I often work at home in the evening.
Track 40 (U n it 40 Task 1)
6 It was a very well - run meeting. Erika was in the chair.
1 The n e w offices will be ready in tw o months' time. 7 I must've been standing in line f or about half an hour.
2 I've work ed here for t w o years. 8 Go down this road, past the church.
3 I've work ed here since January.
4 During the meeting I made a lot of notes. H I Track 47 (U n it 47 Task 1)
5 While she w as talking I made a lot of notes. 1 I've applied for a new job.
6 I need your report by Friday. 2 Does your machinery comply with health and safety regulations?
7 He'll be a way until Friday. 3 The process consists of four main stages.
8 It was a long meeting and w e w e n t for a drink afterwards. 4 W h a t did you decide on?
5 We'v e spent t w o million euros on advertising this year.
0 Track 41 (U n it 41 Task 1)
6 Dana reminded me about the appointment.
1 I w a n t the figures f or October and November as well. 7 Dana reminds me of my sister.
2 I w a n t the figures for October as well as November. 8 This situation results from bad planning, and it will result in total
3 It's a great idea, although it'll need careful costing. chaos.
4 Even though I w asn't feeling well, I still w e n t to work.
5 Korea is a mature market, whereas Vietna m is still growing. (§ ) Track 48 (U n it 48 Task 1)
6 While there are still some issues to resolve, I think w e should go 1 It's compatible with your existing IT system.
ahead. 2 It's important f or us to move quickly in these negotiations.
7 Although sales increased, operating profit fell. 3 I'm so tired. I haven't got used to the time difference yet.
8 Despite the increase in sales, operating profit fell. 4 Are you interested in any other items from t he catalogue?
5 Are you a ware of the difficulties you're creating?
Track 42 (U n it 42 Task 1)
6 The starting salary is dependent on previous experience.
1 I'm calling to complain because t he goods are damaged. 7 I'm responsible for all the transport and logistics.
2 I'm calling to complain because of the damaged goods. 8 The Finance Director is directly responsible to the CEO.
3 The goods are damaged, so I'm calling to complain.
4 He called a press conference in order to explain t he merger. ^ Track 49 (U n it 49 Task 1)
5 I'll call a taxi so as not to miss my flight. 1 The de mand for microchips is very cyclical.
6 He runs the co mpany like his father used to. 2 W h a t exactly is your involvement in this project?
7 W e use this room as a storage area. 3 I'm not sure about the suitability of this product.
8 It looks as if w e're going to break even by the end of the year. 4 There has been a rise in operating profit of 3 % .
5 I've called this meeting at short notice.
Track 43 (U n it 43 Task 1)
6 The concert is cancelled due t o circumstances beyond our control.
1 This process produces less waste, and as a result it's better. 7 W e d o n't have that colour in stock, but w e do have more on order.
2 So me delays are beyond our control, such as strikes or bad weather. 8 The econo my is on track for recovery.
3 W e have plenty in stock. In fact, w e could deliver tomorrow.
4 So, overall, things are improving. ^ Track 50 (U n it 50 Task 1)
5 On the whole, I think you're right, although I disagree on some points. 1 Sales grew steadily last month.
6 As a rule, w e need an upfront payment. However, w e can be flexible. 2 There w as steady growth in sales last month.
7 Either w e could cancel the product launch, or w e could postpone it. 3 The econo my has got worse, but our market share has improved.
8 Can w e meet on Friday instead? 4 Their share price hit a low in May, but it's recovered since then.
5 Their share price peaked in May, but it's fallen back since then.
Track 44 (U n it 44 Task 1)
6 Sales have been flat this year - they stand at around 3000 units a
1 By the way, h ow is Clau dia? I haven't seen her for ages. month.
2 As far as Latin A merica is concerned, w e only have a presence in 7 Dividends paid to shareholders rose by 6 % .
Brazil. 8 W e raised dividends paid to shareholders by 6 % .
3 Anyway, I really must be going now.
 wer key
U n it 1 Pre se n t t im e 1 U n i t 4 P a s t t im e 2
1.1 4.1
1 Do you often work 2 I d o n't k now 3 do you k now 1 w as looking for / had left 2 used to / was
4 doesn't w or k 5 Yes, I do. 6 I'm writing 3 had bought / started 4 used to have / changed
7 They're not replying 8 W h a t is happening 9 Are you enjoying 5 said / hadn't arrived 6 had turned off / was
10 Yes, she is. 7 used to be / used to wal k 8 found / had already done
1.2 9 knew / had met 10 was having /saw/ had grown
1 e 2c 3d 4b 5a 4.2
1.3 1 had made /started 2 was sure / had set
1b 2a 3b 4a 5a 3 called/still hadn't finished 4 hadn't seen / put
5 had given / felt 6 became / had already been
1.4
7 had stopped / arrived 8 was / had already signed
1 Do you k now 2 works 3 'm 4 do you do 5 work
6 involves 7 d o n't make 8 supplies 9 're 4.3
10 do you often come 11 co me 12 doesn't take I had graduated 2 was just sitting 3 had nearly given up
4 hadn't decided 5 thought 6 was looking 7 told
1.5
8 had already taken 9 completed 10 interviewed
1 is booming 2 are looking 3 are trying 4 is happening
I I was working 12 ha dn't had 13 started
5 are investing 6 are increasing 7 is becoming 8 is moving
14 were really exploiting me 15 had become 16 resigned
17 didn't have 18 had 19 had put
U n it 2 Pre se n t t im e 2 20 had always wanted (or always wanted)
2.1 4.4
1 do you do 2 are you doing 3 are you working 1 had been producing 2 had run out of 3 hadn't been sleeping
4 do you work 5 I co me 6 I'm coming 7 I'm dealing with
4 had already chosen
8 I deal with 9 are you going 10 do you usually go
4.5
2.2 1 used to / would 2 used to 3 used to / would 4 used to
1 'm looking at 2 look at 3 doesn't work 4 isn't working
5 think 6 'm thinking 7 take 8 're taking 9 aren't /'re not U n it 5 C o n n e c t in g p ast a n d p re se n t 1
10 aren't being /'re not being
5.1
2.3
1 Have you tried 2 've never seen 3 've already spent
1 / 2 do you prefer 3 I d o n't believe it! 4 / 5 /
4 Have t hey replied 5 haven't got 6 's just left
6 I k now 7 contains 8 /
7 have gone up 8 Have you ever taken
2.4
5.2
1 'm calling 2 's working 3 think 4 work 5 understand
1b 2a 3a 4b 5a 6b 7b 8a 9b 10 a
6 're expecting 7 believe 8 offer 9 depends on 10 w an t
11 need 12 's dealing 5.3
1 already 2 just 3 f or 4 never 5 yet 6 always 7 since
2.5
8 ever
1 are growing 2 brings 3 are having to (or have to)
4 are spending 5 is focusing 6 realize 5.4
1c 2 a 3 b
U n it 3 P ast t im e 1 5.5
3.1 1 B (since) 2 D (been) 3 A (for) 4 C (just) 5 B (already)
6 D (yet) 7 B (gone) 8 A (so far) 9 C (ever) 10 D (never)
1 get / did 2 did you feel / told you 3 tell / did
4 didn't see / got
U n it 6 C o n n e c t in g p a s t a n d p re se n t 2
3.2
1 made 2 didn't take 3 sold 4 w eren't 5 Did think 6.1
6 didn't have 7 was 8 bought 1 I phoned 2 I have work ed 3 I work 4 I have made
5 I saw 6 We went 7 has been 8 was 9 left 10 has left
3.3
1 were marketing / went 2 w as working 3 just w e n t 6.2
4 called/said 5 were repairing / was moving 1 w e n t up / have gone up 2 operate / have set up
3 Have you seen /left 4 doesn't look / have come
3.4
5 have never spoken /spoke
1 supplied 2 grew 3 e xpanded 4 began 5 built 6 took
6 have worked / want / Have you heard
7 w on 8 made 9 became 10 sold off 11 cut
12 changed 13 transformed 14 was 15 were 16 resigned 6.3
17 announced 18 w e n t 19 paid off 20 bought 1 've been looking at /'ve noticed 2 've been calling/'s gone
3 Have you seen /'ve been looking forward
3.5
4 have you been producing /'ve invested
1 ate / went 2 was negotiating / decided 3 happened / called
4 was explaining /interrupted 5 were investigating / resigned 6.4
6 saw / put 7 was waiting / called 8 was repairing / dropped 1 haven't seen 2 haven't been 3 left 4 talked 5 's been
9 found / was looking 10 arrived / told 6 've never done 7 imagined 8 Have you ever been
9 've often thought 10 has it been 11 had 12 've known
13 've already done 14 put 15 finished 16 've had
6.5 9.4
1 have watche d 2 began 3 have crashed 4 announced 1 are designed 2 are put 3 is completed 4 is printed out
5 has peaked 6 fell 7 was 8 released 9 have risen 5 is offered 6 is analyzed 7 is outsourced
10 has become 11 has also led 12 has improved 9.5
1 has been arranged 2 will be needed 3 should be finished
U n it 7 F u t u re 1 4 is being ordered 5 have been offered 6 might be needed
7.1
1 d 2c 3a 4 f 5b 6 e Unit 10 Passive 2
7.2 10.1
1 I'm having 2 We'r e going to open 3 it'll probably do well 1 b 2a 3b 4a
4 I'll see you 5 w h a t are you going to do 10.2
6 Are you doing anything 1 repaired 2 to grow 3 was born 4 cleaned
7.3 5 to have de manded 6 assembled 7 were you born
1 is going to buy 2 am meeting 3 'II get 4 is going to be 8 to be looking.
5 will be 6 is going to have 7 will probably replace 10.3
8 are going to test (or are testing) 9 w o n't be 1 I was lent 2 I w as given 3 W e were promised
10 is going to rain 4 This fabric was made 5 W e were sent 6 The flight was booked
7.4 10.4
1 'II have 2 'II tell 3 are going to be 4 're going to restructure 1 has been transformed 2 has happened 3 has privatized
5 will be 6 're going to offer 7 will t he n e w job involve 4 have also invested 5 has been brought 6 has been encouraged
8 're going to expand 9 'II be 10 'II have 11 will be 7 have been solved
12 're going to move 13 'II have to 14 'II talk
10.5
7.5 1 was made 2 is being dealt with 3 will be delivered
1 're leaving 2 'II arrive 3 will be 4 're meeting 4 is attached 5 cannot be opened 6 are guaranteed
5 'II probably take 6 aren't doing /'re not doing 7 'II have
10.6
8 're staying 9 'II ask 10 'II have
1 is k nown to have made 2 is said to be
3 is reported to have replied 4 is believed to be trying
U n it 8 F u t u re 2
8.1 Unit 11 Modals, etc. 1
1 you leave 2 I'll be interviewing 3 will have finished
11.1
4 due to arrive 5 she comes back 6 1was going to mention it
1 Can you come 2 I can come 3 I could n't come 4 can w e do
7 I hope 8 will have repaid 9 is 10 Shall w e
5 to be able to 6 I must speak 7 I managed to speak
11 w e've received 12 I'm about to have
8 I could hear
8.2
11.2
1c 2d 3a 4b 5e 6f 7 h 8g
1 can't 2 be able to 3 could n't 4 could 5 can / be able to
8.3 6 can / can't 7 can't / be able to 8 couldn't 9 could
1 will have passed 2 leaves/ arrives 3 see 4 'II be seeing
11.3
5 will have finished 6 'II be doing 7 hear 8 will have started
1b 2 h 3 f 4c 5 e 6a 7 g 8 d
9 will you have learned 10 Will you be using
11.4
8.4
1 Could I speak to so meone 2 I'll put you through
1 C (would like to) 2 B (expect) 3 D (will fall)
3 I'll just go and have a look 4 Could you repeat that, please
4 B (will probably) 5 A (about to) 6 C (is due to)
5 I'll be on this number 6 I'll get back to you
7 A (will have begun) 8 B (will be fighting) 9 D (is planning to)
10 C (happens) 11.5
1 d 2c 3b 4a 5f 6e 7 h 8g 91 10 j
8.5
11k 12 i 13 o 14 p 15 m 16 n
1 is 2 w as going to be 3 'II have collected
4 'II be discussing 5 'II have agreed 6 happens 7 meet
8 'II be talking 9 have
Unit 12 Modals, etc. 2
12.1
U n it 9 P assiv e 1 I c 2d 3b 4a 5 h 6f 7e 8g 91 10 k
II j 12 i
9.1
1 were damaged 2 is seen 3 will not be finished 12.2
4 have been closed 5 are being reviewed 6 cannot be shipped 1 must 2 have to 3 must 4 have to

