Huawei Data Center Facility Certification Training

HCIA-Data Center Facility

Trainee Guide for Data Center

Facility Engineers

ISSUE:2.0

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

1
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 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 1

Huawei Certificate System

Huawei Certification follows the "platform + ecosystem" development strategy,
which is a new collaborative architecture of ICT infrastructure based on "Cloud-Pipe-
Terminal". Huawei has set up a complete certification system consisting of three
categories: ICT infrastructure certification, Platform and Service certification and ICT
vertical certification, and grants Huawei certification the only all-range technical
certification in the industry.
Huawei offers three levels of certification: Huawei Certified ICT Associate (HCIA),
Huawei Certified ICT Professional (HCIP), and Huawei Certified ICT Expert (HCIE).
Huawei Certified ICT Associate-Data Center Facility (HCIA- Data Center Facility) is
designed for those who are interested in Data Center Facility technologies,
implementation engineers and O&M engineers. HCIA- Data Center Facility covers EHS
safety knowledge, Development History and Trend of Data Center, Working principles
and main product categories of the 8 Subsystems of the Data Center Facility. The 8
subsystems of the data center facility are as follows: power distribution system, cooling
system, integrated cabling system, monitoring system, fire extinguishing system,
lightning protection and grounding system, cabinet system, and interior decoration
system.
The HCIA- Data Center Facility certificate system introduces you to the industry and
market, helps you in innovation, and enables you to stand atop the Data Center Facility
frontiers.
HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 2
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About This Document

Overview
This document is applicable to the candidates who are preparing for the HCIA- Data Center
Facility exam and the readers who want to understand EHS safety knowledge,
Development History and Trend of Data Center, Working principles and main product
categories of the 8 Subsystems of the Data Center Facility. The 8 subsystems of the data
center facility are as follows: power distribution system, cooling system, integrated cabling
system, monitoring system, fire extinguishing system, lightning protection and grounding
system, cabinet system, and interior decoration system.

Description
This guide Contains 11 chapters, covering EHS safety knowledge, Development History and
Trend of Data Center, Working principles and main product categories of the 8 Subsystems
of the Data Center Facility. The 8 subsystems of the data center facility are as follows:
power distribution system, cooling system, integrated cabling system, monitoring system,
fire extinguishing system, lightning protection and grounding system, cabinet system, and
interior decoration system.
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Contents

About This Document ............................................................................................................... 3

Overview ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Description ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
1 EHS Introduction ..................................................................................................................13
1.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................................13
1.1.1 Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................13
1.1.2 Objectives ..............................................................................................................................................................................13
1.2 Introduction to EHS ...............................................................................................................................................................13
1.2.1 Concept ...................................................................................................................................................................................13
1.2.2 Functions ................................................................................................................................................................................14
1.3 Accident Probability and Personnel Qualification ......................................................................................................14
1.3.1 Heinrich's Law ......................................................................................................................................................................14
1.3.2 Staff's Mental Status Affects the Probability of Accidents ..................................................................................14
1.3.3 Sufficient Preparations to Reduce Fatal Errors ........................................................................................................15
1.4 PPE Protection Overview .....................................................................................................................................................15
1.4.1 PPE Protection ......................................................................................................................................................................15
1.4.2 PPE - Head Protection .......................................................................................................................................................17
1.4.3 PPE - Facial Protection ......................................................................................................................................................17
1.4.4 PPE - Hand Protection ......................................................................................................................................................18
1.4.5 PPE - Foot Protection ........................................................................................................................................................19
1.4.6 PPE - Falling Protection ....................................................................................................................................................19
1.5 Engineering Construction Safety ......................................................................................................................................20
1.5.1 General Safety ......................................................................................................................................................................20
1.5.2 Handling (Loading) Safety ..............................................................................................................................................20
1.5.3 Mechanical Safety ..............................................................................................................................................................22
1.5.4 Electrical Safety ...................................................................................................................................................................22
1.5.5 Welding Safety .....................................................................................................................................................................26
1.5.6 Battery Safety .......................................................................................................................................................................27
1.5.7 Air Conditioner Safety .......................................................................................................................................................28
1.6 Quiz .............................................................................................................................................................................................31
1.7 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................................32
2 Data Center Facility Knowledge .......................................................................................33
2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................................33
2.1.1 Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................33
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2.1.2 Objectives ..............................................................................................................................................................................33

2.2 Introduction to Data Center Development ...................................................................................................................33
2.2.1 Development History of Global Data Centers ..........................................................................................................33
2.2.2 Data Center Infrastructure Development Trend .....................................................................................................33
2.2.3 Introduction to Data Center Lifecycle .........................................................................................................................35
2.3 Composition of Data Center Infrastructure ..................................................................................................................36
2.3.1 Composition of the Data Center Facility ....................................................................................................................36
2.3.2 Power Supply System ........................................................................................................................................................37
2.3.3 Cooling System ....................................................................................................................................................................38
2.3.4 Data Center Integrated Management .........................................................................................................................40
2.4 Introduction to Data Center Standards ..........................................................................................................................41
2.4.1 Overview of Data Center Standards ............................................................................................................................41
2.4.2 Introduction to Uptime Tier Standards .......................................................................................................................42
2.4.3 Introduction to TIA-942 Standard.................................................................................................................................42
2.4.4 Introduction to Other Standards ...................................................................................................................................43
2.5 Common Energy Consumption Indicators ....................................................................................................................44
2.5.1 Data Center Power Consumption .................................................................................................................................44
2.5.2 Power Consumption Index - PUE ..................................................................................................................................45
2.5.3 Power Consumption Index - pPUE ...............................................................................................................................46
2.5.4 Power Consumption Index - CLF/PLF ..........................................................................................................................46
2.5.5 Power Consumption Index - RER ..................................................................................................................................46
2.6 Panorama of Huawei Data Center Solutions ...............................................................................................................47
2.7 Quiz .............................................................................................................................................................................................47
2.8 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................................48
3 Basic Knowledge of Power Distribution ..........................................................................49
3.1 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................................................49
3.2 Power Distribution System Overview ..............................................................................................................................49
3.2.1 What Is Power Distribution? ...........................................................................................................................................49
3.2.2 Data Center Distribution System ..................................................................................................................................49
3.2.3 Low-Voltage Electrical Devices ......................................................................................................................................50
3.3 Basic Concepts of the Power Distribution System......................................................................................................50
3.3.1 Power Supply ........................................................................................................................................................................50
3.3.2 Power Supply Requirements ...........................................................................................................................................51
3.3.3 Voltage ....................................................................................................................................................................................51
3.3.4 Load Characteristics: Resistor, Capacitor, and Inductor ........................................................................................52
3.3.5 Power.......................................................................................................................................................................................52
3.3.6 Power Quality and Harmonic .........................................................................................................................................53
3.3.7 Power Quality and Harmonic .........................................................................................................................................53
3.3.8 Voltage Deviation ...............................................................................................................................................................53
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3.3.9 Power Supply Reliability ...................................................................................................................................................54

3.4 Common LV Electrical Equipment ....................................................................................................................................54
3.4.1 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................................................54
3.4.2 Conversion Equipment ......................................................................................................................................................55
3.4.3 Control equipment .............................................................................................................................................................56
3.4.4 Auxiliary materials ..............................................................................................................................................................65
3.5 Common Grounding Systems ............................................................................................................................................66
3.5.1 Grounding System Overview ..........................................................................................................................................66
3.5.2 Components of the Grounding System ......................................................................................................................67
3.5.3 Grounding Types .................................................................................................................................................................67
3.5.4 Earthing system Introduction .........................................................................................................................................67
3.5.5 Earthing system Introduction - TN ...............................................................................................................................68
3.5.6 Earthing system Introduction - TT ................................................................................................................................69
3.5.7 Earthing system Introduction - IT .................................................................................................................................69
3.6 Quiz .............................................................................................................................................................................................70
3.7 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................................70
4 Basic Knowledge of UPS .....................................................................................................71
4.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................................71
4.1.1 Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................71
4.1.2 Objectives ..............................................................................................................................................................................71
4.2 What Is a UPS ..........................................................................................................................................................................71
4.2.1 UPS Development History ...............................................................................................................................................71
4.2.2 Why Is the UPS Required? ...............................................................................................................................................72
4.2.3 UPS Functions ......................................................................................................................................................................72
4.2.4 UPS System Classification ................................................................................................................................................73
4.2.5 Composition of an UPS .....................................................................................................................................................74
4.2.6 UPS Working Modes ..........................................................................................................................................................75
4.2.7 UPS Key Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................77
4.2.8 Rack&Tower - mounted UPS ..........................................................................................................................................78
4.2.9 Modularized UPS.................................................................................................................................................................79
4.3 Huawei UPS Solutions ..........................................................................................................................................................80
4.3.1 Huawei UPSs ........................................................................................................................................................................80
4.3.2 UPS2000-G Small-sized UPS Solution .........................................................................................................................80
4.3.3 L and M-sized UPS5000-A Solution .............................................................................................................................81
4.3.4 L and M-sized UPS5000-E/S Solution ..........................................................................................................................81
4.3.5 FusionPower..........................................................................................................................................................................82
4.4 Common Configuration Solutions ....................................................................................................................................83
4.4.1 Single UPS System ..............................................................................................................................................................83
4.4.2 Redundant Parallel or N+1 System ..............................................................................................................................84
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4.4.3 Dual-Bus Redundancy System........................................................................................................................................85

4.5 Typical Application Scenarios ............................................................................................................................................86
4.5.1 UPS Application ...................................................................................................................................................................86
4.5.2 UPS Load Types ...................................................................................................................................................................87
4.5.3 Scenario ..................................................................................................................................................................................88
4.6 Quiz .............................................................................................................................................................................................90
4.7 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................................90
5 Basic Knowledge of Huawei DC Power Systems ...........................................................91
5.1 Inroduction................................................................................................................................................................................91
5.1.1 Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................91
5.1.2 Objectives ..............................................................................................................................................................................91
5.2 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................................91
5.2.1 DC Power System Application Scenarios ....................................................................................................................91
5.2.2 Basic Functions of Huawei DC Power Systems ........................................................................................................91
5.2.3 Output Voltage ....................................................................................................................................................................92
5.2.4 Logical Composition...........................................................................................................................................................92
5.3 Architecture and Components ...........................................................................................................................................92
5.3.1 Physical Architecture..........................................................................................................................................................92
5.3.2 Electrical Conceptual Diagram .......................................................................................................................................94
5.3.3 Rectifier Parameters...........................................................................................................................................................94
5.4 Battery Management ............................................................................................................................................................95
5.4.1 Working Principle ................................................................................................................................................................95
5.4.2 Main Functions ....................................................................................................................................................................95
5.5 Application Scenarios ............................................................................................................................................................95
5.5.1 Application Scenarios ........................................................................................................................................................95
5.5.2 Position in the Power Distribution System ................................................................................................................96
5.6 Huawei DC Power Systems .................................................................................................................................................97
5.7 Quiz .............................................................................................................................................................................................97
5.8 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................................97
6 Basic Knowledge of Batteries ............................................................................................98
6.1 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................................................98
6.2 Battery Overview ....................................................................................................................................................................98
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6.2.1 History

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................98
6.2.2 Definition ...............................................................................................................................................................................98
6.2.3 Function ..................................................................................................................................................................................99
6.2.4 Technical Specifications ....................................................................................................................................................99
6.2.5 Application in Data Centers ......................................................................................................................................... 100
6.3 Lead-acid Battery ................................................................................................................................................................ 101
6.3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................................................. 101
6.3.2 Battery Structure .............................................................................................................................................................. 103
6.3.3 Working Principle ............................................................................................................................................................. 105
6.4 Lithium-ion Battery............................................................................................................................................................. 107
6.4.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................................................. 107
6.4.2 Battery Structure .............................................................................................................................................................. 108
6.4.3 Working Principle ............................................................................................................................................................. 111
6.5 Comparison Between Lead-acid Batteries and Lithium-ion Batteries ............................................................. 114
6.5.1 Cycle Life ............................................................................................................................................................................. 114
6.5.2 Float Charging Life .......................................................................................................................................................... 115
6.5.3 Discharge Characteristics at Different Rates ......................................................................................................... 115
6.5.4 Footprint and Bearing Capacity .................................................................................................................................. 116
6.5.5 Storage Environment Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 116
6.5.6 Operating Temperature ................................................................................................................................................. 117
6.5.7 Safety Comparison .......................................................................................................................................................... 117
6.6 Quiz .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 119
6.7 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................ 120
7 Air Conditioning System Introduction .......................................................................... 121
7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 121
7.1.1 Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................................. 121
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7.1.2 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................................................... 121

7.2 Working Principles of Air Conditioning System ....................................................................................................... 121
7.2.1 Development History of Air Conditioning Systems ............................................................................................. 121
7.2.2 What is an Air Conditioner? ......................................................................................................................................... 122
7.2.3 Refrigeration Principle.................................................................................................................................................... 123
7.2.4 Introduction to the Four Major Components ........................................................................................................ 125
7.3 Classification of Air Conditioning System ................................................................................................................... 127
7.3.1 Classification of Air Conditioners - By Application .............................................................................................. 127
7.3.2 Classification of Air Conditioners - By Media ........................................................................................................ 128
7.3.3 Classification of Air Conditioners - By Other Criteria ......................................................................................... 129
7.4 Air Handling Equipment ................................................................................................................................................... 130
7.4.1 Classification of Devices That Process Air Heat and Humidity ....................................................................... 130
7.4.2 Surface Heat Exchanger ................................................................................................................................................ 130
7.4.3 Humidifier ........................................................................................................................................................................... 131
7.4.4 Dehumidifying Devices .................................................................................................................................................. 134
7.5 Air Conditioning Ventilation System ............................................................................................................................ 135
7.5.1 Functions of Air System ................................................................................................................................................. 135
7.5.2 Airflow Forms .................................................................................................................................................................... 135
7.5.3 Introduction to Air Vents............................................................................................................................................... 138
7.6 Common Air Conditioner Terms .................................................................................................................................... 141
7.6.1 Cooling Capacity, EER and COP .................................................................................................................................. 141
7.6.2 Refrigerant and Circulated Air Volume.................................................................................................................... 141
7.6.3 Sensible Heat Ratio ......................................................................................................................................................... 142
7.6.4 Temperature ...................................................................................................................................................................... 143
7.6.5 Humidity.............................................................................................................................................................................. 144
7.6.6 Dew Point ........................................................................................................................................................................... 144
7.6.7 Cleanliness .......................................................................................................................................................................... 145
7.7 Quiz .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 145
7.8 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................ 146
8 Basic Knowledge of Precision Air Conditioners in Data Centers ............................ 147
8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 147
8.1.1 Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................................. 147
8.1.2 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................................................... 147
8.2 Overview of Data Center Air Conditioners ................................................................................................................ 147
8.2.1 Why Do We Use Air Conditioners? ............................................................................................................................ 147
8.2.2 Why Do We Use Precision Air Conditioner? ........................................................................................................... 148
8.2.3 Application Scenarios ..................................................................................................................................................... 149
8.2.4 Classification ...................................................................................................................................................................... 149
8.3 Air-Cooled Precision Air Conditioner ............................................................................................................................ 151
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8.3.1 Basic Principles .................................................................................................................................................................. 151

8.3.2 Components ....................................................................................................................................................................... 154
8.4 Chilled Water Precision Air Conditioner ...................................................................................................................... 158
8.4.1 Basic Principles .................................................................................................................................................................. 158
8.4.2 Components ....................................................................................................................................................................... 161
8.5 Indirect Evaporative Cooling Air Conditioner ............................................................................................................ 163
8.5.1 Basic Principles .................................................................................................................................................................. 163
8.5.2 Components ....................................................................................................................................................................... 166
8.6 Other Cooling Solutions for Equipment Rooms ....................................................................................................... 169
8.6.1 Refrigerant Pump Cooling Technology .................................................................................................................... 169
8.6.2 Fan Wall Cooling Technology ..................................................................................................................................... 169
8.6.3 Backplane Heat Pipe Air Conditioner ....................................................................................................................... 170
8.6.4 Liquid Cooling Technology ........................................................................................................................................... 171
8.7 Introduction to Huawei Air Conditioners.................................................................................................................... 172
8.7.1 Huawei Precision Air Conditioner Series ................................................................................................................. 172
8.7.2 Huawei Outdoor Unit Series ........................................................................................................................................ 173
8.8 Quiz .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 174
8.9 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................ 174
9 Basic Knowledge of Monitoring Systems ..................................................................... 176
9.1 Inroduction............................................................................................................................................................................. 176
9.1.1 Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................................. 176
9.1.2 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................................................... 176
9.2 Introduction to the Monitoring System ...................................................................................................................... 176
9.2.1 What is Power and Environment Monitoring System ........................................................................................ 176
9.2.2 Overview of the Monitoring System ......................................................................................................................... 178
9.2.3 Application Scenarios of the Monitoring System ................................................................................................. 178
9.2.4 Development Trend ........................................................................................................................................................ 179
9.2.5 Intelligent Building Monitoring System ................................................................................................................... 179
9.3 Basic Interfaces and Communication Protocols ....................................................................................................... 180
9.3.1 Basic Concepts .................................................................................................................................................................. 180
9.3.2 Common Protocols and Interfaces ............................................................................................................................ 180
9.3.3 Parameter Settings of Common Protocols ............................................................................................................. 183
9.4 Introduction to the Data Center Monitoring System ............................................................................................. 185
9.4.1 System Architecture ........................................................................................................................................................ 185
9.4.2 Application Scenarios ..................................................................................................................................................... 185
9.4.3 Monitoring Implementation Mode ............................................................................................................................ 188
9.5 Quiz .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 190
9.6 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................ 190
10 Functions and Features of Monitoring Systems ....................................................... 191
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10.1 Inroduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 191

10.1.1 Foreword........................................................................................................................................................................... 191
10.1.2 Objectives ......................................................................................................................................................................... 191
10.2 Overview of the Monitoring System .......................................................................................................................... 192
10.2.1 Hierarchical Deployment ............................................................................................................................................ 192
10.2.2 Architecture Types......................................................................................................................................................... 193
10.2.3 Monitoring Features ..................................................................................................................................................... 195
10.3 Introduction to Main Functions ................................................................................................................................... 196
10.3.1 Monitoring System Functions ................................................................................................................................... 196
10.3.2 Monitoring Functions — Real-time Monitoring ................................................................................................ 196
10.3.3 Monitoring Functions — Alarm Management ................................................................................................... 196
10.3.4 Monitoring Functions — Linkage Control and Security Management ...................................................... 197
10.3.5 Management Functions .............................................................................................................................................. 197
10.3.6 System Functions ........................................................................................................................................................... 198
10.3.7 General Control Center ............................................................................................................................................... 198
10.4 Introduction to Huawei Monitoring System ........................................................................................................... 199
10.4.1 Huawei Monitoring Management System ........................................................................................................... 199
10.4.2 Functions of Huawei Intelligent Monitoring System ........................................................................................ 199
10.5 Quiz ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 200
10.6 Summary .............................................................................................................................................................................. 200
11 Introduction to Other Systems of Data Center Facility.......................................... 201
11.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 201
11.1.1 Foreword........................................................................................................................................................................... 201
11.1.2 Objectives ......................................................................................................................................................................... 201
11.2 Fire Protection System .................................................................................................................................................... 201
11.2.1 Fire Extinguishing System Overview....................................................................................................................... 201
11.2.2 Structure of the Fire Extinguishing System .......................................................................................................... 202
11.2.3 Automatic Alarm System ............................................................................................................................................ 203
11.2.4 Gas Fire Extinguishing System .................................................................................................................................. 209
11.2.5 Smoke Control System ................................................................................................................................................ 211
11.2.6 Safety Evacuation System .......................................................................................................................................... 214
11.3 Fresh Air System ................................................................................................................................................................ 216
11.3.1 Fresh Air System Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 216
11.3.2 Functions of the Components ................................................................................................................................... 217
11.4 Cabinet System .................................................................................................................................................................. 220
11.4.1 Cabinet Overview .......................................................................................................................................................... 220
11.4.2 How to Select a Cabinet? ........................................................................................................................................... 220
11.5 Lightning Protection and Grounding System ......................................................................................................... 221
11.5.1 Lightning Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 221
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11.5.2 Lightning Arrester ......................................................................................................................................................... 222

11.5.3 Grounding Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 222
11.6 Integrated Cabling System ............................................................................................................................................ 222
11.6.1 Integrated Cabling System Overview ..................................................................................................................... 222
11.6.2 Composition of the Integrated Cabling System ................................................................................................. 223
11.6.3 Integrated Cabling in Data Centers ........................................................................................................................ 223
11.7 Indoor Decoration System ............................................................................................................................................. 224
11.7.1 Composition of Indoor Decoration System .......................................................................................................... 224
11.8 Quiz ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 225
11.9 Summary .............................................................................................................................................................................. 226
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1 EHS Introduction

1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Foreword
The document describes the various safety accidents caused by misoperation and lack of
relevant safety knowledge in practice and introduces corresponding ways to avoid them,
with a view to ensuring a safe environment.

1.1.2 Objectives
Upon completion of this task, you will be able to:
 Understand the importance of safety training,
 Understand causes of accidents in work,
 Understand ways to avoid accidents,
 Understand how to implement protection.

1.2 Introduction to EHS

1.2.1 Concept
EHS is short for environment, health, and safety.
The EHS management system establishes a systematic prevention and management
mechanism to minimize various accidents, environmental hazards, and occupational
diseases. It improves the safety, environment, and health performance of enterprises.
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Figure 1-1 EHS

1.2.2 Functions
Helps enterprises meet the laws and regulations on environment, health, and safety.
Helps protect the environment and meet the requirements of the strategy for sustainable
development.
Helps maintain the reputation of enterprises and enhance their competitiveness.
Helps reduce enterprise costs and save energy and resources.
Helps reduce the occurrence of various accidents and ensure the health and safety of
employees.
Helps meet public expectations and maintain favorable public and social relationships.
Helps enterprises effectively combine economic benefits, social benefits, and environmental
benefits.

1.3 Accident Probability and Personnel Qualification

1.3.1 Heinrich's Law
A famous U.S. safety engineer Heinrich induced Heinrich's Law in 1931. He counted 550,000
mechanical accidents, including non-injury accidents, 1666 fatalities and serious injuries,
and 48,334 minor injuries. Later, he came to an important conclusion: the proportion of
casualties (serious injuries and deaths), minor injuries, and unsafe behaviors in mechanical
accidents was 1:29:300. This law of accidents is internationally recognized.
For different production processes and different types of accidents, the preceding
proportion relationship may not be the same. However, this statistical rule indicates that
in the same activity, numerous accidents inevitably lead to major casualty accidents. To
prevent the occurrence of major accidents, we must reduce and eliminate non-injury
accidents, and pay attention to the risks of accidents and near misses. Otherwise, serious
accidents will occur.
No accident does not mean no accident will occur.

Figure 1-2 Heinrich's Law

1.3.2 Staff's Mental Status Affects the Probability of Accidents

Four states
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 Rush
 Complacent
 Fatigued
 Frustrated
Four possible results
 Eyes away
 Absent-minded
 Dangerous areas
 Imbalanced/dragged/clipped
These errors increase the injury risk

1.3.3 Sufficient Preparations to Reduce Fatal Errors

Electricians must have good health and be free of diseases or physiological defects that
affect their work, such as mental disease, heart attack, faint, and color blindness.
Operators must be well rested before performing an important operation. Working under
fatigue is not allowed.
Huawei equipment can be installed, operated, and maintained only by personnel who have
received a thorough training, understand all necessary safety precautions, and are able to
correctly perform all operations.
Only trained and qualified personnel are allowed to install, operate, and maintain the
equipment.
Only personnel certified or authorized by Huawei are allowed to replace or change the
equipment or components (including software).
When operating the equipment, comply with local laws and regulations. The safety
instructions in the document are only supplements to the local laws and regulations.

1.4 PPE Protection Overview

1.4.1 PPE Protection
Definition
 The production process is filled with dangerous and harmful factors, which harm
workers' bodies and health and even endanger their lives. Personal protective
equipment (PPE) refers to articles workers wear during production to avoid or reduce
accidents and occupational hazards.
Functions
 Protects our bodies against harms incurred by equipment or facilities during
production, namely, to prevent work-related injuries.
 Effectively ensures our health and prevents us from occupational diseases.
 Though all production processes are filled with dangerous and harmful factors,
correctly using and wearing PPE is an effective measure to ensure work safety.
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Table 1-1 Common operation scenarios and PPE

No Operation Mandatory PPE Recommended PPE

Operations involving objects 1. Safety helmet;

1 Safety net
falling and colliding 2. Protective shoes

2 Operations with flying scraps Shock-proof goggles

Anti-mechanical harm
Operations involving sharp
3 gloves (cut resistant
instruments
gloves)

Low-voltage (below 1 kV) 1. Insulation gloves; Insulation protective

4
electric operations 2. Insulation shoes clothing

1. Insulation gloves;
2. Insulation shoes;
5 High-voltage 1–10 kV
3. Insulation protective
electric
clothing
operations
Electricity shielding
6 10–500 kV
clothing

Operations involving high High-temperature

7
temperature substances resistant gloves

Operations involving low Low-temperature Low-temperature

8
temperature substances resistant gloves resistant clothing

1. Safety helmet;
9 Operations at heights Safety net
2. Safety belt

1. Chemical resistant
Operations involving toxic gloves;
11
substances
2. Gas mask

1. Anti-corrosion
goggles;
Operations with corrosive 2. Acid and alkali Chemical resistant
12
substances resistant gloves; shoes
3. Acid (alkali) resistant
clothing

1. Acid and alkali

Operations with pollution resistant gloves;
13 Safety net
risks 2. Chemical resistant
clothing
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1.4.2 PPE - Head Protection

Head Protection
 Safety helmet: special protective equipment
 Three certificates: production license, product qualification certificate, safety
sign/safety authentication certificate).
 Common head protection equipment: safety helmet and ESD cap.

