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Titchmarsh The Riemann Zeta Function

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175 views211 pages

Titchmarsh The Riemann Zeta Function

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LEONCIO IBARRA
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THE THEORY OF THE RIEMANN ZETA-FUNCTION B.C. TITCHMARSH ERS. SECOND EDITION D.R, HEATH-BROWN CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD 1986 ny rm tn St, Od 86D? cd wae ms Ord Unry Pre ty Ontrd riety Pres Ne Yok 7h Ener of ea Mt Tahar an BB, “citi melons phar orig secre Cae” ‘peterpan 9 Ba Unena r irae Eat re Re ea ced Bae ee em ee ere ‘Sige nit gpd nt gr eso ‘Baw awsSant ay of Congres Cag abn De Sy Man nk a, rire 105 PREPACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ‘Since the it dition was writen, avast mount of farther work bat teen done This as born coved by the ed-ofchapler acts In met ance, rtricons on mace have prohibited the inclusion of fll proof but T have tid to give an indication of the methods oad ‘hercve poate. root a ute afew of he recent rota dened Inthe nd ofhepter notr may be fund inthe bok by vie (3} Five tao comected a nuber of minor errs aad made a few oder sal inprovemons toto (ext. A cosiderabe umber of resent radeon PDEA Eliot, AGhohy 8 Mons HL Monegomty, and ‘3.4. Paterson Tin plane to record my Shanks them arena DRED PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION “Tu book is a escenor o my Cambridge Tract The eto Function of Fiomenn i, which ie ow out of print end out of dete Tt oem M0 Iongerracticable give an sccountofheaubjectnauch small apace ot iene gonerl prime number theory, though thar been convenient {o include some shoreme on primes ‘Moet of this book wae compiled in the 1600, when I wae atl escarching op the subject. Tt has been brought partly uptodate by {luting wome ofthe work of A Rllery nn ef Vinngrnde, th = {eat den! of recent work encanta represented, ‘he manuscript hat boon ra by De 8. H. Min and by Pro DB ‘Searm and my best hanks ave dete th for correcting a lang umber ‘fmirenkes, Tmo lo thank Prot FV, Atkinson an Dr. M, Fast for thee Hind anitance in eading the poof sheet, aren Bon, ar CONTENTS Pees inang so) tanorpemnn ‘stnion Zee tal Se Hlaed e Hanbnps oaen See cela Bam sn atte Ma Sgt ‘Axons conebguencts " ME etna ete em ed nde. ‘syn ae thre Gunn ste tei Erie Banna mime Se mb Bete Talc Tr pet Bc aor ee Shei pe Mane ae tr auc Vipul’ momense heen. Ving mo wo Nopen teapot rim Te Vp as sin corey ee pre od Soe SOUR Sot et Sree SRE tno menage sect Flisre scents ota 2 ies ny le Re Sonsminimcisem aes {Rncise NyP) Tee Navy Utrosod band. Snags hr ‘tReet Roane pcs fe ee me ‘Sinan on Ero dees 2) ‘Tina cea Col Toecree > Toecne ch Sse aaa a See are vee fA Mere ca the eae b= More Ow MENDEL rom, Fee he nse, 9st arn awe SSngnun cer enir e e Scochetaleeemytns Boron ear ‘ran ance of Tran’ pt ‘THE PUNCTION f(s) AND THE DIRICHLET SERIES RELATED TO IT 1.1, Deftiton of). The Riemann at-funion a toga SC uutey epee by the tre rane wo Sh hee ne raga ned “TH 3 hee pu whl hf ee may aa ‘esnetcin rbe vues ebm iti ssmngoe tre tad reine ye region in wich 9 > 145,80 Te therefore dee so aly one: Son 0). epee eo "The inne product iano actly convergent fro > 1 fone Sele ay ay this tng merely eeton of tenon fam the ein Eat, 1 we T(erptyet-) (On mslplying frmally, we obtain the series (1.1), since each Intogem oun be expres veo produt of pw powes pn ust one tty titer tat the expreaon of a lntage pin Factors Ie ‘Aigo proot say conatuct by taking it a Site number ‘of fate noo wo eam ulpy a Baie ber of abeletely eon ‘engeat series, we ave [freee jededen ‘rte my myer thwn nagar noe of whore rine factarsexsed ? Sine all integers upto are of thi form, allo that, if £6) fe ‘Thin tnd to au P+ cote > 1; and (1.13) flows, "Thin fodamarntal itty due to Bue, ood (3) brown os Bale’ rue Bist Euler condoned i for parla vale ofc ‘andi na Birman who fiw comiderd (0) x an analy faction ‘of complex variable Sine converse inte product of non-zero factors i no