Course: Citizenship Education and Community

Engagement
Code: 8606
Semester: Spring, 2021
Assignment # 2
Level: B.ed 1.5

Q.1 Explain social control. Why is it important for the society and how it

can be promoted among students?

ANS:

Social Control

Generally speaking, social control is nothing but control of the society over individuals. In

order to maintain the organisation and the order of the society, man has to be kept under some

sort of control. This control is necessary in order to have desired behaviour from the

individual and enable him to develop social qualities.

Society in order to exist and progress has to exercise a certain control over its members since

any marked deviation from the established ways is considered a threat to its welfare. Such

control has been termed by sociologists as social control.

Social control is the term sociologists apply to those mechanisms by which any society

maintains a normative social system. It refers to all the ways and means by which society

enforces conformity to its norms. The individual internalises social norms and these become

part of his personality. In the process of socialisation the growing child learns the values of

his own groups as well as of the larger society and the ways of doing and thinking that are

deemed to be right and proper.

Lapiere. Even at best, the internalisation be so the social norms can scarcely of complete that

a person’s own desires exactly coincide with the social expectations of his group.

Hence, there is some deviations from group norms in every group. But any deviation beyond

a certain degree of tolerance is met with resistance, for any marked deviation from the

accepted norms is considered a threat to the welfare of the group.

Hence sanctions – the rewards or punishments- are applied to control the behavior of the

individual and to bring the nonconformists into line. All these efforts by the group are called

social control, which is concerned with the failures in socialization. Social control, as says

Lapiere, is thus a corrective for inadequate socialization.

According to E.A. Ross, the individual has deep-rooted sentiments that help him to cooperate

with other fellow members to work for social welfare. These sentiments are sympathy,

sociability and a sense of justice. But these sentiments by themselves are not enough to

suppress the self-seeking impulses of the individual.

Society has to make use of its mechanism to accomplish the necessary order and discipline.

This mechanism is called social control. As Ross defines, “Social control refers to the system

of devices whereby society brings its members into conformity with the accepted standard of

behavior.

Ogburn and Nimkoff have said that social control refers to the patterns of pressure which

society exerts to maintain order and established rules”.

As Gillin and Gillin say, “Social control is the system of measures, suggestions, persuasion,

restrain and coercion by whatever means including physical force by which society brings

into conformity to the approved pattern of behavior, a subgroup or by which a group moulds

into conformity its members”.

maintains itself – how it operates as a whole, as a changing equilibrium.”

Why is it important for the society and how it can be promoted among students?

Social solidarity is essential for the existence of society. No two persons is alike in their

nature, ideas, attitudes and interests. Every individual is a separate personality. There are

cultural differences among the individuals. As a matter of fact society is a heterogeneous

organization. If every individual is allowed unrestricted freedom to act and behave, it may

create social disorder. For an orderly social life social control is necessary. The aims of social

control are to bring out conformity, solidarity and continuity of a particular group or society.

Social control is necessary for maintaining order in the society. It is necessary for every

society or group to maintain its social order and this is possible only when its members

behave in accordance with that social order. An important objective of social control is to

maintain the old order. Although enforcement of the old order in a changing society may

hinder social progress, yet it is necessary to maintain continuity and uniformity in society.

Without social control social unity would be a mere dream. Social control regulates behavior

in accordance with established norms which brings uniformity of behavior and leads to unity

among the individuals. The family maintains its unity because its members behave in a

similar manner in accordance with family norms.

No two men are alike in their attitudes, ideas, interests and habits. Even the children of same

parents do not have the same attitudes, habits or interests. Men believe in different religions,

dress, eat differently and have different ideologies. There are so many differences in the ways

of living of the people that at every moment there is the possibility of clash be-tween them. In

modern times this possibility has all the more increased because man has become too self-

centred. Social control is necessary to protect social interests and satisfy common needs. If
social control is removed and every individual is left to behave freely society would be

reduced to a state of lawlessness.

Social control refers generally to societal and political mechanisms or processes that regulate

individual and group behavior, leading to conformity and compliance to the rules of a given

society, state, or social group. Schools can further goals of social control by socializing

students into behaving in socially acceptable ways. Some may consider this type of

socialization a form of indoctrination. In any case, the social values that are present in

individuals are products of informal social control. It is exercised by a society without

explicitly stating these rules and is expressed through customs, norms, and mores. Individuals

are socialized consciously or subconsciously.