Figure 1-3 Safety helmet

Figure 1-4 ESD cap

1.4.3 PPE - Facial Protection

Facial Protection
 Facial protection refers to wearing protective articles to protect your eyes and face
from smoke, dust, metal sparks, flying scraps, heat, electromagnetic radiation, laser,
and chemical splashes.
 Common facial protection equipment: laser safety glasses, goggles, and protective
masks.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 18

Figure 1-5 Welding mask

Figure 1-6 Protective masks

1.4.4 PPE - Hand Protection

Hand Protection
 Gloves worn by workers during production to protect their hands and arms are called
“hand protection equipment”.
 Common hand protection equipment: rubber protective gloves (to prevent corrosion
against acid, alkali, and other dangerous and chemical substances), finger cots, heat-
and cold-resistant gloves, cut resistant gloves, and cotton gloves.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 19

Figure 1-7 Hand protective equipment

1.4.5 PPE - Foot Protection

Foot Protection
 Protective wears used to protect the workers' feet against hazardous substances and
energy.
 Common foot protection equipment: ESD shoes, puncture-proof shoes, high-
temperature resistant shoes, insulation protective shoes, and acid and alkali resistant
shoes.

Figure 1-8 Foot protective equipment

1.4.6 PPE - Falling Protection

Falling Protection
 Working at heights refers to operating at a height of 2 m or more with the possibility
of falling down, such as installing high towers or cleaning walls of high buildings.
 Securing workers operating at heights to a fixed object using a rope or belt to avoid
falling from heights or making a net under the working region to protect those workers
who accidentally fall from the heights.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 20

Figure 1-9 Falling protective equipment

1.5 Engineering Construction Safety

1.5.1 General Safety
Personal safety
 Do not operate the equipment or cables during thunderstorms.
 Wear electrostatic discharge (ESD) clothing, ESD gloves, and an ESD wrist strap before
operating equipment such as an uninterruptible power system (UPS) and air
conditioner. Remove conductive objects such as jewelry and watches to avoid electric
shocks or burns.
 In the outbreak of fire, evacuate the building or equipment area and press the fire
alarm bell or make a fire call. Do not enter the burning building again in any case.
Grounding requirements (for the equipment that need to be grounded)
 Ground the equipment before installing it. When removing the equipment, remove the
ground cable at last.
 Do not damage the ground conductor.
 Do not operate the equipment when the ground conductor is not installed. Before
operating the equipment, check its electrical connection to ensure it is reliably
grounded.
Regulatory requirements
 Comply with local laws and regulations when operating the equipment. The safety
considerations in the product manual are only supplements to the local safety
regulations.
 Only qualified and trained personnel are allowed to install, operate, and maintain the
equipment.

1.5.2 Handling (Loading) Safety

Manual handling safety
 A quarter of accidents are related to handling.
 Handling accidents account for 6% of serious accidents.
 Most handling accidents cause a loss of more than three workdays.
 Most handling accidents cause back muscle strains or sprains.
 Muscle sprains or strains are mostly caused by improper force and (or) prolonged force.
Incorrect posture and excessive repetitive movements are the main causes of muscle
sprains or strains.
 Muscle strains and sprains are hard to fully recover.
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Figure 1-10 Injury types in handling accidents

Preventive measures
 Improve the layout and logistics and storage location of loads.
 Improve the carrying efficiency.
 Try to keep the load you push in the direction consistent with that your eyes see and
pull the load instead of carrying it.
 Control the carrying frequency to reduce fatigue.
 Have flexible rest time.
 Ensure adequate space when carrying loads in partnership. Hold the load firm and
carry it in a coordinated manner.
 Wear PPE accessories that do not bring safety risks.
 The auxiliary transporting equipment should be in good condition.
 Reduce workload.
 Reduce load volume.
 Facilitate the control of load.
 Keep the surface of the package clean and free from dirt, oil stains, and corrosive
products.
 Ensure that the package is free from sharp edges, unfilled corners, and rough surface.
 Avoid scalding or frostbite by using auxiliary equipment and PPE.
 Reduce space obstacles.
 Ensure that the ground or work surface is in good condition.
 Do not carry load on a steep slope.
 When carrying objects on the ground of great height difference, use stairs or slopes as
transition to facilitate the load carrying.
 Avoid strong wind interference.
 Lighting.
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1.5.3 Mechanical Safety

Drilling holes
 Remove cables inside a cabinet before drilling holes on the cabinet.
 Wear a pair of goggles when drilling holes to protect your eyes from metal scraps.
 Wear protective gloves when drilling holes.
 Prevent metal scraps from falling into the cabinet. Clean up metal scraps in time after
drilling.
Fans
 Place the component, screws and tools in a safe place when replacing a component.
If any of them fall into an operating fan, the fan and relevant equipment will be
damaged.
 Do not insert your fingers and boards into the operating fan until the fan is switched
off and stops running when replacing a component near a fan; otherwise, you may
get hurt or damage the equipment.

Figure 1-11 Fan

1.5.4 Electrical Safety

Personal safety refers to the safety of personnel in electrical operations. The following lists
the two main causes.
Lack of electrical safety knowledge.
Non-compliant acts.
Equipment safety refers to the safety of electrical equipment and auxiliary devices.
Electric Current Effects to the Human Body
 Ventricular fibrillation: When the heart quivers instead of pumps due to disorganized
electrical activity in the ventricles. It results in cardiac arrest with loss of consciousness
and no pulse.
 Suffocation: When the current flows through the respiratory center in brain, it inhibits
the breathing; when excessive current flows through the chest in a certain time, it
leads to abnormal contraction of chest muscles, resulting in respiratory arrest.
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 Electric shocks also bring intense spasm, causing secondary accidents, such as tumble
and falling.
Current intensity: The higher the current, the greater the harms to human bodies.
Energized duration: The longer the energized duration, the lower the body impedance, and
the greater the harms of electric shock.
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) stipulated that the contact voltage
threshold (equivalent to the safe voltage) is 50 V, and that no preventive measures against
electric shocks are needed for 25 V or lower voltages.
Sensing current: minimum value of electric current sensed by human bodies. Average
sensing current ranges from 0.7–1.1 mA. In general, sensing current brings no harm to
human bodies.
Let-go current: maximum value of electric current through the body of a person at which
that person can release himself or herself. Average let-go current ranges from 10–16 mA.
In general, let-go current can be tolerated and cause no harms.
Deadly current: minimum value of electric current that endangers life within a short time.
100 mA and higher current causes death. When the current is below DC 50 mA and
industrial frequency 30 mA, it does not pose life risks. (So, DC 50 mA and industrial
frequency 30 mA are regarded as the upper thresholds of safe current.)
Protective grounding means that a certain point of electrical devices or energized circuits
is directly connected to the ground, or a certain point of the de-energized part is manually
connected to the ground.
 Working grounding refers the connection to the ground with a view to ensuring the
normal operation of the power system, for instance, the neutral point grounding in
the three-phase and four-wire low-voltage power distribution system.
 Safe grounding refers to the connection to the ground with a view to ensuring personal
and equipment safety, including protective grounding (against electric shocks), surge
protection grounding, ESD grounding, and shield grounding.

Figure 1-12 Protective grounding

 Note: Metal parts that pose dangerous voltage risks due to insulation damage or other
causes must be grounded. Metal shells of electrical devices, such as motors,
transformers, switches, and lighting devices, should all be grounded. In common low-
voltage systems, ground resistance should be less than 4 ohms.
Protective connecting to neutral
 Refers to connecting the non-energized part of electrical devices in normal
circumstances to the neutral wire of the power grid. It is worth noting that in the
three-phase and four-wire power system, metal shells of the electrical devices are both
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 24

grounded and connected to the neutral wire. This measure is called "repetitive
grounding protection."
 Note: Installing fuses and switches in the ground cable loop is not allowed.

Figure 1-13 Protective connecting to neutral

Surge Protection Measures
 SPD types: Lightning rod, lightning wire, lightning net, lightning belt, and surge
protector.
Tips for individual lightning protection
 Do not stay in open areas, mountain tops, ridges, or rooftops.
 Do not stay near iron gates, metal clotheslines, and railway tracks.
 Do not stay in the swimming pool, lakes, or seaside or under isolated trees.
 Close doors and windows to avoid flank-striking lightning or lightning balls.
In general, the lightning rod is used to protect the outdoor power transformation and
distribution devices, buildings, and structures. The lightning wire is used to protect the
power cables.
The lightning net and belt are used to protect the buildings. The surge protector is used to
protect the devices.
Measures against body ESD accidents
 Use ESD floor/shoes/socks (static electricity conducted to the ground from feet).Put
on ESD footgear and stand on the ESD floor, mats, and carpets to form a combined
grounding.
 Wear an ESD wrist strap and ground it (static electricity conducted to the ground from
hands).Discharge the static electricity on the body from hands. The ESD wrist strap is
composed of an ESD elastic, snap, spring, resistor, and plug/clip. The inner layer of the
elastic is braided with ESD yarns and the outer layer is braided with common yarns.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 25

Figure 1-14 ESD wrist strap

Establish comprehensive safety regulations and rules, and enhance the related education
and trainings.
Electrical operations must be performed by qualified personnel. Personnel without related
certificates must not maintain or repair electrical devices or perform unauthorized
operations.
Electrical device safety
 The electrical devices should be protected from corrosion and moisture.
 The metal shells of electrical devices must be grounded (or connected to the neutral
wire).
 Do not use electrical devices over their rated values.
Check the following items of instruments before working.
 Insulation condition.
 Validity period.
 Voltage level.
Implement the work ticket system when checking, maintaining, or cleaning the power-off
electrical devices.
To check, maintain, or clean the power-off electrical devices, the following safety measures
must be taken.
 Power off.
 Check the power.
 Install the ground cable.
 Hang a sign and set a shelter.
Precautions Against Ground Cable Installation
 All ground cables and the energized parts should be kept a proper distance required
by regulations.
 After checking that the device under maintenance is non-energized, promptly ground
the device and perform a three-phase short circuit.
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 The ground resistance must meet requirements.

Precautions Against Power Check
 Put "Do not switch on." signs on handles that can power on the device.
 Do not move or remove the shelter, ground, or other signs without permission during
the construction.
Operations performed after power-off must be carried out under supervision.
Disconnect the power supply before you carry or move electrical devices.

Figure 1-15 Socket

1.5.5 Welding Safety

Welder shells must be grounded or connected to the neutral wire. Only electricians are
allowed to install or uninstall the welder power system. The insulation resistance between
the winding and iron core as well as between the winding, lead, and shell should not be
less than 0.5 mΩ in the primary and secondary winding self-check of the welder.
The welder should be put in a rainproof place with good ventilation. Do not put
combustible or explosive articles at the welding site. Wear protective equipment as required
before welding.
Welding tongs and cables must be well insulated and securely connected. Wear gloves
before changing welding rods. When working in a damp environment, stand on the
insulation rubber or wooden floors.
Do not weld pressurized containers or pipes. Power off the electrical devices before welding
them.
Disconnect the power supply first before moving the welding cables as the working sites
change. Do not climb a ladder holding welding cables.
Clear the welding slag using the electric arc and wear protective glasses in the process to
protect yourself.
Outdoor welding operations are not allowed in thunderstorm days.
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Obtain a permit from relevant departments before welding in combustible and explosive
gas and liquid diffusion areas.
After the welding, disconnect the power supply from the welder, and check the site. Ensure
that there is no fire hazard at the site before leaving.
If combustible or explosive articles are stacked near the welding site, do not weld until they
are completely removed or effective safety measures are taken.
If a welding machine is on fire, disconnect the power supply from it first.
Extinguish the fire using CO2 or 1211 fire extinguishers. Do not use the foam fire
extinguisher.
Apply for the fire operation approval and surveillance measures in accordance with the site
firefighting system before welding.

1.5.6 Battery Safety

 Basic protective measures (before battery installation and maintenance)
 Use dedicated insulated tools.
 Wear protective goggles and take other necessary protective measures.
 Wear rubber gloves and a protective coat to guard against electrolyte overflow.
 Protect a lithium battery from mechanical vibration, collision, punctures, and strong
impact. Otherwise, the battery may catch fire.
Battery short circuit
 To avoid battery short circuit, do not maintain batteries with power on.
 Battery short-circuits may cause personal injury. The high transient current generated
by a short-circuit may release a surge of energy and cause fire.
Hazardous gas
 Lead-acid batteries in use emit flammable gas. Take ventilation and fireproofing
measures at the sites where lead-acid batteries are used.
 The lithium battery is an enclosed battery system and will not release any gases under
normal operations. If the lithium battery is severely misused, for example, being
burned or thunderstruck, the battery may be damaged, resulting in electrolyte leakage.
Because the electrolyte is of organic carbonate nature, it may produce CO2, CO, and
N2 after being burned.
Electrolyte leakage
 Protect your skin and eyes from electrolyte leakage. If your body meets electrolyte
leakage, wash with clean water immediately and visit a doctor.
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Figure 1-16 A battery accident in an equipment room

1.5.7 Air Conditioner Safety

High temperature and high pressure
 Misoperation may cause high system pressure, which leads to the refrigerant system
to crack or explode.
 Pay attention to high-temperature components, such as the compressor, refrigerant
pipe and electric heater.
 Pay attention to high-pressure components, such as the compressor and refrigerant
pipe.
Refrigerant frostbite
 Refrigerant leakage may cause frostbite. Take protective measures (such as wearing
goggles and antifreeze gloves) when handling refrigerant.
 Pay attention to low-temperature components, such as the evaporator.
High-speed operation
 Pay attention to high-speed rotational components, such as fans.
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Figure 1-17 Precision air conditioner

Temperature of the R410a refrigerant can be as low as –52°C the second it ejects from
the cylinder, which can instantly frostbite human skins and underlying muscles, and the
frostbitten skins become necrotic. In addition, if humans inhale too much refrigerant in a
short time, they are likely to be suffocated to death. Therefore, having a general knowledge
of refrigerant leak types in operating air conditioners and familiarizing with the related
countermeasures are crucial in ensuring the safety of operators.

Figure 1-18 Refrigerant frostbite

Minor leaks: If minor leaks occur in the pipe connection points or welding positions during
the system running, tighten the connection ports, or re-weld the faulty positions after the
system refrigerant is released. Minor leaks bring no personal injuries.
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Figure 1-19 Refrigerant leakage

Before welding the connection point of the indoor and outdoor units, completely exhaust
nitrogen from the units, and ensure that related parts are in good condition.
Wear protective goggles and antifreeze gloves when refrigerant is involved in the operation.

Figure 1-20 Goggles

Figure 1-21 Antifreeze gloves

A nitrogen reducing valve must be equipped when operating the nitrogen cylinder.
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Figure 1-22 Nitrogen reducing valve

Pipe break or needle valve plug damage: When the air conditioning pipes break or the
needle valve plug is damaged, there will be major refrigerant leaks. The following lists the
correct way to solve this problem.
Promptly open the doors of the air conditioner cabinets in a safe place.
Evacuate all persons in the air conditioner room.
Open all doors and windows that can be opened.
After refrigerant in the air conditioning system leaks out completely and the air inside the
air conditioner room is safe to breathe (no obvious smell), you are allowed to continue the
next operation.
 Note: In the event of major refrigerant leaks, do not try to stop the leak.
Refrigerant cylinder damage: When the upper body of the refrigerant cylinder breaks or
the safety port bursts, there will be major refrigerant leaks. The following lists the correct
way to solve this problem.
Promptly open the doors of the air conditioner cabinets in a safe place.
Evacuate all persons in the air conditioner room.
Open all doors and windows that can be opened.
After refrigerant in the cylinder leaks out completely and the air inside the air conditioner
room is safe to breathe (no obvious smell), you are allowed to continue the next operation.
 Note: In the event of major refrigerant leaks, do not try to stop the leak.
Connection pipe damage during refrigerant charging: If leaks occur due to breaks or
damage of the connection pipe during the refrigerant charging, promptly close the valves
on both sides, and replace the connection pipe. If there is only one valve, (for example, the
pipe is connected to the needle valve), promptly close the valve, disconnect the pipe from
the other end, and then replace the connection pipe.
 Note: If one end of the connection pipe is disconnected due to leaks at that end,
promptly place a heavy object on the pipe so that the high-pressure gas ejection will
do no personal harms. Then, proceed following preceding instructions.
Internal and external fans are high-speed rotational components, pay attention to the
following instructions when maintaining them.
 When maintaining the fans, motors, or adjacent components (such as fan guards),
disconnect their power supply, and lock the power supply hangtag.
 When operating such as maintaining adjacent the fans, prevent dropping tools or other
articles in the rotating fans, because broken fans or other pieces flying out might hurt
someone.
 Do not wear hangers, such as necklace, employee ID card, and bracelet, when
operating rotational components.

1.6 Quiz
1. (Multiple) Which of the following measures can reduce risks during transportation?
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 32

A Control transportation frequency and reduce fatigue

B Proper use of personal protective equipment
C Avoid strong wind interference.
D Good lighting conditions

1.7 Summary
 Introduction to EHS
 Accident Probability and Personnel Qualification
 PPE Protection Overview
 Engineering Construction Safety
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2 Data Center Facility Knowledge

2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Foreword
This slides describe the development, key components, common standards, and common
energy consumption indicators of the data center infrastructure.

2.1.2 Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will:
 Know the history of data center development;
 Know the common standards of data centers;
 Know the composition and energy consumption indicators of data centers;
 Know the Huawei data center products.

2.2 Introduction to Data Center Development

2.2.1 Development History of Global Data Centers
In 1942, the first electronic digital universal computer was born.
Before 1990, data centers were mainly used for government and scientific research
applications, but seldom for commercial applications. Data centers were large yet few.
From 1991 to 2000, Internet companies emerged, so did commercial data centers. These
data centers were small, but they increased gradually.
From 2001 to 2011, the data volume from governments, the Internet, and financial
transactions soared. Governmental and commercial data centers began to develop rapidly.
Since 2012, cloud data centers have become a new trend around the globe thanks to the
increase of data center technologies and applications, Internet data centers (IDCs) have
been integrated and upgraded. Large scale, professionalization, and environmental
protection have become the leading features.

2.2.2 Data Center Infrastructure Development Trend

Modular Data Center
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 Small and medium data centers are constructed to be simple, easy to use, reliable, and
controllable in operation and maintenance (O&M). Compared with traditional data
centers, modular data centers have unparalleled advantages in the four aspects.
 Integrated modular data centers are constructed quickly and have low
requirements on the deployment environment.
 Modular products can be pre-integrated and pre-commissioned in the factory in
advance. They also provide the intelligent management function.
 For large data centers, the power density of information IT equipment is increasing.
Modular data centers adopt in-row closely coupled cooling, which greatly improves
the cooling efficiency. This adapts to the development trend of high power density.

Figure 2-1 Huawei Modular Data Center

Cloud Data Center
 The application and deepening of cloud computing promote the transformation of
data center construction, operations management, and service modes.
 Data traffic explosion, shared infrastructure, and improved resource utilization
drive large-scale data centers.
 Cloud computing enables flexible expansion, dynamic allocation, and centralized
management and control of data centers.
 The construction of cloud data centers creates new growth points and promote
industry adjustment, transformation, and upgrade.
 As the power consumption of data centers increases, a more efficient and energy-
saving cooling system is required.
Environmental Protection
 With the rapid development in informatization, the construction of global data centers
is accelerated. Their power consumption accounts for 1.1% to 1.5% of the global total.
 Clean energy, such as wind and solar energy, is increasingly used in data centers.
 There is a call for saving energy and reducing consumption to reduce power usage
effectiveness (PUE) of data centers.
 Energy conservation and consumption reduction are common. However, the
future trend is to make them more comprehensive, efficient, and properly
regulated.
Intelligent Management
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 Inefficient data centers lead to high costs, and data center infrastructure management
(DCIM) is of vital importance.
 Manage and monitor IT equipment, facility equipment, and IT processes in a
unified manner.
 Support resource management and asset management.
 Support technologies such as real-time information, simulation, and remote
monitoring.
 Intelligent terminals, virtual reality (VR), artificial intelligence, wearable
equipment, and Internet of Things (IoT) also promote intelligent management of
data centers.

2.2.3 Introduction to Data Center Lifecycle

Figure 2-2 Data Center Lifecycle

Plan: This phase is the key to the success of the entire data center project. In this phase,
the data center owner and manager need to build the prototype of the system architecture
and project budget, and select the model design for the system. They also need to identify
and determine the factors that may affect the system design. Once the system concept is
defined, it is possible to prepare the site selection assessment.
Design: The core content of the design phase is to convert the planning result into diagrams
and construction documents. In this phase, it is equally important to ensure that the right
people join the project at the right time. The design team should include IT and design
engineers, possibly even architects and mechanical, electrical, and water supply and
drainage engineers. The construction team consists of electrical, network, mechanical, low-
voltage contractors and subcontractors. The data center owner or manager is responsible
for selecting these teams and reviewing all design achievements.
Build: In this phase, the documents of the construction team and the professional skills of
the equipment supplier are combined. The phase is an excellent opportunity for the
management team and employees to learn and improve. Commissioning can bring
valuable documents to help improve equipment operating status. Although commissioning
is not completely necessary, it helps the entire team better understand the complexity of
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 36

the data center by detecting the response of the entire system to external inputs and
external changes.
Operate: This is the longest and costliest phase in the data center lifecycle. It may last for
up to 20 years. Successful O&M projects require effective management of environmental
health and safety, personnel management, emergency preparedness and response, training,
performance monitoring, maintenance, archiving, infrastructure, quality, energy, and
finance.
Assess: This phase is often overlooked. However, it actually provides a lot of valuable
information and feasibility advice for understanding how the operator and infrastructure
system operate. Analyze the power supply, cooling, space capability, and usage trend
continuously and periodically to better determine whether the infrastructure meets the
design intention. The assessment phase also includes the appraisal of employee efficiency
and O&M project performance. In the five phases, O&M mainly involves operation and
assessment. To better understand the data center, the O&M team can participate in the
planning phase.

2.3 Composition of Data Center Infrastructure

2.3.1 Composition of the Data Center Facility
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Figure 2-3 Eight subsystems of data center facility

2.3.2 Power Supply System

Figure 2-4 Power Supply System

High-voltage power transformation and distribution system: Converts the 6 kV/10 kV/35
kV three-phase mains to 380 V/400 V three-phase mains and distributes power for
downstream low-voltage devices.
DG system: As the backup power source, the DG system instantly supplies power to
downstream devices once the mains power fails. There are low-voltage and medium-
voltage DGs.
Automatic transfer switch (ATS) system: Automatically switches between one mains and
the other and between the mains and the DG.
Low-voltage distribution system: distributes the upstream electric energy to various
electrical equipment, such as the uninterruptible power system (UPS), air conditioner, and
lighting equipment, based on requirements, standards, and specifications.
UPS system: purifies and backs up electric energy, and provides pure and reliable power
protection for IT loads.
UPS output power distribution system: distributes the UPS output electric energy to various
IT equipment based on requirements and standards.
Rack power distribution system: distributes the electric energy inside the racks.
–48 V DC power supply: provides safe and reliable power supply for communication
equipment.
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Figure 2-5 Common power distribution architecture of data centers

In addition, the power supply and distribution system in a data center supplies and
distributes power for the air conditioning, lighting, and other systems. It ensures the normal
operation of the data center.

2.3.3 Cooling System

With the development of the society and the application of new technologies, the power
consumption and power density of the data center increase significantly. The cooling
system ensures that the equipment in a data center work in a proper environment.
 Large sensible heat: The IT equipment and power devices in a data center dissipate
heat through transferring, convection, and radiation, resulting in temperature rise in
the equipment room. This type of heat is sensible heat. The heat dissipation capacity
of a server cabinet ranges from thousands of watts to dozens of thousands of watts
per hour, and the sensible heat ratio in the equipment room can reach 95%.
 Low latent heat: Latent heat is energy that changes the humidity ratio in air but not
change the temperature in the equipment room. There is no moisture dissipation
equipment in the equipment room. The latent heat mainly comes from staff and
outdoor air.
 Large air volume and small enthalpy difference: Because of small latent heat in the
equipment room, there is little humidity to be dehumidified. The temperature of air
does not need to drop to below the dew point temperature before the air flows
through the air conditioner evaporator. Therefore, the effective temperature difference
and the enthalpy difference are small.
 Non-stop operation and perennial cooling.
 Multiple air flow modes: In data centers, the air flow mode is determined by heat
source and its distribution characteristics, story height, equipment layout, and cables.
Downflow, upflow, and regional air flow are the main air flow modes
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 Plenum chamber air supply: The air supply of air conditioners in the equipment room
generally uses the space under the raised floor or above the ceiling for the plenum
chamber air supply. The pressure stabilizing layer formed in the chamber ensures even
air flow. The height of the plenum chamber should be lifted as high as possible.
 Strict requirements for temperature and humidity: Over temperature will lead to a
higher equipment failure rate and lower reliability of servers and even equipment
breakdowns. A high relative humidity may cause short circuits, corrosion, and
condensation on equipment in the data center. Low relative humidity may generate
electrostatic discharge (ESD) that affects equipment running.
 Strict requirements for air cleanliness: There are strict requirements for air cleanliness
in a data center. In a high-humidity environment, dust accelerates equipment corrosion
and shortens its service life. In addition, accumulated dust on the heat sink increases
the thermal resistance and reduces the heat exchange efficiency. Corrosive gases can
quickly destroy metal films and conductors on printed circuit boards, resulting in
increased resistance at terminations. Therefore, the air conditioning system for a data
center must be equipped with efficient and proper filtering devices to filter out dust
from the circulating air according to related standards.
Based on the scale and total capacity of data centers, there are now two prevalent solutions:
air cooled cooling system and chilled water cooling system. In general, the chilled water
solution is primarily used in extra large and large-sized data centers, and the air cooled
solution is usually used in small- and medium-sized data centers.