zr, we deduce that {ls} kav no nee for ¢"> 1. Thin may be proved devi u flows. We have foe © > 1 there my Mac At the epee alo whote prime fctrn oxen Hove It [> i P inlays eng Hence If) > 0 ‘The importa of {0} the teary of pean nambers le in tho tet tee eines re exprioim seo wi ui ie plan ‘apliey, while the other deme mot. Tho theory of primes i lege ‘cerned wil the unetion ns, the momber of prs nat exceding 2 ona (1112) nt olaion between} and te: fori 4 oy aay Ioglt =~) = 018-7. esta goo TIh-p) aay wet) — 2p = (19 I he prods of Feu pes, Sod p(s) = Ola contains any fat Wo & power higher than th Bit. "The poo i uly jst a a the eae of El) ‘The function pa) i known an the Motion funstion, Tt asthe pope Exo 1@=0, o@ >, as) share dig manna ch dia disor of, The follows frm the easy a ~ Z1, cas Sao ¥ off)oe, a4) oneating two funtion fe, (n) Aefined for integral n, 1m ‘ig deed by (018) the ghthand ideo (L477) Se) Se. "The count off a lt} ~ 1. Ir < then d — hr where ki by (1.1.5). Tie proves (1.1.7). Convey, ge piven, and finde By (1.7), then height hand i of (1.8) Zap. nd he gh by & sine arpement. The formois may leo be Adv ema tosh oval er tne not S40, r= ph SE tee n= 54, Aganon taking lait and diferotinting (1.1. we bt for * 4 i i \ BTR ~~ ed, 1 ay sebereA(n)=logp ifs p oF & power of pan otherwise A) = 0. On inagrtng we obtain ogo = 5 wher Ae) ~ Alnor, and tha val of lg) eat whic tends Xo One 9 > for any Hua 1.2. Various Dirichlet series connected with Zs) In the fiat pe Au) f>n, ay $42 o> nan shored) dnote the number of divs of (ning 1 and nul) “ wo-SES2- 5253 snd he ner tea that a An eer = F42 won, oa A. and dein in was oxi 2 ans proce of ftom expenionn with the ance factors fm Alert order beng eousted se deret. For He) -3e 33 td the ak wm dh ‘Since we have also ‘ wom TIS = Tita} wan ‘on comparing the coefiints in (1.21) and (L28) wo very the sementary formula lo) = (mtn) asa =o 26) Sinaty fom (123) 26) ay ae os) (1210) aw 7} B-DeS-Tt sd his ites foe te fr fo 1) ely a tht ha the Squcvalfotine oreuisaeeet sot Horm titnh ee i- De Lt Tet ape ts. sol the ea fale. To prove (128, felis Licey | Lape = Tose aetarste ti) Titties tem tet sn the eat flows, ince sf (29), 8) = (2m =D). Tee Es Cop iiaretasimi nineties Tt test meaty nd (210) flo. ‘Other forme are 429 $8 ey G2. $90) eon, eam bare Me (17 itn hae pine ry «fa of dg eg, ovmted fine 05H won aan where fe) isthe umber of ibe ln than mand pine to wand ease = 59) oe, zs) whee the meso ad dvr of OF hy, 2 fllors on to 9 T1023) Tah) “Pete Sar TIS) Tals e ee) “Tybee sd (1.238) allows, no, Af = Pah si (1.218 lows ty of tee formule are, of soar, imply pata cae the vocal formal srlare fe) bs multiatve fenotion, Then fo) = 10. Agia lot) denote the umber of repremntations ofa product ‘ef Efstor ech reste tha wity vena > I, thoorder of the factors Ting emi, Then cay SAG to-m oon sen Let fa} be the numberof representations of wat a produc of fats treater chan unity, representations with factor ina diereat order "Then Canine nese 10) = $0 + Elcoi-ip a asa = a wherein real mamber neater te tat (12.15) has for > 5 4.3, Sums Involving o(n- La oes af the dior of Then 35-382" cing fe G>e>Rery. sn) Siooe the oan eid i 8, fe eae Tl pta leet Layt eprom ~ Tbe wohave etn) = Speen ri ifm (1.29), a0 nae obvious fom eenentary considerations ‘The foraulat ee susie) aay in val foro > mas(,.Rl@)-+1,R(0}+1,R(a+b}1}. ‘The lf nd don egul to a Reig epee vm are L tome, 1 Rama (9.9 Ye ta T= Se sat eb Bo fom (8.2), He = 0,23 eb wa rms cing of, thao ath pone hw Se ea i fe profuctof nt fonctions nach a cecorin the shove frm, a at given polo intagr shan canna besamma. An expe wil Dutta his point The fnation| ‘ain ie mlipiaive, fm opel tom ima ods) Hence ~ Hone TT | SYS nites pe He » {THE FUNCTION co AND chm 1.5, Ramana’ cum 3 won where A ans through ll putes éntegee len tha and prime tf Many formulae involving theae sue wero proved hy Ramen Wo sal St prove sat fia 192 ein) Thesim ls equal to Eif Un and O otherwise. Denoting by (de hight common factor ofr and d, otal (fd) = nana at ri re tod, EO” F