Social control may be enforced using informal sanctions, which may include shame, ridicule,

sarcasm, criticism and disapproval. In extreme cases sanctions may include social

discrimination and exclusion. For example, schoolmates may enforce gender norms by

ridiculing boys who undertake actions considered feminine, such as writing poetry or

dancing. Informal sanctions can have a powerful effect; individuals internalize the norm,

which becomes an aspect of personality.

Social control may also be enforced using formal sanctions. Formal sanctions may be used in

a large group in which an individual can choose to ignore the sanctions of other individuals.

This form of control usually takes the form of government action. Government and

organizations use law enforcement mechanisms and other formal sanctions, such as fines and

imprisonment. In schools, formal sanctions may include detention, suspension, or other

formal punishments.

By means of social control, students are taught the boundaries of acceptable behavior. They

carry these lessons with them into everyday life and, later, into careers. Thus, the social
control lessons learned in school may prepare students, for example, to be a docile proletariat

in a capitalist economy.

Q. 2 Critically analyze the effect of school on community. Discuss the role

of community in improving the school environment?

ANS:

Critically analyze the effect of school on community?

The school must play an active part to relate itself with the society. There are many educative

forces in the society, e.g. places of historical interest, temple, church, mosque and remnants

of human civilization. These forces may act as educator to the young people. In order to

create a relationship between school and society, the school can organize educational

excursion. Again, the relation between the two can be consolidated if school can assemble

different agencies of education and organize cultural program where students, teachers,

parents and the other members of the society will take part. Socialization and acculturation

among all, particularly different sections of the society, will enrich learners’ society.

1. Keep Pace in Social Needs

Society is an ever changing entity that is need of today. It may have no relevance in the

society of tomorrow. All the changes occur in social life are associated with the changes of

human need. A school has to keep pace with the changing society and to do that the

curriculum should be reviewed regularly keeping in mind the change in social demand and

needs.

2. Selection of Rules for Society

analyzing the principles and rules and selecting only those which have some good effects on

society. If the school fails to do it, the society will become a stagnant organization.

3. Moral and Intellectual Development of Students

Schools are established in many societies of the world so as to instill in the pupils those

skill’s which will afford them the opportunity of taking their rightful positions in the society;

but this function cannot be adequately accomplished without the assistance of the home

because both the home and the school perform complimentary functions in the moral and

intellectual development of the child. This means that the child cannot be educated in a

vacuum or in isolation.

4. Development of Personality

For a child to be educated there must be interaction between him and his physical and social

environment. By this we mean that education is the development of personality. It is

something which goes on both inside and outside the home and in the school. In other words,

education is an activity of the whole community.

5. Transmission of the Cultural Values

Education is used to transmit cultural values in next generation. One important implication of

looking at education as the transmitter of cultural values is the fact that education can be

influenced by the culture of the society in which it takes place. For this reason, one may infer

that for a child to be educated, he must be influenced by his environment and, in turn, be

capable of influencing it. And it is only by the concept of the continuous interaction of the

individual and his society that the development of personality can be properly understood.

We have noted above that education is a means through which the cultural values of a

particular society are transmitted from one generation to another. Through this process, the
society is able to achieve basic social conformity and ensure that its traditional values,

beliefs, attitudes and aspirations are maintained and preserved.

Discuss the role of community in improving the school environment?

To help educators use the Glossary as a school communications tool, we created the

following guide. While the recommendations are focused on schools, any educational

institution or organization will be able to apply the strategies. If we have overlooked

anything, Link to entries on your website or blog. If you are explaining a new school-

improvement initiative, whether it’s project-based learning or professional learning

communities, consider including links to Glossary entries on your website or school blog.

Explaining the technical nuances of a new strategy in accessible language can take a lot of

time and thought, and it often proves to be trickier than it appears. If our entries are relevant

and useful to your school-communications work, let us do some of the work for you. You can

link specific terms on your website or direct visitors to our entries if they want to learn more

about a particular concept or strategy.

1. Incorporate entries into social media.

Does your school have a Facebook page? Do you tweet? If so, consider posting or tweeting

Glossary entries from time to time as a way to build greater understanding of specific school-

improvement ideas. For many people, social media have become their primary sources of

news and networking, and it’s where they are regularly exposed to new ideas, readings,

videos, resources, and innovations. And because people can like posts or retweet, social

media helps to spread ideas through personal relationships, professional networks, and

communities.