Figure 2-6 Data center cooling solution

Three cooling configurations: equipment room cooling, in-row cooling, and cabinet cooling.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 40

Figure 2-7 Three cooling configurations

 Cabinet-level cooling is the most flexible mode, can be deployed in shortest time, and
supports the highest power density. However, extra expenditure is required.
 In-row cooling has many advantages similar to those of the cabinet-level cooling, for
example, flexibility, deployment speed, and power density, and has a relatively low
cost.
 In-room cooling can fast change the cooling distribution mode by configuring new
perforated floors. In low-density data centers, all cabinets can share the cooling
redundancy. This cooling mode has cost advantages and is also the simplest mode.

2.3.4 Data Center Integrated Management

Concept: The monitoring system in the equipment room implements central monitoring
and maintenance management over the power and environment in the equipment room
to improve the reliability of the data center and security of data devices, facilitate O&M,
and increase management efficiency.
Objects: The power system, environment system, firefighting system, and security system
are the primary objects to be monitored.
Functions: Based on the integrated network cabling system, the monitoring system in the
equipment room adopts distributed monitoring, with the host placed in the monitoring
room to run the software, to monitor all subsystems in a centralized manner using a
uniform LCD. The monitoring system can monitor the operating status and parameters of
all devices in real time, promptly generate alarms in forms of multimedia, voice, calls, and
SMS when some components or parameters are abnormal, record historical data and
alarms, and intelligently provide expert diagnosis, remote monitoring management, and
web browsing.
 Smart devices: Smart devices are monitored through communication ports (including
RS232/422/485 bus serial and TCP/IP network communication ports). Smart devices
include the UPS, master air conditioner, power meter, T/H sensor, ATS, chiller, and
generator.
 Non-smart devices: Non-smart devices are monitored through external smart meters
or dry contacts. Non-smart devices include the security switch, power distribution
switch, water leakage detection switch, and SPD.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 41

Re mote management

Management Layer
Ca pacity Asset Big screen terminal
ma nagement ma nagement
Monitoring
Audio and Print alarm
visual alarm Ma nagement
Re dundancy and terminal
hot backup server
Email alarm Energy efficiency Te mperature
Co mprehensive ma nagement ma p
Te lephone ma nagement
SMS alarm alarm server
Mu lti-screen control
Transmission
Layer

LAN
Internet
Data Collection and Processing Layer

LAN switch

Embedded server Embedded server TCP/IP TCP/IP

Power monitoring system Environment monitoring system Video monitoring Access Control
system

Access Ca rd
DG No n-smart PDC T/H Smoke detector Precision air Exit button
controller Re ader
sensor Civil a ir conditioner Wa ter leak controller Ca mera
conditioner

Do or
Glass break Electronic
UP S and Te mp Ligh NV R DV R status
sensor lock sensor
Smart PDC its battery ATS detector SPD ting Ne w fan Leakage detection cable

Figure 2-8 Common monitoring system architecture

2.4 Introduction to Data Center Standards

2.4.1 Overview of Data Center Standards
Standards are a way to unify the language and reduce communication costs. They are
designed to make things simpler.
General standards
 Code for Design of Data Centers (GB 50174-2017)
 Data Center Site Infrastructure Tier Standard – Operational Sustainability
 Data Center Site Infrastructure Tier Standard – Topology
 TIA-942-B-2017, Telecommunication Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers, USA
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 42

Figure 2-9 Data Center Standards

 GB 50174-2017 is the main reference standard for data center design and construction
in China.
 Tier standards are released by the Uptime Institute and are mainly used for Uptime
Institute certification services. To obtain Uptime Institute certification, design,
construction, and O&M must comply with Tier standards.

2.4.2 Introduction to Uptime Tier Standards

The Uptime Institute is a well-known data center standards organization and an
independent certifier. Uptime Tier certification consists of three parts: Tier Certification of
Design Documents, Tier Certification of Constructed Facility, and Tier Certification of
Operational Sustainability.
According to the Uptime Tier standards, data center infrastructure is classified into four
levels:
 Tier I: Basic Data Center Site Infrastructure
 Tier II: Redundant Site Infrastructure Capacity Components
 Tier III: Concurrently Maintainable Site Infrastructure
 Tier IV: Fault Tolerant Site Infrastructure

Figure 2-10 Uptime Tier Standard

2.4.3 Introduction to TIA-942 Standard

TIA-942-B-2017 is Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers released
by the USA. It classifies data centers into four classes based on the usefulness and security
of infrastructure. Its appendix describes the technical requirements of the four classes for
telecommunications, architectural infrastructure, electrical, and mechanical infrastructure.
 I Data Center: Basic
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 II Data Center: Redundant Component

 III Data Center: Concurrently Maintainable
 IV Data Center: Fault Tolerant

Figure 2-11 TIA-942 Standard

 TIA: Telecommunications Industry Association is an important industry association in
the global communications and information technology industry.
 At the beginning of 2000, the Uptime Institute authorized the TIA committee to use
the Tier concept. In the first version of TIA-942-2005, data centers were classified into
four tiers: Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3 and Tier 4. In 2013, the Uptime Institute canceled the
Tier authorization. Later, data centers are classified into four classes: I, II, III, and IV
according to TIA standards.

2.4.4 Introduction to Other Standards

ISO/IEC 30134 series standards
Including five volumes
 Overview and general requirements - 2016
 Power usage effectiveness (PUE) - 2016
 Renewable energy factor (REF) - 2016
 IT equipment energy efficiency for servers (ITEE) - 2017
 IT equipment utilization for servers (ITEU_SV) - 2017
EU EN 50600 series standards
 By 2017, the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) of
the European Union (EU) has released the EN 50600 series standards, which include
four parts in 10 standard texts. The EN 50600 series standards specify three levels of
systems for availability, physical security, and energy efficiency implementation. It also
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 44

provides requirements and suggestions on data center operation, processes and

management.
Japan JDCC FS-001 standard
 Based on the TIA-942 standard, the JDCC FS-001 standard classifies data centers into
four levels. It is also supplemented and modified based on the actual situation of Japan.
The JDCC FS-001 standard incorporates the unique elements of Japan, including
earthquake risk and assessment, reliability of commercial electric power, and products
of high efficiency, and reliability.

2.5 Common Energy Consumption Indicators

2.5.1 Data Center Power Consumption
Power consumption of data centers includes the IT device loads, cooling device loads,
lighting loads, and device power losses.
Because the power consumption of IT devices is difficult to reduce and that of the cooling
system is the lion's share, lowering the power consumption of the cooling system is the
key to improve the energy efficiency of the data center.

Figure 2-12 Data Center Power Consumption

Main sources of the data center energy consumption include the IT devices, lighting system,
air conditioner, and power and distribution system. A lot of enterprises and scholars across
the world made significant research in the data center energy consumption. Though the
results differ in the exact proportion of each factor, the factors that constitute the energy
consumption and the order of these factors by importance are largely the same.
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Energy consumption distribution of data centers

(source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

Figure 2-13 Energy consumption distribution of data centers

2.5.2 Power Consumption Index - PUE

Power usage effectiveness (PUE) is a widely-used comprehensive indicator inside and
outside China that measures the data center infrastructure efficiency (DCiE). The formula
is: PUE = PTotal/PIT, where PTotal indicates the total power consumption of the data center
and PIT indicates the power consumption of the IT devices.

Table 2-1 Energy Efficiency Level

PUE DCiE Energy Efficiency Level

3.0 33% Extremely poor

2.5 40% Poor

2.0 50% Average

1.5 67% Good

1.2 83% Excellent

3.0 33% Extremely poor

 In essence, the PUE is used to calculate how much power of the total power supplied
to the data center is actually applied to the IT devices. The PUE ranges from 1.0 to
infinity. The greater the PUE value of the DC equipment room, the more the power
consumed by the DC infrastructure, such as the cooling and power supply. The PUE is
easy to be defined and calculated. Measure the total power consumption of the data
center and that of the IT devices respectively, you can immediately calculate the PUE
of the entire data center.
 The total power consumption of the data center indicates all power consumption
required to maintain the normal operation of the data center, including the power
consumption of the IT devices, cooling devices, power supply and distribution system,
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and other facilities. If the building where lies the data center is also for office running
and other purposes, the power consumption incurred by office running and others
must not be included in the total power consumption of the data center. In data
centers, only power consumed by the IT devices is regarded as meaningful power.

2.5.3 Power Consumption Index - pPUE

Partial PUE (pPUE) is an extension to the PUE concept and used to evaluate and analyze
the energy efficiency of part of the data center or devices.
Before the pPUE is performed, the data center should be divided into different zones. The
zone can be an equipment room in a multi-story data center building or a container module
in a container data center.
pPUE is used to represent the energy efficiency of some zones or devices, and can be
greater or less than the PUE. Generally, to improve the overall efficiency, we must first
ameliorate the efficiency of devices or zones with greater pPUE values in the data center.
pPUE is applicable to the partial energy efficiency evaluation of modular data centers built
based on containers or other modular units, or large-sized data centers composed of many
buildings and equipment rooms.

Figure 2-14 Huawei container data center

2.5.4 Power Consumption Index - CLF/PLF

CLF is short for cooling load factor and PLF power load factor. CLF is used to represent the
ratio between the power consumption of the cooling devices and that of the IT devices.
PLF is used to represent the ratio between the power consumption of the power and
distribution system and that of the IT devices.
CLF and PLF are supplements and extensions to PUE. Calculating CLF and PLF can help you
analyze in a detailed manner the respective energy efficiency of the cooling system and
power and distribution system.

2.5.5 Power Consumption Index - RER

Renewable energy ratio (RER) is used to measure the utilization of renewable sources to
renew the solar energy, wind energy, and hydro energy, and promote the use of carbon-
free or low-carbon sources. In general, renewable energy indicates recyclable energy
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sources in nature, such as the solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy, biomass energy,
geothermal energy, and ocean energy. Renewable energy sources are environment-friendly
in use, widely distributed, and can be exploited locally. Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and
gas, and nuclear energy constitute the counterpart of renewable energy.
In particular, RER is a new indicator proposed at the China Cloud Computing Promotion
and Policy Forum in light of the fast growth of renewable energy sources in China. Now,
RER is submitted to The Green Grid (TGG), an internationally-renowned organization that
commits itself to improving the IT efficiency, for discussion.

2.6 Panorama of Huawei Data Center Solutions

Huawei provides a full series (small to large data centers) of FusionModule data center
facility solutions for industries, enterprise digital transformation, and data center service
providers. In addition, Huawei also provides solutions of UPS and cooling for key equipment
in industries (such as manufacturing and rail transportation).

Figure 2-15 Panorama of Huawei Data Center Solutions

2.7 Quiz
1、(Single) Which of the following belong to the power supply system?
A UPS
B CCTV
C Access control system
D Cable tray
2、(Single) Which of the following is not an energy consumption indicator of a data center?
A PUE
B pPUE
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C RER
D PFC

2.8 Summary
 Introduction to Data Center Development
 Composition of Data Center Infrastructure
 Introduction to Data Center Standards
 Common Energy Consumption Indicators
 Panorama of Huawei Data Center Solutions
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3 Basic Knowledge of Power Distribution

3.1 Objectives
After learning this course, you will be able to:
 Understand the basic concepts of power distribution
 Know the grounding system
 Know the common power distribution products

3.2 Power Distribution System Overview

3.2.1 What Is Power Distribution?

3.2.2 Data Center Distribution System

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3.2.3 Low-Voltage Electrical Devices

3.3 Basic Concepts of the Power Distribution System

3.3.1 Power Supply
Dual power supplies: A load has two power supplies, which are considered independent of
each other for safety.
Emergency power supply system: To ensure personal safety, the emergency power supply
system protects the environment and other equipment from being damaged.
Emergency power supply (power supply for safety facilities): It serves as a part of the
emergency power supply system.
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 In data centers, it means power supply for emergency lights, fire pumps, and other
safety equipment.
Standby power supply: When the normal power supply is powered off, the standby power
supply is used to maintain the power supply required by the equipment for non-safety
reasons.
 The standby power supply can be a generator set or a dedicated feed loop independent
of the normal power supply.

3.3.2 Power Supply Requirements

Uptime Institute Uptime specifies the power supply reliability requirements of data centers
of different levels.

Data Center
Tier IV Tier III Tier II Tier I
Tier

Fault tolerance Planned online

(one fault), maintenance, One power One power
Overall function active-active active-standby supply and supply and
requirement power supply power supply distribution distribution
and distribution and distribution route route
routes routes

Mains input
/ / / /
requirement

2N is
recommended,
DG requirement N+1 N+1 N
but N+1 can also
be used.

UPS requirement 2N N+1 N+1 N

Meeting DG Meeting DG Meeting DG Meeting DG

Backup time
startup startup startup startup
requirement
requirements requirements requirements requirements

DG fuel storage No specific

12 hours 12 hours 12 hours
requirement requirements

3.3.3 Voltage
The power grid transmits 110 kV, 35 kV, 20 kV, and 10 kV power to enterprises. Then the
transformer decreases the voltage to 380 V, and the LV power distribution system transmits
the power to the power-consuming equipment in data centers.
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When 220 V/380 V single-phase power-consuming equipment is connected to a three-

phase system, it is recommended that the three phases be balanced.
For the 220 V load supplied by the LV power grid, if the line current is less than or equal
to 60 A, the 220 V single-phase power supply can be used. When the line current is greater
than 60 A, the 380 V three-phase four-wire power supply is recommended.

3.3.4 Load Characteristics: Resistor, Capacitor, and Inductor

Resistors have the function of blocking current and can be used as electric heating parts to
convert electric energy into internal energy. It is marked as R or r, and the unit is ohm.
Capacitors are two unconnected plates used to store and discharge electric charges,
converting electrical energy into electric field energy. It is marked as C, and the unit is F.
Inductors are spiral coils, in which a changing magnetic field is generated by changing a
current, and the magnetic field is prevented from converting electric energy into magnetic
energy by changing a magnetic flux. It is marked as L, and the unit is H.

Figure 3-1 Impedance vector diagram

3.3.5 Power
There are three kinds of power supplied to the load by the power supply: active power,
reactive power, and apparent power.
Active power (P): the power that can convert electric energy into other forms of energy
and can be directly consumed
The formula for calculating the power of a three-phase circuit is as follows: P = √3UIcosφ
Reactive power (Q): When the load contains inductors or capacitors, the equipment
generates reactive power. Equipment such as transformers and motors require the
magnetic field generated by reactive power to work. Therefore, reactive power is not
useless.
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The formula for calculating the power of a three-phase circuit is as follows: Q = √3UIsinφ
Apparent power (S): the sum of active power P and reactive power Q
The formula for calculating the power of a three-phase circuit is as follows: S2 = Q2 + P2 =
√3UI

3.3.6 Power Quality and Harmonic

Power quality: refers to the voltage quality, that is, the quality of the voltage amplitude,
frequency, and waveform. The main technical specifications include harmonic, voltage
deviation, power supply interruption, three-phase voltage imbalance, and voltage
fluctuation and flicker. The ideal power quality means the sinusoidal voltage with constant
power and constant amplitude, as well as continuous power supply.
Power quality issues may cause great loss to data centers. Common power quality issues
of data centers include harmonic, voltage deviation, and power supply interruption.
We will focus on these three issues this time.

3.3.7 Power Quality and Harmonic

Harmonic: In the AC power grid, the voltage and current waveforms of much non-linear
electrical equipment are not complete sine waveforms. The part that is the same as the
industrial frequency (50 Hz) is the fundamental wave. The wave whose frequency is a
multiple of the fundamental wave frequency (greater than 1) is the harmonic wave.

3.3.8 Voltage Deviation

The voltage deviation is the relative deviation of the operating voltage to the nominal
voltage of the power supply and distribution system under normal operating conditions.
The value is expressed in percentage:
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3.3.9 Power Supply Reliability

Power supply reliability: refers to the continuous power supply capability of a power supply
system.
The electric energy of a data center is mainly from the power grid. The power supply
reliability of the power grid directly affects the power supply system architecture (power
supply configuration and battery configuration) of the data center. The mains power supply
reliability is classified into the following types.

3.4 Common LV Electrical Equipment

3.4.1 Abstract
3.4.1.1 LV Power Distribution Equipment

Power Outage Times Power Outage Duration

Type
(Times/Year) (Hours/Times)

Class 1 power supply ≤ 12 ≤ 0.5

Class 2 power supply ≤ 42 ≤6

Class 3 power supply ≤ 54 ≤8

Seasonal long-time power outage occurs or no mains is

Class 4 power supply
available.

Definition
 Based on the usage requirements and control signals, the LV power distribution
equipment can connect and disconnect the circuits with the rated voltage of 1000 V
AC or 1500 V DC or below using one or more components manually or automatically
to control, adjust, convert, detect, and protect the controlled objects in the circuit.
Common equipment
 Conversion equipment: transformer and diesel generator (DG)
 Control equipment: power distribution frame (PDF), circuit breaker, and fuse
 Auxiliary materials: cables
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3.4.2 Conversion Equipment

3.4.2.1 Transformer
A transformer consists of an iron core and two or more coils (windings) with different
numbers of turns wound around the iron core.
In a data center, the transformer converts the 10 kV/20 kV voltage on the power grid side
into 400 V voltage for equipment.
Common transformer types:
 Common oil-immersed transformer: applies to substations in normal environments.
 Dry-type transformer: applies to places with high fireproof requirements or substations
in damp and dusty environments.
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3.4.2.2 DG
A DG is a combination of a diesel engine and a generator (usually an AC generator) to
generate power in cases of a mains outage
The DG starts and burns diesel fuel to convert chemical energy into power, ensuring normal
operation of the data center.
The whole set is generally composed of a diesel engine, generator, control box, fuel tank,
battery for starting and controlling, protection equipment, emergency cabinet, and so on.

3.4.3 Control equipment

3.4.3.1 LV PDF
The rated current of the LV PDF is 50 Hz AC. The power distribution system with a rated
voltage of 380 V is used as the driving force for power conversion and control for lighting
and power distribution.
The LV PDF should adapt to the rated circuit value and installation conditions. The basic
features are as follows:
 Rated operating voltage
 Rated frequency
 Rated operating current
 Indoor and outdoor types, Ingress protection (IP) rating
 Fixed type or drawer type
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Figure 3-2 LV PDF

3.4.3.2 IP Rating
IP rating refers to the protection level of protecting electrical equipment against intrusion
of foreign objects. IP rating consists of two digits. The first digit indicates the level of
protection against dust and foreign object intrusion. The second digit indicates the level of
protection against moisture and water intrusion. The larger the value, the higher the
protection level.

Table 3-1 The meaning of first digit

Digit Dustproof Range Description

0 No protection There is no special protection against people or objects outside.

Prevents intrusion of Prevents human bodies (such as palms) from contacting

solid objects with a internal electrical parts due to accidents and prevents large
1
diameter of greater than foreign objects (with a diameter greater than 50 mm) from
50 mm. intrusion.

Prevents intrusion of
Prevents fingers from contacting internal electrical parts and
solid objects with a
2 prevents medium-sized foreign objects (with a diameter
diameter of greater than
greater than 12.5 mm) from intrusion.
12.5 mm.

Prevents intrusion of
Prevents tools, wires, and similar small objects whose diameter
solid objects with a
3 or thickness is greater than 2.5 mm from contacting internal
diameter of greater than
electrical parts.
2.5 mm.

Prevents intrusion of
Prevents tools, wires, and similar small objects whose diameter
solid objects with a
4 or thickness is greater than 1.0 mm from contacting internal
diameter of greater than
electrical parts.
1.0 mm.
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Prevents foreign objects from intrusion. Although dust cannot

Prevents foreign objects
5 be completely prevented, the dust does not affect the normal
and dust.
operation of electrical equipment.

Prevents foreign objects

6 Prevents foreign objects and dust from intrusion.
and dust.

Table 3-2 The meaning of second digit

Digit Waterproof Range Description

0 No protection There is no special protection against water or moisture.

Prevents droplets from Vertical droplets (such as condensed water) do not cause
1
intrusion. damage to electrical equipment.

When the equipment is

tilted by 15 degrees, When the electrical equipment is tilted by 15 degrees, droplets
2
droplets can still be do not damage the equipment.
prevented.

Prevents sprayed water Prevents rain or damage caused by water sprayed in the
3
from intrusion. direction less than 60 degrees from the vertical angle.

Prevents splashing water Prevents splashing water in all directions from intruding into
4
from intrusion. electrical equipment and causing damage.

Prevents water jets from all directions from the nozzle from
5 Prevents water jets.
intruding into the electrical equipment and causing damage.

Prevents large waves Prevents damage caused by the invasion of large waves for
6
from intrusion. electrical equipment installed on the deck.

Ensures that the electrical equipment is not damaged due to

Prevents water intrusion water immersion when electrical equipment is immersed in
7
during immersion. water for a certain period of time or the water pressure is
below a certain standard.

Ensure that no damage is caused by water immersion when

Prevents water intrusion
8 the electrical equipment sinks indefinitely under specified water
during sinking.
pressure.

3.4.3.3 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers

Function:
 Switch
 Overload protection
 Short circuit protection ( instant /short delay )
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Classification:
 ACB (Air Circuit Breaker)
 MCCB (Mould Case Circuit Breaker)
 MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)
 HY-MAG (Hydraulic-pressure Magnetic Circuit Breaker)
 RCD (Residual Current Device)

3.4.3.4 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers - ACB

Definition:
 The type of circuit breaker, which operates in air (where air-blast as an arc quenching
medium) at atmospheric pressure, is known to be an Air Circuit Breaker.
Application and Uses:
 Used for main power distribution in large industrial plant.
 Used for protection of transformers, capacitors and generators.
 Carry heavy current (thousands of amperes).
 Intelligent monitoring functions: remote control, alarms and data transmission.

3.4.3.5 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers - MCCB

Definition:
 MCCB is a type of electrical protection device that is commonly used when load
currents exceed the capabilities of miniature circuit breakers.
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Features:
 Used in industrial areas widely.
 carry medium current (hundreds of amperes).
 High breaking capability (Icu Ics).
 operated rapidly.
 The tripping devices are interchangeable and adjustable.
 Intelligent monitoring functions: catenation, remote control,
 alarms and data transmission.

3.4.3.6 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers - MCB (1)

Definition:
 An MCB or miniature circuit breaker is an
electromagnetic device that embodies complete
enclosure in a molded insulating material.
Main parameters:
 Carry miniature current (from 1 A to 100 A usually)
 Nearest to the loads
 Rated voltage Un：230 V/400 Vac, 60Vdc
 Rated breaking current Icu：4.5 kA，6 kA，10 kA…
 Characteristic: B, C or D
 Tripping principle: Thermal-Magnetic tripping（TM）
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3.4.3.7 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers - MCB (2)

Tripping Characteristics
 Definition:
 B, C, D according to IEC 60898
 Z, K according to IEC 60947-2
 Application:
 Characteristics Z (2-3) In
 Characteristics B (3-5)In
 Characteristics C (5-10) In
 Characteristics D (10-20)In
 Characteristics K (8 –15)In
Characteristic C is suggested for the MCB in the ICT loads scenario.