wad ence by tho invrion formule of Mobs (11.7) sand = 5 afin, s01 (1821 flow. In poser’ ‘a = nt 09) “hr ano be writen ‘Soming with wpe ob, we ene the ection om, wich now sen pe egw. Hess Sa pate 54 com tne senes bag aboitly convergent for @ > 1 ane [ef < oH, brass We have abe ie “ead SA) Sep Z je ase ESCM Spt oy nay, tomo, (9-4 ‘We camalso sum sro ofthe fort Saou, ‘er fo) ins ipontive fenton, For eas = BOX eal) Cie Se 7 tee Lp eam woos ie 5 a ane pone +35) eng esta ante) e-em 98- 2-9-9 TY ataer9— or given 8 ra through toe mail ofS whi are integer If Ap in ts lomo terme eB thse ave the number 5,28, EHS caro Zh 2 "TH FUNCTION co AND cpt Sine = 8,8 the zon SMP n0 J flow ss) 1.6, Thee ia asatbor elas of identi Snslving ite me of sett Bit Jo Seaton ean Wena gtd = es on SrPreiny = Se0'S ot sd the et flows fom (1.15). "A soely lated forma S20 2S ehoadie, us hess inn er (1.28),Tsllow ace om (a Shetty va ete So-S33} ‘Deine hy hie) te nomher of ven of which ave eine oe powers of pines, another Moms ofthe sme le ie es 14s here) i dna under (1.212) Par th a-ha ie ul to So Hence SM Hn 1 Se Late od Wate, ama 22 u ‘THE ANALYTIC CHARACTER OF {(+) AND ‘THE FUNCTIONAL EQUATION 2.1, Analvtie enotiauation and the fanctonal equation. frst Thethod, Pach ofthe formelae of Chaplr Is proved the spon ‘on that the wre or produce enone a aactetyenmrergent. ‘ich cs thn ett the region whet the flo proved tbe wait tore haplane For lol and alte Fdamental formals of 121, they he aflame o> ‘a have not to quis wher the nal fnation 2) nb ‘continued beyond ti elon. Therese "Dasomme 21. The fnciom [ie repla for all vals of 9 exept, «to Tere there na simple poe ith ene 1. I afe te final ation 9) 2-19 eu ‘ef which wil be ven ip ter sections We stall give 8 pool ‘epending on the fling station formele. at $a) be ony function with a continue derzaie in Ue ine UB) Pen denne te ere ine teeing water sede J ets-pyinert Ae) 0—I-DHO. 21) ‘Since he formule plainly sdtve with espoct tthe interval a) fullest suppoae tht nc a bn 1. One then hae +o fir e-petnse- on poorest fade “ ANALYTE CHARACTEROF AND On on teeing by pr. Th he right he sie of 23.2 vues n+ 1, a8 required, " Top, Ws = 9 wh #1, and an opting ite Ee fetes yee, ein Fintiskes > a= Iyand male b->0, Adding to enh de, we we) ~f Sine (e]— +4 bounded, thie ntgeal convent fr @ > 0, and ‘mifloly convergent im any date ron tothe ght of 0 ~ 8. Tt herefore defines an aralytie funtion of , sgular for @ 0. The hand side therefore provies the unas sontincation off) UP tog at thaw cay ape pone with le ithaes 1 eu ay Actually (21.4) gives the analytic contmanton of £4) foro > —1s frit ‘he tt i aay em ‘roa teary ge Yee Hewes a1 ‘Now wo hove the Four seses best ean where 2 not an Integer. Sabetting in (2:14), ane intagraing frst hy tory, obtain = 351 fone “Ee ite = foe {a dnt, a. (21.1). This valid primary or ~1 <0 <6. Hore, however, the righthand side anal for ll vals of aoc that oO. IE terete oe the anal enone ee the eae ‘ofthe plane, and there are no mnglariea other than the ole needy sacountered nt «= 1 Wo havo silt justly the tema-y-tenm integration. Sino the cis (217) is Loundelly convergent, tommy erm integrin over ‘hy Git range ermine Tes therfore suet prove that. to) = nent, a1 ese ala) Mer tinger tm) = EEE, rt wh x= foottt—9 = GEM, (eso) and aloft) = 1 eu Weiing Fe) = ble PTH en {a once veri from (2.15) and (2.1.9 that eu) €—0 eu) Wing Boys sass ery eon 5a) =n ey ‘The fonction! equation i therefore equivalent tothe atten chat is) in an oven faetion of =. "The wyprorimation ner 6 xn bo cro stage frter: ww ha 22, A scsiderate naar of vain ofthe shove proof oft ancional equation have been given. A sniarangunent waa sped by Hady,t not to (6) tal, bat to the function aaa qtu ey a ‘Tx FUNCTIONAL EQUATION ” ‘This Dishltsarien ie comeegont forall el pony vas of , sd ‘sues ofs ch these > 0. Hern of coe, ue ple a fab «= 1 cancelled by the a0 ofthe eter factor. "Thaw fats enable 3819 ‘ply the discon in rme respect ‘arly’ prof renew flows. Let Staton tie too ~ Sega ‘Thin sve i bound event and M21= (19 for me 