2. Reuse and repurpose Glossary content.

schools are free to reuse, republish, and repurpose all of our content, including excerpts,

provided that the following guidelines are followed: (1) the Glossary of Education Reform

and Great Schools Partnership should be credited as the original source of the content; (2) the

republished or repurposed content cannot be sold or used commercially in any way; and (3)

modifications to the content are allowed (even encouraged), but all modified content must

also carry a Creative Commons license so that others can republish and repurpose it. That’s

right: Go ahead and use our content if it helps you out! To acknowledge the Glossary, simply

use the CC license that appears at the bottom of an entry or add you can add the line

“Adapted [or Republished] from the Glossary of Education Reform by the Great Schools

Partnership” beneath on your website content or print materials (adding links where

appropriate). Learn more about CC licenses →

3. Print and email entries.

Do you have an upcoming community forum, orientation program, or event for parents and

families? Consider distributing—through printed handouts, email, newsletters, or other

publications—any entry or selection of text that serves your school’s communication needs.

Increasing understanding of new and proposed initiatives can lead to greater community

support for your work. We have worked hard to create understandable introductions to

complex topics, so go ahead and use them if they help.

4. Brief your school board and elected officials.

In every school community, local elected representatives—whether they are school-board

members, city officials, or state legislators—are among your most vital constituents and

supporters. Making sure these community leaders truly understand what your school is

doing—and why it matters for students—is one of the most important jobs school leaders
have. Consider using or adapting our entries as needed when briefing your school board and

local officials about new or proposed strategies.

5. Send journalists to the Glossary.

The glossary was created in collaboration with the Education Writers Association, a national

organization that supports education reporters, so journalists are one of our target audiences.

What this means is that every entry was specifically created with journalists, editors, and

media professionals in mind. All entries are factual, objective, and impartial, and many

include a debate section that discusses the major arguments for or against specific reforms.

The goal of each entry is to provide a succinct (as possible) overview of a topic, and how it

works in real schools. For this reason, the Glossary can be used as a go-to resource when you

are trying to explain tricky school-improvement topics to your local media. Either before or

after an interview, for example, consider sending an entry to journalists so they have a

substantive overview of a school-improvement strategy you may discuss and they may write

about. You can also encourage journalists to quote or excerpt the Glossary in their stories

whenever it’s useful. Journalists generally welcome and appreciate resources that will help

them write stronger and more accurate stories.

6. Create your own common or shared definitions.

While school-improvement strategies typically share similar features, they are often designed

and implemented differently from school to school. As you or your leadership team work to

create shared definitions or develop a common understanding of certain terms and strategies,

consider using the Glossary as a starting point. When creating definitions or descriptions of

new initiatives, keep in mind that it’s always best to use language that is precise and yet

universally accessible. When both educators and non-educators alike can understand your

descriptions, you have created communications assets that you can be used with multiple
audiences. In addition, developing definitions in collaboration with a variety of stakeholders

is a great way to promote greater voice and shared leadership in your school community.

7. Build your own online glossary.

If you find that your school is using a lot of terms that may not be understandable to some

students, parents, or community members, consider creating and publishing a glossary on

your website that defines the common terms you use. Again, if our entries are useful when

building your own glossary, feel free to republish or repurpose our content, or link to entries

as needed.

8. Reduce or eliminate jargon.

While common definitions and online glossaries can be very useful, the surest way to

improve understanding in your community is to avoid jargon whenever possible. Consider

using the Glossary to come up with alternative ways to describe and talk about your school-

improvement work. For example, the term “assessment” is widely used in education. Even

though most people are familiar with the term, it’s still jargon because it may refer to wide

variety of sophisticated educational, pedagogical, and testing practices. Instead of saying

“assessing students,” perhaps “evaluating what students have learned using a variety of

methods such as X, Y, and Z” is more fitting for a given audience. Unpacking jargon can be a

highly effective communication strategy, particularly when you focus your descriptions on

what really matters—i.e., the goal of a strategy rather than its process. For example, saying

“we’re making sure your child has learned what she was taught” is likely to resonate with

parents more than “we’re formatively assessing your child throughout the year.”

9. Have text-based discussions.

Glossary entries can also be used in text-based discussions with staff, students, parents,

leadership teams, and others. Text-based discussions are a great way to focus and structure a

conversation, while also increasing understanding of a particular topic. For example, school
leaders could hold informal focus groups as a way to solicit community feedback on school-

improvement initiatives or learn how to improve communications with stakeholders. During a

focus group, time could also be set aside for a text-based discussion about a particular

strategy your school is pursuing. Discussions such as these often provide school leaders with

powerful insights about how certain concepts and strategies are perceived, understood, or

valued by community members.