3.4.3.8 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers - RCD

Principle:
 Kirchoffs Law: ∑I=0
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 Earth leakage current protector

Classification:
 By Principle:
 Electromagnetic type
 Electronic type
 By over current protection:
 Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB)
 Residual current Circuit Breaker with Over-current protection (RCBO)
 By relay time: instant type, selected type

Figure 3-3 Magnetic type RCD

Figure 3-4 RCCB

3.4.3.9 Transfer Switch

Definition:
 A transfer switch is an electrical switch that switches a load between two sources.
Classification:
 ATS: Automatic Transfer Switch ( Mechanical action )
 STS: Static Transfer Switch ( SCR )
Types
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 Open transition
 Closed transition
 Soft loading

3.4.3.10 Fuse
Definition:
 Widely applied in low voltage distribution and control systems
 One key short-circuit protection device for a single electrical equipment.
Classification:
 Based on the breaking range: g (for full range breaking) and a (for partial breaking)
 Based on the classification: G (common fuse) and M (for motor circuits)
Feature parameters:
 Rated voltage
 Rated current
 Rated breaking capability
 Time-Current feature
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3.4.3.11 Disconnector
Definition
 It is mainly used to isolate the power supply, transfer switching, and connect and cut
off the small-current circuit. It has no arc extinguishing function.
Feature
 During electrical equipment maintenance, the disconnector can provide an electrical
interval, which is a visible disconnection point.
 The disconnector cannot be operated with load. It can be operated only when the
circuit breaker is disconnected.
Classification by structure
 Knife switch
 Fuse-type knife switch
 Classification by operation mode
 Manual disconnector
 Automatic disconnector

3.4.3.12 SPD
Definition
 SPD is installed at the front end of equipment to protect the equipment from being
damaged by overvoltage or overcurrent caused by external cables.
Feature
 Protection level: level I, II, and III, or class B, C, and D
 Maximum discharge current Imax: maximum single shot current the SPD can handle
without getting damaged
 Nominal discharge current In: through-current capability that enables the SPD to
endure surge
 Rated impulse voltage value 𝑈𝑤 : resistance capability that enables the SPD to prevent
overvoltage
 Residual voltage: peak voltage between SPD terminals when the discharge current
passes through
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Table 3-3 Impulse current and nominal current of the SPD

3.4.4 Auxiliary materials

3.4.4.1 Introduction to Power Cables
The basic structure of a power cable consists of the core (conductor), insulation layer,
shield layer, and protection layer.
Copper, aluminum, and aluminum alloy are usually used as cable conductors. Copper
conductors are recommended for data center cables.
Cables can be classified into DC cables and AC cables based on the power system.
Basic cable features:
 Cable type
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 Rated operating voltage

 Insulating material
 Conductor type
 Cross-sectional area

3.4.4.2 Naming Rules for Power Cables

3.5 Common Grounding Systems

3.5.1 Grounding System Overview
Concept
 Grounding is to connect the grounding terminals of electrical equipment or
communication equipment to the ground through grounding devices and inject the
electric charges of the grounding terminals into the ground for the purpose of working
or protection. In this way, the dangerous voltage is reduced and electromagnetic
interference is prevented.
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3.5.2 Components of the Grounding System

The grounding device consists of all grounding bodies and grounding leads. The grounding
system is formed by connecting the grounding devices to the grounding terminals of the
electrical equipment through the ground cable.

3.5.3 Grounding Types

3.5.4 Earthing system Introduction

Definition：
 To connect the metallic (conductive) Parts of an Electric appliance or installations to
the earth (ground) is called Earthing. IEC 60364 distinguishes three families of earthing
arrangements, using the two-letter codes TN, TT, and IT.
The first letter indicates the connection between earth and the power-supply equipment
(generator or transformer):
 "T" — Direct connection of a point with earth (Latin: terra)
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 "I" — No point is connected with earth (isolation), except perhaps via a high
impedance.
The second letter indicates the connection between earth and the electrical device being
supplied:
 "T" — Earth connection is by a local direct connection to earth (Latin: terra), usually
via a ground rod.
 "N" — Earth connection is supplied by the electricity supply Network, either as a
separate protective earth (PE) conductor or combined with the neutral conductor.
Classification: TN( TN-C, TN-S,TN-C-S,) 、IT、TT.

3.5.5 Earthing system Introduction - TN

Definition：
 In a TN earthing system, one of the points in the generator or transformer is connected
with earth, usually the star point in a three-phase system. The body of the electrical
device is connected with earth via this earth connection at the transformer.
Classification：
 TN−S：PE and N are separate conductors that are connected together only near the
power source. This arrangement is a current standard for most residential and
industrial electric systems particularly in Europe.
 TN−C：combined PEN conductor fulfills the functions of both a PE and an N conductor.
 TN−C−S：combined PEN conductor from transformer to building distribution point, but
separate PE and N conductors in fixed indoor wiring and flexible power cords.

TN-C TN-S
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TN-C-S

3.5.6 Earthing system Introduction - TT

Definition：
 The TT system : Technique for the protection of persons: the exposed conductive parts
are earthed and residual current devices (RCDs) are used.
 Operating technique: interruption for the first insulation fault.

3.5.7 Earthing system Introduction - IT

Definition：
 In an IT network, the electrical distribution system has no connection to earth at all,
or it has only a high impedance connection.
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3.6 Quiz
1. (Single) Which of the following is the most common grounding system in a data center?
A TN-S
B TN-C
C TN-C-S
D TT
E IT

3.7 Summary
 Data Center Power Distribution Overview
 Basic Concepts of the Power Distribution System
 Common LV Electrical Equipment
 Common Grounding Systems
 Introduction to Data Center Digital Power Products
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 71

4 Basic Knowledge of UPS

4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Foreword
The chapter describes UPS basic knowledge, including the function and work principle of
UPS and the common configuration solution.

4.1.2 Objectives
On completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Know the basic function of UPS;
 Know the basic working mode of UPS;
 Know the common configuration solution of UPS.

4.2 What Is a UPS

4.2.1 UPS Development History

Figure 4-1 UPS Development History

First generation: Efficiency: 50%–60%, Key components: flywheel or generator; Control
mode: analog control.
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Second generation:1985 – 2000, Efficiency: < 88%, Key components: silicon controlled
rectifier (SCR), Control mode: analog control.
Third generation: 2000 – 2006;Efficiency: 92% – 94%, Key components: insulated gate
bipolar transistor (IGBT) and metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS), Control mode: semi-
digital UPS.
Fourth generation: Since 2007, Efficiency: > 96%, Key components: MOS (IGBT)+digital
signal processing (DSP), Control mode: full-digital, redundant, and dual-bus.
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is an energy conversion device that uses the battery
chemical energy for backup to supply uninterruptible power when power failures, such as
mains disconnection or exceptions, occur.

4.2.2 Why Is the UPS Required?

Power grid pollution affects network and device security.
 Power interruption, voltage fluctuation, transient peak currents, voltage surges, and
high-voltage pulses which damage servers, routers, and disk arrays.
 Harmonic distortion, high-frequency interruption, and frequency drifts which
substantially increase the bit error rate (BER) and decrease the data transmission rate.

Figure 4-2 Power grid faults

4.2.3 UPS Functions

Uninterruptible power supply
 Solving the problem of mains outage.
 When the mains fails, batteries in the UPS supply power to loads.
Power purification
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 Solving the problem of power grid pollution.

 Increases the input power factor, decreases harmonic pollution to the power grid,
and supplies pure power to loads.
Stable AC outputs
 Solving the problem of mains voltage fluctuation.
 The UPS supports a wide input voltage range, which ensures stable outputs for
loads when the mains voltage fluctuates.
Power management
 Solving the problem during AC power maintenance.
 As an important power supply device, the UPS can be monitored by the network
management system (NMS), ensuring easy maintenance.

4.2.4 UPS System Classification

By structure:
 Offline UPS;
 Line-interactive UPS;
 Online UPS.
By capacity:
 Small-sized UPS (< 20 kVA);
 Medium-sized UPS (20 kVA to 200 kVA);
 Large-sized UPS (> 200 kVA).
By installation method:
 Tower-mounted UPS;
 Rack-mounted UPS.
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4.2.5 Composition of an UPS

Figure 4-3 Composition of an UPS

 UPSs are classified into off-line UPSs, line-interactive UPSs, and double-conversion
UPSs. Currently, double-conversion UPSs are mainly used.
Rectifier
 Functions of the rectifier
 Converts AC power into DC power.
 Implements power factor correction (PFC) and voltage boosting.
 Reduces the pollution to the power grid.
Inverter
 During a mains outage, the inverter converts the DC power supplied by batteries into
AC power for loads. It also converts DC power from the boost circuit of the upstream
rectifier into pure AC power for loads by high-speed operation of switching diodes.
 Functions of the inverter module
 Converts DC power into AC power.
 Converts DC power from batteries into AC power.
 Provides pure AC power by high-speed operation of switching diodes.
Bypass Module
 Functions of the bypass module
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 Internal bypass: When the main converter becomes faulty or fails to work properly,
for example, due to overtemperature or overload, the UPS can switch to internal
bypass mode automatically and manually.
 Maintenance bypass: It is used to separate one or more power circuits of the UPS
to ensure security and/or power continuity of loads during maintenance. When
the maintenance bypass is enabled, the main power supply or backup power
supply can supply power to loads. In this case, loads are not protected.
Charger
 Charges batteries when the AC input is normal.
Batteries
 Batteries supply DC power to the inverter to ensure continuous power supply when a
mains outage occurs.
 Typically, the battery voltage is 2 V, 6 V, or 12 V. UPSs often use 12 V batteries.
Batteries are connected in serial or parallel to provide required DC current and backup
capacity.

4.2.6 UPS Working Modes

Normal Mode
 In normal cases, the UPS works in inverter mode (normal mode);
 In this mode, the mains supplies power to customers' loads using rectifiers and
inverters;
 UPS supplies power to the batteries using chargers.

Figure 4-4 Normal Mode

Battery Mode
 If the mains supply fails or exceptions occur, the UPS immediately switches to the
battery mode.
 In this case, batteries supply power to customers' loads using inverters.
 After the mains recovers, the UPS immediately switches back to the normal mode.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 76

Figure 4-5 Battery Mode

Bypass Mode
 If a UPS is faulty, it immediately switches to the bypass mode (static bypass mode) for
power supply;
 In this case, the bypass power source supply power to customers' loads through the
static bypass.

Figure 4-6 Bypass Mode

Maint. Mode
 When a faulty UPS is maintained, the UPS must be manually switched to the
maintenance bypass mode.
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Figure 4-7 Maint. Mode

ECO Mode
 In this mode, if the bypass voltage and frequency are in the specified range, the UPS
supplies power to loads over the bypass. If the bypass voltage and frequency are
outside the range, the UPS transfers to normal or battery mode.

Figure 4-8 ECO Mode

4.2.7 UPS Key Parameters

Capacity
 The UPS loading capability can be indicated by the apparent power (kVA) or active
power (kW), for example, 200 kVA or 180 kW. Since output capacitors of inverter units
generate reactive power, the active power value cannot exceed the apparent power
value.
Output power factor
 The output power factor indicates the UPS capability for carrying loads with active
power. Generally, the output power factor is 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1.
Efficiency
 Under the same customers' loads, higher UPS efficiency leads to less UPS loss and
operating expense (OPEX). In normal cases, efficiency of medium- and large-sized
UPSs is higher than 0.9.
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Input voltage and frequency range

 If the input voltage and frequency range is wide, the UPS is adaptable to poor power
grids. When the input voltage and frequency exceed the threshold, the UPS switches
to the battery mode. A wide voltage range reduces the number of battery discharge
times and therefore prolongs the battery lifespan.
Overload capability
 The high overload capability ensures power supply quality. If the UPS overloads, it
works in normal mode for a short period and then switches to the static bypass mode.
If overload persists, the UPS shuts down.
Input current harmonic
 The low total distortion of the input current waveform (THDi) reduces pollution to the
power grid.

4.2.8 Rack&Tower - mounted UPS

Rack-mounted UPS
 Can be placed in a standard 19-inch cabinet;
 Provides a 20 kVA power capacity or lower;
 Enables customers to use rack-mounted batteries.

Figure 4-9 Rack-mounted UPS

Tower-mounted UPS
 Can be placed on the ground or desk;
 Provides a power capacity of 0.5 kVA to 1500 kVA, capacity higher than 3 kVA is placed
on the ground.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 79

Figure 4-10 Tower-mounted UPS

4.2.9 Modularized UPS

The modularized design facilitates capacity expansion and prevents excessive investment
in initial construction.
The redundancy design increases reliability and availability.

Figure 4-11 Modularized UPS

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4.3 Huawei UPS Solutions

4.3.1 Huawei UPSs

Figure 4-12 Huawei UPSs

4.3.2 UPS2000-G Small-sized UPS Solution

Introduction
 N+X redundancy and single UPS configuration based on different reliability
requirements;
 Power backup time from 10 minutes to 2 hours and an intelligent management
solution;
 Network-wide monitoring platform.
Advantages
 High reliability and efficiency, ensuring power supply continuity and reducing the OPEX;
 Intelligent battery management, prolonging the battery lifespan;
 Network-wide monitoring platform, improving system maintainability and reducing
the OPEX.
Application scenarios
 Customer service centers;
 Offices NMS servers;
 Access devices.
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Figure 4-13 UPS2000-G: 1 kVA to 20 kVA

4.3.3 L and M-sized UPS5000-A Solution

Introduction
 N+X redundancy and dual-bus configuration based on different reliability
requirements;
 Power backup time from 10 minutes to 2 hours;
 Compatible with the NetEco.
Advantages
 High reliability and efficiency, protecting investment and reducing the OPEX;
 Flexible configuration, meeting different requirements;
 Intelligent battery management and network-wide monitoring platform, improving
system maintainability.
Application scenarios
 Equipment rooms of data centers, such as the IDC;
 Central equipment rooms.

Figure 4-14 UPS5000-A

4.3.4 L and M-sized UPS5000-E/S Solution

Introduction
 Modularized design, enabling smooth capacity expansion with load increasing;
 N+X redundancy and dual-bus configuration based on different reliability
requirements;
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 Network-wide monitoring platform, covering all power supply facilities.

Advantages
 High efficiency and modularization, preventing low-efficiency power system running
as services increase in initial construction;
 Network-wide monitoring platform, improving system maintainability and reducing
the OPEX;
 Flexible configuration and strong expansion capability, meeting different requirements.
Application scenarios
 Key equipment, such as routers, charging servers, and value-added servers in core
equipment rooms;
 IT equipment in key convergence equipment rooms and switching rooms.

Figure 4-15 UPS5000-E

4.3.5 FusionPower
Introduction
 Integrates the UPS input and output cabinets and UPS, and achieves a system
efficiency of 97%.
 Uses the iPower intelligent technology to improve system reliability and reduce O&M
costs for customers.
 Adopts the all-in-one design to effectively reduce the power distribution workload, as
well as save footprint and installation time.
Feature
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 The redundancy design for all modules improves reliability. Visualized monitoring of
all links improves O&M efficiency.
 The iBattery monitors the battery status to eliminate fire risks.
 High efficiency at low load: The efficiency is higher than 96% when the load rate
ranges from 20% to 50%, saving electricity fees.

Figure 4-16 FusionPower

4.4 Common Configuration Solutions

4.4.1 Single UPS System
A single UPS system meets the power supply requirements to key loads. N indicates the
number of UPSs required for minimum power supply.
Single UPS system advantages:
 Simple configuration and low cost;
 High running efficiency.
Single UPS system disadvantages:
 The usability is limited. If the UPS is faulty, loads are powered in bypass mode, and
the power supply quality cannot be guaranteed;
 During UPS, battery, or power distribution device maintenance, the load power supply
quality cannot be guaranteed;
 No redundant system exists. When the UPS is faulty, loads are lack of protection;
 Multiple single point failures exist.
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Figure 4-17 Single UPS System

 ATS: automatic transfer switch
 PDF: power distribution frame

4.4.2 Redundant Parallel or N+1 System

Redundant parallel system configuration solution
 When a UPS is faulty, key loads do not need to be powered in bypass mode.
 Outputs of multiple UPSs with the same capacity in a parallel system can be converged.
 Communications cables are required to connecting UPSs in a parallel system to ensure
output phase and amplitude synchronization between UPSs.
N+1 system advantages:
 The N+1 system can properly run if a UPS is faulty, which has higher reliability than
the N system;
 The system design is simple with low costs.
N+1 system disadvantages:
 UPSs used in an N+1 system must be of the same design, manufacturer, rated
specifications, technique, and configurations;
 Single point failures exist in inputs and outputs of the N+1 system;
 If a single UPS and its downstream devices (except for batteries) are maintained, loads
cannot be protected;
 The UPS load ratio and the operation efficiency is low.
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Figure 4-18 N+1 System

4.4.3 Dual-Bus Redundancy System

Dual-bus system advantages:
 Two independent power supplies are available, preventing single point failures and
providing powerful fault tolerance;
 The system provides comprehensive input and output redundant configuration;
 UPSs, batteries, and other power distribution devices can be maintained without
transferring loads to the bypass mode.
Dual-bus system disadvantages:
 Redundancy design, leading to high costs;
 Low load ratio and low efficiency.
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Figure 4-19 Dual-Bus Redundancy System

4.5 Typical Application Scenarios

4.5.1 UPS Application
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Figure 4-20 UPS Application

4.5.2 UPS Load Types

IT equipment
 Server and storage device
 Switch and router
 Terminal
 ATM

Figure 4-21 Enterprise network equipment room

Figure 4-22 Data center

Industrial facilities
 Industrial control system
 Automated production line
 Precision instrument
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Figure 4-23 Automated production line

Figure 4-24 System control center

Personal use
 PC
 Household appliance such as acoustics

Figure 4-25 Office

Figure 4-26 Household acoustics

4.5.3 Scenario
Large-sized IDC
 Important loads, such as servers and storage devices, require reliable power supply
systems.
 Large- and medium-sized equipment rooms require the UPS capacity of 300 kVA or
higher and power backup time from 10 minutes to 2 hours.
 The system must be smoothly upgraded in the future.
 An intelligent remote monitoring solution must be provided to ensure uninterruptible
power supply in an integrated manner.
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Figure 4-27 Large-sized IDC

NMS
 High load importance requires a reliable power supply system.
 NMSs require that UPSs be fast deployed, easily installed and maintained, and
transferred between tower-mounted and rack-mounted.
 NMSs require the UPS capacity of 1 kW to 10 kW and power backup time of 1 hour.
 NMSs feature abundant ports, easy maintenance, and simple cable routing.

Figure 4-28 NMS

Centralized Equipment Room
 High service importance requires a reliable power supply system.
 Provincial centralized equipment rooms require the UPS capacity of 60 kVA to 200 kVA
and more than 1 hour power backup time.
 The UPSs must be applicable to multiple types of loads and servers and meet efficiency
and energy conservation requirements.
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Figure 4-29 Centralized Equipment Room

4.6 Quiz
1、(Short Answer Question) Why do we need UPS ?
2、(Short Answer Question) What is the benefit of module UPS?
3、(Short Answer Question) Which configuration solution is used at your site?

4.7 Summary
 The chapter describes UPS basic knowledge, including the function and work principle
of UPS and the common configuration solution.
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5 Basic Knowledge of Huawei DC Power

Systems

5.1 Inroduction
5.1.1 Foreword
DC power systems are widely used in communication base stations and some data center
CT scenarios. The slides describe the basic knowledge of Huawei –48 V DC power systems.

5.1.2 Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to understand the main functions of
Huawei DC power systems, understand the architecture and basic composition of DC power
systems, and master the basic knowledge of DC power system battery management.

5.2 Abstract
5.2.1 DC Power System Application Scenarios
AC power (mains) and its direction change periodically as time changes.
DC power and its direction do not change with time. It is steady current.

DC power is used for powering electronic devices, and AC power is used for upstream
electric energy transmission.
DC arcs are more difficult to be extinguished than AC arcs. Unless otherwise specified, do
not mix AC and DC devices.

5.2.2 Basic Functions of Huawei DC Power Systems

Two basic functions
 Rectification
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 Converts 220 V AC or 380 V AC power into –48 V DC power.

 Provides redundancy for rectifiers.
 Battery management
 Manages the charge and discharge of batteries connected in parallel on the
output side. That is, batteries can be charged and discharged with appropriate
voltages, currents, and modes to ensure that the DC load operates
uninterruptedly when the AC power failure occurs.

5.2.3 Output Voltage

Why is the polarity negative?
 Due to historical reasons, the positive pole of the telecom power supply was grounded
at the early stage, forming a loop through the ground and saving cables.
 The positive grounding can reduce the corrosion of negative devices.
Why is the voltage –48 V?
 The early-stage power systems use the original lead-acid batteries, and the voltage is
a multiple of the basic (single battery) voltage 1.2 V.
 According to the device component and line capabilities, 48 V voltage is selected to
ensure the communication distance of local calls and security.

5.2.4 Logical Composition

The telecom power system consists of the AC power distribution unit (PDU), DC PDU,
rectifier, and monitoring unit.

5.3 Architecture and Components

5.3.1 Physical Architecture
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Basic components
 AC PDU
 AC input, AC output, AC surge protective device (SPD), and line protection
 Rectifier
 Converts AC power into DC power (high-frequency switch rectification).
 DC PDU
 DC junction, output, SPD, load power-off, and battery protection
 Monitoring unit
 Measures AC and DC power distribution signals; manages, controls, and
monitors rectifiers; analyzes and outputs alarms; manages loads and batteries.
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5.3.2 Electrical Conceptual Diagram

5.3.3 Rectifier Parameters

Input
 Input voltage range
 Input frequency range
 Power factor
Output
 Output voltage adjustment range
 Output current adjustment range
 Regulated voltage precision
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5.4 Battery Management

5.4.1 Working Principle

5.4.2 Main Functions

Equalized charge and floating charge management:
 When the real-time battery capacity, charge current, and charge time meet certain
conditions, the equalized charge and float charge modes switch with each other.
Battery disconnection protection:
 After an AC outage occurs or rectifiers become faulty, batteries start discharging and
the battery voltage decreases. If the AC power does not recover when the battery
voltage decreases to a certain extent, batteries need to be disconnected to prevent
battery damage.
Temperature compensation:
 When the batteries are being charged, the temperature increases slowly. To ensure
that the batteries work at a proper temperature, the battery charge voltage is
decreased when the battery temperature is too high and the battery charge voltage is
increased when the battery temperature is too low.

5.5 Application Scenarios

5.5.1 Application Scenarios
DC power systems are widely used in communication base stations and some data center
CT scenarios.
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Figure 5-1 Communication base station scenario

Figure 5-2 Data center CT scenario

5.5.2 Position in the Power Distribution System

The mains enters the rectifiers through the AC PDU. The rectifiers convert AC power into –
48 V DC power, and then the DC PDU distributes the power to DC devices.
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5.6 Huawei DC Power Systems

5.7 Quiz
1. (Short Answer Question) What are the basic functions of DC power systems?
2. (Short Answer Question) What are the basic components of a DC power system?

5.8 Summary
After learning this chapter, we are able to:
 Understand the telecom power.
 Understand the architecture and composition of DC power systems.
 Master the principles and features of DC power systems.
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6 Basic Knowledge of Batteries

6.1 Objectives
On completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Understand the battery development and application in the ICT field.
 Get familiar with the classification and naming of batteries.
 Get familiar with the basic principles and structure of batteries.
 Understand the performance differences between lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries.

6.2 Battery Overview

6.2.1 History

6.2.2 Definition
A chemical battery, generally referred to as battery, is a device that converts chemical
energy into electrical energy. After a battery is discharged, it can be recharged to
regenerate the internal active substances, that is, to convert the electrical energy into
chemical energy. It converts chemical energy into electrical energy again when it is
discharged. This type of battery is called storage battery or secondary cell.
Main rechargeable batteries in the market include nickel metal hydride batteries, lead-acid
batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and lithium polymer batteries.
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6.2.3 Function
Storage battery are sound DC power sources and are stable in voltage, free of fluctuation,
and easy and reliable to use. Therefore, storage battery are widely used in the
communications systems. Storage battery can be backup power sources for the AC UPS
and DC power system, the startup power source, and the DC operation and control power
source in the high-voltage power distribution system.

6.2.4 Technical Specifications

Rated capacity: refers to the nominal capacity, which indicates the minimum capacity that
can be discharged according to standards or industrial standards.
Actual capacity: refers to the capacity that can be discharged after a fully charged battery
is discharged to the specified end-of-discharge (EOD) voltage under certain discharge
conditions. The unit is Ah or Wh.
Discharge rate: For example, C10. C indicates the capacity, and 10 indicates the number of
hours for the battery to discharge to the specified voltage at a certain current. The rated
discharge current can be obtained by dividing the capacity by the number of hours.
SOH: State of health, refers to the Percentage of actual capacity to rated capacity.
SOC: State of charge, refers to the Percentage of current remaining capacity to actual
capacity.
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Rated voltage: refers to the approximate value used to identify the voltage of a battery
type. For example, the rated voltage of a single VRLA battery is 2 V.
Open-circuit voltage: refers to the terminal voltage of a battery in the open-circuit state.
The open-circuit voltage of a battery is equal to the electric potential difference between
the positive electrode and the negative electrode when the battery is open-circuited (that
is, when no current passes through the two electrodes).
EOD voltage: indicates the voltage when a battery is used up. If the voltage decreases due
to continuous discharging, the battery will be damaged. EOD voltage is the protection
voltage set to prevent battery overdischarge. When the voltage reaches the value, the
discharging should be terminated.

Equalized charging: During the use of batteries, battery voltages are unbalanced due to
the individual difference and temperature difference of batteries. To avoid the deterioration
of this imbalance trend, the charge voltage of the battery string needs to be increased to
activate the batteries. In this way, characteristics of each battery in the battery string are
balanced.
Float charging: To balance the capacity loss caused by battery self-discharge, batteries need
to be charged at a constant voltage for a long time.
Depth of discharge (DOD): indicates the percentage of battery discharge capacity to rated
battery capacity. Generally, when the discharge capacity of a battery exceeds 80% of its
rated capacity, it is considered that DOD is achieved.

6.2.5 Application in Data Centers

In a data center, batteries are installed at the end of the UPS. When the mains fails,
batteries supply DC power to the UPS, and the UPS converts the DC power into AC power
required by loads to ensure continuous operation of devices.
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6.3 Lead-acid Battery

6.3.1 Overview
6.3.1.1 Definition
VRLA battery is a battery improved in material, structure, and process based on the
common anti-acid and explosion-proof lead-acid storage battery.
The basic feature is that the battery does not need to be maintained by refilling acid or
water during operation. Thanks to its sealing structure, the battery does not leak acid or
exhaust acid smog.
On the battery cover is a one-way exhaust valve (safety valve), which automatically
exhausts the excessive gas in the battery when the internal battery pressure increases to
the threshold and automatically closes itself after the exhausting to avoid gas entry.