2 < mb Nbe (=D, loch Matiplying by #0 << 1, and integrating oro (0,2), we obtain ¥d = Fenn tla ‘he erm-by er ntgrtion my be uid ain tho previous proof ‘The sere the lft. Efe Ecomimcar ot) ‘sarin cma fr <1 aan it mtn a Store eget sor, nr een oe Ro) a tas toe c> amie nnn oop Re) Siesta) ate 1 om eine same anti feton # rR Bam or 0creh, there = Pit pf ete niet S chp ‘nd the funetinal equation agin follows 23, Stil another roti based on Polson’ summation formula $.n0~ [powntmed, ea twoput a) = Yond ignore al gestion convergence woobtan the reat formally at onee The poof may be eetabhed in varias ways If we integrate by pats to Oban integrals nveving win 2m, » ANALYTIC CHARACTER OF (i) AND Chan we obtain «proof not fundamentally distinct fom the ret ret given Ire The formula tun se str noe sing mt Ona-nK “Acs ous of Poimon' forma enter ita wre of he lowing prooth (2.63) and (283) ae oth em of Poin orl, 24. Second method. The whol theory canbe developed in another vay, which i ono of Riemunn's methods. Hee the fundamental wah f Bie eon To prove thi, we have ro > 0 fovre cd firernate “ra SferranforSonne fe Suto and thie saa ty abclae convergence Ife > I xnoe i fr ade = Tiesto) scone or > uw comb the tga Te) Je a, ‘mbar the contour © start at nity othe postive el ax, eicen {he exgin ono in th pont when the logit ral cho began ofthe eantour; thes Togs) ‘aso fom 0 round the conan We can take to const of the real xi frm oto p (0 < p<) ‘he cn] =, a the real win from p to, On the ce, pre geen eet, emt > ala “ence tha integral round this cre tends to ero with p fe > 1. On jesus [ita = corer) 1) Heoae ean ‘This forma han eon proved for > 1, The ngs J) however, fu integral Fenelon of Elenco th formsin proven the sate Caninaaion of (0) over the whole plane The nly ponte sg vino 12, 3. We now already ) is eguar at ¢— 2, 3, and i fs flows at one from Ahoore that Zs) varizbe a to pnt, Hecte the cay ‘pile gelasty be ply posts Ir Here my) and rage nc the residue a the pa ‘Tea ia any Sneges, the negra in 1) iv one-vaued, a 1) can eval hor By, By ate Bernull's amber, we fad the flowing vlaee oe Ho = =I (PB Bok G43) ‘To deduce the funcional aqetin fom (2.42), take the integrad ‘ong the contour , consisting of th pote relaxin rom nity fo (2n4t}e, thon round the sqaure wih comer (2a Le( 1-4, td ‘hen bch to init slong the pstive rel nase Between he etary Hoam 0, foam co (aed Cth intogrand has ples a he point 4 imony 2inn. The line tt Sie ad Sin ace taether -(amecl "pt = (2mny-4eme-2 co ne (2m sa fs (Gren » Hence by the theorem of rides {5 Now lo <0 and make nr, Te fnton 11 todd onthe contr Cyan" = (sR thiol dC tne to a eon T= teeter Samer ir. ‘The fnconeqstion ww flows ssn “Two minor conanqunon ofthe fntional equation may be toted eer he ola ein or $ om 1) item) 2 nae flows fom the fantinal equation (211) with # = 12m, end the ale obtained above for {2m}. Alo (0) = —Hog2e. eas) or the funtions eatin given fame Fo) og te jetanden EO te uma Th the meighourhood of 1 cojeay, PAOD, ae Te 70 al" evry plete TT shore bina commant. Hones, making + 1 we obtain loge, Frtany and ©) “0 0d (245) flows 28, Valli of(2.2.1) for ale The orginal eric (1.1) ie naturly valid for @ > only, om account of tho polo =I, Tho ere 22.1) ‘oonvergent, and represents (12,0), for > 0. This ois comes » ‘Tax FUReTIONAL EQUATION 8 et three nothing nthe nature ofthe Fanetion (026 for al eae of Ta, $c ipereten ‘Thin jut by abalace convergence foro sage cotination for « > 0. We can now replace tis hy & lop atpral In the same way as (2:42) was obtained from (2.461). We obtain es © enelelo the origina Before, but exclude al rere of 2", athe pints logs Dh ‘Ciselear that, 022 1 te right-hand side tends to iit uniformly Tata sgn of te wpe cain pte tegen el by te theory of analyte continuation, the limit mtb (1-20 ‘This proves the icorom except If lea poo Integer, when the roof lanestary ‘Similar reels hed for othr mech of summation, ‘ira mernoa. ‘hit sno ont of teams ong pros Wo cnerve the f= 0 sorte = Pe) teste de = Ti. aS, the inversion being jtiGed by abealte