10. Use the Glossary as an educational resource.

When it comes to describing educational concepts in accessible ways or increasing

understanding in your community, one complicating factor is that school-improvement

concepts do not exist in a vacuum—they are always inextricably linked to other concepts and

practices. For example, explaining the rationale behind a demonstration of learning will likely

be much easier if your audience is also familiar with concepts such as authentic

learning, relevance, or 21st century skills. The difficulty, of course, is that making these

connections is complicated and can take a lot of time. The good news is that every Glossary

entry contains links to related entries where readers can find additional definitions and

discussions. Over time, these connections can build a more holistic understanding of certain

topics by exposing their connections to other ideas and strategies.

Q. 3 Analyze the relationship between communication and effective

teaching. How can you as a teacher create conductive learning

environment?

ANS:
Analyze the relationship between communication and effective teaching

Communication skills can be defined as the transmission of a message that Communication

skills can be defined as the transmission of a message that involves the shared understanding

between the contexts in which the communication takes place (Saunders and Mills, 1999). In

addition, teacher communication skills are important for a teacher in delivery of education to

students (McCarthy and Carter, 2001). Communication skills involve listening and speaking

as well as reading and writing. For effective teaching a teacher need to be highly skilled in all

these areas. Teacher with good communication always make the things easier and

understandable (Freddie Silver). Effective communication skills are really important for a

teacher in transmitting of education, classroom management and interaction with students in

the class. Teacher has to teach the students having different thinking approaches. To teach in

accordance with the ability and capability of the students a teacher need to adopt such skills

of communication which motivate the students toward their learning process (Sng Bee,2012).

Good communication skills of teacher are the basic need of academics success of students,

and professional success of life. Teacher communicates more instructions orally in classroom

to students. Teacher with poor communication skills may cause failure of students to learn

and promote their academics. Student need to understand that what is right, and what is

wrong while it totally depend upon the communication skills of teachers which he adopt in

class-room (Sherwyn P. Morreale, Michael M. Osborn Judy c. Pearson, 2000). Good

communications minimize the potential of unkind feeling during the process of teaching. For

learning the learner must be attentive toward their teacher during the lecture. Loss (2000),

recommended that teacher communicate in clear and understandable manner. Communication

is a dynamic process which need of mind and courage to face the other and convey his/her

massage in effective way. Communication process is successful when we deliver the massage

in clear and understandable way. Effective communication need to convey and accept his/her
massage in all kind of situation and circumstances. Good communication is considered a

strong tool `for effectiveness in the teaching profession (Monika Srivastava, NA) As variety

of skills are needed for good teaching and teachers. A study conducted by Ehindero &

Ajibade, (2000) indicates that for effective teaching, teacher requires good communication

skills such as good communication, good classroom management, updating knowledge and

maintaining personality. No one can teach effectively until having these basics skills of

teaching. Different research revolves that there is significant co-relation between

communication skills and supervisor perception of job performance (Maes, Weldy, &

Icenogle, 1997). Furthermore, Student’s character building and academic background totally

depends upon the professional attitude of teachers. If teachers adopt positive professional

attitude towards the students in their academic and as well as their social achievements, then

students can easily promote their academic level. Teacher has the responsibility to teach and

practically prepare students for the purpose that they can cope with all type of situations. It

also comes under the responsibilities of teacher to behave as role model to the students

(Honby, 2006). Communication means the process which one adopts while sharing his / her

views with others. For a teacher it is necessary to have good communication skills for the

good learning of the students. Teachers need good communication skills for facilitating the

students and achieving good professional goals. Effectiveness of teaching is not dependent on

technicality but on the method adopted by the teacher while teaching to the students.

Teachers need clear communication for the good understanding of students and avoiding the

problems for students while learning from their lecture. It is also needed by the teachers to

understand first himself before teaching to students (Loss, J. 2000). Good communication is

not only needed for the effective teaching profession but it is also very important for the

effectiveness of every concern to our life (Batenburg & Smal, 1997 Cited in

Ihmeideh).Performance of teachers in classroom totally depends upon the communication

massage or deliver the lecture in an understandable manner.

How can you as a teacher create conducive learning environment?

Effective teachers look for every available opportunity to increase student learning. The

classroom environment is a teaching resource that should not be ignored. Students and

teachers spend the majority of their day in school classrooms, and it’s your responsibility to

foster an environment and atmosphere that enhance learning. Developing a classroom

environment conducive to learning is a process that entails staging the physical space, getting

the students to cooperate, creating a communal environment, and finally maintaining a

positive classroom climate and culture.