9.2 12.3
1 by -people 2 / 3 / 4 by a technician 5 / 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 D 5 S 6 S 7 S 8D 9S
6 by so meone 10 S 11 S 12 D

9.3 12.4
1 A promising n e w drug has been discovered by our R&D department 1 don't have to 2 can't 3 have to 4 should 5 shouldn't
2 X 6 can
3 This line was created by one of our best young designers. 12.5
4 I'm sorry, that ca n't be done 1 should have 2 had to 3 could n't 4 had to 5 couldn't
5 X 6 should have 7 shouldn't have 8 didn't have to
6 This payment may not be authorized by the Accounts Department. 9 shouldn't have 10 didn't have to
7 X
 U n i t 13 M o d a ls, e t c . 3 15.5
13.1 1 Are you here on business? 2 W h a t do you do?
3 H ow long have you been doing t ha t? 4 W h a t did you do before?
1 might 2 can't be 3 must be 4 may not be 5 can't be
5 Does your job involve much traveling?
6 must be 7 should be 8 might be 9 could be 10 must be
6 Is this your first visit to Lyon? 7 Wh e n did you arrive?
13.2 8 How long are you staying f or? 9 Wh ere are you staying?
1c 2d 3b 4a 5 f 6g 7e 10 Wh a t's it like?
13.3 15.6
1 should 2 might 3 can't 4 must 5 might 6 should 1 Wh a t kind of 2 H ow many 3 h o w much 4 H ow far
7 can't 8 must 5 H ow long 6 Wh ose 7 Which (limited number of models)
13.4 8 w h a t (large number of colours)
1 d 2a 3d 4c 5c 6b 7a 8 d
13.5 U n it 16 Q u e s t io n s 2
1 is likely to 2 will definitely 3 might 4 is almost certain to 16.1
5 are unlikely to 6 definitely w o n't 1 w h at your terms of payment are
13.6 2 where the marketing seminar is 3 h ow w e can 4 w hy you left
1 must 2 might have 3 can't have 4 might 5 can't 5 wh et her you could
6 must have 16.2
1 aren't w e 2 d o n't you 3 didn't you 4 have you 5 has she
U n it 14 M od a ls, e tc. 4 6 will you 7 is he 8 didn't w e 9 aren't I 10 shall w e
14.1 16.3
1 giving 2 talking 3 Shall I 4 Wo uld you 5 May I 1b 2b 3a 4b 5a 6b
6 you should 7 could you 8 Wo uld you like 9 Could I 16.4
10 w e could 11 I give 12 I gave 1 Wh ere are you going t o?
14.2 2 Wh ere did you get the information fro m?
1b 2 c 3 a 3 Which funds do you invest in? 4 W h a t does it depend o n?
14.3 5 Wh ere are you traveling to on Friday?
1 d+iii 2 f +i 3 b +vi 4 a +ii 5 c +v 6 e +iv 6 W h o did you go on the sales trip wit h?
7 W h a t is this piece of equip ment for?
14.4
8 Wh a t was the wea th er like in Swe de n?
1 Wo uld you like 2 I d o n't mind 3 Do you mind
4 Of course not 5 Wo uld you like me to 16.5
6 Thanks, t hat sounds great 7 shall w e 8 Wo uld you mind 1 didn't send the invoice, did yo u? 2 sent the invoice, didn't yo u?
9 Wo uld you like to 10 Of course 3 isn't Mr Peters, is it? 4 is Mr Peters, isn't it?
5 have canceled their order, haven't they?
14.5
6 haven't canceled their order, have they?
Line 1 May I have your name, please?
Line 3 Could you spell t hat for me, please? 16.6
Line 5 Wo uld you mind leaving your passport? 1 w asn't it 2 doesn't it 3 shouldn't w e 4 do you
Line 6 Do you think I could have an early morning call? 5 should it 6 shall w e
Line 8 Wo uld you mind if I left a message for a colleague?
Line 9 Wo uld you like me to lend you a pen? U n it 17 C o n d i t io n a ls 1
Line 13 I d o n't think you ought to do that 17.1
1 we're / they'll start 2 w e took / we'd arrive 3 goes up/is
U n it 15 Q u e s t io n s 1 4 w e d o n't act / we'll miss 5 you change / give me
15.1 6 you click /it w o n't work 7 you order /send
1 Did you speak 2 did Lara say 3 Yes, I do. 8 you signed / we'd ship 9 you hear /let me
4 does this machine work 5 started the company 10 I wouldn't /I were
6 did the co mpany start 7 called me 8 did you call 17.2
15.2 1 follow/'ll come 2 was /'d argue 3 have/'ll deal
1 Have you seen the news to d ay? 2 Do you work from ho me? 4 knew /'d tell 5 leave /'ll catch 6 wait /'ll give
3 Can you understand Germ a n? 4 Have you already had lunch? 7 had /'d be
5 Will you be back in time for lunch? 17.3
6 Are you enjoying the conference? 7 Did you agree with her? 1 a/d 2 b/c 3 b/d 4 a/b
8 Have you ever spoken to Pierre? 17.4
15.3 1 will 2 w o n't 3 d o n't 4 will 5 is 6 unless
1 do you k now Ji m ? 2 have you invited? 3 are you going? 7 is going to be 8 be 9 Unless 10 w o n't 11 would
4 did you park? 5 are you here? 6 will you have? 12 w ould n't 13 didn't 14 would
15.4 17.5
1 Wh e n do you get to w ork? 2 W h a t have you done? 1 work / get 2 do/'ll give 3 work ed / wouldn't be
3 Wh ere did you put the report? 4 W h y do you stay here? 4 would happen / reoccurred 5 miss/ don't seem 6 fancy/ give
5 H ow were you feeling yesterday? 6 Wh ere are you staying?
7 W h o do you report t o? 8 Wh ose is this bag?AA/ hose bag is this? U n it 18 C o n d i t io n a ls 2
18.1
1 had called / would have told 2 took / might feel
3 had listened / wouldn't have made
4 w e'd found / we'd have moved 5 kept / might present
6 I'd known / wouldn't have invested
7 had been /could have succeeded 8 went / must k now
252 A N SW ER K EY
18.2 21.4
1 when 2 in case 3 as long as 4 unless 5 as long as 1 lent me 2 suggest to the m 3 promised me
6 in case 7 whe n 8 unless 4 announce the news to the journalists 5 explained to them
18.3 6 causing us problems 7 the fish to me
1 hadn't drunk 2 had 3 could stay 4 k n ew 5 had taken 8 the wh ole situation to the m 9 cost us
6 didn't interrupt 7 had 8 could do 9 have 10 the fault to the technician
10 hadn't bought 21.5
18.4 1 I lent my Macmillan dictionary to Louisa from marketing.
1 if 2 as long as 3 'd have 4 'd 5 wo uld n't've 6 'd 2 I lent Louisa from marketing my Macmillan dictionary.
7 've 8 incas e 9 Unless 10 'II 3 I sent them an email yesterday.
4 I sent an email to their customer services yesterday.
18.5
5 I reported the fault to the technician.
1b 2a 3d 4c 5 g 6 h 7 e 8f
6 I reported the fault to him.
7 I sold him the display model that's been in the showroom.
U n it 19 V e rb + -in g o r in f in i t iv e 1 8 I sold the display model to a man w h o ca me in this morning.
19.1 21.6
1 to miss 2 spending 3 to close down 4 to deliver 1 to / for 2 to / for 3 for / to 4 to / for 5 for / to
5 calling 6 losing 7 to prepare 8 waiting 9 postponing 6 to / for 7 to / for 8 to/ for
10 to sign
19.2 Unit 22 Phrasal verbs 1
1 to give 2 advertising 3 employing 4 to receive 5 writing
22.1
6 to speak 7 making 8 thinking 9 to fly 10 to help
1C 2 B 3D 4 A 5 B 6D 7C 8A
19.3
22.2
1 advised me t o 2 persuade him to 3 remind me to 1 find 2 hold / hang 3 look 4 fill 5 deal 6 give
4 expect her to 5 encouraged me to 6 forced us to
7 take 8 head 9 look 10 take
7 prefers me to 8 invite you to
22.3
19.4
1 deal with this/ deal with it
1 to meet 2 wondering 3 to be 4 asking 5 to raise
2 look up the information / look the information up /look it up
6 to w ait 7 to use 8 trying 9 to use 10 losing
3 keep d own our costs/ keep our costs down / keep the m down
11 to crash 12 to take 13 to persuade 14 to send
4 do with o ut my BlackBerry / do wit ho ut it
19.5 22.4
1 to interview 2 talking 3 to pay 4 worrying 5 pretending
1 pick up 2 drop off 3 checking in 4 turn up 5 sort out
6 using 7 to be 8 to sh ow 9 to take 10 receiving
6 draw up 7 looking through 8 call on 9 bring out
10 h o ld u p 11 call off 12 get into
U n it 20 V e rb + -in g o r in f in i t iv e 2
22.5
20.1 1 off 2 down 3 in 4 on
I to meet 2 meeting 3 being 4 to make 5 to speak
6 saying 7 to open 8 opening 9 giving 10 to look at
Unit 23 Phrasal verbs 2
I I to announce 12 quitting 13 selling 14 to describe
23.1
20.2 1 in with 2 along with 3 out of 4 back on 5 up with
1a 2b 3d 4c 5e 6f 6 in for 7 back to 8 up to 9 along with 10 d own on
20.3 11 up with 12 through to
1 being 2 being 3 to be 4 to be 5 being 6 being
23.2
20.4 1 e 2c 3a 4b 5 f 6 d
1 to speak 2 to book 3 to start 4 to go 5 missing
23.3
6 to give 7 working 8 to have 9 working
1 down 2 up 3 on 4 behind 5 back 6 in
10 to get (or getting) 11 missing out 12 to have 13 being
14 taking 15 to finish 23.4
1 put through 2 get through 3 hold on 4 go ahead
20.5 5 look into 6 get back to 7 breaking up 8 cut off
1 to trade in 2 doing 3 losing 4 to accept 5 to bring
9 sort out 10 go over
6 thinking 7 doing 8 to go back 9 to move 10 to do
Unit 24 The -in g form
U n it 21 V e rbs a n d o b je c ts
24.1
21.1
1c 2a 3b 4 e 5f 6 d
1 X 2 / 3 X 4 / 5 X 6 / 7 / 8 X 9 X
10 / 11 / 12 X 1 X 14 / 15 X 16 / 24.2
Noun: 1c, 4e, 6d
21.2
Adjective: 2a, 3b, 5f
1 it 2 / 3 it 4 / 5 it 6 / 7 it 8 /
24.3
21.3 1 tiring 2 meeting 3 confusing 4 wearing / lasting
1 / 2 / 3 X 4 X 5 / 6 / 7 X 8 / 9 /
5 welco ming 6 selling /cutting
10 X 11 / 12 X 1 / 14 15 X 16 X
24.4
1 meet 2 meeting 3 take 4 taking 5 work 6 working
 24.5 27.2
1 Aft er leaving 2 of being 3 by taking over 4 Before going I f 2d 3b 4a 5e 6c 7 j 8k 9h 10 1
5 instead of using 6 with o ut raising II i 12 g
24.6 27.3
1 w hic-h-ara 2 W -hiia -i-was 3 who - is 4 that is 5 As I was 1 if / whether I was on holiday for the wh ole of August
6 w h o are 2 w h a t the letters 'URL' meant
24.7 3 if / whether I had prepared the figures 4 wh e n her talk was
1 expecting 2 Not being used to 3 hoping 4 Not being 5 if / whether he had remembered (or he remembered) to back up the
5 Assuming 6 not k nowing 7 reviewing / having reviewed file
8 Having lost 9 starting 10 Having heard 6 w hy I had turned off the air conditioning
7 if / whether I spoke German
U n it 25 m a k e & d o , h a v e , g e t 8 h ow much she had paid (or she paid) f or her car