6.3.1.2 General Category

Based on electrolyte: acid battery and alkaline battery
Based on electrolyte content: flooded battery and starved-electrolyte battery
Based on vent plug structure: open-type battery, vented battery, and acidapray-proof
battery
Based on cell voltage: 2 V battery, 6 V battery, and 12 V battery
Based on purpose: stationary battery, mobile battery, starter battery, traction battery,
railway battery, motorcycle battery, coal mine battery, energy storage battery, and battery
for other purposes
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6.3.1.3 Battery Classification in ICT

6.3.1.4 Naming Rule

The model number of the lead-acid battery is composed of three parts. Part 1 indicates the
number of storage battery in series; part 2 indicates the type and feature of the storage
battery; part 3 indicates the rated capacity of the storage battery. Other codes can also be
added on the right after the rated capacity if necessary.

6.3.1.5 Examples
GFM-1000: a stationary valve-regulated sealed lead-acid battery, rated capacity 1000 Ah
(common in ICT scenarios).
6-GFM-100: six stationary valve-regulated sealed lead-acid batteries in series, rated
capacity 100 Ah (common in ICT scenarios).
6-Q-150: a lead-acid battery string of six batteries in series for startup, rated capacity 150
Ah.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 103

6.3.2 Battery Structure

6.3.2.1 Main Components
Take the most widely-used AGM lead-acid battery for example, its main components
include the positive plate, negative plate, electrolyte, battery separator, battery chute, and
other parts, such as the terminal, busbar, and safety valve.

6.3.2.2 Safety Valve

The safety valve is a key component of VRLA battery. The quality of the safety valve directly
determines the lifespan, performance uniformity, and safety of the VRLA battery. The
function of the safety valve is:
 To automatically exhaust the excessive gas in the battery to lower the internal battery
pressure when the internal pressure increases to the threshold.
 Unidirectional exhausting means that air cannot enter the battery, which avoids
battery self-discharge.
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6.3.2.3 Plate
The battery plate can be positive or negative. Battery plates are composed of active
substances and plate grids, and there is a separator between the positive and negative
plates, as shown in the following figures. Active substances for the positive and negative
plates are lead dioxide (PbO2) and gray sponge lead (Pb) respectively.

6.3.2.4 Separator
The battery separator has the following functions:
 Keeps the positive and negative plates insulated from each other.
 Absorbs electrolyte, and ensures that the electrolyte does not flow and that the
negative plate is damp.
 Serves as the gas channel. Many holes in the battery separator facilitate the oxygen
moving from the positive plate to the negative plate.
 Slows the disconnection of active substances.
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6.3.2.5 Battery Structure – Electrolyte

The electrolyte, composed of pure concentrated sulfuric acid and pure water, is absorbed
in the separator to conduct electricity and participate in electrochemical reaction. The post
terminal is the external terminal. The safety valve is used to unidirectionally adjust the
internal pressure of the battery to prevent air from entering the battery.
In a VRLA battery, the electrolyte does not flow, that is, the electrolyte is absorbed by active
substances on the plate and the separator film, and the saturation degree of the electrolyte
is 60%–90%.
When the saturation degree of the electrolyte is lower than 60%, it indicates that the
battery loses electrolyte seriously, and the active substances on the plate cannot fully
contact the electrolyte. If the saturation is higher than 90%, the diffusion channel of the
oxygen from the positive electrode is blocked by the electrolyte, which affects the diffusion
of the oxygen to the negative electrode. In addition, the gel electrolyte does not flow.

6.3.2.6 Container and Cover

The battery chute houses the electrolyte, battery plate, battery separator, and accessories.
For example, there are the positive terminal, negative terminal, and exhaust unit in a VRLA
battery. The battery chute must be made of corrosion-, vibration-, and high/low-
temperature-resistant materials.

6.3.3 Working Principle

6.3.3.1 Working Principles – Main Reaction
Double-sulphate theory
 This theory can be described as follows: When a lead-acid battery is discharged, the
active substances at the positive and negative electrodes change to lead sulfate
(PbSO4). After the battery is charged, the active substances return to the original state.
That is, the active substances at the positive electrode change to lead dioxide (PbO2),
and those at the negative electrode change to sponge lead (Pb).
The main reaction constitutes a chemical system of 2 V electromotive force for a single
cell.
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6.3.3.2 Working Principles – Side Reaction

Positive electrode:
Negative electrode:
At the end of charging and during overcharging, in addition to the reaction of active
substances, the preceding two reactions occur at the positive and negative electrodes. At
this time, PbSO4 is almost completely converted to PbO2 and Pb in charging state. The
potential of the reaction increases. The side reactions including oxygen evolution reaction
(OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) will dominate.
Therefore, overcharging may cause battery swelling due to the side reactions.
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6.3.3.3 Working Principle – Terminal Voltage Changes During Charging

and Discharging

6.4 Lithium-ion Battery

6.4.1 Overview
6.4.1.1 Definition
Lithium-ion batteries are secondary batteries developed based on lithium batteries.
 The positive electrode material of lithium batteries is manganese dioxide or thionyl
chloride, and the negative electrode material is metal lithium. After a battery is
assembled, the battery has voltage and does not need to be charged.
 In the early 1990s, Sony invented batteries with carbon materials as the negative
electrode and lithium compounds as the positive electrode. In the process of charging
and discharging, lithium ions, instead of lithium, exist. These batteries are called
lithium-ion batteries.
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6.4.1.2 Classification
Lithium-ion batteries use positive electrode materials such as lithium cobalt oxide (LCO),
lithium nickel oxide (LNO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium nickel manganese
cobalt oxide (NCM)/lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), and LFP.
Based on the electrolyte form, lithium-ion batteries are classified into liquified lithium-ion
batteries and polymer lithium-ion batteries.
LFP batteries with liquid electrolytes are commonly used in data centers.

6.4.2 Battery Structure

6.4.2.1 Internal Structure
Positive electrode: transition metal oxides (containing lithium) with a conductive agent and
an adhesive, coated on an aluminum foil to form a positive plate
Negative electrode: formed by coating a laminated graphite with a conductive agent and
an adhesive on a copper foil
Electrolyte: composed of electrolyte and organic solvent
Separator film: composed of a polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP) microporous film.
It isolates the positive and negative electrodes, preventing the passage of electrons while
allowing that of lithium ions.
Shell: aluminum foil (pouch), steel shell, or aluminum shell.
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Figure 6-1 Structure of a lithium-ion battery

6.4.2.2 Positive Electrode Materials

Positive electrode material: Positive electrode materials include transition metal oxides or
polyanionic compounds containing lithium and have a layered, spinel, or olivine structure.
The materials provide a lithium source and have a stable lithium deintercalation capability,
which determines the lower limit of safety of a lithium-ion battery.

6.4.2.3 Negative Electrode Materials

Requirements for negative electrode materials:
 Electronic conductivity and ion conductivity are excellent.
 Intercalation and deintercalation reactions of lithium ions in carbon are fast.
 The existence of lithium ions in electrode materials is stable.
 A compact and stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) can be generated on the
negative electrode surface to prevent the electrolyte from continuously reducing on
the surface.
 In the charge and discharge cycle of the battery, the volume of the carbon material at
the negative electrode changes slightly.
Common negative electrode material: graphite
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Figure 6-2 Graphite molecular structure

6.4.2.4 Electrolyte
Electrolyte:
 Provides a medium for rapid conduction of lithium ions, and requires lithium ions
(dissociating lithium salts).
 To dissolve the preceding lithium salt and additives, a solvent is required, which
determines a lower limit of high and low temperature characteristics of batteries.
 To protect the reaction interface, a protective film (SEI) is formed on the (positive)
negative electrode surface, and a film additive is required. The additive determines the
interface of the material and the upper limit of the battery cycle.

6.4.2.5 Separator Film

The separator film must meet the following requirements:
 Has direct contact with the positive and negative electrodes (high and low potentials)
as well as the electrolyte, requiring electrochemical stability (against electrochemical
and other corrosion).
 Provides physical barriers between positive and negative electrodes to prevent short
circuits, featuring insulation (separating electrons) and strength against puncture.
Allows lithium ions to pass through. Currently, a micro porous structure is used to
absorb the electrolyte.
 Provides an automatic shutdown mechanism with low shutdown temperatures and
high rupture temperatures, ensuring good protection performance.
 Determines the lower limit of the battery safety, does not provide active substances.
A thinner separator film is better in terms of energy density.
 A thin separator film requires a ceramic coating for separation; to ensure that the
positive and negative electrodes are adhered to each other, glue is required sometimes.
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6.4.3 Working Principle

6.4.3.1 Working Principle
Li+ intercalation and deintercalation repeatedly occur at the positive and negative
electrodes.
During charging, Li+ is deintercalated from the positive electrode and intercalated into the
negative electrode (obtaining electrons).
During discharging, Li+ is deintercalated from the negative electrode and intercalated into
the positive electrode (obtaining electrons).
Use compounds that can be intercalated into lithium ions as the positive and negative
electrodes, so that the flow of lithium ions changes from uncontrollable to controllable
after guidance.

6.4.3.2 Charging Management

The CC-CV two-stage charging method is used. In the CC charging stage, the 0.5C–1C
charge current is used.
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Restricted voltages in the CC charging stage are as follows:

 When LiFePO4 materials are used for the positive electrode, the maximum value is
3.650 V. If 16 lithium-ion batteries are cascaded, the maximum value is 3.650 V x 16 =
58.40 V.
 If the positive electrode material is not LiFePO4, the maximum value is 4.100 V. If 16
lithium-ion batteries are cascaded, the maximum value is 4.100 V x 14 = 57.40 V.
Charging termination conditions in the CV charging stage are as follows:
 At the end of the CC charging stage, when the battery voltage reaches the charge
voltage limit, the CV charging mode is used. The charging stops until the charge
current is less than or equal to 0.01C, and the entire charging process is complete.

Figure 6-3 Lithium-ion battery charge curve

6.4.3.3 Balancing Problems

The most difficult problem of lithium-ion batteries is inconsistency. The causes of
inconsistency are as follows:
 Internal causes: material or manufacturing difference, capacity, internal resistance,
self-discharge and cyclic attenuation rate
 External causes: temperature, charge current, and discharge current
Solutions:
 Remove the first and last batteries.
 Perform balancing management.
 Form battery groups.
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6.4.3.4 Balancing Management (1)

6.4.3.5 Balancing Management (2)

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6.4.3.6 Balancing Management (3)

6.4.3.7 Balancing Management (4)

6.5 Comparison Between Lead-acid Batteries and Lithium-

ion Batteries
6.5.1 Cycle Life
Lithium-ion battery
 100% DOD: up to 3000 cycles; deep discharge: at least 3000 cycles.
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 50% DOD: up to 6000 cycles; shallow discharge: at least 6000 cycles.

Lead-acid battery
 100% DOD: about 150 cycles; deep discharge: frequently replacing lead-acid batteries
in case of poor grid power.
 50% DOD: about 600 cycles; shallow discharge: frequently replacing lead-acid batteries
in case of poor grid power.

6.5.2 Float Charging Life

70% EOL float charge at 25°C for lithium-ion batteries: up to 15 years; no need to replace
within the life cycle of 15 years if grid power is good.
70% EOL float charge at 25°C for lead-acid batteries: up to 7 years; need to replace every
3–7 years even if grid power is good; labor-intensive and high battery cost.

6.5.3 Discharge Characteristics at Different Rates

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Short-time discharge at a high rate for lithium-ion batteries: More energy is discharged. As
the discharge rate increases, the discharge capacity remains stable and can exceed 90%.
Short-time discharge at a high rate for lead-acid batteries: Less energy is discharged. As
the discharge rate increases, the discharge capacity decreases rapidly. More batteries are
required to offset the disadvantage, which increases the battery investment.

Figure 6-4 Comparison of discharge characteristics between lead-acid

and lithium-ion batteries at different rates

6.5.4 Footprint and Bearing Capacity

Weight/Energy density (Wh/kg) ratio: 3:1
 Lithium-ion battery: 100–150; lead-acid battery: 30–50
Volume/Energy density (Wh/L) ratio: 3:1
 Lithium-ion battery: 200–300; lead-acid battery: 60–90

Figure 6-5 Footprint and bearing capacity comparison between lead-

acid batteries and lithium-ion batteries

6.5.5 Storage Environment Requirements

For a data center that requires high availability, a small number of spare batteries are
required for backup to shorten the maintenance preparation time. These batteries must be
stored according to the requirements of the battery manufacturer.
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6.5.6 Operating Temperature

The operating temperature of common lithium-ion cells ranges from –20°C to +55°C.
Therefore, no air conditioner is required.
 When the temperature is low, the dynamics deteriorates, and lithium plating tends to
occur during charging. Generally, only discharging is performed.
 The oxidation-reduction reaction on the surface of the positive and negative electrode
material is more intense at a higher temperature.
The operating temperature of lead-acid batteries ranges from 15°C to 25°C. Therefore, air
conditioners are required.

6.5.7 Safety Comparison

Our pursuit is to maximize stored and released energy and meet high energy density
requirements within a safe and controllable range during the life cycle. With existing
technology, a lithium-ion battery can be safe and controllable. From this perspective, a
current lithium-ion battery is a relatively ideal battery product.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 118

Table 6-1 Safety comparison between lithium-ion batteries and lead-acid

Lithium-ion battery Lead-acid battery

Positive and negative LFP, NCM, and graphite materials are Pb and PbO2 are flame
electrodes combustible and flammable. retardants.

Sulfuric acid solution, non-

Electrolyte Non-aqueous organic solvent, flammable
flammable

Separator film, PP/PE, flammable Grid, non-flammable

10–20 μm thick, easy to be pierced by

Barrier dust and crystal dendrites. Internal short- 3–5 mm thick, difficult to be
circuits are easily caused by heat pierced; no heat shrinkage
shrinkage.

Internal short circuit, combustion, and

Combustion Shell combustion
explosion

batteries

6.5.7.2 Summary
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6.5.7.3 Battery characteristics for Data Center

In recent years, with the rapid development of the Internet industry, many IT companies,
such as Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, Google, and Microsoft, are building more and more large
data centers for the new network services. Geographical centralization and size expansion
are the transformations facing data centers. High density and high reliability are the higher
demands posed on storage battery.

6.6 Quiz
1. (Multiple) Based on the electrolyte content, what types can storage battery be classified
into？
A Flooded lead-acid battery and Starved-electrolyte battery
B AGM and GEL storage battery
C Lead-acid and alkaline storage battery
D Primary and secondary storage battery
2. (Single) Which of the following components is responsible for exhausting the excessive
gas in the battery?
A Battery chute
B Battery plate
C Safety valve
D Electrolyte
3. (Short Answer Question) What does a lithium-ion battery consist of?
4. (Short Answer Question) What are the common positive electrode materials for lithium-
ion batteries?
5. (Short Answer Question) What is the working principle of lithium-ion batteries?
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 120

6.7 Summary
 Basic Knowledge of Batteries
 Knowledge About Lead-acid Batteries
 Knowledge About Lithium-ion Batteries
 Comparison Between Lead-acid Batteries and Lithium-ion Batteries
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 121

7 Air Conditioning System Introduction

7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Foreword
This chapter describes working principles of an air conditioning system, classification of air
conditioning system, common air processing devices.

7.1.2 Objectives
On completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Understand working principles of air conditioning systems;
 Understand classification principles and types of air conditioning systems;
 Have general knowledge of some common air handling equipment;
 Understand basic knowledge of air conditioning ventilation systems;
 Understand common air conditioner terms.

7.2 Working Principles of Air Conditioning System

7.2.1 Development History of Air Conditioning Systems
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Figure 7-1 Development History of Air Conditioning Systems

7.2.2 What is an Air Conditioner?

An air conditioner performs air conditioning;
The following indicators are designed for air: temperature, humidity, and cleanliness;
An air conditioner is designed to adjust the temperature, humidity, and cleanliness of air,
with the goal of creating a comfort living and working environment.

Figure 7-2 Comfort air conditioner

Figure 7-3 Precision air conditioner

For comfort air conditioners, ensure that the following indoor parameters that are designed
for thermal comfort and health purposes meet requirements: temperature, humidity, fresh
air volume, wind speed, noise level, and indoor air dust concentration. For data center air
conditioners, there are no specific requirements for the fresh air volume, wind speed, and
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noise level, because data center air conditioners primarily serve devices. However, these
three aspects need to be considered if someone is on duty in a data center.

7.2.3 Refrigeration Principle

If being classified by refrigeration principles, many refrigeration methods are available, for
example, steam compression refrigeration, lithium bromide absorption refrigeration, steam
jet refrigeration, air expansion refrigeration, and electrochemical refrigeration. Air
conditioners using artificial cold sources primarily use the steam compression refrigeration
method and the lithium bromide absorption refrigeration method. Comfort and dedicated
air conditioners primarily use the steam compression refrigeration method. The lithium
bromide absorption refrigeration method is used only in areas without sufficient power
supply. Therefore, only the steam compression refrigeration method is described in this
slide.

Figure 7-4 Refrigeration Principle (1)

After absorbing the heat of substances to be cooled in an evaporator, a liquid refrigerant
vaporizes and becomes low-pressure and low-temperature steam. After being absorbed
and compressed by a compressor, the steam becomes high-pressure and high-temperature
steam. Then, the steam enters a condenser and discharges heat to cooled substances, and
is condensed into a high-pressure and medium-temperature liquid. After passing a
throttling device, the liquid becomes the low-pressure and low-temperature liquid
refrigerant. The liquid refrigerant then enters the evaporator. As such, cyclic refrigeration
is realized.
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Figure 7-5 Refrigeration Principle (2)

Process 1: Compression process (adiabatic pressurizing) - This is an adiabatic compression
process, involving only compression and not involving heat transfer. After low-temperature
and low-pressure steam is compressed in a compressor, the steam pressure becomes
greater. The outside world performs energy working for the steam in the form of
mechanical energy. As a result, the steam obtains energy and its temperature rises. The
compression aims to enable the refrigerant to release heat so that the steam temperature
becomes higher than the outside temperature and the heat in the system can be released.
Process 2: Heat radiation process (equal-pressure heat radiation) - A condenser condenses
the high-temperature and high-pressure steam that comes from the compressor, and
releases the heat in the system to the outside world. Then, the temperature of the steam
is reduced, but the pressure does not change. As a result, the steam changes to a liquid
refrigerant. In summary, this process can be understood as reducing the temperature of
the steam that is under normal atmospheric pressure, with the goal of changing the steam
to a liquid.
Process 3: Throttling process - The normal-temperature and high-pressure liquid enters a
throttle, which is actually a small hole that features dynamic adjustment. After passing the
hole, the normal-temperature and high-pressure liquid enters a low-pressure and large-
volume refrigerant pipe, forming the throttling effect. With the pressure being reduced, the
liquid obtains a greater speed. As the pressure becomes too low, part of the liquid gasifies.
As a result, the temperature of the liquid is reduced, and a low-temperature and low-
pressure gas/liquid mixture is formed. The throttling aims to reduce the pressure of the
refrigerant so that the boiling point of the refrigerant is lower than the indoor temperature
and the refrigerant can absorb heat in a room and vaporize.
Process 4: Heat absorption process (equal-pressure process) - The low-temperature and
low-pressure gas/liquid mixture from the throttle enters an evaporator and absorbs the
heat of the indoor air, so that the temperature of the indoor air decreases. As a result, the
room is cooled. After the heat is absorbed, all liquid changes to a gas. The heat absorption
is realized because the boiling point of the refrigerant is very low in the low pressure state.
When the ambient temperature is higher than the boiling point of the refrigerant, the
refrigerant absorbs heat continuously and changes to a gas.

Table 7-1 Major changes in the cooling process

Refrigerant Temperature
Component Pressure Change
Status Change
Low
Evaporator Liquid – gas Low pressure
temperature
Low
Low pressure – temperature –
Compressor Gas – gas
high pressure high
temperature
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High
temperature –
Condenser Gas – liquid High pressure
normal
temperature
Normal
Liquid – High pressure –
Expansion valve temperature –
liquid/gas low pressure
low temperature

7.2.4 Introduction to the Four Major Components

Compressor:
 Being the core of the refrigeration cycle, a compressor is the power device that enables
a refrigerant to circulate in the cooling system. The compressor maintains low pressure
for the refrigerant in an evaporator and high temperature and high pressure for the
refrigerant in a condenser.
 Refrigeration and air conditioning industries use the following five major types of
compressors: reciprocal compressor, screw compressor, rotary compressor, vortex
compressor, and centrifugal compressor. Reciprocal compressors are most widely used
in small and medium commercial refrigeration systems. Screw compressors are mainly
used in large commercial and industrial systems. Rotary compressors and vortex
compressor are mainly used in household and small-capacity commercial air
conditioning units. Centrifugal compressors are widely used in air conditioning systems
of large-scale buildings.

Figure 7-6 Compressor

Condenser:
 Working with a condensing medium, a condenser condenses the saturated or
superheated steam discharged by a compressor into a liquid;
 If being classified by cooling media, condensers are available in water-cooled and air-
cooled types. Water-cooled condensers use water as a cooling medium, with
condensation heat being taken away by a temperature increase in water. Air-cooled
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condensers use air as a cooling medium, with condensation heat being taken away by
a temperature increase in air.

Figure 7-7 Condenser

Evaporator:
 After passing a throttle, a liquid refrigerant enters an evaporator, absorbs heat, and
vaporizes. As a result, the temperature of the substances to be cooled decreases, and
refrigeration is realized.
 If being classified by media to be cooled, evaporators are available in cooling air-type
evaporators and cooling liquid-type evaporators.

Figure 7-8 Evaporator

Throttling device:
 A throttling device performs throttling. Specifically, a throttling device regulates the
circulation flow volume of a refrigerant. The throttling device regulates the flow of a
high-pressure liquid refrigerant and reduces the pressure of the refrigerant so that the
refrigerant can absorb heat and evaporate at the desired low pressure in an evaporator.
In addition, the throttling device can automatically adjust the volume of the refrigerant
that enters the evaporator based on the change in the heat load of the medium to be
cooled.
 Expansion valves are available in two types, namely, thermal expansion valves and
electronic expansion valves. A thermal expansion valve can control the amount of
liquid to be supplied to an evaporator and throttle a saturated liquid refrigerant. When
being classified by structure, thermal expansion valves are available in internal balance
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expansion valves and external balance expansion valves. Electronic expansion valves
are mainly used in variable-frequency air conditioning systems. An electronic
expansion valve adjusts the amount of liquid to be supplied to an evaporator based
on a preset program. Electronic expansion valves adapt to the development of
mechanical and electrical integrated refrigeration, feature excellent characteristics that
thermal expansion valves do not have, and enable intelligent control for refrigeration
systems.

Figure 7-9 Throttling device

7.3 Classification of Air Conditioning System

7.3.1 Classification of Air Conditioners - By Application
Air conditioners are classified into the following by application:
 Industrial air conditioner: Selected parameter values must meet requirements of the
industrial process for air parameters;
 Comfort air conditioner: Selected parameter values must meet requirements for
working conditions and rest conditions of people.

Table 7-2 Air conditioners are classified into the following by application
Adjustment
Parameter Airflow Operating
Temperature Humidity Cleanliness
Type of an Air Speed Life

Conditioner

Cleanliness Uninterruptibl
CRAC
Constant Constant required by e operation >
(precision)
data centers 10 years

A
Industrial
d
air
j Cleanliness Intermittent
conditioner
Clean air urequired by
Adjustable operation ≤
conditioner s industrial 10 years
t buildings
a
b
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l
e

A
d <
j 0
uCleanliness .
Intermittent
Medical air s required by 2
Adjustable operation ≤
conditioner t the medical 5
10 years
aindustry m
b /
l s
e

Intermittent
Home air
Adjustable operation ≤
conditioner
10 years

Commercial Intermittent
Comfort air
air Adjustable operation ≤
conditioner
conditioner 10 years

Intermittent
Central air
Adjustable operation ≤
conditioner
15 years

7.3.2 Classification of Air Conditioners - By Media

Direct expansion air-cooled

Figure 7-10 Direct expansion air-cooled

Direct expansion water-cooled

Figure 7-11 Direct expansion water-cooled

Air-cooled chilled water
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Figure 7-12 Air-cooled chilled water

Water-cooled chilled water

Figure 7-13 Water-cooled chilled water

7.3.3 Classification of Air Conditioners - By Other Criteria

By the concentration degree of air conditioning devices
 Centralized air conditioning system: All air processing devices are installed in a central
air conditioning room. Processed air is sent to the air conditioning system in each room
using ducts. Centralized air conditioning systems apply to places with a large area,
concentrated rooms, and basically the same ratio of the heat load to the humidity load
in each room.
 Semi-centralized air conditioning system: A semi-centralized air conditioning system
consists of a centralized air conditioning system and end devices that process air. A
semi-centralized air conditioning system is complex but achieves higher adjustment
accuracy.
 Decentralized air conditioning system: In a decentralized air conditioning system, air
processing devices are installed in each room. Decentralized air conditioning systems
apply to places with a small area, scattered rooms, and a large difference between the
heat load and the humidity load.
By the refrigeration architecture
 In-room air conditioner.
 In-row air conditioner.
 In-cabinet air conditioner.
By the method of adjusting the system air volume
 Constant-air-volume air conditioning system: For an ordinary centralized air
conditioning system, the volume of air supplied by fans is constant. The change in the
load of an air conditioning zone is accommodated by changing the temperature of the
supplied air. As such, the indoor temperature and humidity are adjusted.
 Variable-air-volume air conditioning system: The temperature of supplied air is
maintained at a certain degree by changing the volume of the supplied air. As such,
the change in the load of an air conditioning zone is accommodated, and desired
indoor temperature and humidity are obtained.
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7.4 Air Handling Equipment

7.4.1 Classification of Devices That Process Air Heat and Humidity
Direct-contact processing device
 The medium that exchanges heat and humidity with air is in direct contact with air.
Specifically, a direct-contact processing device lets air flow on the surface of the
medium or sprays the medium into air. Common direct-contact processing devices
include water chambers and humidifiers.