Physical Space

To create a classroom environment conducive to learning, you must first focus on the

physical space. Use every possible area of the room to create an atmosphere that encourages

participation and learning. The physical space includes the layout and arrangement of the

desks or tables, the placement of computers and equipment, and items on the bulletin boards

and walls.

In modern classrooms the tables and desks are usually not fixed, allowing for various seating

arrangements. Take time to draw up a seating plan based on how you expect to conduct your

lessons. If you’ll give a lot of instruction, it’s ideal to have any students who have difficulties

closer to you so that they have greater access to the lesson. If you’ll require your students to

take part in collaborative activities, you can arrange the classroom so that you have maximum

visibility of all groups, which may then be clustered around the classroom as appropriate.

You may be required to make individual seating changes based on disruptive behavior,

keeping students who are more likely to be disruptive closer to you and rewarding them by
allowing them to move if they learn to conduct themselves more appropriately. You could

also allow students to be clustered around focus areas for activities, moving back to a more

traditional seating arrangement when they have completed the activity. Always try to

accommodate the physical size of students by procuring an adequately sized desk for them.

Next, consider the furniture and equipment you must fit into your classroom. Where are the

electrical outlets? Which pieces of equipment may need to be plugged into them? Where is

the chalkboard or projector screen? Will students need a clear view of them? Where should

you place your desk to allow maximum observation and encourage good behavior? Finally,

students with special needs often require extra attention. For instance, a student with visual

impairment or behavior problems may need to be placed in the action zone, the area in the

front and the middle of the class.

After arranging the room with the optimal furniture placement, you must assume

responsibility for the organization of the entire classroom. Where will the students keep their

supplies? What resources will you need daily access to? Supplies, bins, shelves, and cabinets

should be carefully organized and easily accessible. The wall space and interest centers will

suit a well-organized and efficient classroom and will optimize students’ learning potential.

Find creative ways for students to explore and learn in their environment, and set up learning

centers throughout the class. Learning centers are creatively staged learning areas that allow

students to participate in activities related to the curriculum. Teachers will prepare an activity

at each center. Activities are typically hands-on and are fun for the students. Learning centers

may include a computer center, a science center, a reading corner, or an interactive bulletin

board.

Another dimension of the physical classroom is the wall space. Wall space should be pleasing

to the eye, with special attention to student morale and learning. One way of accomplishing
this is an organized display of student work. Displaying student work not only boosts morale

but also fosters ownership of the classroom.

Bulletin boards make the room look neat and attractive and are a source of learning by

highlighting key facts or by allowing student interaction. Interactive bulletin boards are

bulletin boards that allow students to participate in an activity that reinforces the class’s

objectives. Bulletin boards can also be electronic, which can easily be set up for any subject

area. These may be used differently from traditional “on-the-wall” bulletin boards, but allow

multiple students to access any problems you post on the board and discuss or propose

answers among themselves before you intervene with the correct answer. Establish ground

rules to ensure the use of bulletin boards is effective.

Getting Students to Cooperate

One of the most challenging aspects of maintaining a neat and organized environment that is

conducive to learning is getting the students to cooperate. To begin, you should clearly define

the rules and routines for transitions between activities and classes. Practice the transitions

with the class, and correct undesirable behaviors. Decrease the amount of unstructured time

by having materials prepared and readily available.

After you’ve established the ground rules, you’re responsible for making appropriate

demands, giving clear signals, and being consistent. You’ll also learn to anticipate problems

and correct them as a means of preventing disorder. You must have a plan for every minute

of the day and have a goal of keeping students busy.

Creating a Communal Atmosphere

A communal atmosphere is a feeling established by instilling a sense of community among

the students. Another way to express this is creating a learning community. After establishing

the rules, routines, and transitions, your next objective will be to transition the classroom into
a communal atmosphere, focusing on relationships and taking a personal interest in each

contributor to the community.

Your care, as the teacher, extends to every aspect of the learning environment, including

curriculum, instruction, assessment, and society. If students are aware that you care, they will

be more willing to make an effort to please you. As a teacher, you need to lead your students

by example. Displaying a caring attitude toward each student will encourage them to treat

each other with the same attitude. Dealing with conflict in a caring and understanding manner

will have the same effect. You need to encourage all learners to treat each other with respect

and care, because this promotes a positive learning environment and can improve

collaboration among students.