25.1 27.4
I make 2 did 3 make 4 do / make 5 do 6 do / make 1 estimated 2 suggested 3 agreed 4 decided
7 make 8 made / do 9 did / made 10 did / making 27.5
I I make / do 12 do 1 us t o give 2 told the m 3 to listen 4 said 5 it would
25.2 6 reminded them that 7 setting up 8 not to say 9 to chair
I / 2 X 3 X 4 / 10 to meet

25.3
U n it 28 R e la t iv e cla u se s 1
1b 2d 3a 4 f 5c 6e 7h 8k 9 I 10 i
II j 12 g 28.1
1b 2 a 3 c 4 d
25.4
1 meeting 2 holiday 3 chance / look 4 time 28.2
5 discussion / break 6 appoint ment 7 the fish 8 doubt 1 whose 2 that 3 which 4 who 5 whose 6 who
9 difficulty 10 fever / day off 11 word 12 go 7 that 8 whose

25.5 28.3
1 doing 2 get 3 doing 4 make 5 doing 6 got 1 (that) 2 / 3 (which) 4 / 5 (that) 6 / 7
7 made 8 done 9 make 10 do 11 did 12 got 8 (wh o) 9 / 10 (that)
13 got 14 made 15 makes 16 do 17 do 18 got 28.4
19 got 20 made 1 I w e n t to the conference with 2 w e order from
3 I'm responsible for 4 w e've been waiting for 5 I stayed at
U n it 26 R e p o rt e d sp e e ch 1 6 I usually deal with
26.1 28.5
1 I've already finished the three tasks 2 I'll be back after lunch 1 w e received the complaint from 2 w e're depending on
3 Paula's going to contact the printers 4 I w a n t to call Head Office 3 I've been thinking about 4 I most enjoyed listening to
5 I'm meeting the bank manager at 11 am 5 w e'v e been hoping for 6 w e need to focus on
6 I found out about the problem a long time ago 7 I'm interested in 8 w e get the most profits from
7 I have to be back in the office by 3.30 28.6
26.2 1a T 1b F 1c T 1d F
1 she / following 2 there / me 3 they'd / our / before 2a T 2b F 2c T 2d F
4 she /right then 3a T 3b F 3c F 3d F
26.3
1 he w ould n't put it in the Jan uary Sales, because it was selling very U n it 29 R e la t iv e cla u se s 2
well 29.1
2 (that) she'd read the report and (that) she didn't understand section 1 t hat w e introduced last year
four 2 w h o could be a useful contact for you
3 he finished his presentation he was going to have a drink 3 whose C V is on your desk 4 w ho is coming next wee k
4 (that) she was preparing t he figures but (that) she w ould n't be long 5 t hat Tom took me to 6 whose presentation I heard
5 (that) he liked tennis but (that) he didn't play very often 7 where they're going to build the n e w factory
6 (that) she w as going to visit their Polish subsidiary but (that) she 8 the mobile phone that I was telling you about
w asn't sure w hen 29.2
26.4 1 / 2 theif 3 / 4 it 5 they 6 it 7 / 8 it
1 / 2 / 3* 4 / 5 / 6 A 7 / 8 29.3
26.5 1 who 2 whose 3 who m 4 that 5 Wh a t 6 that
1 hoped 2 his 3 he'd sent 4 the day before 5 the 6 me 7 where 8 that
7 there 8 was 9 before 10 had gone 11 was meeting 29.4
12 that 1 / 2 what 3 / 4 who 5 what 6 which 7 /
8 which 9 / 10 W h a t 11 / 12 w h a t
U n it 27 R e p o rt e d sp e e ch 2
29.5
27.1 1 which has become a standard case study in business schools all over
1 told me 2 said 3 say 4 tell 5 told/said the world
6 said to/tell me 2 which was run by Domenico De Sole
3 which would decide the future of the industry
4 which Gucci had been looking for
5 w h o was the head of a retail group called PPR
6 which LVMH owned

254 A N SW ER K EY
U n it 30 C o u n t a b le a n d u n c o u n t a b le n o u n s U n it 33 P o sse ssiv e s a n d co m p o u n d n o u n s
30.1 33.1
1 Is/ much 2 Are / many 3 How much 4 some advice / was 1 My 2 her 3 its 4 your 5 yours 6 our own
5 equip ment 6 machines 7 a piece of equip ment 8 many 7 ourselves 8 yours
9 much 10 a little / much 11 a few / many 12 a lot of demand 33.2
30.2 1 waste of 2 lack of 3 error of 4 range of 5 level of
1 a 2 some 3 much 4 many 5 an 6 some 7 many 6 piece of 7 stroke of 8 flood of 9 method of
8 much 9 much 10 many 11 many 12 much 10 success of
30.3 33.3
1a G 1b S 2a G 2b S 3a S 3b G 4a S 4b G I co mpany profits/ training course 2 staff meeting /sales forecast
30.4 3 credit card / department store 4 Internet access/ summer sale
1 j 2b 3 g 4a 5c 6 d 7k 8 f 9 i 10 e 5 inflation figures/ price range 6 market survey/rush hour
111 12 h 7 information technology / car keys 8 shop assistant / power failure
9 shopfloor worker / working lunch
30.5 10 insurance contract / bank loan
1 is 2 some 3 A piece of 4 much 5 some 6 a
I I product features / production costs
7 much 8 experience 9 little 10 some 11 knowledge
12 market leader / marketing budget
12 progress 13 is 14 a lot of 15 information 16 a f e w
13 profit margin / capital expenditure
17 much 18 work
14 quality control / balance sheet
33.4
U n it 31 Pro n o u ns
1 Ingrid knows t hat it's Mary's area of work, not hers.
31.1 2 Wh e n it's Christmas, all our competitors' sales go up more than ours.
1 something 2 no one 3 anything 4 anyone 5 everything 3 Alice's friend's called Bill. He's one of Morgan Stanley's top analysts.
6 so meone 7 everyone 8 anything 9 something 4 My boss's PA reads all the customers' emails
10 nothing 5 I w e n t to my doctor's and he's computeri z ed all the patients' records
31.2 6 Look at those t w o Mercedes. One's our director's and the other's a
1 nothing 2 anything 3 anyone 4 So meone 5 anywhere visitor's.
6 something 7 so meone 8 anything 9 anything 33.5
31.3 1 in the meeting 2 my pen 3 mine 4 James's documents
1 asking myself 2 blame yourself 3 taught himself 5 colleague of hers 6 's your boss's 7 expert in company
4 hurt yourself 5 enjoyed ourselves 6 prepare yourself 8 shows the sales 9 customer of ours 10 a manage ment training
7 introduce myself 8 make yourselves 33.6
31.4 1 tfad e 2 check 3 sff e f 4 process 5 output 6 shape
1 anytime, anywhere 2 felt /relaxed 3 every one 4 has/ their 7 Hne 8 marke -t 9 tw d e 10 decision
5 a nywhere 6 so mewhere 7 themselves 8 each other
31.5 U n it 34 A r t ic l e s 1
1 everywhere 2 so mewhere 3 anywhere 4 so meone 34.1
5 Everyone 6 A nyone 7 something 8 everything 1 the 2 an / the 3 a/ The 4 a 5 the / the 6 The/a
9 anything 7 a 8 an / the 9 an / the other 10 the / the 11 the
31.6 12 The Portuguese
1 enjoy yourself 2 Reme mber 3 help yourself 4 met 34.2
5 introduce yourself 6 change 7 ask myself 8 relax 1 ~ 2 a/~/~ 3 an / - 4 -/- 5 a/ - 6 ~ 7 a/a
8 ~/a 9 an/ ~ 10 an/a
U n it 32 D e t e rm in e rs 34.3
32.1 1 The/a/ ~ 2 ~/a 3 a/ ~/the 4 - / the 5 ~/the/a
1 none of the m 2 a f e w of them 3 some of them 6 ~ 7 a /the 8 the / a / the 9 -/- 10 A/an/a
4 many o f the m 5 most of them 6 all of them 11 - / the 12 -
32.2 34.4
1 no 2 Not one 3 So me 4 either 5 O ur clients each 1a 2 the 3 - 4 an 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 the 9 a
6 both days 7 All of 8 any 9 Everything 10- 11- 12 an 13 the 14- 15- 16 the
10 a mobile phone each 11 Every option has been 12 everything 17 - 18 a 19 the 20 - 21 a 22 a 23 the 24 the
32.3 25 -
1 not one 2 no / either 3 neither 4 All 5 every/ ail 6 each 34.5
7 every 8 none 9 any 10 both 11 either 12 each 1 the 2 the 3 - 4 - 5 a 6 a 7 - 8 the
32.4 9 the 10 an 11 the 12 the 13- 14 a 15-
1 Neither idea 2 All w e have left is 3 Every participant 16 the
4 not a single person 5 So me of the audience didn't
6 None of my colleagues speak 7 The only thing w e w a n t is U n it 35 A r t ic l e s 2
8 w eren't any documents 9 Neither hotel was 10 at all 35.1
32.5 I Pisa/car/the Leaning Tower 2 to court 3 Crete
1 B (Both of the m have) 2 C (neither company) 4 the Chancellor / Germany 5 in hospital /school
3 A (all its revenue) 4 C (Both are famous) 5 C (every person) 6 the Alps / Mont Blanc 7 the UK / Canterbury Cathedral
6 A (each) 7 C (anything) 8 the past 9 go home 10 Deutsche Bank
I I university 12 Fifth Avenue / the States
 35.2 U n it 38 C o m p a rin g 2
1a - 1b The 2a The 2b - 3a - 3b The 4a -
38.1
4b the 5a The 5b - 6a The 6b - 7a - 7b The
1 considerably 2 as 3 the better 4 more and more
8a - 8b The
5 the second largest 6 slightly less 7 fastest 8 more carefully
35.3 9 more careful 10 much better 11 the same as 12 the best -
1 at 2 in 3 at 4 station on 5 still at 6 at
38.2
7 the / at 8 to/ by
1 roughly / more or less 2 virtually / nearly 3 exactly/just
35.4 4 a bit/a little 5 much / far 6 comparatively / relatively
1 - 2 - 3 - 4 the 5 the 6 the 7 the 8 the
38.3
9 the 10 - 11 the 12 the 13 the 14 - 15 the
1 the most widely accepted 2 the fastest growing
16 the 17 the 18 the 19 - 20 - 21 - 22 the
3 t he most cleverly designed 4 best -selling 5 the least known
23 the 24 The 25 the 26 - 27 the 28 the 29
6 the most rapidly changing
30 ~
38.4
U n it 36 A d j e c t iv e s a n d a d v e rb s 1 slightly 2 as many 3 as much 4 considerably less
5 more than twice 6 roughly the same 7 slightly less
36.1 8 not nearly
1 fell slightly 2 improved dramatically 3 dropped significantly
4 recovered slowly 5 has risen gradually 6 grew steadily 38.5
1 in comparison with 2 by far the largest 3 considerably more
36.2 4 the fastest growing 5 roughly the same 6 half as much as
1 tired 2 bored 3 boring 4 exciting 5 big 6 enormous
7 bad 8 freezing
U n it 39 A d v e rb s o f d e gre e
36.3
39.1
1 well made 2 heavily promoted 3 badly designed
1b 2a 3d 4c 5 g 6 f 7 h 8 e
4 extremely helpful 5 easily recognizable 6 unex pectedly delayed
7 completely illegal 8 quite late 39.2
I so f e w 2 too much 3 such a 4 so 5 too high
36.4
6 so much 7 so many 8 so little 9 too good 10 too short
1 an amazing n e w software package
I I tall enough 12 enough money
2 a large old - fashioned cutting machine
3 t w o square woo d e n cartons 39.3
4 a difficult three - month transition period 1 too 2 so much 3 so many 4 so little 5 so f e w 6 too
5 high - quality Taiwanese co mputer chips 7 such 8 enough 9 so 10 too 11 so 12 such
6 a well - planned investment strategy 39.4
7 a revolutionary n e w handheld device 1a such a big drop in their share price t hat 1b so big that
8 awful cheap plastic souvenirs 2a such large debts t hat 2b so large that
36.5 3a so well t hat 3b such a good order fulfilment system that
1 monthly - adj. 2 late - adv. 3 late - adj. 4 well - adv. 4a so successful t hat 4b such a success that
5 good - adj. 6 h ar d ly - a d v. 7 h a r d - a d j. 8 h a r d - a d v. 39.5
9 fast - adv. 10 fast - adj. 1 the screen w asn't large enough 2 was such a difficult problem
36.6 3 were too f e w copies 4 too little space
1 strange 2 large 3 properly 4 good 5 regularly 5 presentation was so good 6 didn't sell enough units
6 invisibly 7 easy 8 quickly 9 right 10 well 7 so many brochures that 8 too little time