Figure 7-14 Direct contact (humidifier)

Indirect-contact processing device
 The medium that exchanges heat and humidity with air is not in direct contact with
air. The exchange of heat and humidity between the air and the medium is carried out
using the metal surface of the device. Common indirect-contact processing devices
include surface coolers, air heaters, evaporators, and condensers.

Figure 7-15 Indirect contact (surface heat exchanger)

7.4.2 Surface Heat Exchanger

Surface heat exchangers include air heaters and air coolers.
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Figure 7-16 Surface Heat Exchanger

Surface heat exchangers include air heaters and air coolers. A surface heat exchanger
enables a heat medium or a refrigerant to flow in the cavity of a metal pipe and the air to
be processed to flow on the outer wall of the metal pipe. As such, heat is exchanged, and
the purpose of heating or cooling air is realized. Radiators widely used in northern China
belong to this type of heat exchangers.

7.4.3 Humidifier
Wet film humidifier
 When water in the tank is conveyed to the sprinkler on the top of a humidifier, the
sprinkler sprinkles the top part of the wet film with water evenly. The water permeates
through all layers in the wet film and is absorbed by the wet film. Then an even water
film is formed. When dry air passes through the wet film, the dry air has a large area
of contact with the wet film surface so that a large amount of water evaporates. A lot
of water molecules are blown with air into the space that requires humidification to
increase its air humidity.
 Huawei precision air conditioners use wet film humidifiers.
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Figure 7-17 Wet film humidifier

Electrode humidifier
 The electrodes of an electrode humidifier form a loop with water in a humidifier
cylinder. The electrode humidifier heats the water until the water boils and generates
steam. The amount of moisture generated by a humidifier is controlled by adjusting
the level of water in the humidifier cylinder in use. The electrode humidifier is safe and
reliable. It does not work without water. It controls precision through output power
and is free from the impact of scaling. The electrode humidifier features large
humidification amount and low acquisition cost. Electrode humidifiers are generally
used in in-row precision air conditioners.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 133

Figure 7-18 Electrode humidifier

Infrared humidifier
 An infrared humidifier uses extreme infrared rays to make water vibrate, so that the
water obtains heat and then evaporates. An electrode humidifier has high
requirements for the water quality, because scale generated in the humidifier cylinder
may block the solenoid valve and affect the humidification efficiency. An infrared
humidifier does not have this weakness. In addition, an infrared humidifier saves
energy. Infrared humidifiers are generally used in in-room precision air conditioners.

Figure 7-19 Infrared humidifier

High-pressure micro-mist humidifier
 Working principles of a high-pressure micro-mist humidifier: A high-pressure micro-
mist humidifier increases pressure on water to 7 Mpa using a high-pressure piston
pump, and then sends the pressurized water to a dedicated nozzle using a high-
pressure transmission pipeline. The nozzle atomizes the water to generate particles in
3 to 15 µm. The particles quickly absorb heat from the air and then vaporize and
diffuse around. As such, the air is humidified and cooled. A high-pressure micro-mist
humidifier can reach the humidification efficiency of 166 kg/kWh, which is more than
100 times that of an electrode or infrared humidifier.

Figure 7-20 High-pressure micro-mist humidifier

Dry steam humidifier
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Figure 7-21 Dry steam humidifier

7.4.4 Dehumidifying Devices

Refrigeration dehumidifier
 Refrigeration dehumidifiers are usually called dehumidifiers. When coming into
contact with the cooling copper fins of a refrigeration dehumidifier, water vapor
changes into water droplets. In the entire liquefaction process, the dehumidifier works
as a device that converts gaseous water into liquid water.

Figure 7-22 Refrigeration dehumidifier

Rotary dehumidifier
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Figure 7-23 Rotary dehumidifier

7.5 Air Conditioning Ventilation System

7.5.1 Functions of Air System
Functions of air system: An air system properly organizes the flowing of indoor air, with
the goal of ensuring that the temperature, humidity, speed, and cleanliness of the air in
indoor work areas better meet requirements of the production process and human body
comfort. The air system of an air conditioning system primarily consists of fans, ducts, air
vents, and air valves.

Figure 7-24 Air System

7.5.2 Airflow Forms

Supplying air from the top of room (up supply) and returning air from the bottom of room
(down return).
 Air supply vents are located at the top of an air-conditioned room, and air return vents
are located at the bottom of the room. The airflow enters the room from the top and
leaves the room from the bottom.
 This airflow form applies to industrial air conditioners that require a constant
temperature and cleanliness, and also applies to comfort air conditioners that primarily
supply hot air and are installed in rooms with a large floor height.
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Figure 7-25 Airflow organization forms of up supply and down return

 Airflow organization: Plan air supply vents and air return vents properly for an air-
conditioned room, so that after being sent to the room through the air supply vents,
air that is purified and undergoes heat and humidity processing can evenly eliminate
the excess heat and excess humidity in the room when diffusing and mixing with air
in the room. As such, the work area obtains uniform and stable temperature, humidity,
airflow speed, and cleanliness, and requirements of the production process and human
body comfortableness are met.
 Strengths of up supply and down return:
 Before entering the work area, the supplied air has sufficiently mixed with the air
in the room, facilitating the formation of a uniform and stable temperature field,
humidity field, and velocity field.
 When both air supply vents and air return vents are located on sides, the air supply
path is very long. To address the issue, ensure that the difference between the
temperature of the supplied air and the temperature of the air in the room is large
and that the volume of the supplied air is small.
 Weaknesses of up supply and down return:
 If air return vents need to be connected to air ducts, installing air ducts is difficult.
 If centralized air return vents are used, noise in the data center has a significant
impact.
Supplying and returning air both from the top of room (up supply and up return).
 When both air supply/return ducts and air supply/return vents are located at the top
of an air-conditioned room, the airflow enters the room from the top and leaves the
room also from the top.
 This airflow organization form applies to comfort air conditioners that are primarily
used to reduce temperature and are installed in rooms with a small floor height, and
also applies to rooms where air return vents cannot be provided at the bottom.
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Figure 7-26 Airflow organization forms of up supply and up return

 Strengths of up supply and up return:
 Air supply/return ducts being installed at the top of a room or hidden in a ceiling
do not take up the usage area of the room and easily match the interior decoration.
 When air return ducts are installed at the top of a room, the return airflow can
take away part of heat radiated by lighting devices in the ceiling, reducing the
cold load in the work area in summer.
 Weaknesses of up supply and up return:
 As part of the work area is in the air supply area and part of the work area is in
the air return area, it is difficult to form a uniform temperature field, humidity
field, and velocity field.
 If air vents are not properly planned, the air supply/return flow may be blocked,
affecting the air conditioning quality.
Supplying air from the middle of side walls of room (central supply).
 Air supply vents are located in the middle of side walls of an air-conditioned room,
and air return vents are located at the bottom of the room. The airflow enters the
room from the middle of side walls and leaves the room from the bottom.
 For some tall air-conditioned rooms, if the actual work areas are in the lower parts of
the rooms, you do not need to control the entire space, and you only need to control
the lower parts of the rooms.

Figure 7-27 Airflow organization forms of central supply

Supplying air from the bottom of room and returning air from the top of room (down
supply and up return).
 Air supply vents are located at the bottom of an air-conditioned room, and air return
vents are located at the top of the room. The airflow enters the room from the bottom
and leaves the room from the top.
 This airflow organization form applies to industrial air conditioners that need to take
away a large amount of excess heat in the lower part of an air-conditioned room, and
also applies to comfort air conditioners that are installed in crowded public buildings
with a large floor height, for example, a theater.
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Figure 7-28 Airflow organization forms of down supply and up return

7.5.3 Introduction to Air Vents

Louver
 Louvers are the most widely used air vents in air conditioning projects. Louvers can be
installed on walls of air-conditioned rooms or sides of exposed ducts. Besides, louvers
can be installed on ceilings of air-conditioned rooms or bottoms of exposed ducts.
 Common louver types: single-layer louver and double-layer louver.

Figure 7-29 Single-layer louver

Figure 7-30 Double-layer louver

Air Diffuser
 Air diffuser is usually installed on the ceiling of an air-conditioned room or the bottom
of an exposed. Air diffuser has a nice shape, easily matches the room decoration, and
is one of the most widely used air supply vents.
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 Common types: down air supply type and horizontal air supply type.
 After being blown from a down-type diffuser, an airflow directly diffuses into the
air-conditioned area, forming a steady, downward, direct airflow. Down-type
diffusers are primarily used in scenarios in which the room clearance is very large
(3.5 m to 4.0 m).
 After being blown from a flat-type diffuser, an airflow diffuses around radially
along the flat top, so that the supplied air is fully mixed with the indoor air before
entering the air-conditioned area, with the goal of obtaining a relatively uniform
temperature field and velocity field. Plat-type diffusers generally apply to
industrial air conditioners that have requirements for the room-temperature
fluctuation range and are installed in rooms with a small floor height, and also
apply to comfort air conditioners that are installed in general public buildings.

Figure 7-31 Round diffuser

Figure 7-32 Square diffuser

Vented floor
 Vented floor is generally installed on raised floors in data centers and used as
downward air supply vents.
 Common types: mechanical type and electric type.
 Variable-air-volume vented floor panels are available in two types: one type using
adjustable air dampers (using physical blocks between openings), and the other type
using both dedicated vented floor panels and adjustable fans. A vented floor panel can
be mechanically or electrically controlled, but the price of the electrically controlled
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type is 10 times or even higher the price of the mechanically controlled type. A
mechanically adjusted vented floor panel cannot increase the volume of vented air. In
addition, it is difficult to control the adjustment accuracy. That is, the allocation of air
in a data center almost cannot be adjusted. An electrically adjusted vented floor panel
(adjusted by a fan) is not affected by the floor opening rate. The volume of supplied
air is dynamically adjusted based on the rotating speed of the fan. Therefore,
electrically adjusted vented floor panels can be used in scenarios in which a large
amount of air is required or in data centers that have local hot spots. However, an
electrically adjusted vented floor panel is less reliable and more expensive than a
mechanically adjusted vented floor panel. The problem of local hot spots can be
resolved using other methods, for example, increasing the number of horizontal flow
air conditioners. Therefore, electrically adjusted vented floor panels are seldom used.

Figure 7-33 Mechanical vented floor

Figure 7-34 Electric vented floor

Other air vents
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Figure 7-35 Other air vents

7.6 Common Air Conditioner Terms

7.6.1 Cooling Capacity, EER and COP
Cooling capacity:
 Heat absorbed by the refrigerant on the low-pressure side in the evaporator in unit
time when the air conditioner is refrigerating or the sum of heat removed from the
enclosed space, room or area in unit time. The common unit is W or kcal/h.
 1 cal is the energy needed for making the temperature of 1g water rise by one Celsius
degree. In international unit, energy is expressed by using joule. 1 cal = 4.184 J.
 Refrigeration ton: Refrigeration ton indicates the cooling capacity needed for freezing
1 ton of 0℃ saturated water into 0℃ ice within 24 hours；
 1 US refrigeration ton =3024 kcal/h = 3.517 KW.
Consumed power:
 Consumed power for refrigeration: total power consumed when an air conditioner is
refrigerating(unit: W).
 Consumed power for heating: total power consumed when an air conditioner is
heating (unit: W), including power consumed by the electric heater supplementing the
heat pump.
Energy efficiency ratio (EER):
 Ratio of cooling capacity to input power under rated and specified conditions when an
air conditioner is refrigerating. The value is expressed by using W/W.

7.6.2 Refrigerant and Circulated Air Volume

Refrigerant:
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 Refrigerant is also called refrigerating medium. It is an operating substance that

circulates continuously in the refrigerating system by changing its state to realize
refrigeration. Refrigerant absorbs heat of cooled medium (water or air) in the
evaporator and evaporates and then transfers heat to surrounding air or water in the
condenser and condenses;
 Common refrigerant: R22 (HCFC-22), R407C (HCFC-32/123/134a), and R410A (HCFC-
32/123). R22 will create a greenhouse effect and damage the ozone layer and R407C
and R410a will create a greenhouse effect;
 Types of refrigerant oil: R22, R407C, and R410A.
Circulated air volume:
 Air volume sent to the enclosed space, room or area under rated refrigerating
conditions. Unit: m3/h;
 In a room, the air velocity has a great effect on human comfortableness. The air
velocity in ordinary working areas is 0.4 m/s.

7.6.3 Sensible Heat Ratio

Sensible heat ratio = sensible heat/total heat = sensible heat/(sensible heat + latent heat)
 Sensible heat refers to heat that can be sensed. It can cause temperature change of a
substance but does not change the state of the substance;
 Latent heat changes the state of a substance but does not change the temperature
when heat is absorbed or released;
 Latent heat of fusion refers to the heat absorbed or released when a substance
changes from solid state to liquid state or from liquid state to solid state;
 Latent heat of vaporization refers to the heat needed when a substance changes
from liquid state to gas state;
 Latent heat of liquid refers to the heat released when a substance changes from
gas state to liquid state.
 Example of latent heat: 335 J of energy is absorbed when 0ºC ice melts into 0ºC water.
 Example of sensible heat: 4.186 J of energy is absorbed when 0ºC water is heated and
becomes 1ºC water.
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Figure 7-36 Sensible Heat Ratio

7.6.4 Temperature
Dry bulb temperature: temperature measured by using the thermometer not wrapped with
wet gauze, as shown in the figure.
Wet bulb temperature: temperature measured by using the thermometer wrapped with
wet gauze, as shown in the figure.
 In general, the air is unsaturated and can absorb moisture. In this case, water on the
wet gauze absorbs heat and evaporates. Therefore, the wet bulb temperature is
generally lower than the dry bulb temperature. The lower the relative humidity of air
is, the more water on wet gauze will evaporate. In this case, the wet bulb temperature
is much lower than the dry bulb temperature. When the air is saturated, the two are
the same.

Figure 7-37 Wet and dry bulb thermometer

Centigrade temperature (ºC):
 Under 1 atmospheric pressure, the freezing point of water is 0ºC and the boiling point
is 100ºC.
Fahrenheit temperature (ºF): ºF=ºCx1.8+32; ºC=(ºF - 32)x5/9
Absolute temperature (K): K=273+ºC
 The absolute temperature is the thermodynamic temperature, also known as Kelvin, It
is one of the important parameters in thermodynamics and statistical physics.
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7.6.5 Humidity
Humidity: amount of steam in the air
 The most suitable humidity is 40% to 55% in the computer room.
 Too low humidity will easily generate static electricity; too high humidity will easily
generate condensate water and cause short circuit of electric equipment.

Table 7-3 Humidity

Humidity Definition Meaning

Ratio of the actual amount

of steam in the air to the
maximum amount of steam
Drying degree of air. The
that can be accommodated
Relative Humidity smaller the percentage is,
in the air under the same
the drier the air is.
temperature and same
pressure. It is expressed by
using %.

Amount of steam in each Water volume in unit mass

Moisture content
kilogram of air (g) of air

7.6.6 Dew Point

Dew point: temperature when the air becomes saturated.
 Under certain atmospheric pressure and steam content, when the air becomes
saturated and continuous cooling will form dew, the temperature at this time is dew
point.
 In the air conditioning system, when the surface temperature of the evaporator or
surface cooler is lower than the dew point of the air, steam in the air will condense,
so as to achieve the objective of dehumidification.
 In a general computer room (24ºC, 50%), the dew point is 13.2ºC. Below this
temperature, the surface of objects will form dew.

Table 7-4 Dew points in common computer room environments

Dry Bulb Temperature (ºC) Relative Humidity Dew Point (ºC)

24 50% 13.2

24 45% 13.1

24 55% 14.6

23 50% 12.4

23 45% 10.6

23 55% 13.7
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22 50% 11.3

22 45% 11.1

22 55% 12.7

7.6.7 Cleanliness
Cleanliness: content of dust (including microbes) in clean air.
 Code for Design of Data Centers raises the following requirement for dust
concentration in computer rooms: under static or dynamic conditions, the number of
dust particles greater than or equal to 0.5um is smaller than 17,600,000 in each cubic
meter of air.
 When the air conditioning system in the computer room adopts a cycle generating
unit, a primary efficiency or medium efficiency filter should be equipped. A fresh air
system should be equipped with a primary efficiency or medium efficiency filter and a
sub-high efficiency filter is preferred.

Table 7-5 Comparison table of filter levels

Filter efficiency compare table about China USA and Europe

China
Roughing Medium efficiency High efficiency
GB/T14295

USA L5 M9
C1 C2,3,4 L7 L8 M11 M12 M13 M14
ASHRAE L6 M10

Europe
G1 G2 G3 G4 F5 F6 F7 F8
CEN

Europe
EU1 EU2 EU3 EU4 EU5 EU6 EU7 EU8
EUROVENT

7.7 Quiz
1、(Single) Which of the following devices is a direct-contact processing device?
A Humidifier
B Evaporator
C Electric heater
D Condenser
2、(Short Answer Question) What categories can air conditioning systems be classified into
by media?
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7.8 Summary
 Working Principles of Air Conditioning System
 Classification of Air Conditioning System
 Air Handling Equipment
 Air Conditioning Ventilation System
 Common Air Conditioner Terms
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8 Basic Knowledge of Precision Air

Conditioners in Data Centers

8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Foreword
The slides describe the basic knowledge of precision air conditioners in data centers, as
well as the technical principles and main components of the air-cooled precision air
conditioner, chilled water precision air conditioner, and indirect evaporative cooling system.

8.1.2 Objectives
On completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Understand the features of data center air conditioners and the differences between
data center air conditioners and household air conditioners;
 Understand the basic principles and main components of the air-cooled precision air
conditioner;
 Understand the basic principles and main components of the chilled water precision
air conditioner;
 Understand the basic principles and main components of the indirect evaporative
cooling system;
 Understand the product architecture of Huawei precision air conditioners.

8.2 Overview of Data Center Air Conditioners

8.2.1 Why Do We Use Air Conditioners?
If there are no specialized air conditioners for the computer room:
 Unable to maintain constant temperature - greatly reduce service life of electronic
components.
 Partial superheat - sudden shutdown of equipment.
 Too high humidity in computer room - generate condensate water.
 Too low humidity in computer room - generate damaging static electricity.
 Not clean enough - main equipment damage and communication data error.
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Table 8-1 ANSI/TIA-942-2-2010 ‘Telecommunications Infrastructure

Standard for Data Centers’

Space Environmental requirements

 Temperature: 18 – 27ºC (64 –

81ºF ) dry bulb
high altitude: reduce maximum dry-
bulb temperature1ºC for every 300m
(1.8ºF for every 1000 ft) above 1800 m
(5900 ft) altitude
Computer rooms, entrance rooms, access
provider spaces, and service providers  Maximum Relative Humidity (RH):
spaces in data centers 60%
 Maximum dew point: 15 ºC (59 ºF )
 Minimum dew point (lower moisture
limit): 5.5 ºC (42ºF ) ¹
 Maximum rate of temperature change:
5 ºC (9 ºF ) per hour

Notes:
1. Dewpoint of 5.5 ºC - corresponds to approximately 44% RH at 18 ºC (64 ºF ) and 25%
RH at 27 ºC (81 ºF ).

8.2.2 Why Do We Use Precision Air Conditioner?

Advantages:
 High energy efficiency: COP>3.0
 High sensible heat ratio: > 0.9
 High air volume
 Cooling throughout the year
 High precision control over temperature and humidity
 Long service life: > 10 years
Coefficient of performance. Consumed power for refrigeration: total power consumed
when an air conditioner is refrigerating (unit: W).Consumed power for heating: total power
consumed when an air conditioner is heating (unit: W), including power consumed by the
electric heater supplementing the heat pump.
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Figure 8-1 Precision Air Conditioner

8.2.3 Application Scenarios

Figure 8-2 Application Scenarios

8.2.4 Classification
The mainstream cooling modes for data centers include mechanical cooling and free
cooling.
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 Mechanical cooling is implemented by the compressor operation of a cooling device.

Direct expansion and water-cooled air conditioners are mainly used for mechanical
cooling.
 Free cooling is implemented by free cooling sources to cool data centers. Direct fresh
air cooling and indirect evaporative cooling are two major modes.
With the development of technology and energy-saving requirements, many new cooling
methods are emerging, such as refrigerant pump cooling, fan wall cooling, heat pipe air
conditioning, and liquid cooling.
This course mainly describes air-cooled precision air conditioners, chilled water precision
air conditioners, and indirect evaporative cooling air conditioners that are widely used in
data centers, and briefly introduces other technologies such as refrigerant pumps.
Classified by indoor unit layout
 To solve the problem of mixing of cold and hot air in the data center, in-room, in-row,
and in-cabinet cooling modes are mainly used during data center design. In these
modes, the air-conditioning system is integrated with a room, a cabinet row, or a single
cabinet to reduce air mixing. This improves predictability, density, and efficiency, and
also brings many other benefits. The preceding figure shows the differences between
in-room air conditioners, in-row air conditioners, and in-cabinet air conditioners.

Figure 8-3 Classified by indoor unit layout

Classified by cooling mode
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Figure 8-4 Classified by cooling mode

Classified by airflow organization
 Upflow air conditioners can be equipped with the tuyere or air duct for overhead air
supply. Air supply with a tuyere applies to small- and medium-sized equipment rooms
where the air supply distance of a single air conditioner is less than 15 m and the
power of a single cabinet is less than 2 kW. Air supply with an air duct applies to
equipment rooms with long air supply distances and low power.
 For downflow air conditioners, the raised floor must be at least 400 mm above the
ground. Thermal insulation measures must be taken for the floor. This mode applies
to scenarios where the air supply distance of a single air conditioner is less than 15 m.
Aisle containment can improve efficiency.
 In-row air conditioners with horizontal airflow apply to high-power equipment rooms
and do not require raised floors.

Figure 8-5 Classified by airflow organization

8.3 Air-Cooled Precision Air Conditioner

8.3.1 Basic Principles
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Figure 8-6 Basic Principles

 1 — — 2: The low-temperature and low-pressure vapor is compressed into high-
temperature and high-pressure vapor by the compressor.
 2——3: The heat of the high-temperature and high-pressure vapor is released by the
condenser to form medium-temperature and high-pressure liquid.
 3——4: The saturated liquid passes through the expansion valve to form a low-
temperature and low-pressure gas-liquid mixture.
 4——1: The gas-liquid mixture absorbs heat through the evaporator to form low-
temperature and low-pressure vapor.
Direct expansion air-cooled
 Device refrigerant: refrigerants such as R410A, R407c, and R22;
 Application scenarios: small and medium-sized data centers without 24 h chilled water
source (with the cooling capacity less than 500 kW);
 Characteristics:
 Simple structure, easy and quick installation, and low cost;
 Relatively small, independent refrigeration cycle, and easy maintenance;
 Suitable for areas where water is scarce and where a cooling water system is
absent;
 Relatively low cooling energy efficiency ratio;
 Not supporting long-distance installation. (Because such installation results in
heavy cooling loss).

Figure 8-7 Direct expansion air-cooled

Direct expansion water-cooled
 Device refrigerant: refrigerants such as R410A, R407c, and R22;
 Application scenarios: areas with abundant water sources;
 Characteristics:
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 Convenient and quick installation; (because refrigerants have been filled in

factories);
 Supporting long-distance installation;
 A mixed solution of water and ethylene glycol generally required;
 More suitable for large-scale systems with a cooling tower.

Figure 8-8 Direct expansion water-cooled (1)

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Figure 8-9 Direct expansion water-cooled (2)

8.3.2 Components

Figure 8-10 Components of a Huawei Air-Cooled Air Conditioner

Table 8-2 Components of a Huawei Air-Cooled Air Conditioner

No. Name

1 Compressor

2 Discharge temperature sensor

3 High pressure switch

4 High pressure sensor

5 Oil separator

6 One-way valve

7 Exhaust pipe needle valve

8 Oil trap

9 Outdoor unit

10 Inverted U-shaped trap

11 Liquid pipe needle valve

12 Filter dryer
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13 Sight glass

14 Liquid pipe temperature sensor

15 Electronic expansion valve (EEV)

16 Low pressure needle valve

17 Evaporator

18 Indoor fan

19 Liquid distributor

20 Low pressure sensor

21 Suction temperature sensor

Four main components of refrigerating system

 Compressor: The compressor is the core of the refrigeration cycle and is a power unit
for refrigerant to circulate inside the system.
 Condenser: Under the effect of condensing medium, the condenser liquidizes the
superheat saturated steam discharged by the compressor.
 Expansion valve: used for throttling. It is a regulating device for circular flow of
refrigerant.
 Evaporator: The liquid refrigerant that is throttled absorbs heat and evaporates in the
evaporator to cool down cooled materials, so as to achieve the objective of
refrigeration.