Classroom Climate and Culture

After establishing a classroom community, the final step in creating a positive atmosphere

conducive to learning is to develop a positive classroom climate and culture. A classroom’s

climate and culture are the atmosphere and quality of life in a classroom. Your role as teacher

is that of the primary contributor to the climate and culture. Your interaction with the

students, disciplinary measures, mannerisms, support, encouragement, cooperation, and focus

on individual students all contribute to an atmosphere conducive to learning.

Although they are complex and multifaceted, classrooms with a climate and culture

conducive to learning share similar characteristics. The teacher is caring and supportive. The

lessons are well organized, progress smoothly, and are free from interruptions. The content is

challenging without being frustrating, and activities are relevant and interest students. Open,

warm relationships among students are encouraged, and cooperation and respect are

expected. Stress and anxiety levels are low, and there is limited conflict.
Q. 4 Elaborate how technology has served as an agent of change, discuss its

advantages and limitations?

ANS:

Only change is permanent in this existing world, the informational technology brought

changes in a real manner because it involves the technology. Technologies significantly

affect human as well as other species' ability to control and adapt to their natural

environments. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In

many societies, technology has helped to develop more advanced economies. Various

implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often

raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of

human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of

traditional norms.

Technological change is a term that is used to describe the overall process of invention,

innovation and diffusion of technology or processes. The term is synonymous with

technological development, technological achievement, and technological progress. In

essence technological change is the invention of a technology (or a process), the continuous

process of improving a technology (in which it often becomes cheaper) and its diffusion

throughout industry or society. In short, technological change is based on both better and

more technology. “There is nothing like returning to a place that remains unchanged to find

the ways in which you yourself have altered.”

Technology is helping teachers to expand beyond linear, text-based learning and to engage

students who learn best in other ways. Its role in schools has evolved from a contained

“computer class” into a versatile learning tool that could change how we demonstrate
concepts, assign projects and assess progress. This unit will concentrate on the technological

changes and its impact on contemporary society in general and particularly in the schools.

Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts,

systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific

function. It can also refer to the collection and utilization of such tools, machinery, and

procedures.

It can strengthen as well as alleviate the impacts of human activities. The role of technology

has recently moved to the forefront of both science and policy in addressing climate change.

The long time span involved in climate change from decades to centuries puts technological

change “in the driver’s seat”, because over long time periods technological systems are

highly malleable, whereas in the short run they are largely inflexible. Technology and society

refers to cyclical co-dependence, co-influence, co-production of technology and society upon

the other (technology upon culture, and vice-versa). This synergistic relationship occurred

from the dawn of humankind, with the invention of simple tools and continues into modern

technologies such as the printing press and computers.

Technology had become a trend to almost all aspect of the future nowadays. All had been

conforming to how technology behaves. From the creation of new machines to the uses of

micro devices that are now gaining recognition. As far as technology is concerned, almost all

new created and establish things are in line with how technology affects it. Traditional ways

of doing things are now beginning and slowly diminishing as new improved ways are starting

to emerge. Even from the start of studying technology there are some downsides to its

benefits. Technology is always viewed as a two way thing, giving benefits to the people and

on the other side creates undesirable effect to the society as well as to the environment.

Society today can be differentiate automatically to the way it looks and feel way back many

years ago. There are many aspects and fields to which technology had affect the way people
lived, from everyday living to political, social, economical, educational, and ethical issues of

human beings. People had change greatly as technology had also been improving to help and

address the needs of people in their application, whether to make work easier or to take

pleasure and bliss out of the product from technology. If all would be enumerated to discuss

all the effects of technology to how society now changes would have a long list of items.

People are now discovering things that are to address their needs. Even communication is

now very effective that distance is not an issue anymore. Even of greater distance, many

people are able to be in touch with each other. Technology changes society by changing our

environment to which we in turn, adapt. This change is usually in the material environment,

and the adjustment we make to the changes often modifies customs and social institutions.

The growth of technology is one of the most debatable topics. Some scientists refer to it as a

disaster while some refer to it as a blessing. No doubt that we live in the age of technology

where it has become an important part of our life but it can sometimes act as a hindrance too

if dependency continues to increase. Before we jump to any conclusion, let’s weigh the pros

and cons of technology.

Here are the advantage and disadvantage of technology

Advantage

Improves efficiency for Business

The best advantage of any technology is that it increases the efficiency of a business process.

We can perform more tasks in less time. From shared drives to emails, communication,

coordination, execution and implementation of a lot of business processes has become swift

and hassle-free, all thanks to technology.

Saves time

A very obvious advantage of technology is that it saves time. As we are able to complete a

task in lesser time, we can utilize the time saved for other important activities. With the help
of technology a lot of activities such as cooking, cleaning, working, commuting are

accomplished faster.