convenwace, atin $24 ® ANALYTIC CHARACTER OF i) AND cap. weve bina Se8 wean t= iia imines oo eo ow is known at, for >, “a 4) Fee (8 Bs " a yonder Far vente - {alu Neer f beyond Mert fate ar fecrtsernina aye fs a i ‘he laet integral convergent fr al wavs of «ard mo the fra hi, by aelyl continuain, forall als of. Now he right had sides unchanged Ie replaced by Ie. Hence Not) = 9 ETH, ess) ‘hich i form ofthe fuetonal equation sscther prof ofthe factional equation fe w flows. For o>, (2:41) may be wet Hace“ corenm FA Bette worn mann ow i known that the function OAH ‘act reciprocal for nine transfor, hat 10)= JQ) femmerae ena) en, tng (220, somo — oni fron ~ on (8 feat front ewe cn et the ode of teat, hs shh frente fe shat fru sts ned = thehie dante akttan pe ay nthe fenton egetion agin flows, jt the inveesin, we obore tat the intel ‘ur i all ad unt to prove tat fy [ar(] =[jesinerae=o Nor Fetintvae— foe ena mn sntaie —yfh in du = O4y-", Sree) = Oty at = OF yo [roe fersnevae ornare foerners Fon yay = ey 0, ‘Asia etd shows tht the ate invting lo tnd 2.8, Pith method. The prom by wich (271 war bined rom (241) can beso idealy, Fo te ert wag, (221 pee {fetvttgete mat flea sd th ols aay contin fo 9 > 1, Bat facta Pe you (lee <0) Hee Tat = Jide (ieeco. aan the function) eqantion. The invevon ie fut by abglato con 29, Sixth method. The fornlat tk (ecco) eon saaly proved by the cleton of rede f= ye atgrend 5 O41"), thatthe intgel i convergent and the forme alae by analytic continuation, if > 0. » {WE FUNCTIONAL HQUATION * Wo may nxt transom thi into an integel long the pie el = singe F(R), alarde (O 1, and integrating fom oto coe, we obin [a Paes ‘The inversion onthe lh id fst by abslote convergence infact ea ett, eee whee 049 at Rew) = er ow “fms en Fett ty m2)", “etme, 1p, we Pee hd shoe Ls the estion of in the el ui, Hence Se te ae get an [EM felmereetetrg—in (SES Pete eno) ‘This formate bolts by the Usury of analtiscontnestion forall Ia $444 the ovo tem on the right ae conugsts, enon fo) 5 ering wesc on eb Tense - M9) = fot) = JU=oF = fei ~ $0 ‘he funetonat equation, = ANALYTIC CHARACTER OF 4) AND Count 2.41, A general formola involving {(). Ts wat cbacrved by |e particular awer of « formals containing on arbitrary function, ‘We have formals § rant formas =f eros where Fe) actors and the proces tifabl if Fa in bowed i any Site lleva, an Ole, where > 1, 82>. For thon SElfirvone vine 11 <0 0 (except at 6-1). Abo a ‘tr FUNCTIONAL EQUATION » ence we have Mita ferme an frre for{S 00-1 frioal es, aan Valid fr 0-< e-< 118 ie) sates tbe above condtions PG) — e* we abn (27.3) Pl) — "we oan formula gullet to tho of 26 if Fs) — Ij) we obtain 9 formula ‘whishivnle oan’ ty combining (241 with the foneioal etn IE Fe) =a toner we obtain rma equlaleat to (216), though ‘hs Ba) dose not entity ovr goerlsonitons. Ir Fie) = Mop, weave S rac! f rae S to) = feof Eioeries tae eed vena (Lae sd on iterating by parts we ota (2.02). 2.2. Zeros: factorization formule. ‘Paaowrat 2.12, Ko) ant Be) ne intra fenton of der 1 1 follows from (2 bat wo have proved shout fs) ie bai egear eee 1 Se 2G 9 arf 1 Hens) an et fewieste—riey Ojesnsy (eo), tnd hd goat > hi >4 wom o(u{)von-=cn eee eerste pm eneieg ans foro >, > A. By (2.1.1) this holds foro < f ako, Hoes ) ‘of ordee tt mest The ode in eaety 1 sows on co by tal ‘aloes og 00) ~ 2° age) ologe Heras sho Ele) = Ole) (fs) > A ‘and Bie) is of onder 1, Bus 3) in an oven fanstion. Hee 5) i ‘Shs am nega funtion, ond of onder ft therfore has ent ‘foro whee ponent of onvergenen ef Henes Bh an laity ‘ct onren whste exponen of covargenoe it I- The wane Sherefore eae of) ety be the nr of Woh lead ane tht a) hanno sro forg > 1. It the allows thom the fanstona enti (211) tia (lo) haw mo er for = sce fortes a a = 3, Ah Bp fo, fm 2AM A baa no soon fro <0, infor Baap sean at = 2, $0. ‘and Ps) has wo sores ‘Tee seroca ost 2, ~~, aroknown as the" tell see’, They ant soap kgs of Boh tine 2119) thay ee art ty pen of Fj. ethene fellows fron (2.1.12) that) haa ern for @ > 1 ot foro <0. Ts ze py pe therein all in the ‘feip 