Figure 8-11 Four main components of refrigerating system

Common auxiliary parts of refrigerating system
 Oil-gas separator: It is used to separate the lubricant brought out due to exhaustion
of the compressor and brings back the separated lubricant to the compressor.
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Figure 8-12 Oil-gas separator

 Liquid storage tank: It is used to store excessive refrigerant in the system and
guarantee that the refrigerant entering the expansion valve is liquid.

Figure 8-13 Liquid storage tank

 Filter dryer: It is used to absorb moisture and filters out impurities in the refrigerating
system.

Figure 8-14 Filter dryer

 Sight glass: It is used to check whether water exists in the refrigerating system and
observe the state of refrigerant.

Figure 8-15 Sight glass

 Solenoid valve: It is used prevent slugging due to migration of refrigerant when the air
conditioning unit is powered off.

Figure 8-16 Solenoid valve

 Fan: Accelerating the air flow and improving the heat transfer capability of the heat
exchanger.
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Figure 8-17 Fan

Low temperature components:
 If we use air conditioner in lower temperature environments, we require a low
temperature components to improve the continuous low pressure caused by low
temperature starting. By adding low temperature components, the air conditioner can
operate normally.

Figure 8-18 Low temperature components

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Figure 8-19 Working Principle of the Low temperature Component

8.4 Chilled Water Precision Air Conditioner

8.4.1 Basic Principles

Figure 8-20 Chilled water air conditioning system

The chiller uses the vapor-compression refrigeration principle to produce low-temperature
water (called chilled water), and distributes the low-temperature water to the indoor unit
(fan coil). The hot air in the room flows through the surface of the fan coil to reduce the
temperature.
After heat absorption, the temperature of the chilled water increases and the water flows
back to the chiller. The preceding process is repeated.
 LDU: evenly distributes the low-temperature chilled water to each indoor unit. An LDU
is required if there are multiple indoor units.
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Figure 8-21 Basic Principles

Air-cooled chilled water
 Device refrigerant: chilled water
 Application scenarios: large and medium data centers
 Characteristics:
 Not requiring a cooling tower, easy to install, easy to move, and suitable for
occasions where water is scarce and where a water tower is absent;
 Low-noise fan motor, excellent cooling and condensation effects, and stable
throttling body;
 High EER value, low noise, and stable operation.

Figure 8-22 Air-cooled chilled water

Figure 8-23 Air-cooled condenser

Water-cooled chilled water
 Device refrigerant: chilled water
 Application scenarios: large and medium data centers
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 Characteristics:
 Centralized cooling and high refrigeration efficiency;
 Efficient heat transfer/exchanging device used, less cold loss, easy oil returning,
and heat pipes not easily cracking;
 Central air conditioning system used, and a need to consider the problem that
chilled water cannot be provided in winter.

Figure 8-24 Water-cooled chilled water

Figure 8-25 Water-cooled condenser

 Cooling tower mode: The cooling water is directly in contact with the air after the
water temperature increases. The air absorbs the heat of the water. After the water
temperature decreases, the cooling water flows back to the water-cooled condenser
and can be used again.
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8.4.2 Components

Figure 8-26 Components of a Huawei Chilled Water Air Conditioner

Table 8-3 Components of a Huawei Chilled Water Air Conditioner

No. Name

A Chilled water inlet

B Chilled water outlet

1 Balance valve or isolation valve

2 Water strainer

3 Isolation valve

4 Soft connection

Chilled water inlet and outlet pipe

5
connectors

6 Chilled water valve

7 Heat exchanger

Main components of refrigerating system

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 Two way valve: The water flow into the air conditioner is adjusted continuously
according to the change of the thermal load, and the temperature is accurately
controlled;

Figure 8-27 Two way valve

 Fan: Accelerating the air flow and improving the heat transfer capability of the heat
exchanger;

Figure 8-28 Fan

 Surface air cooler: A component that controls the indoor temperature and humidity by
exchanging heat between chilled water and indoor air.

Figure 8-29 Surface air cooler

Common auxiliary components
 Power supply unit: Provide stable power supply to the fan;
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 163

Figure 8-30 Power supply unit

 Condensate water pump: Drain condensate water from the system;

Figure 8-31 Condensate water pump

 Float: Used to control condensate water level.

Figure 8-32 Float

Other components
 Water sensor
 Temperature sensor
 Air filter
 Electric heater
 Electrode humidifier

8.5 Indirect Evaporative Cooling Air Conditioner

8.5.1 Basic Principles
Evaporative cooling principle:
 In nature, liquids, such as water, absorb heat from the air during evaporation, causing
the air temperature to drop. Water evaporates at any temperature and absorbs heat
from the air, causing the air temperature to drop. Evaporative cooling is an isenthalpic
process of humidifying and cooling air.
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Figure 8-33 Evaporative cooling phenomena

Indirect evaporative cooling process
 In the indirect evaporative cooling process, the cooled air and water obtained by (direct)
evaporative cooling are transferred to the air to be processed through an indirect-
contact air-to-air heat exchanger, so as to obtain air with temperature reduced but
moisture content unchanged. This is an iso-humid process of cooling air.

Figure 8-34 Conceptual diagram of an indirect evaporative cooling

system
 1—2: Iso-humid process of cooling, indirect cooling
 3—4: Isenthalpic process of humidifying, direct evaporative cooling
 Primary air is air that is indirectly cooled.
 Secondary air is air cooled by direct evaporation.
Based on the outdoor fresh air temperature and humidity and IT load, an air conditioner
works in three modes to implement on-demand cooling.

Table 8-4 Indirect Evaporative Cooling Air Conditioner Working Mode

Working Outdoor Ambient

Fan Water Pump Compressor
Mode Temperature (100% Load)

Dry bulb temperature ≤

Dry mode ON OFF OFF
16°C

Dry bulb temperature >

Wet mode 16°C; wet bulb temperature ON ON OFF
≤ 19°C

Hybrid cooling Wet bulb temperature >

ON ON ON
mode 19°C
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Figure 8-35 Dry mode

Figure 8-36 Wet mode

 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 166

Figure 8-37 Hybrid cooling mode

8.5.2 Components

Figure 8-38 Components of a Huawei Indirect Evaporative Cooling Air

Conditioner
Table 8-5 Components of a Huawei Indirect Evaporative Cooling Air
Conditioner

No. Name

1 Compressor

2 Shock-absorbing corrugated pipe

3 High pressure sensor

4 High pressure switch

5 Discharge temperature sensor

6 One-way valve

7 Exhaust pipe needle valve

8 Exhaust fan

9 Heat exchanger

10 Liquid pipe needle valve

11 Liquid pipe temperature sensor

12 Strainer

13 EEV
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14 Low pressure needle valve

15 Indoor fan

16 Gas-liquid separator

17 Low pressure sensor

18 Suction temperature sensor

Heat exchanger core: cross-flow heat exchanger, improving heat exchange efficiency.

Figure 8-39 Heat exchanger core

Fan: accelerates air flow and improves the heat exchange capability.

Figure 8-40 Fan

Nozzle: ensures the spray pressure and improves the spray effect.

Figure 8-41 Nozzle

Water tank: stores water and provides spray water for a certain period of time.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 168

Figure 8-42 Water tank

Shock-absorbing pipe: reduces pipe vibration to prevent pipe cracks during transportation
and operation, improving the unit reliability.

Figure 8-43 Shock-absorbing pipe

Differential pressure switch: detects the differential pressure between the front and rear of
the internal circulation air filter to determine whether the air filter is dirty or blocked.

Figure 8-44 Differential pressure switch

Other components include the auxiliary cooling system, pipes, pressure sensor, temperature
and humidity sensor, and one-way valve.
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8.6 Other Cooling Solutions for Equipment Rooms

8.6.1 Refrigerant Pump Cooling Technology
Refrigerant pump: refers to a pump lined with fluoroplastics, which is widely used in
chemical production and transports strong corrosive media for a long time in the
environment of –20°C to +150°C.

Figure 8-45 Refrigerant Pump Cooling Technology

When the outdoor temperature is higher than 20°C, the conventional mechanical cooling
solution is adopted. The compressor works properly and the refrigerant pump does not
work.
When the outdoor temperature is lower than 10 ° C, the compressor stops and the
refrigerant pump starts cooling.
When the outdoor temperature is greater than or equal to 10°C and less than or equal
to 20°C, the refrigerant pump and compressor start cooling at the same time, enabling
the hybrid cooling mode to save energy.

8.6.2 Fan Wall Cooling Technology

The fan wall technology is an energy-saving technology that uses free cooling sources.
Based on the indoor and outdoor temperature difference, the outdoor cold air is taken into
the equipment room to absorb heat through the process of air intake, pre-processing, fan
wall, air exhaust, and air return. In this way, partial or complete free cooling without
mechanical cooling is implemented for the equipment room, which saves energy.
The fan wall technology, with multiple small fans arranged in order, replaces a single large
fan in a conventional air handler, so that airflow organization is more even and fan energy
consumption is lower.
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Figure 8-46 Fall Wall

Different vendors may adopt different fan wall modes.
Yahoo's Compute Coop is an early and well-known data center that uses the fan wall
technology.

8.6.3 Backplane Heat Pipe Air Conditioner

A heat pipe is a heat transfer element with extremely high thermal conductivity. It transfers
heat by evaporation and condensation of liquids in a fully enclosed vacuum pipe. A heat
exchanger formed by heat pipes has advantages such as high heat transfer efficiency, a
compact structure, and small fluid resistance.
The cooling unit is distributed to the cabinet backplane in the internal area. Based on the
heat pipe principle, the liquid working medium absorbs heat at the cabinet backplane in
the indoor area and evaporates to gas, which rises to the outdoor condenser. After
condensation, the gas working medium releases heat to the outdoor environment and
becomes liquid, which flows back to the indoor environment under gravity. In this way, the
indoor heat is transferred to the outdoor environment to complete the cooling cycle.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 171

Figure 8-47 Backplane Heat Pipe Air Conditioner

This air conditioner type prevents water from entering the cabinet area and eliminates
water leakage risks.
There are a large number of indoor units (backplanes), pipes, and connectors, and the
O&M workload is heavy.

8.6.4 Liquid Cooling Technology

Cold plate liquid cooling
 An LDU is configured on the liquid cooling cabinet to provide water inlet and outlet
pipes. The LDU is connected to the internal cold plate pipes in the liquid-cooled
compute nodes to implement liquid cooling circulation in the compute nodes.

Figure 8-48 Cold plate liquid cooling

Immersion liquid cooling
 Specific coolant is used as the heat dissipation medium. Immerse IT equipment in the
coolant to take away heat through coolant circulation.
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Figure 8-49 Immersion liquid cooling

Spray liquid cooling
Insulated non-corrosive coolant is sprayed onto the surface of a heating device (or the
extended surface in contact with the heating device) through the spray plate on the server
box for heat exchange.

Figure 8-50 Spray liquid cooling

Liquid cooling technology features:
 The data center construction cost is reduced by 60%: Raised floors, heat dissipation
channels, and server spaces are not required.
 Energy consumption of cooling is reduced by 90%: Fans and heat sinks are removed
from servers, and no air conditioner humidifier is required in the equipment room,
reducing noise in the equipment room.
 The total energy and maintenance costs are reduced by 50%: The hardware service
life is prolonged and the number of components is reduced.
 High reliability is required. Leakage risks exist.

8.7 Introduction to Huawei Air Conditioners

8.7.1 Huawei Precision Air Conditioner Series
In-row precision air conditioner
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Figure 8-51 In-row precision air conditioner

In-room precision air conditioner

Figure 8-52 In-room precision air conditioner

Indirect evaporative cooling air conditioner

Figure 8-53 Indirect evaporative cooling air conditioner

8.7.2 Huawei Outdoor Unit Series

Main functions
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 The outdoor unit controls the fan speed based on the condensing pressure to
implement variable frequency speed control.
 The outdoor unit provides protection against overheating for fans.
 The driver provides a screen manipulator for keys and nixie tubes to meet
commissioning requirements.
 Indoor and outdoor units are connected using signal cables. The outdoor unit is started
or shut down as instructed by the indoor unit.

Figure 8-54 Huawei Outdoor Unit Series

8.8 Quiz
1、(Single) Which of the following is not one of the four major components of an air-
cooled air conditioner?
A Compressor
B Evaporator
C Fan
D Condenser
2、(Multiple) Which of the following are the performance features of an air conditioner in
an equipment room?
A Small air volume and large enthalpy difference
B Cooling throughout the year
C High reliability
D Various air supply modes
3、(Single) When the indirect evaporative cooling system works in dry mode, there is an
iso-humid process of cooling.
A True
B False

8.9 Summary
 Overview of Data Center Air Conditioners
 Air-Cooled Precision Air Conditioner
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 Chilled Water Precision Air Conditioner

 Indirect Evaporative Cooling Air Conditioner
 Other Cooling Solutions for Equipment Rooms
 Introduction to Huawei Air Conditioners
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 176

9 Basic Knowledge of Monitoring

Systems

9.1 Inroduction
9.1.1 Foreword
This chapter describes basic knowledge about the monitoring system, including interfaces
and common protocols of the monitoring system and data center infrastructure monitoring
modes.

9.1.2 Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe basic interfaces and communication protocols.
 Describe the overall architecture of the monitoring system.

9.2 Introduction to the Monitoring System

9.2.1 What is Power and Environment Monitoring System
The power and environment monitoring system is the short name of the power and
environment centralized monitoring system.
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9.2.2 Overview of the Monitoring System

9.2.3 Application Scenarios of the Monitoring System

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9.2.4 Development Trend

With the development of technologies, data center staff want to reduce inspection times
of on-duty staff, reduce the workload of data center maintenance and management staff,
and improve system stability by monitoring system equipment and environment.
 Unified monitoring: The monitoring system of equipment rooms is integrated with
enterprise IT operation and maintenance (O&M) management systems (such as
systems of service monitoring, server monitoring, and network monitoring) to form a
complete management system.
 AI energy conservation: drives data center energy efficiency diagnosis and optimization
to continuously reduce energy consumption. It saves energy by monitoring and
managing IT equipment chips and site environment.
 Mobile inspection technology: Scheduled inspection of equipment rooms is one of the
most important routine O&M tasks of a data center. Mobile inspection reduces the
workload of staff and improves the accuracy of inspection data.
 Fiber grating temperature measurement technology: An electrical equipment failure
can cause insulation performance deterioration or even breakdown, damaging the
equipment. Common measurement methods cannot accurately monitor the
equipment operating temperature online. Fibers can overcome this difficulty and
ensure equipment security.

9.2.5 Intelligent Building Monitoring System

The main functions of the intelligent building monitoring system are integrated monitoring,
linkage, and management of the systems under real-time monitoring system in a building.
The intelligent building monitoring system focuses on the overall management of a
building, and the power and environment monitoring system focuses on the management
of in-house equipment.
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9.3 Basic Interfaces and Communication Protocols

9.3.1 Basic Concepts
Interface: connection mode between two hardware devices.
Protocol: a group of conventions that both parties involved in communication must observe,
for example, how to establish a connection and how to identify each other. Both parties
can communicate with each other only after they observe the conventions.
For example, mouse and USB drive are devices that use USB ports. These devices must
comply with USB port specifications before they can be used over USB ports.

Common interface types

 DB9, RJ45, and cord end terminal.
Transmission modes
 RS232, RS485, RS422, and FE.
Protocol Type
 SNMP, Modbus, telecom protocol, OPC, and other protocols.

9.3.2 Common Protocols and Interfaces

9.3.2.1 Comparison of Common Protocols
Common interface forms:
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 181

Comparis
on of
Common Transmission Applicable
Feature Category
Protocols Mode Scope
:Protocol
Type

Air
Serial
conditioners,
Field bus transmission,
ModBus-RTU UPSs,
protocol, supporting
Modbus ModBus-ASC ammeters,
master/sla loading of
ModBus-TCP humidifiers,
ve mode RS232/RS485/
PDUs, and
RS422
controllers

Used on Air
Network SNMPV1.0
TCP/IP conditioners,
SNMP manageme SNMPV2.0
networks in UPSs, and
nt protocol SNMPV3.0
UDP mode. PDUs

Frontend intelligent
monitoring equipment
Serial
communication protocol Based station
Field bus transmission,
for power supply, air air conditioners
Telecom protocol, supporting
conditioners, and and base
protocol master/sla loading of
integrated environment station power
ve mode RS232/RS485/
management system of supply
RS422
telecommunication
offices (sites)

Protocol Type Advantage Disadvantage

Standard and open, supporting multiple Master/slave mode,

Modbus electrical interfaces; the frame format is providing low
simple and easy to use. efficiency

The number of
Complying with the OSI model, open devices is large and
protocol, and implementing management the efficiency of query
SNMP
relying on network; the protocol is widely among much data is
used; security is high. low; processing is
complex.
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The format is complex

Telecom Open protocol, supporting multiple
and the protocol is
protocol electrical interfaces
not universal.

Electric Transmi
Transmis
Number of al Transmission ssion Transmissi
sion
Pins Charact Mode Distanc on Rate
Mode eristic e

Standard 25-
Full duplex,
RS232 pin, common 3- ±15 V 15 m 20 K
single point
pin

Standard 4-pin
TTL (±2 Half duplex,
RS485 and 2-pin, 1200 m 10 M
to ±6) master/slave
common 2-pin

TTL (±2 Half duplex,

RS422 Standard 4-pin 1200 m 10 M
to ±6) master/slave

Full duplex,
FE Standard 8-pin TTL 100 m 10 M
multi-master

Transmission
Advantage Disadvantage
Mode

The distance is limited, networking is

RS232 It is easy to obtain tools. unavailable, and the transmission mode
is susceptible to interference.

2-pin interfaces are

widely used, networking
The distance is large and resistance
RS485 is convenient, and the
must be matched at a high rate.
anti-interference
capability is provided.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 183

The distance is large and resistance

The anti-interference must be matched at a high rate. The
capability is provided number of slave nodes is 10, which is
RS422
and networking is smaller than that of RS485. The
available. number of cores is greater than that of
RS485.

The transmission rate is

high, the efficiency is
FE The networking cost is high.
high, and flexible
networking is provided.

9.3.3 Parameter Settings of Common Protocols

9.3.3.1 Parameter Settings - SNMP
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9.3.3.2 Parameter Settings - Modbus

9.3.3.3 Parameter Settings - Dry Contact

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9.4 Introduction to the Data Center Monitoring System

9.4.1 System Architecture
9.4.1.1 Composition of Hardware Devices

9.4.1.2 Software Architecture

9.4.2 Application Scenarios

9.4.2.1 Data Center Application Scenario
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 186

The monitoring system helps users quickly locate faults by monitoring infrastructure of the
data center, supports centralized configuration and status monitoring for basic devices in
the data center, and implements remote refined management for the data center.
The monitoring system can be deployed in medium and large modular data centers, small
modular data centers, and container data centers.

9.4.2.2 Medium and Large Modular Data Centers

Medium and large modular data centers are a series of complete data center solutions.
The solutions are applicable to quick deployment of medium and large data centers of
operators and large corporate customers.

9.4.2.3 Small Modular Data Centers

Small modular data centers are mainly used in cloud hosts in parks, branches of large
enterprises, small and medium enterprises, e-government networks, education, healthcare,
and data equipment rooms of financial branches.
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9.4.2.4 Container data center

 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 188

9.4.3 Monitoring Implementation Mode

9.4.3.1 Subsystem Monitoring

9.4.3.2 Subsystem Monitoring Implementation Mode

Power supply and distribution equipment
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Refrigerating equipment

Environment equipment
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Environment equipment

Security protection equipment

9.5 Quiz
1. (Short Answer Question) What are differences between SNMP and Modbus?
2. (Short Answer Question) Which scenarios can the power and environment monitoring
system be used in?

9.6 Summary
 Basic Interfaces and Communication Protocols
 Subsystem Monitoring of Data Centers
 Technical Indicators and Environment Standards
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10 Functions and Features of

Monitoring Systems

10.1 Inroduction
10.1.1 Foreword
This slides describe the main features and functions of the monitoring system, including
the general control center and monitoring function, management function, and system
function.

10.1.2 Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the features and advantages of the monitoring system.
 Understand the main functions of the monitoring system.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 192

10.2 Overview of the Monitoring System

10.2.1 Hierarchical Deployment
10.2.1.1 Overview of the Monitoring System

10.2.1.2 Hierarchical Deployment of the Monitoring System

When multiple equipment rooms need to be monitored at the same time, hierarchical
deployment is required.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 193

10.2.1.3 Centralized Monitoring

Figure 10-1 Centralized monitoring involves 2-level architecture and

multi-level architecture

10.2.2 Architecture Types

10.2.2.1 Double-Layer Architecture
Two levels architecture: that is, management layer + data collection layer
Only one monitoring station is provided.
Multiple modules or equipment rooms are allowed.
The levels of equipment rooms are not differentiated.
This is the most common monitoring system mode.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 194

10.2.2.2 Multi-Layer Architecture

Typical 3-level architecture, that is, SC + SS + data collection layer
Typical scenario in which the head office can directly manage branch equipment rooms.
The monitoring management system of a branch center can be relatively independent and
is an integral part of the SC.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 195

10.2.3 Monitoring Features

10.2.3.1 Features of the Monitoring System
Flexible infrastructure management capability
 Real-time device monitoring, ensuring device reliability and high utilization.
 Real-time environment monitoring, ensuring environment consistency.
 Robust security protection management, fully protecting security of devices and
environments.
 Accurate energy efficiency analysis, providing customizable and diversified energy
consumption statistical and analysis methods.

Software and hardware layering

 The monitoring hardware (collector) collects data of infrastructure and sends the data
and alarms to the monitoring software.
 The management software is divided into the data collection layer and the
management and operation service layer.
Modular design
 Basic modules must be configured.
 Advanced modules can be generally deployed as required or selectively deployed.

Standard network management interface

 The monitoring system can provide third-party NMSs with SNMP interfaces to meet
information exchange with third-party systems. In addition, the monitoring system can
provide a multi-protocol expansion mechanism to meet access of difference devices.
Flexibly configured collector
 Installation on a 19-inch cabinet is supported. The collector can be installed at the
back of the cabinet to save space.
 Front and rear installation using mounting ears is supported to meet installation
requirements for different product configurations.
 AI/DI expansion cards and serial expansion cards are supported.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 196

10.3 Introduction to Main Functions

10.3.1 Monitoring System Functions

10.3.2 Monitoring Functions — Real-time Monitoring

The system allows users to view the running status of power supply and distribution
equipment, air conditioners, security protection equipment, and fire protection equipment.

10.3.3 Monitoring Functions — Alarm Management

The monitoring system collects equipment information and generates warning and alarm
information respectively before and after a condition is met according to preset alarm rules.
Then, it displays and notifies the warning and alarm information to users.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 197

10.3.4 Monitoring Functions — Linkage Control and Security

Management

10.3.5 Management Functions

The objective of data center operation management is to achieve high availability of the
data center with low operation costs. To achieve this goal, the monitoring management
system must have the following functions: energy efficiency management, asset
management, capacity management, and O&M management.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 198

10.3.6 System Functions

The system provides common functions for each module of the monitoring management
system, including user management, log management, system maintenance, and data
backup.

10.3.7 General Control Center

The general control center is an important entry for O&M management driver information.
It provides the service desk and display functions and works with the O&M management
system to ensure the availability of data centers.
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 199

10.4 Introduction to Huawei Monitoring System

10.4.1 Huawei Monitoring Management System
Huawei monitoring management system covers power monitoring, environment
monitoring, and security monitoring, provides real-time status of devices inside micro-
modules, alarm information, and configuration information for management, and provides
visual interfaces.

10.4.2 Functions of Huawei Intelligent Monitoring System

 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 200

10.5 Quiz
1. (Short Answer Question) What are the differences between 2-level architecture and
multi-level architecture for centralized monitoring?
2. (Short Answer Question) What are the main functions of the monitoring system?

10.6 Summary
 Overview of the Monitoring System
 Introduction to Main Functions
 Introduction to Huawei Monitoring System
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 201

11 Introduction to Other Systems of

Data Center Facility

11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Foreword
In addition to the power distribution system, cooling system, and monitoring system, the
data center facility has many other indispensable systems.

11.1.2 Objectives
On completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Understand systems of fire protection, fresh air, lightning protection and grounding,
and integrated cabling in the data center infrastructure;
 Understand working principles and main components of these systems.