Better communication

In earlier times, communicating with a person belonging to a different part of the world was

difficult. Think about it! Think back to the time when people had to communicate using

pigeons or letters, something that took days or weeks! However today the world has come

closer and one can easily connect with a person sitting in another corner of the world, all

thanks to technology.

Reduces cybercrime risks

The biggest benefit of technology is to the cyber world. AI (Artificial intelligence) algorithms

are qualified to detect a change in patterns that are unique from the normal pattern.

Implementing AI to detect cyber-attack is still at an early stage, but with advancement in

technology, one can expect to prevent it. Hence the chances of getting a cyber-attack are

reduced.

Disadvantage

Besides the advantages discussed above, there are also some disadvantages of technological

advancements:

Extreme dependability

With each passing day, we are becoming more and more dependent on technology for almost

every task without even realizing it. A common example of this is using a cab service.

Another example is using GPS to know the directions of any desired location. A lot of people

today do not bother learning or memorizing directions because they depend on Google Maps

for it. In a lot of ways, that’s not a good path we’re going down!

Expensive
Although technology is already a part of many people’s lives, there are still some people out

there who cannot afford some technologies. Many technologies that are being used by the

organizations are expensive. As a results, one of technology’s biggest cons is that it can only

be used by those who can afford it.

Shortage of jobs

With technology, the efficiency of a task has increased tenfold and this is the reason why the

technology might be able to replace humans soon. An increase in technology is going to

ensure that tasks that humans could do earlier can now be achieved by machines and

technology. Thus, creating a shortage of jobs.

Nowadays even organizations prefer technology that is capable of doing tasks more

efficiently than humans. Thus, with the rise of technology humans can be replaced by

algorithms and robots.

Malfunctions

The biggest disadvantage of technology is that all are machine driven. And a minor lapse in

the functioning can create a situation that cannot be controlled. So, a minor malfunction may

cause a complete failure which can cost a human life as well.

Now that we have discussed how technology benefits us and also the disadvantages of

technology today, we’re confused about whether to perceive it as a boon or bane. Only time

can validate the future of technology. We also think that as global citizens, we have a

responsibility of allowing certain technologies into our lives. It’s up to us to make the

decisions
Q. 5 Describe the development of yearly plans for school community

collaboration. Discuss the importance of parent teacher meeting?

ANS:

Development of yearly plans for school community collaboration

Schools have long recognized that they have a role in supporting young people’s wider

development, of which educational attainment is a critically important part. The guidance

notes that excellent teaching and learning to unlock the potential of every child must continue

to be the core business of schools, on which they have the lead role. But schools can and do

also make a significant contribution to other aspects of development, both because these are

important in their own right for a good childhood and because they impact on children’s

ability to learn and develop. Schools as the universal service for children and their families

are uniquely well-placed to contribute to all aspects of their development, working with

parents and with other services. The school without compromising on its core mission of

educating children to their full potential contributes with others to all aspects of a child’s

social development, with a focus on early identification and prevention.

Schools do not exist in isolation and they cannot go it alone. To keep students in school their

social, economic, and family needs, as well as their academic needs must be met. They need

the support and help of the whole community. The often heard statement, "It takes a village

to raise a child," is very true. Volunteers and funding are two major ways that communities

support their schools. Some of the initiatives that involve partnering with the community are

School-to-Work Programmes, after-school centers, and parental involvement programmes.

Coordinating community collaborations to avoid duplication and keeping them focused on a

common goal is a challenge.

Improving School-Community Collaboration by Formulating Objectives

school-community relations; below are some points:

1. Encourage community use of school facilities:

Often the school building sits empty after the end of the normal school day. Encouraging

non-profit community groups to use the facilities is not only a good use of resources but also

provides an opportunity for the school to put its best foot forward. Some schools have

reported a reduction in destruction because of the various activities.

2. Student Recognition:

Invite students who earned a place on the honour roll to an Honours Banquet; the banquet can

be held at a local restaurant during school hours or in the evening. In many communities,

restaurants may be willing to support a programme of this nature by providing meals at cost

or even at reduced prices. Invite prominent people to speak at the banquet educational

leaders, political leaders, business people; the list can be endless.

3. Gold Cards:

Give students who earn a place on the Honour Roll a Gold Card which is honoured by

participating businesses who provide discounts to students for the marking period. Some

businesses provide reduced prices on items in their stores while others allow students to have

something for free, i.e., a free video rental.