0 © Land they ao ako coos of sino rf) hw > rain the tip exept tht a ¢= I, whichis eaoaied By tho poke of Co We hve than proved that Za an ity of eno py ps fm the sip Oo Since ay ss 10) #0, an sn il a tn and. Th “Thertminder of te thmy i agey encore wih queens bout the position ofthe aro. At this pointe shall erly ober tha they aon canjugate pal, since Zeal on tho el ass a that, inp iw sem, apa I=, by the fOnetinal equation, and enoe oo is 1p Tey Bhi, them 1p = IB. Hence the sever iter ‘moe oF occ in yrs jet! bout ae. Sine) aa intagral fanetion of order 1, and 0) = adamant’ ftriastion thors give, for all ales of co— Tf ars) ‘where b, ina constant. Hence. , Ke: So @ 1. et FORGO garde, asa) te n= 54 sri big action fore < ~a <0. Then fe) = C60, Weare, rz = 0, form 2 narurtere oa" En [Bivins ve =tiae hay 2302, 40) gh Pon —aed—tnetenctean Wemoretholinofineration ome = Yow =I, Wesbuerve 1 Manda 18h Spt tha fs) x bounded ono = 2, gs) ie boa ry oer. it flows that g(t) = Of} on o 2 We can therefore, by the Phongao- Lindel principe, apply Cauchy's theorem, and obtain By Pet-ara tenets Ho) hc By ts a al ye Mh Sm Betrawen = 04 ves the mia He Ti baewarh det Qe <2 Su Qt a Bascom Serato ony bye" > at ego, We ben Scaltag= Sperm ferewean, nd the aterm in Jrtateeteae where the Un ar integer and Ra) > — Ish tiga weawe Salita g)-me) = nem where 1) atom often of the form Plo ‘Now th serio the let uw meromorpie fonction, wit ples at -L4m aes tmeton on tae rig x pra wth pened Hee (by sonlytissontinastion) oo is Yao function ox the Ll. Hence the resoce e H mad (bt ace equal ay = a, (P= 12) Hace =o) for ll ad the result ios terme of 2244, Some serie Lavolvng fo). We havet ty t= eto) =P ena forall vans of 4 or the right-haa aide e "The inversion of the oer of wmmatin ie jo for @ > 0 bythe comeenenoe of So Sutin wri tern The sce tained i, However, onvongnt forall aos of ‘Another fcmala whi an ke proved a ale way i eg ED ADEE | a4) shh vai fr was of Either of those fomulto may be sed to obtain tbe asic con tinuaion offs) ove he whole lane 245. Some applications of Melia's Inversion formulae Min’ inversion formula contesting the So Fanetine fe) and le) y= frererae, germ shy f were cay ‘Dh simpt example fees, BW=Te) >. (asa run (24.1) me die the pac fer= BO=POKO) >, (a8) “a! Behmiah ntution he Tar of Pair Saya * AMALYTIC CHARACTER OF (@) AND Chun sd ren (263) te pir "he inven formas ae tho 155) “Prinses wd dy Potunenenawe (2286) ml > Each of theve can eauly be proved dct by inserting the series fr lead intgeting tery aren, wing (215-2) ‘he nother exp, (88), with epee by 1s ea the Molin fo = 20: 1) TO%2) tops, a Ta+s) » ‘The ave om eth rata au Tate) "8 on Inti hrc ta fang thy 1s we ata roghasatnrbgere =} fa @cecn, 16% ‘This forme a aned iy Whitahes end Wotton és ohn the ay {oti expansion of lg ‘Nett let fe) ads) bo related Wy (2.1.1), and ete) a) ‘be smary elated. Then we hate, ste o appropiate eatin, 1" sirens Fewer ae 1225: ‘eke for example Ge) = Wl) — Pus 0 that fle) = 8) = e=. ‘Then, if Re) > 2 the sight hand ede ern fenenn noes = [bebe t-}re =< regenten That coc Riot Bf roe ‘Sits, aking Bo) = Go) ~ Fos) a0 that st) Hat) ses te ier ee nme) [ESemete- nS Satay ‘This may also be written, = hos) de = ext} (238.1) azar oo TY), shore ae) = Pade. Hence if} n an ‘tut Fowortowat, RQUATION ” frocomeen rif i aren Wee unin ints pital an ea. We tn —dhlUme ‘Tis provides the analytic continuation of fa) over the whale plane: Min eglar everywhere excep for ine peek = 1 with ie xpallng th lop to Inity wo before, he reside wt re ad 2m are together (2roeep estore. (apap eda ema olde 14S) meet foe 2m) Hass fe <0, om toa) = 0 ema) a = 2 this reduces to te functional equation fr NOTES FOR CHAPTER 2 ‘214, Balhae (Ahan vena vary general method fo taining the snalyicontntation and functional equation of cortain ses of n- Fanti which aie asthe ‘onatnt term of Eisenstein saris, We fetch form ofthe agarent nth cll cave Lat = (2+ 50} be the upper half pane and die Ban= + —*— Gex.orn ~ < Banionnnne E jataw Orte>® hae series bing able ad uniformly convergent