U n it 37 C o m p a r in g 1 U n it 40 Tim e a d v e rb s
37.1 40.1
1 as profitable as 2 the most profitable 3 the most recent 1 in 2 at 3 at 4 on 5 in 6 at 7 on 8 in 9 in
4 than 5 worse 6 the best 7 not as bad as 8 worse 10 on 11 on 12 in 13 at 14 at 15 on 16 at
9 longer than 10 further 40.2
37.2 1 g 2a 3k 4m 5 f 6 j 7e 8 i 9b 10 1
1 the biggest 2 smaller than 3 less interesting than 11 n 12 h 13 d 14 c
4 the hottest 5 better than 6 as good as 7 more difficult 40.3
8 as large as 9 worse than (or as bad as) 10 the worst 1 this morning 2 the day after to m orrow 3 a t night
37.3 4 on time 5 in time 6 f or 7 during 8 t w o years ago
1 than / the 2 as/as 3 than / does 4 least 5 best 9 before 10 During 11 While 12 while 13 during 14 by
6 most 7 than / had 8 as/as 9 just / as 10 not 15 until 16 then 17 afterwards 18 After lunch

37.4 40.4
1 as good an analyst as 1 H ow long have you work ed here?/ For about six months.
2 more sections of the report than me (or than I have) 2 H ow long have you had a subsidiary in Poland?/Since 2009.
3 as long as I 4 bigger than ours 3 H ow long has Peter Middelhoff been CEO?/Since the start of last
5 most important presentation I've ever given 6 as interesting as year.
7 the best communication skills 4 H ow long has your co mpany had the same logo?/ For about twenty
8 the most interesting people I have ever met years.
5 H ow long have you k nown Lei Huang?/ For a long time.
37.5
6 H ow long have you had this particular job?/Since the co mpany was
I safest 2 lower 3 best 4 cheaper 5 better
restructured.
6 more attractive 7 riskiest 8 greater 9 worst 10 larger
7 H o w long have you been interested in antiques?/ For ages and ages.
I I nearer 12 most sensible
8 H ow long have you lived in this town? /Since I was born.

256 A N SW ER K EY
40.5 U n i t 43 D e v e l o p i n g a n a r g u m e n t 1
1 Afterwards 2 ago 3 for 4 during 5 after 6 before
43.1
7 for 8 for 9 while 10 since 11 ago 12 while 1 instead 2 hand 3 As a rule 4 except 5 either
13 afterwards 14 after 6 As a matter o f fact 7 On the whole 8 On the other hand
9 Besides 10 such as 11 for example 12 except for
U n it 41 L in k in g w o rd s 1
43.2
41.1 1 actually 2 except 3 therefore 4 instead 5 In general
I Although 2 despite 3 Although 4 while 5 Whereas 6 such as 7 Either 8 Moreover 9 Nevertheless 10 So
6 though 7 but 8 whereas 9 a nyway 10 In spite of
43.3
I I although 12 Although
In general, taking an MBA is a good idea for an ambitious young
41.2 professional. However, you do have to make some sacrifices. You miss
1a W e can handle the transport arrangements and also the insurance. out on t w o years' valuable experience a t work, for example, and it can
1b W e can handle both the transport arrangements and the insurance. be very expensive.
1c W e can handle the transport arrangements and the insurance too.
43.4
2a I w a n t the sales figures for October and November as well.
1 B (First of all) 2 A (Besides) 3 D (finally) 4 C (as a result)
2b I w a n t the sales figures f or October as well as November.
5 A (However) 6 B (In addition) 7 D (for example)
2c I w a n t the sales figures for October and also November.
8 A (such as) 9 B (in conclusion)
41.3
43.5
1 although 2 but 3 still 4 though 5 In spite of
1 first of all 2 In addition 3 In fact 4 Therefore 5 As a rule
6 whereas 7 anyway
6 However 7 In conclusion 8 instead of
41.4
1a Although it was snowing, the flight left on time. U n it 44 D e v e lo p in g an a rg u m e n t 2
1b Despite the snow, the flight left on time.
2a In spite of my headache, I still w e n t to the meeting. 44.1
2b I had a headache, but I still w e n t to the meeting. 1 in particular 2 In relation to 3 It seems t hat 4 Fortunately
3a So me analysts think t hat stocks will fall in value, whereas others 5 Actually 6 Wi t h regard to 7 in the end 8 at last 9 Unless
10 otherwise 11 e.g. 12 i.e.
disagree.
3b Although some analysts think that stocks will fall in value, others 44.2
disagree. 1 Personally 2 Of course 3 Unfortunately 4 By the w ay
4a Despite t he difficulties in the negotiations, w e wo n the contract. 5 Frankly 6 Apparently 7 A nyw ay 8 Above all
4b Even though there were difficulties in the negotiations, w e wo n the 9 Or rather
contract. 44.3
5a Wh ere as oil prices rose slightly last year, this year they have gone 1 in particular 2 Clearly 3 as a result
down. 4 On the other hand 5 or rather 6 In fact
5b Oil prices rose slightly last year, although this year they have gone 7 except f or 8 In general 9 although 10 such as
down. 11 as far as start - up companies are concerned 12 Furthermore
6a They've never been successful, yet they keep on trying. 13 in the end 14 to sum up
6b Despite never being successful, they keep on trying.
44.4
41.5 I in general 2 except for 3 as a result 4 In fact
1 as well 2 Even though 3 as well as 4 Wh ere as 5 despite 5 as far a s ... is/are concerned 6 although 7 furthermore
6 both 7 yet 8 on the other hand 9 to sum up 10 in t he end
I I in particular 12 or rather 13 such as 14 clearly
U n it 42 L in k in g w o rd s 2
42.1 U n it 45 D e v e lo p in g a n a rg u m e n t 3
1 so I sent her a copy of the minutes 45.1
2 she doesn't know, I'll ask someone else 1 It's dollars t hat w e get paid in, not euros.
3 so I have t o go now 2 It's brand image t hat really differentiates products.
4 because I had a lot of paperwork to do 3 It was Nouriel Roubini w h o gave the best analysis of the recession in
5 because of all the paperwork 2008.
42.2 4 It w as my ideas t hat they implemented.
1 to make 2 so 3 so t hat 4 in order to 5 for 6 can 5 It's emerging markets that w e should invest in, not our domestic
7 could 8 w ould n't 9 w o n't 10 to see market.
42.3 6 It was me w h o negotiated that deal.
1b 2a 3a 4b 5a 6b 7b 8a 9b 45.2
10 a 11a 12 b 1 The idea is 2 The answer is 3 The truth is 4 The question is
42.4 5 The trouble is 6 W h a t worries me is 7 W h a t w e can't do is
1 / 2 X 3 / 4 X 5 / 6X 7 / 8 / 9 / 8 W h a t happened was 9 W h a t w e need is
10 / 10 W h a t I'm going to do is

42.5 45.3
1 as 2 as/like 3 as/like 4 like 5 as/like 6 like 7 as 1 Never before have I seen such incompetence.
2 Under no circumstances will he sell his shares in the company.
8 like
3 On no account must you talk to the press about this.
42.6 4 A t no time did I authoriz e this payment.
1 as if 2 like 3 so 4 so as not to 5 since 6 as 5 Not only did they offer me a promotion, they're also upgrading my
7 like 8 as 9 so 10 so 11 like 12 to car to a Lexus.
 45.4 48.5
In 1972, five former IBM employees launched a co mpany to develop I aware 2 attached 3 dependent 4 prepared 5 capable
some software for processing real -time business information. One 6 useful 7 similar 8 involved 9 right 10 opposed
year later, the first co mponent was complete: a financial accounting I I compatible 12 lacking 13 late 14 covered
package. By the middle of the 1980s, 50 of the 100 largest German
companies were SAP customers, and revenues had reached around U n it 49 N ou n + p re p o si t io n
$50 million. 49.1
45.5 1 to 2 for 3 betwee n 4 with 5 with 6 in/of
1 Yes, I do understand w h a t you're saying 7 between 8 to 9 in/ of 10 for
2 I did order the spare parts 3 Do have a seat 49.2
4 I did do everything I could, but it just w asn't enough. 1 trouble with 2 price of 3 advantage of 4 division into
45.6 5 payment for 6 objection to 7 involvement in
1 technical 2 Technically 3 Financially 4 financial 8 suitability for
5 Commercially 6 commercial 49.3
1 At /in 2 for / up t o 3 in/ by 4 for / on 5 in 6 in
U n it 46 P re p o si t io n s o f p la c e 7 on / for 8 on / by 9 In/in 10 on/ on/ on
46.1 49.4
1 at 2 on 3 above / below 4 in 5 on 6 on 7 on 1a 2 f 3 e 4c 5 i 6 d 7 h 8 j 9b 10 g
8 by 9 next to 10 over 11 near 12 at 13 on
49.5
14 out of 15 near 16 by 17 at 18 in
1 about 2 In 3 f or 4 of 5 with 6 a t (or in) 7 of
46.2 8 out 9 in 10 in 11 on 12 for 13 in 14 for 15 at
1 at 2 on 3 on 4 in 5 on 6 at /in 7 at 8 in 16 at
9 on 10 on 11 in 12 A t 13 in 14 in/on 15 in/at
16 in 17 at 18 in 19 at 20 in U n it 50 Tre n ds, g r a p h s a n d f ig u r e s
46.3
50.1
1 near 2 on 3 towards 4 at 5 past 6 on 7 across 1 slight 2 increased 3 in 4 by 5 improved
8 at 9 in front o f 10 underneath 11 next to 12 backwards
6 hit /low/ recovered / at 7 peaked 8 slowly / by 9 slow/ of
46.4 10 to 11 rose/fell 12 raised/cut
1 on 2 at 3 in 4 on 5 next 6 in 7 in 50.2
8 opposite 9 in 10 at
1 one thousand two hundred and thirty
2 twelve thousand three hundred
U n it 47 V e rb + p r e p o si t io n 3 twelve thousand and thirty
47.1 4 one hundred and t we nty thousand, three hundred
1 believe in 2 w ait for 3 lead to 4 depend on 5 one hundred and twenty - three thousand
5 k n ow about 6 suffer from 7 approve of 8 comply with 6 one hundred and twenty - three thousand, three hundred and thirty
47.2 7 one million, tw o hundred and thirty thousand
1 for 2 with 3 of 4 about 5 for 6 into 7 on 50.3
8 from 9 in 10 on 1 In addition 2 However 3 although 4 in spite of
47.3 5 Therefore 6 so 7 because of 8 because
1 to / about 2 from 3 of 4 with / about 5 from 6 in 50.4
7 for 8 to / about 9 at 10 for 1 c 2 f 3a 4b 5e 6d
47.4 50.5
1 pay for 2 wasted on 3 listen to 4 agreed with 1 much less than 2 almost / a little under 3 around / about
5 apply for 6 involve in 7 rely on 8 apologi zed for 4 exactly/ precisely 5 a little over /slightly more than
9 remind about 10 insist on 6 considerably more than
47.5 50.6
1 at 2 with 3 from 4 for 5 in 6 f or 7 against 1 graph 2 figures 3 flat 4 although 5 because
8 for 9 on 10 on 11 to 12 of 13 of 14 in 6 recovery 7 up 8 by 9 million 10 euros 11 cut
15 from 16 of 12 However 13 half 14 rose 15 significantly 16 to
17 over 18 in
U n it 48 A d j e c t iv e + p r e p o si t io n
48.1 Test 1
1 g 2 h 3d 4b 5 j 6a 7 i 8c 9 f 10 e Test 1.1
48.2 1 do you do 2 are you doing 3 d o n't understand
1 popular with 2 safe from 3 attached to 4 dependent on 4 'm talking 5 isn't selling 6 k now 7 're staying
5 serious about 6 involved in 7 tired of 8 suitable for 8 's just leaving 9 makes 10 do you usually get
11 are the auditors coming 12 comes
48.3
1 about 2 with 3 with 4 for 5 for 6 for 7 with Test 1.2
8 at 9 to 10 for a PS b PC c PC d PS e PS f PC g PS h PC
1b 2 f 3a 4 e 5 h 6 d 7c 8g
48.4
1 with the old models 2 to Adrian 3 to driving on the left Test 1.3
4 interested in archaeology 5 at mathematics Prese n t si mple: after, always, as soon as, before, every day,
6 about the advertising campaign 7 of people 8 on her idea hardly ever, most of the time, never, next time, normally, occasionally,
often, sometimes, twice a year, until, usually, when
Prese n t co n tin u o us: at the moment, currently, nowadays, right now,
these days