11.2 Fire Protection System

11.2.1 Fire Extinguishing System Overview
Functions:
 Fire extinguishing system automatically detects the smoke or hot air produced when
a fire happens in the fire detection area, generates audible and visual alarms, and
controls the automatic fire extinguishing system. In addition, the fire extinguishing
system is associated with the output contacts of other devices, to control emergency
lighting, evacuation signs, emergency broadcast/communication, and fire
extinguishing water supply/smoke control facilities. This enables automatic monitoring,
alarms, and fire extinguishing.
Classification:
 Water fire extinguishing system: Water is the most common extinguishing agent,
because it is cheap and provides high extinguishing performance. The fire
extinguishing principle is that water cools and penetrates a burning object to
extinguishing the fire:
 Fire hydrant water supply system: indoor and outdoor fire hydrant systems
 Closed automatic water jetting system: Closed nozzles are used. When a fire
happens, the temperature rises, and the glass bead of a nozzle breaks or the
 HCIA-Data Center Facility Trainee Guide Page 202

fusible metal drops, enabling automatic water jetting. The system applies to
buildings where the indoor temperature ranges from 4°C to 70°C.
 Pre-action water jetting system: The pipe of the system is charged with pressurized
or non-pressurized gas during normal operating, without water. When a fire
happens, the fire detection system opens the pre-action valve, water is injected
into the pipe, and then the closed nozzle ejects water to extinguish the fire. The
system applies to buildings where the indoor temperature is below 4℃ or above
70℃.
 Automatic drench water jetting system: Open nozzles are used. When a fire
happens, all nozzles eject water at the same time to extinguish the fire. The system
applies to high-risk buildings.
 Foam fire extinguishing system:
 Stationary foam fire extinguishing system: The system consists of the stationary
foam liquid fire pump, foam liquid cylinder, proportioner, foam liquid transport
pipe, and foam generating device. When a fire happens, the fire pump is started
and related valves are opened to enable fire extinguishing.
 Semi-stationary foam fire extinguishing system: Some devices are stationary and
can be started in time. Others are non-stationary and are carried to the site when
a fire happens, to work with the stationary devices for fire extinguishing.
 Mobile foam fire extinguishing system: The system generally consists of the water
source (outdoor fire hydrant, fire pool, or natural water source), foam fire fighting
truck or foam generating device, water band, foam gun, and proportioner. When
a fire happens, all mobile facilities are carried to the site and form a fire
extinguishing system based on connection of pipes and water bands.
 Gas fire extinguishing system:
 The extinguishing agent is stored in a pressure vessel in a liquid, liquefied gas, or
gas state. During fire extinguishing, the extinguishing agent is sprayed in a gas
(steam or mist) state.
 The gas fire extinguishing system is mainly applied to places with valuable
equipment or places where water fire extinguishing is not applicable. Such places
and equipment include telecom equipment rooms, radio and television equipment,
generator rooms, electrical equipment rooms, transformers, oil circuit breakers,
motors, internal combustion engines, electric locomotives, library and archive
buildings, scientific experiment buildings, valuable equipment rooms, large ships,
and oil product factories.

11.2.2 Structure of the Fire Extinguishing System

The fire extinguishing system consists of the automatic fire alarm system, gas fire
extinguishing system, smoke control system, safety evacuation system.
 Automatic fire alarm system: in the early stage of fire, the system converts the physical
signals, such as smoke, heat, and flame produced by fire, to electrical signals through
the fire detector, and transmits them to the fire alarm controller to trigger relevant
linkages so that people may detect the fire and take effective measures in a timely
manner.
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 Gas fire extinguishing system: The system stores extinguishant in the form of liquid,
liquefied gas, or gas in a pressure vessel, and releases the extinguishant in the form of
gas to extinguish a fire. The extinguishant diffuses evenly in a protected zone with a
regulatory concentration sufficient to put out a fire from all directions.
 Smoke control system: The system exhausts the large amount of smoke produced by
fire and prevents the smoke diffusing out of the protected zone to ensure the smooth
evacuation and sheltering of people in the building and create favorable conditions
for firefighters to put out the fire.
 Safety evacuation system: The system disconnects the non-firefighting power supplies
in the case of fire and maintains proper lighting in the evacuation route and other
necessary places to facilitate personnel evacuation and accident handling.

Figure 11-1 Structure of the Fire Extinguishing System

11.2.3 Automatic Alarm System

Figure 11-2 Structure of the Automatic Alarm System

The automatic alarm system consists of the VESDA, air sampling pipe, fire alarm controller,
smoke detector, heat detector, manual fire alarm button, audible and visual alarm, alarm
bell, fire display panel, power supply, control module, fire telephone, fire broadcast, and
gas fire extinguishing controller.
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VESDA
 VESDA is short for very early smoke detection apparatus.
 Work principle: Sampling pipes distributed in the protected areas collect air samples.
A special device filters out the dust in the air samples and transfers the air samples to
the laser detection compartment. The laser detection compartment detects smoke
particles in the air caused by burning, determines whether a fire happens by using a
program, and generates an alarm as required.

Figure 11-3 VESDA

Air Sampling Pipe
 The air sampling pipe collects air samples for the VESDA. Sampling holes are evenly
distributed on the pipe.

Figure 11-4 Air Sampling Pipe

Smoke Detector
 The smoke detector is a fire detector that detects smoke particles caused by burning.
Two types of smoke detectors are available: spot-type smoke detectors and line-type
smoke detectors. The transmitter and receiver of a spot-type smoke detector are
configured on the same device, and those of a line-type smoke detector are separated.
Therefore, spot-type smoke detectors are preferred in small space (with a floor height
of less than 9 m).
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Figure 11-5 Smoke Detector

Heat Detector
 The heat detector detects the ambient temperature based on the temperature
sensitivity of thermosensitive components. It is generally used with the smoke detector
and especially applicable to places with significant temperature rise in a fire. Spot-type
and line-type heat detectors are available.

Figure 11-6 Heat Detector

Manual Fire Alarm Button
 The manual fire alarm button is installed in a public place. When confirming that a
fire happens, staff can push down the organic glass sheet on the button, to send a fire
alarm signal to the fire alarm controller. After receiving the alarm signal, the fire alarm
controller displays the ID or location of the alarm button and generates an audible
alarm. Such an alarm is more emergent than a detector alarm and generally requires
confirmation.

Figure 11-7 Manual Fire Alarm Button

Audible and Visual Alarm
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 The audible and visual alarm is installed onsite and is enabled by the fire alarm
controller. After being enabled, the alarm generates strong audible and visual alarms
to remind onsite personnel.

Figure 11-8 Audible and Visual Alarm

Alarm Bell
 Similar to the audible and visual alarm, the alarm bell generates fire alarms that are
differentiated from the ambient sound and light, to remind onsite personnel to
perform safety evacuation and fire extinguishing.

Figure 11-9 Alarm Bell

Fire Display Panel
 The fire display panel is a fire alarm display device designed by using a single-chip
microcomputer, and is installed on a building floor or in an independent fire protection
area. Digit-based and text-based fire display panels are available. The fire display panel
is connected to the fire alarm controller through a bus, and processes and displays the
data received from the fire alarm controller.

Figure 11-10 Fire Display Panel

Control Module
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 The fire control module, also called an I/O module, is an important component of the
fire linkage control system, and is connected to external devices in the automatic fire
alarm system, such as smoke valves, air supply valves, and fire valves.

Figure 11-11 Control Module

Fire Telephone
 The fire telephone is used for communication between the fire control center and the
site. It enables multi-party calls and can be used to report alarms, check fire
information, arrange for rescue, and exchange fault information. Generally, the fire
telephone consists of a main phone set and extension telephones.

Figure 11-12 Fire Telephone

Fire Broadcast
 The fire broadcast is used by the fire control center to evacuate personnel. Generally,
the fire broadcast consists of the emergency broadcast controller, power amplifier, and
sound box.
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Figure 11-13 Fire Broadcast

Gas Fire Extinguishing Controller
 The gas fire extinguishing controller automatically controls the start/stop of the gas
fire extinguishing system. It can be connected to the emergency start/abort switch,
manual and automatic transfer switches, gas release indicator, and audible and visual
alarm. In addition, the gas fire extinguishing controller provides electromagnetic valve
driving interfaces, to enable gas fire extinguishers.

Figure 11-14 Gas Fire Extinguishing Controller

Fire Alarm Controller
 The fire alarm controller is the core of the automatic fire alarm control system. It
receives detection signals, processes alarm information, and provides a linkage alarm
platform. Based on the structure, fire alarm controllers are classified into the wall-
mounted, cabinet, and table types. A wall-mounted fire alarm controller contains a
maximum of two loops and connects a small number of alarm points. A cabinet-type
or table-type fire alarm controller contains more loops, has a large capacity, and
provides bus and multiline linkage control, meeting the requirements of the complex
fire alarm and linkage control system.
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Figure 11-15 Fire Alarm Controller

11.2.4 Gas Fire Extinguishing System

Figure 11-16 Structure of the Gas Fire Extinguishing System

The gas fire extinguishing subsystem consists of the fire cylinder (containing the
extinguishing agent, extinguishing agent vessel, and vessel valve), start device (start vessel
or electromagnetic valve), fire pipeline, nozzle, pressure annunciator, and other auxiliary
devices. The auxiliary devices include the fire cylinder rack, high pressure hose, one-way
valve for the extinguishing agent, manifold, start cylinder rack, start pipeline, one-way valve
for air flows, selector valve, flange joint, and safety valve.
Heptafluoropropane Extinguishing Agent
 Heptafluoropropane is an environment-friendly extinguishing agent well recognized
around the world. It causes no damage to the ozone layer and has the following
advantages: superb fire extinguishing performance, no pollution, no conductivity, small
storage space, low operating pressure of pipelines, and no slag after fire extinguishing.
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The extinguishing agent is stored in a liquid state and released as gas. After discharge,
the gas is naturally released or fast released based on a ventilation system. No slag is
left onsite.
Fire Cylinder
 The fire cylinder consists of the extinguishing agent vessel and vessel valve. The
extinguishing agent vessel is generally a red steel seamless container covered with
epoxy painting, and can be recharged with the extinguishing agent. The extinguishing
agent is stored in the vessel in a liquid state and is pressurized to the operating
pressure by using nitrogen. When a fire happens, control air flows from the start
cylinder trigger an action of the pneumatic valve. Therefore, the vessel valve is opened
to release the extinguishing agent. When an emergency occurs, staff can remove the
manual safety pin and press the manual button. The vessel valve is immediately
opened.

Figure 11-17 Fire Cylinder

Start Device
 The start device stores startup gas (high-pressure nitrogen) and can be started
electrically or manually. It releases startup gas to open the selector valve and vessel
valve and provides the following functions: sealed storage, release, recharge, low-
pressure discharge, and pressure display.

Figure 11-18 Start Device

Fire Pipeline
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 The fire pipeline transports the extinguishing agent to the terminal nozzle. Generally,
main pipelines and branch pipelines are available, with different diameters. The
pipeline diameter is designed based on the extinguishing agent flow rate.

Figure 11-19 Fire Pipeline

Nozzle
 The nozzle ejects the extinguishing agent in a specific jet form. Therefore, the
extinguishing agent is quickly vaporized and reaches the extinguishing concentration
in the protected space. Generally, seam-type, pipe mouth-type, and atomizer nozzles
are available.

Figure 11-20 Nozzle

11.2.5 Smoke Control System

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Figure 11-21 Structure of the Smoke Control System

The smoke control subsystem consists of the pressurization air supply fan, pressurization
air supply vent, air supply duct, smoke exhaust fan, smoke vent (smoke valve), smoke
exhaust fire valve, smoke duct, and auxiliary materials. The auxiliary materials include the
hang wall (optional), automatic smoke exhaust window (optional), manual emergency
startup button, pipe hangers and supports, power cables, signal cables, and control
modules (I/O modules and input modules).
Pressurization Air Supply Fan
 The pressurization air supply fan mechanically supplies air to staircases, elevator
lobbies, and other protected areas, to generate positive pressure in the areas and
prevent smoke from entering the areas. This ensures personal safety during evacuation.
The pressurization air supply fan is generally selected based on parameters such as
the air capacity, atmospheric pressure, power, and noise.

Figure 11-22 Pressurization Air Supply Fan

Pressurization Air Supply Vent
 The pressurization air supply vent is also called a positive-pressure air supply vent or
a multi-leaf air supply vent. An aluminum alloy air vent is installed in the front of the
valve body. The valve body is generally installed on the side wall of an elevator lobby
or a staircase. A handling cell is set near the valve body and is configured with a
movable door to facilitate operations.
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Figure 11-23 Pressurization Air Supply Vent

Air Duct
 The air duct supplies air or exhausts smoke. The cut-off surface of the air duct is a
rectangle or circle. Common air duct materials include thin steel plates, plastic,
plywood, fiberboards, concrete, concrete and reinforcing steel, bricks, asbestos cement,
and slag gypsum boards.

Figure 11-24 Air Duct

Smoke Exhaust Fan
 The smoke exhaust fan exhausts smoke out of a building, to remove smoke, improve
the visibility in the building, and facilitate fire extinguishing. The smoke exhaust fan is
generally selected based on parameters such as the air capacity, atmospheric pressure,
power, and noise.

Figure 11-25 Smoke Exhaust Fan

Smoke Vent
 The smoke vent, also called a smoke valve, is installed on a pipeline of the smoke
exhaust system. It is normally closed during proper operating and is opened upon a
fire to exhaust smoke.
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Figure 11-26 Smoke Vent

11.2.6 Safety Evacuation System

Figure 11-27 Structure of the Safety Evacuation System

The safety evacuation design applies inside data centers and contains two parts: emergency
lighting and safety evacuation.
The safety evacuation system consists of the fire emergency lights, fire evacuation
indicators, emergency lighting controller, power distribution device for emergency lighting
(power distribution box for emergency lighting), and centralized power supply for
emergency lighting.
Fire Emergency Light
 The fire emergency lights provide lighting for personnel evacuation and fire
extinguishing. Key parameters include the input voltage, luminous flux, light source
type, and power.

Figure 11-28 Fire Emergency Light

Fire Evacuation Indicators
 The fire evacuation indicators provide the following functions by using signs or text:
 Indicate the exit, current floor, and shelter floor (room);
 Indicate the evacuation direction;
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 Indicate the locations and directions to the fire extinguishers, fire hydrant boxes,
fire lifts, and stairs for the disabled;
 Indicate the blocked passages and places and the storage locations of hazardous
materials.

Figure 11-29 Fire Evacuation Indicators

Emergency Lighting Controller
 The emergency lighting controller controls and displays the operating status of the
following components: fire emergency lights, centralized power supply for emergency
lighting, power distribution device for emergency lighting (power distribution box for
emergency lighting), and other accessories.

Figure 11-30 Emergency Lighting Controller

Power Distribution Device for Emergency Lighting
 The power distribution device distributes power for the emergency lighting and
evacuation indication system. Key parameters include the input voltage, output voltage,
capacity, and operating time upon power failure.

Figure 11-31 Power Distribution Device for Emergency Lighting

Centralized Power Supply for Emergency Lighting
 When a fire happens, the centralized power supply provides power for the fire
emergency lights based on batteries. Key parameters include the power capacity,
output voltage, and backup time.
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Figure 11-32 Centralized Power Supply for Emergency Lighting

11.3 Fresh Air System

11.3.1 Fresh Air System Overview
A fresh air system refers to delivering the filtered outdoor fresh air indoors and exhausting
the indoor stale air outdoors, achieving system balance while exchanging the air. This
system makes scientific convection in a closed environment possible.
Functions:
 Maintain the positive pressure difference between the data center and the outside and
avoid the entry of dust, ensuring better cleanliness; provide the data center with
adequate fresh air, creating a favorable working condition for the personnel; treat the
outdoor contaminated air, ensuring the safety of devices inside.
Hu midi f
ica ti on
Fresh air unit Exhaust fan

Indoor
unit
Cabinet

Cabinet

Figure 11-33 Fresh Air System

The fresh air system consists of the fresh air unit (fan, filter, humidifier, pre-cooling and
heat reclamation devices), air exhaust pipes, and air exhaust vents. Out of these, the
exhaust fan and filter are mandatory for the fresh air unit. The humidifier, pre-cooling and
heat reclamation devices, and chemical filter are optional modules.
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Heat exchange

Humidification

efficiency filter

Air supply fan

Pre-cooling

Medium-
Exhaust air
Exhaust air
Supply
air

Air Fresh air

conditioner
outdoor unit Refrigerant pipe

Figure 11-34 Composition of the Fresh Air System

11.3.2 Functions of the Components

Fan
 Fans include the air supply fan and exhaust fan. They are the mandatory items for the
fresh air system. They can be variable-frequency and constant-frequency. In general,
you are advised to configure a differential pressure controller and select the variable-
frequency ones.

Figure 11-35 Fan

Filter
 Filters include the coarse-efficiency filter and medium-efficiency filter. The former is a
plate filter and the latter is a bag filter. In general, the coarse-efficiency filter is G3 or
G4, and the medium-efficiency filter is F5 to F8 in filtering level. The configuration
principle of these two types of filters is that the difference should not be greater than
four levels. The higher the filtering level, the higher the filtering efficiency, and the
higher the cost. Figures on the right show a coarse-efficiency filter and a medium-
efficiency filter respectively.
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Figure 11-36 Filter

Pre-cooling/Dehumidification device
 When the fresh air is not delivered to the air return vent of the indoor air conditioner
(the indoor air conditioner bears the fresh air loads), you need to configure a pre-
cooling section to meet the air supply requirements.
 When the humidity control uses the independent fresh air control, and the outdoor
humidity is higher than the indoor control target, you need to configure a
dehumidification section (the cooling dehumidification is generally adopted).

Figure 11-37 Pre-cooling/Dehumidification device

Humidifier
 When the humidity control uses the independent fresh air control, and the outdoor
humidity is lower than the indoor control target, you need to configure a
humidification section.
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Figure 11-38 Humidifier

Heat reclamation device
 To save energy, you can configure a heat reclamation section, using exhaust air to
preheat or pre-cool the fresh air. There are two working modes, namely plate type
and rotary-wheel type. The figure on the right shows the rotary-wheel heat
reclamation.

Figure 11-39 Heat reclamation device

Heater
 You need to configure the heating section only when the fresh air unit adopts the
constant-temperature and constant-humidity air supply solution.
 After the cooling and dehumidification, heat the fresh air unit to dry bulb working
conditions at the air supply vent. This solution is not energy-saving and therefore is
not recommended.
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11.4 Cabinet System

11.4.1 Cabinet Overview
Standard cabinets are widely used in stacking the integrated cabling and cable distribution
equipment, computer network equipment, communications equipment, and electronic
equipment. Cabinets are classified into server cabinets, network cabinets, and console
cabinets.
Cabinets provide the enhanced electromagnetic shielding, reduce the equipment operating
noise, and lower the footprint. Some high-end cabinets have the air filtering function, which
improves the operating environment for precision equipment.
Simple in structure, standard cabinets mainly include the basic framework, internal
supporting system, cabling system, and ventilation system.
General specifications of cabinets are 600 mm or 800 mm in length, 600 mm, 800 mm, or
1000 mm in width, and 24 U, 36 U, 42 U, or 47 U in height.
 The installation heights of devices in a 19-inch standard cabinet are represented by a
special unit, U, which is 44.45 mm.

Figure 11-40 Cabinet

11.4.2 How to Select a Cabinet?

Load-bearing performance: The cabinet must be solid enough to bear the increasingly
small-sized, network-based, rack-mounted, and large-capacity heavy IT devices.
Temperature control: The cabinet must have sufficient heat dissipation capabilities.
Cable management: The cabinet must provide sufficient cable channel and support top and
bottom cable routing. The cables must be laid out conveniently and orderly. The cabinet
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must be close to the cable ports to shorten the cable routing distance and reduce the space
occupied by the cables.
Power distribution management: The cabinet must support the vertical installation of a
dedicated PDU with two inputs without affecting installation, use, or maintenance of
devices. The PDU is often equipped with SPDs.
Protection performance: The cabinet door stile and frame must be reliably grounded. Inside
the cabinet there are ground points. The working ground bar and protection ground bar
can be connected to the grounding copper bar of the data center. The cabinet is equipped
with various monitoring devices for monitoring the temperature, humidity, voltage, current,
and smoke.

11.5 Lightning Protection and Grounding System

11.5.1 Lightning Overview
Lightning phenomenon: Lightning is a result of mutual high-speed movements and fierce
friction between clouds in the sky, causing the high-end clouds and low-end clouds to be
with opposite charge. In the meantime, the low-end clouds also induce a large amount of
hetero-charges on the ground to form a tremendous capacitance. When the capacitive field
reaches a certain threshold, the ground discharge is generated.
Lightning hazards
 The thermal effects of the lightning current can blow the conducting wires and burn
out the electrical equipment.
 The electrodynamic force generated by the mechanical effects of the lightning current
can smash the equipment, towers, and buildings, as well as cause injuries to people
and livestock.
 The electromagnetic effects of the lightning current can generate overvoltage, break
down insulated electrical equipment, and even cause fire and explosion, which may
hurt and kill people.
Direct lightning strike: The lightning strikes the electrical devices, cable routes, buildings,
and other objects.
Induction lightning strike: Overvoltage is caused by electrostatic induction or
electromagnetic induction from the lightning to the cable routes, devices, or other objects.
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Figure 11-41 Induced overvoltage on the overhead cable routes

11.5.2 Lightning Arrester

The lightning arrester consists of three parts: air-terminal system, downlead, and grounding
device.
 Air-terminal system (lightning receiver): It is a metal conductor that receives the
lightning current, and normally uses the lightning rod, lightning conductor, or lightning
net (belt).
 Downlead: Ensure that the lightning current does not melt the downlead. Generally,
the downlead is made of steel tube whose diameter is at least 10 mm or flat steel
whose cross-sectional area is at least 80 mm2.
 Grounding device: It is a general term for ground conductors and earthing electrodes
buried under ground.

11.5.3 Grounding Overview

Grounding refers to connecting certain parts of the electrical equipment or certain points
of the power system to the ground to provide a pathway for discharging the faulty current
or lightning current, stabilize potential, and provide the zero potential reference point. It
ensures the safe operation of the power system and electrical equipment, as well as
personal safety.
The grounding function is implemented by the grounding device or grounding system.

11.6 Integrated Cabling System

11.6.1 Integrated Cabling System Overview
An integrated cabling system is the information transmission channel inside a building or
between buildings. It connects voice equipment, data equipment, message exchange
equipment, and building automation management equipment in a building to provide a
unified physical transmission medium for the building. At the same time, it connects
information communications equipment in the building to an external communications
network.
Features:
 It is a modular and highly flexible information transmission system inside a building
or between buildings.
 Its equipment is independent of lines and features flexibility, openness, compatibility,
reliability, economy, and advancement.
 It adopts unified design and planning for voice and data signals. Unified transmission
lines and information connectors are used to transmit different signals in a standard
cabling system.
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11.6.2 Composition of the Integrated Cabling System

The Integrated Cabling System is composed of six subsystems: work area subsystem,
horizontal subsystem, backbone subsystem, management subsystem, equipment room
subsystem, and campus subsystem.

Figure 11-42 Composition of the Integrated Cabling System

11.6.3 Integrated Cabling in Data Centers

The determination of cabling mode is an important step of the data center planning.
Ignoring the cabling mode reflects the blindness and confusion of the data center planning.
Cabling modes are classified into overhead cabling and underfloor cabling:
 Overhead cabling: cables laid out in spaces higher than the device height;
 Underfloor cabling: cables routed under the raised floor;
 Cabling on the top of cabinets: troughs for data cables and power cables installed on
the top of each cabinet to route cables to each cabinet.

Figure 11-43 Integrated Cabling in Data Centers

Compared with the underfloor cabling, the overhead cabling is a little complicated. This
layout generally applies to standard rack-mounted scenarios. Consistent dimensions,
especially consistent height, make an appealing appearance. In addition, the overhead
cabling usually uses the cable trough or cable tray to support the cables. Cable troughs
and cable trays can be further classified into different materials and installation modes.
These are the factors that need to be considered in design and planning.
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11.7 Indoor Decoration System

11.7.1 Composition of Indoor Decoration System
Acceptance items of the indoor decoration engineering include the decoration of
suspended ceilings, partition walls, doors, windows, walls, the acceptance of floors and
raised floors, and other indoor operations. All indoor decoration operations and
construction should comply with corresponding specifications and standards.
 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) raised floor decoration: As the floor is removable, cable
connections, pipe connections, and maintenance are convenient. The ideal height of a
raised floor ranges from 18 to 24 inches (46 to 61 cm). The floor of a building should
meet design requirements and be clean and dry. When the raised floor space is used
as a plenum, the walls and floor should be dust-proof and should not be peeled or
cracked. Take protective measures for raised floors when moving or installing
equipment on them. After laying out ESD floors, ground them properly.

Figure 11-44 ESD floor

 Ceiling decoration: The area above the suspended ceiling is used as the plenum space
for air supply or return in a data center, where ventilating ducts can be deployed. The
surface of the suspended ceiling in a computer room should be flat and free from dust,
discoloration, and corrosion. Edges should be neat without warping. After edges are
sealed, the adhesive should not be peeled off. Thermal insulation and sound insulation
materials used for filling the ceiling should be flat and dry, and seams should be
wrapped.
 Partition decoration: mainly includes partition walls and wall decoration. It requires
sound insulation, thermal insulation, and fire prevention.
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Figure 11-45 Suspended ceiling and partition

 Shielding system: It is mainly used for anti-interference and information confidentiality.
It not only prevents indoor information from leaking or being detected through
electromagnetic waves, but also prevents external electromagnetic interference.
Common use cases of shielding systems include rooms shielded with metal mesh or
plate and shielded cabinets.
 Waveguide window: prevents electromagnetic waves from passing through but
allows air to flow through.
 Power filter: Each power cable entering shielded rooms must be configured with
a power filter.

Figure 11-46 Shielded room

11.8 Quiz
1、(Short Answer Question) Which kind of fire extinguishing system is applied to data
centers?
2、(Short Answer Question) Why is overhead cabling more popular?
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11.9 Summary
 Fire Protection System
 Fresh Air System
 Cabinet System
 Lightning Protection and Grounding System
 Integrated Cabling System
 Indoor Decoration System