in nny compact ‘abet othe epton RG) > 1. Hete Ba, «ison Bicenstein erin whi ‘BG. inayat from the fair °, the Epatainzetefenction for she Inti generated by Land 2 We sal nd t convenient 19 work With ‘Bis. im pefrence 2B, 0. We bein with wo basic cbaevations. Fisly one trivially has (thus i fat, Ble) ie invariant under the fall wedalar group) Secon, si the Laplace Delran operator Meclen)-e-vgime ota Weprccad ta ta he Petr expan uf Re 2) mideempn whence a,onsien, adomeny fete, sussonm i § [ems winigct ae meng nr The mn sine i Fecsmeay Dsae Bom and the sum over kis ¢ oO nocarding wt lao not, Morsover (ee wR TH ond Jeeta tem HBS ogy a Tar fn the eal notation of Bwel fnetionet Wenow hae Den=dinyrasien!* Bley won, @I8o vee “ a= m8, = Pcp a ns) Bfava)= beet § nthe We obsrve a thi poi that KiQecbe! +2) for Bead u, whence the series (2185) com (edna an enti fencion, Mersover we ave conc Bleelee Q-=-) a8) for Sie, Simian one Se BLED gor (y=) ewe om We proce! to derive the ‘Maan Selbrg formula. Lt D = [262% 1) BRM] |) be the sander fandamentl region forthe edalor roup, and let Dy= (ze D: We), where Y 1. ket R). Rw) > 1 nd write, forconvenencs, P= Ble, 8-0 Btw). Then, according to (2183, te have (atom - ffro' dedy Hh far ac = [firv'e-cermracay = fvo-00r-e ae. Pr fa Get $8 « ANALYTIC CHARACTER OF {i AND Chap by Green's Theorem. The integrals along z=} cunt sinco Re+tb= Fe, Ole 1) = Ot) oe 2161) Siasy the fteerl for {ott vanises, sineo = 12) = PU, GU 1/2)= G(). Tae c % : ate (fro f(r. 1-01) )de (9-0 » fre J(Fpen-cFen) ante Tefuntoney andy talon the infin cain 2189 Gy ay wah es Od) ad than yin) nto done Bl Coney, 172 on agent sags th won te f at-n-u-wnf | a EN whore Fy = Bye0, 0 = (2) Here we have wed F(t $1) = Fe) the rnult to (2188) we obeain the Maan Solberg formsla wn -atawn foe ote : [ (Siena n)ee 1 (rides 100,87 > | (eSee7-Fh)ae =e -wtuindte Por gen enrne) ana) a ‘HK FUNCTIONAL EQUATION « where + "Dye OY). 1.48, Inthe general carethreare now various ways in whichonecan proce inorder ta get the analytic coninuntion af amd. However fe point it hat, ones the analytic continuation has bow ‘Stutithed one may lake w= ~s in G18) fo obtain the elation a2) = YadHeE- 2), asa) hich can be thought oft # weak frm ofthe fncionsl equation. "The analyeie we al otage of certain spoil, eoperten not valle in the general cae. We sal ake Y= 1 (183) and end the itera] on the Let obals (oat wren) +, 0) + 6 0B +1) = assay were 1 ee ee snd nd By st neko a) ras a continuation 29 the half plane Ba) > 2, thee 40) bas 0 ‘continuation to Wl) > a, 0 that 8 are moromorphis there. I Gea td Ae) 0 x09 identically far Rt), Bw) >1 then ve) ens) c (Ghee) dons ot vaninh tially M2193) dant hol forall 2 and w then (2192 yee he wade) we ree) + Bw) ene) which given canals continuation of) 101) > Jopion chosing “rutablew in heregion Rw) > I ther nse (mu) be continued te R@)> 9,1. Ths proces shows that (@) has s meromorphic eatinuaton tothe whole complex plane oe Some information on poable ples comes from taking w =i in ota anthat Br wh = Bah Toon : orn fideo 40 £40 -we may choose ¥'>1 co thatthe scond tem an the right ‘anise Te follows cht MOR cig for o>}. Tow ¢ is regular foro >} and #40, providing that 6 ls ‘Hence (haw oo pote or Mls) > 0, exopt posi on tbe fea aa Tove take }< Ro, Re) <1 in QI), co that he) and gw) are regular, wese that 90 can only have x pole npoint or which the ‘nominator variahes identically mm, For auch an ty, (2104) at Mchftheinlganc ofthe above els aros fom he fc tat Jn thegenre case whore ote Eusatein crn rahe then the {etm spnntr ce Hore) ci nat ae pte te tok HG) =} tm ourapacil on menor the acon eaton or 40) tt ahr than the woah lation p98) 1 ne 10, by using (8) and (183, We coer that Ne Be) aN =A) -AG oy A Ba, 1-2) Dad a}p"- ‘there we navn writen temporarily A) ~ 24H (Ph ef band ‘es invariant ue the tranctoration 2» ~ Itchy 183) endo, taking 2 =i for example, we ne that A) = AG ca) and Aled) ‘AA~8) Thee produce the Fneionl equation ithe form (280 aad ow» ‘ux FUNCTIONAL EQUATION « 1230, Ax insight into the mature of