258 A N SW ER K EY
Test 1.4 8 live have lived 9 wart have been waiting
1 I usually have lunch at about 1 o'clock. 10 didn't g ive haven't given 11 've been
2 Lunch is often just a sandwich. 12 do yo u -work have you worked
3 I visit Head Office in Paris from time to time. Test 3.3
4 I am hardly ever late in the morning. 1 since 2 always 3 already 4 ever 5 just 6 yet
5 I hardly ever take the train to work. 7 for 8 never 9 often 10 So far
6 I prepare a sales report once a month.
Test 3.4
7 I never miss a Board meeting.
1 has left 2 've never been 3 of Business Grammar Builder has
8 I am never late for a Board meeting.
4 've just seen 5 haven't finished 6 working here for
Test 1.5 7 (ever) been to Serbia 8 haven't spoken 9 Anna come
1 / 2 I agree 3 contain 4 / 5 / 6 W e own 10 gone 11 haven't seen David 12 living here for
7 I k now 8 / 9 it seems 10/ 11/ 12 w e have 13 've left 14 haven't finished 15 just left 16 ever been
Test 1.6 17 learning (or studying) 18 haven't had 19 never eaten
1 goes up / demand 20 playing tennis for 21 forgotten 22 seen Marguerite since
2 is falling / means
3 Are you waiting / don't think Test 4
4 do our customers want / seems Test 4.1
5 hope / knows/'s doing 1 I'll be 2 recovers 3 Shall I 4 will be 5 It's going to fall
6 do you mean / don't understand 6 I'll do 7 come back 8 She'll be working 9 w e're going to
7 are you saying / Do you w an t 10 They'll probably
8 Does your chicken taste / depends/is working
Test 4.2
9 aren't being /imagine / have /'re having
1 I'm going to get 2 will be here 3 will probably get
10 agree /'re wasting
4 is going to lend me 5 I'll see you 6 I w o n't be (or I can't be)
7 W h a t exactly are you going 8 will probably
Test 2
Test 4.3
Test 2.1
a will b present continuous c will (contracted to 'II)
1 became 2 began 3 broke 4 brought 5 bought
d be going to e be going to f will g future perfect
6 chose 7 ate 8 fell 9 found 10 forgot 11 grew
h future continuous
12 kept 13 led 14 lent 15 met 16 rose 17 sent
1 d 2c 3f 4 e 5b 6 h 7a 8 g
18 shut 19 spent 20 understood
Test 4.4
Test 2.2
1 I'll call 2 Shall I 3 conference ends (or finishes)
1 got / heard 2 used to claim 3 w e n t down / was printing out
4 will you be 5 w o n't 6 you doing 7 I'll 8 'II be
4 was / used to dream 5 was descending / started
9 Shall 10 will be launching
6 wanted / chose 7 used to have / combined
8 arrived / was waiting 9 knocked / went Test 4.5
10 lost / were discussing 11 was/ visited 1 Sarah isn't going to get 2 Shall w e have 3 I'm going to study
12 was feeling / decided 4 I'll be back 5 I'm going to see 6 I w o n't forget
7 I'm going to do 8 Shall I help you 9 We'll come
Test 2.3
10 I'm going to ask 11 I'll have 12 I'm going to have
1 Michael had made 2 didn't use to 3 hadn't forgotten
4 used to produce 5 I had read (or seen) 6 had already left
7 used to go skiing 8 I had left the win d o w
Test 5
Test 5.1
Test 2.4
1 e # e f offered 2 was been posted was posted
1 while / when 2 Wh e n 3 at 4 in 5 on 6 Wh e n
3 -be being (or to be) 4 a te eaten 5 produce produced
7 While / When 8 in 9 at 10 wh en 11 at 12 in
6 b e ing be 7 g iving being given 8 is has 9 wfit m § written
13 while / when 14 when
10 losiftg lost (or being lost)
Test 2.5
T est 5.2
1 realized / had seen 2 got / had stopped
1 The casino has been closed.
3 did you find out / had got 4 joined / had worked
2 Our house was broken into last week.
5 sent / had already spoken 6 had always suspected / wasn't
3 Nowadays English is spoken everywhere.
7 left / had gained 8 was / had k nown
4 The n e w motorway has finally been opened (or has finally opened).
Test 2.6 5 This bag was left in reception.
1 had decided 2 had been thinking 3 had been waiting 6 All traffic will be banned from the city center.
4 had already heard 5 had been rising 6 hadn't finished 7 The liquid is left for 24 hours after adding the ingredients.
7 had never met 8 had been looking 9 had seen 8 The meeting is being postponed.
10 had been losing
Test 5.3
1 have just had all our machines serviced
Test 3 2 are having the carpet cleaned t o morrow
Test 3.1 3 had some business cards printed with the new logo
1 I've been waiting 2 I'm waiting 3 had 4 have had 4 am getting my car repaired
5 I've left 6 I left 7 have you been working 8 are you working 5 have just had my request for credit refused
9 haven't paid 10 didn't pay 11 did you last see 6 just got fined for illegal parking
12 Have you seen
Test 5.4
Test 3.2 1 starting 2 mean 3 be taken 4 will bring 5 was addressed
1 « has been 2 have started started 3 w ritten writing 6 highlighted 7 be ignored 8 is considered 9 is expected
4 have you arrived did you arrive 10 will start 11 will be funded 12 to be found 13 to be done
Test 5.5 12 W h o does this BlackBerry belong t o?
1 had these figures checked 13 Could I ask you so mething?
2 much less coffee is grown in Columbia 14 Do you think I could ask you so mething?
3 was delivered this morning 4 is being redeveloped 15 Wh ere is the station?
5 have been put up 6 will be discussed in the meeting 16 Could you tell me where the station is?
7 had some new software installed 8 was born 9 were you
10 had his car 11 Alex told 12 a backup copy of this file been Test 8
Test 8.1
Test 6 1 would be 2 promote 3 had left 4 stay 5 I'd call 6 had
Test 6.1 7 breaks down 8 could phone 9 doesn't recognize
1 can't 2 must 3 need to 4 must have 5 w e'd better 10 w e'd been 11 I'd've become 12 goes
6 might 7 should 8 must 9 can't have 10 have to 13 backed up / wouldn't risk 14 hadn't acted / we'd be
11 don't need to 12 can't 15 had 16 was
Test 6.2 Test 8.2
1 d o n't have to 2 mustn't 3 might have 4 have to 5 must 1 'd lose 2 'II be 3 'd've asked 4 'II get 5 'd get
6 could 7 had to 8 must have 9 should 10 didn't have to 6 'd've missed 7 'II leave 8 'd've sorted out 9 would you do
Test 6.3 10 would you have done 11 w ould n't see 12 wo uld n't've got
1c 2 e 3b 4 d 5a 6 i 7 f 8 j 9g 10 h Test 8.3
Test 6.4 1 unless 2 if 3 Unless 4 Otherwise 5 If 6 if
1 should 2 d o n't have t o 3 can't be 4 must be 7 otherwise 8 unless
5 should be 6 might be 7 can't 8 might 9 have to Test 8.4
10 ought to 1 had left early / wouldn't have missed
Test 6.5 2 had made more copies / would have had
1 might have 2 must have 3 can't have 4 should have 3 had brought your map / wouldn't have gone
5 might not have 6 should have 7 shouldn't have 4 had invested in new technology / would have survived
8 could have 5 had waited / wouldn't have happened
6 had realized you were so busy / wouldn't have asked you
Test 7 7 had collapsed / would have been
8 had brought out their n e w model on time / wouldn't have lost
Test 7.1
1 Have you finished ye t? Test 8.5
2 Will I see you t o m orrow? 1b 2b 3a 4a 5b 6b 7b 8a
3 Did you have a nice holiday? Test 8.6
4 Do you k now w h a t I mean? 1 were 2 had done 3 ha dn't said 4 could speak
5 Are you coming out for a drink later? 5 had ordered 6 had 7 could be 8 had given
6 Have you been waiting long?
7 Are you enjoying yourself? Test 9
8 Have you heard the latest? Test 9.1
Test 7.2 1 to eat 2 coming 3 to come 4 giving 5 making
1 w h a t the time is 2 w h a t this means 3 h ow much this costs 6 Remind 7 visiting 8 to be 9 to be 10 trying
4 w h a t time the bank opens 5 I'm in the right seat 11 to recruit 12 to believe 13 to get 14 interrupting
6 where the Opera House is 7 this is the w ay to the station 15 going 16 to meet 17 to deliver 18 winning 19 to see
8 w h o the speaker at the next session is (or w h o the speaker is at the 20 to pack 21 arriving 22 to lift 23 getting away
next session) 24 to get a way 25 to listen 26 being 27 losing 28 thinking
Test 7.3 29 to order 30 to meet
1c 2b 3a 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10/ Test 9.2
Test 7.4 1 making 2 to rise 3 coming 4 to get through / getting
1 I do/l d o n't 2 she does/she doesn't 3 they do / they don't 5 waiting 6 to give 7 causing 8 to compromise
4 I have/l haven't 5 she has/she hasn't 6 I am/l'm not 9 unpacking 10 being
7 she is/she isn't 8 I can/l can't 9 I will /l w o n't
10 I did/l didn't 11 it is/it isn't 12 it is/it isn't Test 10
Test 7.5 Test 10.1
1 You have got 2 w o n't t hey 3 aren't leaving 4 haven't they 1c 2 g 3 I 4a 5 d 6 j 7 h 8e 9 i 10 k
5 can't you 6 do you 7 didn't you 8 didn't forget 11b 12 f
9 could n't give 10 w eren't 11 shall w e 12 aren't I Test 10.2
T est 7.6 1 I'm looking forward to 2 takes up
1 Do you take Visa? 3 to put back the meeting to 4 to deal with 5 to sort it out
2 Can I see the menu, please? 6 pick me up 7 to go over 8 get through
3 Excuse me, is anyone sitting here? 9 you come across it 10 run out of time
4 Which country do you come fro m? Test 10.3
5 Which route did you come by? 1 on 2 over 3 through 4 out 5 down 6 by 7 up
6 W h o were you talking to just n ow? 8 off 9 into / back 10 away
7 W h a t exactly do you mean by t h at? Test 10.4
8 Could you be a little more specific? 1 fall back on 2 get along with 3 cut d own on 4 run out of
9 W h a t time is t he next train to Brussels? 5 get around to 6 catch up with 7 sit in on 8 face up to
10 Can you tell me w h a t time the next train to Brussels is? 9 move on to 10 get back to
11 Do you need any help with your suitcase?