4. Honour Society:

Make a determined effort to share the recognition of students by honouring them during the

school day, with other students in attendance. Most parents are more than willing to come in

during the day to participate in the ceremony. If it is not possible to have the ceremony during

the day, have it in the evening but be sure to invite faculty, staff and students to attend.

5. Honours Passes:
Students who earn a place on the Honour Roll could receive an Honours Pass which allows

them certain freedom of movement in the building. A list of guidelines can be developed and

students can be asked to sign agreements to abide by these guidelines. We want to send the

message that the students on the honour roll have demonstrated a commitment to academic

excellence and have shown a maturity of judgment and an acceptance of responsibility that

entitle them to more rights and privileges.

6. Senior Citizens Banquet:

At least once a year, perhaps around the time of a music concert, invite senior citizens to a

luncheon banquet at the school; the banquet, run with the cooperation of the school lunch

programme, can be sponsored by a class, by a school service organization, or by the entire

school, if it is small one. Parents have been very willing to come in to assist in the preparation

of the meal. Prior to the banquet, invite the senior citizens to a dress rehearsal of the musical

programme, since many senior citizens are reluctant to attend programmes in the evening.

7. Senior Citizens Passes: provide passes to area senior citizens to attend all school functions

at no charge; while some will provide a donation in exchange for the ticket, many will

appreciate the extra welcome provided by the school.

8. Back to School Week:

Choose a week during the school year to invite parents and community members to your

school. Businesses have been more and more willing to provide release time to their

employees for activities of this nature. Make a special effort to personally invite community

and business leaders to attend school for the day, or part of the day.

9. Honours Assemblies:

At the end of each marking period, hold an honours assembly at which students on the

honour roll receive certificates, bumper stickers and gold cards for having earned a place on

the Honour Roll.

Parent-teacher meetings are a regular feature of school life. Often they add to stress loads.

Not only do they usually occur before or after a busy day of teaching, many teachers feel

uncomfortable dealing with parents.

Communication with parents and guardians of students require considerable planning and

effort on the teacher’s part. One method will not work with all parents. Communication with

families can be face-to-face, written or electronic. An opportunity for face-to-face verbal

communication occurs at parent-teacher conferences. If run effectively, conferences can offer

great opportunities to establish good relationships, but if handled poorly, they can have

negative consequences. Setting up the environment for the interviews is important. Schools

should have a clear space to meet with the parents. Wherever possible, avoid setting up a

table between teacher and the parent. Ideally teacher should be seated alongside the parent so

that discussion can be made properly.

Tips for a Successful Parent-Teacher Conference

Following are some tips for teachers:

1. It is important to ensure the space is private and that conversations can be held

confidentially. A clearly signposted waiting area should be provided for parents. Provide

waiting parents with a folder of their child's work samples or a list of questions they might

like to reflect on. Identify key points and issues to discuss. Use appropriate work samples to

illustrate key messages.

2. It is important to stick to the designated appointment times. If a longer period of time is

likely to be needed, book a double block of time. If the allocated time has been utilized and

there are more issues to be discussed, make another appointment.

3. Always begin the meeting with something positive about the student. Many teachers find

the 'sandwich approach' helpful. Start with a positive, discuss areas where improvements can
be made and close with a positive statement. Parents want to know that teacher know and

care about their child, even if there are challenges.

4. It is essential that the meetings should be held in clear, fair and transparent are honest and

clear. The Stephen Covey term 'Talk straight' is particularly relevant to Parent-Teacher

meetings. It is important to ensure that teacher is not 'sugar coating' things too much to avoid

confrontation or being too blunt and thereby causing offence. Parents need to be given

accurate information. However, teachers also need to phrase things carefully so that they are

not seen as criticizing their parenting. Getting the balance right ensures that at the conclusion

of the meeting the parent has received the clear message that the teacher had intended.

5. The intention of Parent-Teacher meetings should always be for both parties to share

information about the student. The aim should be for both parties to have a better (hopefully

shared) understanding of the student. It is therefore important to listen as well as give

information to parents. Teacher should ask if they have any information that he/she should be

aware of.

6. Avoid meetings becoming a 'point scoring' event. The meetings are NOT about who is

right and who is wrong. They are about building up a partnership to assist the student.

Teacher should give some thought to know that how parents of this particular student could

assist them at home?

7. At the end of the session, teacher should summarize with the help of parent, the plans or

commitments that have been made and agree on the timeline. S/he should allow time in

his/her schedule to jot down some notes of the key points and any commitments made.