A N SW ER K EY
Test 10.5 Test 14
1c 2 g 3 f 4 i 5 d 6b 7a 8k 9 I 10 j
Test 14.1
11 h 12 e 1 so m e ti m e 2 a doctor 3 yours 4 they say that .v - e
5 every time 6 some advice 7 neither one
Test 11 8 some information 9 none of us (or not one of us)
Test 11.1 10 go by taxi 11 was very busy 12 so many 13 ’ .one r =
1 doing 2 having 3 make 4 do 5 make / have / do 14 Jane's colleague 15 either 16 too little 17 e acr e r e
6 do / make 7 made / doing 8 makes/ do 9 having / making 18 Ministry's 19 enough chairs 20 no spare parts 21 s
10 Have / make 11 made / do / do 12 doing / make / having 22 at the end of the report 23 both 24 everyone (or esc* d oe
13 have / have / make 14 doing / have 15 doing / making / do 25 hers 26 some information 27 anything 28 b o f
16 make 17 doing / made 18 have / do / making 29 there w asn't a single question 30 isn't anyone 31 its
Test 11.2 32 the boss's son
1 d 2 h 3a 4 f 5 g 6c 7b 8 e Test 14.2
9 f 10 c 11a 12 b 13 e 14 d Countable nouns: an apart ment, a desk, a bag, a job, a trip, a prcc
a chance, a litre, a machine, a dollar, an email, a fart, a su gger. zr ar
Test 12 hour, a course, a law, a step forward, an idea, a policy
Test 12.1 Uncountable nouns: some acco mmodation, some furniture, sc*'-;
1 if (whether) I was going out luggage, some work, some travel, some trouble, some luck, s o ^ e
2 w h a t I did (or had done) wine, some equip ment, some money, some correspondence, so - -;
3 if (whether) w e often w e nt t o Germany information, some advice, some time, some training, some legts-ar zr
4 h ow many interviews I'd done some progress, some brainstorming, some insurance
5 if (whether) she was going to change jobs Test 14.3
6 w h o I talked to (or had talked to) 1 There's something in 2 some advice 3 by train
7 if (whether) I would be 4 Something is worrying 5 on foot 6 one of my boss's friends
8 where our n e w offices were 7 a tax advisor 8 Nobody knows this business 9 got nothing to
9 if (whether) I had seen Anton 10 Everybody here drinks 11 someone / somebody driving
10 if (whether) I'd be seeing Masumi 12 The unemployed need 13 redesigning 14 is nothing w e can
Test 12.2 15 H o w much did 16 isn't much 17 an accountant
1 he'd see me there the next day (or the day after or the following 18 Everybody was late 19 could n't do anything
day) 20 Not a single person 21 There is no 22 was not in
2 they received (or they'd received) our email update about the issue 23 the customer's copy 24 There isn't anything
the previous we e k (or the we e k before)
Test 12.3
Test 15
1 promised to meet Ekaterina Test 15.1
2 invited Jea n to come to 1 interested 2 by the end 3 very hard 4 lovely blue
3 advised Todd not to sign 5 so friendly 6 extremely good 7 very well 8 tired
4 suggested getting 9 W e never give 10 interested 11 so much
5 apologi z ed for arriving 12 such a risky project 13 not ex perienced enough
6 offered to give 14 enough time 15 larger than 16 as large as
7 congratulated / on winning 17 the best price 18 for three months 19 so tense
8 refused to accept 20 Wh e n I get back 21 before 22 than they do 23 too high
24 less useful 24 as swimming 25 until six
Test 13 Test 15.2
Test 13.1 1 on 2 ago 3 for 4 since 5 on/at /in 6 in 7 on
1 that / which 2 whose 3 who 4 who / that 5 whose 8 afterwards 9 then 10 After 11 for 12 at 13 at
6 which 7 that / which 8 which 9 whose 10 w h o 14 f or 15 since 16 During 17 While 18 In/ During
11 who / that 12 who / that
Test 13.2
1 (that / which) 2 / 3 / 4 (who / that) 5 / 6 /
7 (that / which) 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 12 (who / that)
Test 13.3
1 who 2 that
Test 13.4
1 showed me a maga zine article which was
2 that w e w e n t to yesterday was
3 presentation yesterday t hat was
4 whose laptop I borrowed wants it
5 w h o ca me yesterday gave me
6 that the Japanese visitors w h o came yesterday
7 w h o runs our office is
8 a w o m a n whose sister works for
9 w ho is waiting in reception wants to
 Test 15.3
1 spoke really well
2 've been working on this project since January
3 is more profitable than retail banking
4 works very carefully
5 the worst service I have ever seen
6 stayed in Paris until
7 you interested in opera
8 finished positively
9 work ed hard
10 plays golf badly
11 plays golf well
12 talk more slowly
13 is not as big as the Chinese market
14 just as many products as Thierry
15 is the least experienced member of the team
16 During the interview
17 've been doing this job since 2008
18 a way on holiday until
19 on time
20 in time to save the negotiations
21 your report by
22 in the end w e gave up
23 started building this prototype f our months ago
24 for t wo

Test 16
Test 16.1
1 at 2 in 3 at /in 4 over 5 in/in 6 on 7 at
8 to 9 on 10 on 11 at 12 over 13 under 14 at
15 in/ at 16 in 17 at 18 to/in 19 on 20 on
21 in/at 22 on
Test 16.2
1 for 2 to 3 to 4 against 5 on / for 6 of 7 into
8 from 9 for 10 with 11 in 12 about 13 on 14 of
15 about 16 with 17 to 18 on 19 in 20 from
Test 16.3
1 about 2 on 3 with 4 in 5 in 6 of 7 in
8 with / for 9 to 10 from 11 for 12 f or 13 at
14 for 15 for 16 to
Test 16.4
1 price of 2 reason f or 3 advantage of 4 trouble with
5 matter with 6 reply to 7 lack of 8 solution to
9 substitute for 10 investment in 11 advice on
12 pessimism about 13 compliance with 14 increase in
Test 16.5
1 on 2 inside 3 next to 4 to 5 at 6 near 7 across
8 down 9 on 10 at 11 on 12 opposite 13 a t 14 off

262 A N SW ER K E Y
*

263
 A a lt h o u g h p170C
a lt h o u g h and e v e n t h o u g h p170C
a u34
a / an with singular countable nouns p126D, p142A a lt h o u g h or w h e r e a s or w h il e ? p170F
a or a n? p142C alw a ys
determiner p134A with present continuous p14C
indefinite article u34 with present simple p10C
abbreviations (i.e., e.g., etc.) p182E American and British English Appendi x 4 pp244 - 5
a b le t o / u n a ble t o p50B a n (see a)
about and
be a b o u t t o (referring to future) p38F as linking word p170A, B
preposition p198D in comparisons p158B, D
a b o v e p190C omission of a n d after " h u n d re d " in A mE Appendi x 4 p245
a b s o lu t e ly any
before non - gradable adjectives p150C any - / some - p130B
active u9, u10 in affirmative sentences p130B
person or organiz ation w h o does action p42 in negatives and questions p130B
ac t u a lly a n y b o d y / a n y o n e p130A, B
refusing requests p62C a n y t h i n g p130A, B
(true but surprising) p178D a n y t i m e p130A, B
in a d d iti o n p178A, B a n y w h e r e p130A, B
adjectives u36, u37, u48 or a n y p la c e (AmE) Appendi x 4 p245
+ preposition u48 a p a r t fr o m p178F
adjectives and adverbs p150A apostrophe s ('s) p138B, C
adjectives and adverbs with same form p150B articles (a, t h e , etc.) u34, u35
comparatives u37 no article w h e n talking generally p142A, E, p146E
ending in - ed p150E no article with names of companies, countries, etc. p142E,
ending in -ing p 150E p146A, D
gradable and non - gradable p150C special uses of no article p146D
irregular adjectives p154B as
order of adjectives p150D as ... as (in comparisons) p154D
possessive adjectives p138A as a result o f p174A
superlatives u37 linking word p174A, E
adverb phrases as if p174E
with present simple pl O C as lo n g as
adverbs u36, u38, u39, u40 with conditionals p78C
+ verb p150A as so o n as
adverb endings (- ally, -ily, -y) p150B, Appendi x 4 p244 with present perfect / present simple p38A
adverbs and adjectives p150A as w e ll p170B
comparatives u38 as w e ll as p170B
comparing adverbs p158D at
frequency adverbs p10C, p26C, p150A adjective + a t p198D
intensifying adverbs p162A as preposition p190A, B
order of adverbs p150A, p186E a t or in? p190A
time adverbs u40 at, in and o n p190B
after in time expressions p18C, p166 A
a f t e r t h a t (showing a sequence) p42C position /location p190A, B
in time expressions p166F auxiliary verbs
with past simple or past perfect p22B be with present continuous p10D
a f t e r w a r d s p166F be with present perfect continuous p30C
a g o p166C d o / d o es with present simple p10A
a gr e e h a d with past perfect p22A
in passive as reporting verb p114C h a d b e e n with past perfect continuous p22D
all p134B, C h a v e with present perfect p26A
a ll o w e d t o / n o t be a ll o w e d t o modal verbs as auxiliary verbs p50A
permission / prohibition p54B with questions p66A
a lr e a d y with question tags p70D
with past perfect p22C
with past simple in A mE Appendi x 4 p244
with present perfect p26C
also p170B

264
B co uld (modal verb) u 1 1, u13, u14
co uld or b e a ble t o ? p50C
b asica lly p178H
in indirect questions p70 A
be (irregular verb)
in reported speech p 1 10B
as state verb and action verb p14D
offers p62E
in past continuous p18D
past ability p50C
in past simple p18A
permission p62D
in present perfect continuous p30C
requests p62B
b eca use p170A, 174A
suggestions p62F
b eca use o f p174A
uncertainty p58D
b e e n t o and g o n e t o p26D
c o u ld n't u 1 1
b e f o re
in negatives p50C
with past simple or past perfect p22B
past ability p50C
with present simple or present perfect p38A
countable nouns u30
b ein g + past participle (as passive form) p102F
+ singular or plural ver b? p126C
b e li ev e
with specific meanings p126E
in passive as reporting verb p46C
b e l o w p190C
b esid e p190D
D
dates p166G
b esid es (t his) p178A, B
decimal point
(t o b e) b orn
in figures p206E
always in passive p46F
defining relative clauses p118A, C
b o t h pi3 4 F
definite article (t h e) u34, u35
British and American English Appendi x 4 pp244 - 5
before place names p146B
but
special uses of t h e p146C
as linking word p170A, C
with specific meaning p146E
by
d e fin it e ly
+ myself /yourself, etc. p130D
position with w ill and w o n 't p58B
b y or u n til? p166E
despite / in sp it e o f p170D
preposition of place p190D
determiners (a, t h e, this, etc.) u32
with passive p42D
did
with past perfect p22C
for emphasis p186F
b y t h e ti m e
with past simple p18A
with present simple / present perfect p38 A
with questions p66 A
c with question tags p70D, E, F
do / d oes (auxiliary verb)
ca n (modal verb) u 11, u 12, u14
for emphasis p186F
ability p50B
with present simple p10 A
offers p62E
with questions p66A
permission p54B
with question tags p70D, E, F
requests p62B
d o (ordinary verb)
c a n't ul 1, u12, u13
common expressions with d o p106A
ability p50B
d o and m a k e p106A
c a n't and m u st n't AmE/BrE differences Appendix 4 p244
(b e) d u e t o
certainty and deduction p58B
referring to future p38F
permission p54B
as linking phrase p174A
c a n't h a v e
d urin g p166C
deduction p58E
d u rin g or w h il e ? p166D
(b e) cer t a in t o p58A, B
co m e + -ing (sports / outdoor activities) p82A
comma
E
each p134E
in figures p206E
e ach and e v e r y p134E
comparatives and superlatives u37, u38
-ed form
adjectives p154B
adjective ending p150E
adverbs p158D
in past simple p18A
co mmon structures with comparatives p158B
participle ending in relative clauses p122D
comparing u37, u38
e it h e r p134F
comparing actions p154E
e i t h e r ... or p178E
comparing equal things p154D
emphasi zing u45
comparing nouns p158E
end
co mpound nouns p138D
a t t h e e n d or in t h e e n d? p182C
conditionals u17, u18
e n o u g h p162B, C
+ modal verbs p74F, p78E
ev e n
with as lo n g as, o n c o n d itio n t h a t, p r ovidin g , p r ovidin g
in comparisons p158A
t h a t, so lo n g as p78C
e v e n t h o u g h and a lt h o u g h p170C
with i m a g in e and su p p osin g p78C
ever
with u nless p74E
with past simple in A mE Appendi x 4 p244
with I w is h p78D
with present perfect p26C
c o n s e q u e n tl y p178A
B co uld (modal verb) u 1 1, u13, u14
co uld or be a bl e t o ? p50C
b asica lly p178H
in indirect questions p70A
b e (irregular verb)
in reported speech p 1 10B
as state verb and action verb p14D
offers p62E
in past continuous p18D
past ability pBOC
in past simple p18A
permission p62D
in present perfect continuous p30C
requests p62B
b eca use p170A, 174A
suggestions p62F
b eca use o f p174A
uncertainty p58D
b e e n t o and g o n e t o p26D
c o u ld n't u 1 1
b e f o re
in negatives p50C
with past simple or past perfect p22B
with present simple or present perfect p38A past ability p50C
countable nouns u30
b ein g + past participle (as passive form) p102F
+ singular or plural verb? p126C
b e li ev e
with specific meanings p126E
in passive as reporting verb p46C
b e l o w p190C
b esid e p190D
D
dates p166G
b esid es (t his) p178A, B
decimal point
(t o b e) b orn
in figures p206E
always in passive p46F
defining relative clauses p118A, C
b o t h p134F
definite article (t h e) u34, u35
British and American English Appendi x 4 pp244 - 5
before place names p146B
but
special uses of t h e p146C
as linking word p170A, C
with specific meaning p146E
by
d e fin it e ly
+ myself /yourself, etc. p130D
position with w ill and w o n 't p58B
b y or u n til? p166E
despite / in spit e o f p170D
preposition of place p190D
determiners (a, t h e , this, etc.) u32
with passive p42D
did
with past perfect p22C
for emphasis p186F
b y t h e ti m e
with past simple p18A
with present simple / present perfect p38A
with questions p66A
c with question tags p70D, E, F
do / does (auxiliary verb)
can (modal verb) u 11, u 12, u 14
for emphasis p186F
ability p50B
with present simple p10A
offers p62E
with questions p66A
permission p54B
with question tags p70D, E, F
requests p62B
d o (ordinary verb)
c a n't u 1 1, u12, u13
co mmon expressions with d o p106A
ability p50B
d o and m a k e p106A
c a n't and m u s t n't AmE/BrE differences Appendi x 4 p244
(b e) d u e t o
certainty and deduction p58B
referring to future p38F
permission p54B
as linking phrase p174A
c a n't h a v e
d u rin g p166C
deduction p58E
d u rin g or w h il e ? p166D
(b e) cert a in t o p58A, B
co m e + -ing (sports / outdoor activities) p82 A
comma
E
e ach p134E
in figures p206E
e ach and e v e r y p134E
comparatives and superlatives u37, u38
- ed form
adjectives p154B
adjective ending p150E
adverbs p158D
in past simple p18 A
co mmon structures with comparatives p158B
participle ending in relative clauses p122D
comparing u37, u38
e it h e r p134F
comparing actions p154E
e i t h e r ... o r p178E
comparing equal things p154D
emphasi zing u45
comparing nouns p158E
end
co mpound nouns p138D
a t t h e e n d or in t h e e n d? p182C
conditionals u17, u18
e n o u g h p162B, C
+ modal verbs p74F, p78E
e ve n
with as lo n g as, o n co n di tio n t h a t, p rovidi n g, p ro vi di n g
in comparisons pi 58A
t h a t, so lo n g as p78C
e v e n t h o u g h and a lt h o u g h p170C
with i m a g in e and su p p o sin g p78C
ever
with u nless p74E
with past simple in A mE Appendi x 4 p244
with I w is h p78D
with present perfect p26C
co n s e q u e n tly p178A ia m + U r i tr\r C/ /"
 e v e r y and e ach p134E g o o d and w e ll p150B
e v e ry b o d y / e v e r y o n e p130A, C g o tt e n (past participle of g e t in A mE) Appendi x 4 p244
e v e ry o n e or e v e r y o n e? p130C gradable and non - gradable adjectives p150C
e v e ry t h in g p130A
e v e r y w h e r e p130A H
e x ce p t f o r p178F had
e x p ect + past participle p22A
+ infinitive (referring to future) p38F with questions p66A
in passive as reporting verb p46C had been
with past perfect continuous p22D
F h a d b e tt e r
in f a c t p178D strong opinions p54D
f a ir ly p162A, E h a d t o / did n ’t h a v e t o
f e el necessary / not necessary p54C
+ object + -ing p86B h a r d ly e v e r
+ object + infinitive p86B with present simple p10C
few hate
a f e w p126D + -ing p86C
a f e w (o f) p134B + t o + infinitive p86C
f e w p126D h a v e (auxiliary verb)
f e w e r p158E h ave / h as + past participle p26 A
t h e f e w e s t p158E h a v e something d o n e p46E
figures p206E with questions p66A
comma in figures p206E with question tags p70D, E, F
decimal point in figures p206E h a v e (state verb and action verb) p14D, p106B
fi n a lly p42C, p178B common expressions with h a v e p106B
first conditional p74C h a ve / h av e g o t p106B; AmE /BrE differences Appendi x 4 p244
first o f all / firstly p42C, p178B meaning "possess" p106B
f or not in continuous tenses as a state verb p106B
+ noun (expressing purpose / reason) p174C h a v e t o / d o n't h a v e t o
f o r and since p26C, p166C necessary / not necessary p54A, B
with present perfect p26B,C, p166C h a vin g + past participle p102F
f o r e x a m ple / f or inst a nc e p178C h e ar
fo rg e t + object + -ing p86B
+ -ing p86A + object + infinitive p86B
+ t o + infinitive p86 A her / hers p138A
frequency adverbs u1 h erself / hi m self p130D
position in sentence p10C, p150A his (possessive adjective and pronoun) p138A
with present perfect p26C hope
with present simple p10C + infinitive (referring to future) p38F
f u r t h e r m o r e p178A H o w ? (question word) u 1 5
future u7, u8 H o w a b o u t ...? p62F
future continuous u8 h o w e v e r p178A
an activity in progress in the future p38C
something t hat will definitely happen p38C I
future perfect u8 if
looking back from a point in the future to an clauses u17, u18
earlier event / period of time p38D imaginary future events p74D, p182D
future perfect continuous likely future events p74C
looking back from a point in the future to an things t hat are always or generally true p74B
activity in progress p38D i m a g in e
with conditionals p78C
G in
in g e n e ra l p178G in, a t and o n p190B
get in or a t? p190A
basic meanings p106C in time expressions p18C, p166 A
g o a n d ... in ti m e or o n t i m e? p166B
Appendi x 4 p245 position /location p190A, B
g o + -ing (sports / outdoor activities) p82A in case
g o on with present perfect / present simple p38A
+ -ing p86A indefinite article (a / an) u34
+ t o + infinitive p86A indefinite pronouns p130A, B, C
(b e) g o in g t o (referring to future) u7 indirect questions p70A
b e g o in g t o or present continuous? p 34E indirect speech (see reported speech)
be g o in g t o or w ill? p34D infinitive
plans and intentions p34B, D after le t and m a k e p82D
predictions using evidence in present situation p34B, D with present simple p10A
referring to near or distant time in future p34B
g o n e t o and b e e n t o p26D

266 IN D E X
-ing form u24 M
adjective ending p150E
make
after a preceding verb p86C
+ infinitive without t o p82D
after prepositions p102D
common expressions with m a k e p106A
as adjective p102C
m a k e and d o p106A
as a noun p102B m a ny
at beginning of clause p102E
with countable nouns p126D, p134B
before another verb p86C
m a y (modal verb) u 1 1, u13
negative form p102F
uncertainty p58A, D
participle ending in relative clauses p122D
m a y n o t u 11, u13
uses in verb tenses u1 - 8
uncertainty p58A, D
with future continuous p38C m e an
with passive forms p86D
+ -ing p86A
with past continuous p18D
+ t o + infinitive p86A
with past perfect continuous p22D
m ig h t (modal verb) u 1 1, u13
with present continuous p10D
in reported speech p110B
with present perfect continuous p30C
uncertainty p58A, D
inseparable phrasal verbs p94C m ig h t n o t u 1 1, u13
inst e a d o f p178E
uncertainty p58A, D
in t e n d
m ig h t n o t h a v e (uncertainty) p58E
+ infinitive (referring to future) p38F mind
intransitive verbs p42E, p90B
+ -ing p62C
irregular verbs Appendi x 2 pp240 - 41
permission p62D
it
requests p62C
at beginning of sentence for emphasis p186A
m in e (possessive pronoun) p138A
its (possessive adjective) p138 A
modal verbs u 1 1, u!2 , u13, u14
its or it's? p138A
ability u 1 1
its elf p130D
advice u12
certainty u13
J deduction u13
j ust
expectation u13
with past perfect p22C
necessity u12
with past simple in A mE Appendi x 4 p244
offers/ requests u 1 1
with present perfect p26C
opinions u12
permission u12
K probability u13
know
prohibition u 12
in passive as reporting verb p46C
uncertainty u13
with past perfect p22B
with conditionals p74F, p78E
L with questions p66A
with question tags p70D
a t last p182C
m ore
la t e r (showing a sequence) p42C
+ adjective p154A, B
le t + infinitive wit ho ut t o p82D
+ noun p158E
Le t m e ... (offers) p62E
m ore ... t h a n (in comparisons) p158A
Le t's ... (suggestions) p62F
m o r e o v e r p174A
li k e (linking word "in the w ay t h a t'') p174E
m ost
lik e
+ adjective p154A, B
+ -ing p86C
determiner p134B
+ t o + infinitive p86C
t h e m ost + noun p158E
be li k e ly t o
m uch
e x pectation p58C
with uncountable nouns p126D, p134B
linking words u41, u42, u43, u44
m ust (modal verb) u 1 1, u12, u13
list en t o
deduction p58B
+ object + -ing p86B
in reported speech p 1 10B
+ object + infinitive p86B
obligation / necessity p54A
little
m ust h a v e (deduction) p58E
a litt le (o f) p134B, p162A
m us t n't
little / a lit tle p126D
m u s t n't and c a n't AmE/BrE differences Appendi x 4 p244
a lo t o f p126D
prohibition p54B
love
m u st n't or d o n 't h a v e t o p54B
+ -ing p86C
m y (possessive adjective) p138A
+ t o + infinitive p86C
m ys elf p130D
 N on
in time expressions p18C, p166A
n e ar p190D
n e e d t o / d o n't n e e d t o on, a t and in p166A
d o n't n e e d t o and n e e d n't p54A o n ti m e or in t i m e? p166B
position / location p190B
necessary / not necessary p54A
o nce
negative questions p66E
negatives with past perfect p22C
o p p o sit e p190D
with a n y b o d y, n o b o d y, etc. p130B
in or d er t o p174C
with modal verbs p5 0 A
o n t h e o t h e r h a n d p178A
with past continuous p18D
o t h e r w is e p182D
with past perfect p22A
with past perfect continuous p22D o u g h t t o / o u g h t n't t o
with past simple p18A advice p54D
expectation p58C
with present continuous p10D
o u g h t / o u g h t n't t o h a v e
with present perfect p26 A
criticism of past actions p54E
with present perfect continuous p30C
our / ours p138 A
with present simple p10 A
o urse lv es p130D
n e it h e r p134F
never o v e r p190C
o v e r a ll p178B
with past perfect p22C
o w i n g t o p174A
with past simple in A mE Appendi x 4 p244
with present perfect p26C
with present simple p10C
P
particles
n e v e rt h e le ss p178A
with phrasal verbs u22, u23
n e x t (showing a sequence) p42C
passive u9, u10
n e x t t o p190D
formation of p42A
n o (in negatives) p134D
focus on important information p42B
n o o n e / n o b o d y p130A, B
formal and impersonal writing p46B
n o b o d y / n o o n e p130A, B
systems, processes and procedures p42C
non - defining relative clauses p118D
+ b y p42D
n o n e p134D
+ infinitive p46C, p86D
n o n e o f p134D
+ -ing p86D
n o t h in g p130A
+ t o be + past participle p86D
n o tice
with b e in g + past participle p86D
+ object + -ing p86B
with transitive verbs only p42E
+ object + infinitive p86B
with verbs with tw o objects p46D
noun phrases
past and present u5, u6
with a t p202D
past continuous u3
with b y p202D
a situation in progress in the past p18E
with f o r p202D
information about a background situation p18E
with in p202D
with time expressions as, w h e n and w h il e p18F
with o n p202D
past participle
with o u t o f p202D
with h a d p22 A
with u n d er p202D
with h ave / h as p26A
with u p t o p202D
with w ill h a v e p38D
nouns u30, u33, u35, u49
past perfect u4
+ preposition u49
with aft e r / b e f or e p22B
+ singular or plural ver b? p126C
with time expressions p22C
co mpound nouns p138D
with verbs of thinking p22B
countable nouns p126A, C, D, E
past perfect and past perfect continuous p22E
general and specific meanings pi 26E, p146E
past perfect and past simple p22B
plural nouns p126C
past perfect continuous u4
uncountable nouns p126B, D, E
past perfect continuous and past perfect p22E
n o w h e r e p130A
past simple u3
or n o place (AmE) Appendi x 4 p245
f or completed period of time p18B
numbers (see figures)
f or habitual actions in the past p18B
o f or specific events p26C
with aft er / b e f or e p22B
o b je ct
with time expressions p18C
in passive sentences p42 A
with w h e n p18F
position in active and passive sentences p42A
past simple or past continuous? p18G
position with phrasal verbs p94B, C
past simple or present perfect? p26C, p30 A
verbs with tw o objects p46D, p90D, E, F
differences in AmE/BrE usage Appendi x 4 p244
with transitive verbs u21
of past time u3, u4
phrasal verbs u22, u23
common / fixed phrases with o f p138C, D
+ preposition + object p98 A
instead o f 's p138C
inseparable p94C
possession p138C
particle meanings in phrasal verbs p98C
separable p94B
with t w o particles p98B
268 IN D EX
place names p r o b a b ly
no article in front of p142E, p146A position with w ill and w o n 't p34A, p58B
preceded by t h e p146B pronouns u31
pla n indefinite pronouns p130A, B, C
+ infinitive (referring to future) p38F reflexive pronouns p130D
plural nouns p126C p r ovid e d t h a t / p r ovid in g
possessive with conditionals p78C
w i t h 's p138B, C
with o f p138C Q
possessive adjectives/ pronouns p138A question tags p70 D, E, F
possessives and compound nouns u33 omission in A mE Appendi x 4 p244
p ossible questions u 1 5, u16
It's p ossible ... p58F indirect questions p70A
p r e f er negative questions p66E
+ -ing p86C position of preposition in questions p70B
+ t o + infinitive p86C question phrases p66C
prepositions u46, u47, u48 question words p66B
after nouns p202A, B, C question words as the subject p66D
after verbs u47 reply questions p70G
and phrasal verbs u22, u23 with modal verbs p50A
before nouns p202D with past continuous p18D
differences in AmE/BrE usage Appendi x 4 p245 with past perfect p22A
position in relative clauses p118E with past perfect continuous p22D
position in questions p70B with past simple p18A
prepositions of place u46 with present continuous p10D
present continuous u1, u2, u7 with present perfect p26 A
f or current trends p10E with present perfect continuous p30C
for future arrangements p14C with present simple p10 A
for t emporary actions or situations p10E q u it e
with a l w a y s p14C as intensifying adverb p162A, E
present continuous or be g oin g t o ? p34E before gradable adjectives p150C
present continuous or present perfect continuous p14B
present perfect u5 R
use of instead of w ill p38A r a t h e r p162A, E
with f o r and since p26C reflexive pronouns p130D
with frequency adverbs p26C re gr e t
with h o w l o n g? p26C + -ing p86A
with j u st p26C + t o + infinitive p86A
with time expressions ev e r, n eve r, a lr e a d y and y e t p26C regular verbs Appendi x 1 pp238 - 9
present perfect or past simple? p26C, p30A relative adverbs (w h e n , w h e r e , w h y) p122C
differences in AmE/BrE usage Appendi x 4 p244 relative clauses u28, u29
present perfect or present perfect continuous? p30F in combining sentences p122A
present perfect or present simple? p30B with a participle (-ing, - ed) p122D
present perfect continuous u6 relative pronouns (t h a t, w h ic h , w h o , etc.) u28
for actions or situations in progress p30D and prepositions p118E
for emphasising length of time p30D omission in a defining relative clause p118C
f or repeated actions p30D re m e m b e r
present perfect continuous or present perfect? p30F + -ing p86 A
present simple u1, u2 + t o + infinitive p86A
f or actions and situations t hat are generally true p1 OB re min d
for actions t hat are repeated regularly p10B + object + a b o u t p194B
for permanent facts p10B + object + o f p194B
for states p14D reply questions p70G
for stories and journalism p14C re p or t
for timetables and schedules p14C in passive as reporting verb p46C
use of instead of w ill p38A reported speech u26, u27
with frequency adverbs p10C reporting commands and requests p114E
with time expressions p10C reporting questions p114D
with time expression that refer to the future p10C reporting verbs u26, u27
present simple or present continuous? p14 A as a resu lt p178 A
present simple or present perfect? p30B
present tenses u1, u2
present time u1, u2
p r e t t y (adverb) p162A, E
probability
h o w t o express using w ill, must, sh o uld , m ay, etc. p38G, u13
 s T
say t ell
in passive as reporting verb p46C t e ll or s a y? p114A
sa y or t e ll? p114A tense changes in reported speech p110B, C
with reported speech u26 than
second conditional p74D in comparisons p154C
see t h a t (relative pronoun) u28, u29
+ object + -ing p86B t h a t clause (after verbs) p82E
+ object + infinitive p86B t h a t vs t h is (on telephone - AmE/BrE difference) Appendi x 4 p245
separable phrasal verbs p94B t h e u32, u34, u35
shall (modal verb) u 11, u14 + comparative p158B
Sh a ll I ...? (offers /invitations) p62E + superlative p142D, p154C
Sh a ll I / w e ...? (suggestions) p38F, p62F; Appendi x 4 p244 before place names p146B
short questions p70G definite article p142A, D, p146B, C, E
sh o uld (modal verb) u 1 1, u12, u13 determiner p134A
advice p54D differences in AmE/BrE usage Appendi x 4 p245
in reported speech pi 10B special uses of t h e p146C
sh o uld / o u g h t t o p54D with specific meaning p146E
sh o uld / sh o uld n't h a v e t h e t h i n g is ... p186B
criticism of past actions p54E t h eir / t h eirs p138A
probability in the past p58E t h e m s e lv e s p130D
s h o u ld n't u 1 1, u12, u 13 t h e n (showing a sequence) p42C, p166F
advice p54D t h e r e f o r e p178A
e x pectation p58C t h i n k (state verb and action verb) p14D
since in passive as reporting verb p46C
linking word p174A t h in k + 'II (referring to future) p38F
since and f o r p26C, p166C third conditional p78A
with present perfect p26C, p166C t his vs t h a t (on telephone - AmE/BrE difference) Appendi x 4 p245
singular nouns u30 th ou g h
+ singular or plural ver b? p126C and a lt h o u g h p170C
so time adverbs u40
expressing a result p170A, p174B time expressions u1, u3, u4, u40
so as t o, so t h a t (expressing purpose) p174C, D with future tenses p34F
so, such (a) (for emphasis) p162D with passive p42E
summarizing p178H with past continuous meaning p18F
so lo n g as with past perfect p22C
with conditionals p78C with past simple p18C
so m e with present continuous f or situations happening now p1 OF
so me - or a ny - ? p130B with present perfect continuous p30E
in affirmative sentences p130B with present simple for talking about future p14C
so m e b o d y / so m e o n e p130A with present simple to express frequency p10C
so m e p lace (AmE) Appendi x 4 p245 to
so m e t hi n g p130A, B followed by - ing form p102D
so m e ti m e p130A, B infinitive expressing purpose p174C
s o m e w h e r e p130A, B to o
or so m e p lac e (A mE) Appendi x 4 p245 as intensifying adverb p162B, C
in sp it e o f / despite p170D transitive verbs p42E, p90 A
state verbs p14D transitive and intransitive verbs p90C
st o p trends
+ -ing p86A verbs describing trends p206 A
+ t o + infinitive p86A
such u
such (a), so (for emphasis) p162D uncountable nouns u30
such as p178C + singular verb p126C
t o su m u p p178H phrases with uncountable nouns p126B
superlatives u37 types of uncountable noun p126B
adjectives p154B with general meanings p126E
su p p ose u n d er p190C
in passive as reporting verb p46C u n d e rst a n d
su p p osin g in passive as reporting verb p46C
with conditionals p78C unless
in conditionals p74E, p182D
with present perfect / present simple p38A
be u n li k e ly t o
expectation p58C
u n til
u ntil or b y? p166E

270 INDEX
use t o offers p50D, p62B
in negatives and questions p22F requests p50D, p62B
used t o + infinitive p22F w ill u7
habits, states, repeated actions p22F certainty and deduction p58B
use d t o or use t o ? p22F instant decisions and thoughts p34A
use d t o or w o u l d ? p22F position with p r o b a b ly / d e fi n it e ly p34A, p58B
referring to the future p34 A
V w ill + be + -ing (future continuous) p38C
verbs w ill h a v e + past participle (future perfect) p38D
+ -ing or infinitive u19, u20 w ill or be g oin g t o ? p34D
+ object + preposition p194B w ill vs present simple / present perfect p38A
+ object + to + infinitive p82C I w is h
+ preposition u47 with conditionals p78D
+ t o + infinitive p82C w o n 't u7, u8
+ t h a t clause p82E position with p r o b a b ly / d e fi n it e ly p34A, p58B
+ tw o objects p46D, p90D, E referring to the future p34A, 38F
+ tw o objects using f o r p90F w o n 't h a v e p58E
intransitive p42E, p90B word order
irregular verbs Appendi x 2 pp240 - 41 adjectives p150D
of perception p86B adverbs p150A, p186E
regular verbs Appendi x 1 pp238 - 9 w o u l d (modal verb) u 1 1, u14
reporting verbs u26, u27 requests p62B
singular / plural verb following singular noun p126C w o uld
transitive p42E, p90A + infinitive p22F
transitive and intransitive p90C in reported speech p 1 10B
verbs and objects u21 repeated actions in past p22F
very w o u l d li k e + infinitive (referring to future) p38F
before gradable adjectives p150C w o u l d or use d t o ? p22F
W o u l d yo u li k e ...? p62E
w W o u l d yo u min d if ...? p62D
want W o u l d y o u min d + -ing ...? p62C
+ infinitive (referring to future) p38F
w a s / w e re g oin g t o p38E Y
w atch yet
+ object + -ing p86B with past simple in A mE Appendi x 4 p244
+ object + infinitive p86B with present perfect p26C
w e ll y e t and b u t p170C
w e ll and g o o d p150B yo ur / yo urs p138A
w h a t (relative pronoun) p122B yo urse lf / y o urselves p130D
W h a t? (question word) p66B, C
W h a t ...? or W h ic h ...? p66C z
W h a t a b o u t ...? p62F zero conditional p74B
w h e n (relative adverb) p122C
w h e n ... clauses expressing a condition p74B
with present perfect / present simple p38A
W h e n ? (question word) p66B
w h e r e (relative adverb) p122C
W h e r e ? (question word) p66B
w h e r e a s p170E
w h e r e a s or a lt h o u g h or w h il e ? p170F
w h ic h (relative pronoun) u28
w h ic h , t h a t or w h o ? p118B, C
W h ic h ? (question word) p66B, C
W h ic h ...? or W h a t ...? p66C
w h il e
w h il e or a lt h o u g h or w h e r e a s p170F
w h il e or d u rin g? p166D
w h o (relative pronoun) u28
w h o , w h ic h or t h a t? p118B, C
w h o or w h o m ? p118E
o n t h e w h o l e p178G
w h o m (relative pronoun) p118B, E
W h o ? (question word) p66B, D
w h o s e (relative pronoun) u28
W h o s e ? (question word) p66B
w h y (relative adverb) p122C
W h y ? (question word) p66B
w ill (modal verb) u 1 1, u14
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w w w . m a c m ill a n e n g li s h .c o m Mac millan English Dictionary