the seta function and ite fone tional uation ny be btn fom the work fe 1} He onary fn slgsbraie umber Bld fund » general aetafunction where the integration the rights over the ies Joh. Here it oe ofa Catan clam af functions ned ei ny quanicharacter 0 (at sto fy. continuous homomorphism from te") which steve on™ ‘Wermay write claim the fora elit here (a) a character on Ge egal 1 foe wed) Then to) Soreapuinie te om Hicke ‘arse’ for and (0 iors os Kom Juana) (were Prana over prize idea of a oa a finite mumbo of factors 1h prtosan sf 80, than {f.) i eetaly © Dinehlat Leeroe ‘Har3). Tous tone aga cxecetaly tho only fonctions which can be susocitad to the rational ald in tia mannee Tate goes oe to prove « Poisson summation formula in thie ide setting, nd dedace the legac funcional equation hamahe swhwce Fis the ‘Fourier transform’ off, and) = 2ae-t. The fuctonal equation for (7) may be extracted fom thle. Tp the ase 10 vee may take, ietically oqal ta I, and make particular choice 7= fy 00h tht f= e208 ‘Te functional equation (26, i then immediate, Morcorer iti now parent that Uneactor» HT (js) should be viewed the natural term ‘oboineluted inthe Baler product, to correspond to thoral elation of0. sndany intagern there ie nique meromorphic function) dtined for ne, (the padi integers such that (0) =1-P-mRIR) oe ASO, Rem ad p—D, Indeoditn# (mod p~1 then, willbe analysicon Zandi = fot 1) een () wl be atic par fom gimp pole ats ~ 1. tt rendus (ip Those recat are duo to Leopold and Kubota (1 ‘While thee predic aot function oom wo have ite Interest x he Wine wre, their gneralisone to Dib {unten yet Important algebra information about the coreaponding excitonic fat ‘THE THEOREM OF HADAMARD AND DE LA VALLEE POUSSIN, AND ITS CONSEQUENCES w=T(-3)" 69 om that 0) es no zoos for o> 1. Ror the purpose of prinwenumter theory, ane to dete the geal mats of i ecraery terested fr a ole thi eo rn ron 1 wan conferred hy Rion that al he snp soa of a) he on thera line» =} Thincaniere, no hrc a he emt Bypoties, ha meer baer prone or daproved ‘The. problew of the zero region appecs to be « quo of extending the epee of lallenc of tho Euler product (8.1) beyond ‘thich ao xtreme ike the rea fonction in thee ropresetation by Dieeer srk, futina equation, and so on, but which hate 0 Ber product, and for whith the snag ofthe Riemann ype ‘nae Tn fic the deepens tore onthe distebuton of the neon (FE) are binned in he way sagged Bu the problem of extending sway eppat to be of estro ical By (La yn Se een ryt) m7 De en wh ae) 1. Hos fore oat Test 4 dlsSb-to< 4, we i) > Aie—0 ene if) bas ser on 6 = It stb simple zr Bat prove {ast theo conto’ bo evea simple ars, « mush mere sable argument Tewar proved independently by Hadamard and de a Vallée Posain in tba hae na sro on he ne @ 1. Tle mete nae In pincipl, and they form tho mala topic of tin ehapter “ ‘Tue THpomEN OF HADAMARD ant ‘The main object of both thew mathematiiana was to prove the wolm iy “Thin had proviowly be confor on empires rounds, Tt wae ‘how by argument depenting on he thory of fntions of omer lable that the prime-nunber theorem i onaeqoeice of the Futamard-de le'Valee Eyam theorem, ‘he proof the pies number theorem vo cbtnned was therfore not elementary. “in elementary peat of th prime number theo, Lea poof mat Aepaniing on the theory of (9) and complex foetin theory, as recently bern obtaond hy’ A.Selberg aod Hed, Soe the Pie ‘tute theorem rie dhe Hina a Valle Pin thre, tha lade to new proof of the attr. However, she Steg die method doc not Ind to nh good etimations asthe Hadamanl “lin Val Powain method 0 et the ator in olf get interes ‘32, Hadasarsargumentit oughly, asflloes, Wehave fore > 1 z 1 aio FS su Epil any whee /) i egulas fr > 4 Sinc 9) Is spl pe at = 1, oie in pric thas, at oe f2> 1, Siwy as i ao 0, Tn a= ity a ‘Suppene now shat ete>), em) ag 3} ~ SANE nf) ~ et B23) Comparing (2.2.2) and (6.23), we ae that ely) ra, in soe espe approximate fat est valooet ps Bt ten iO) Sn appeosinstely 1 for mow valees op, and nce ~ SEI a 1 that 14.2 bw ple of Se). lace thi is fle ib Sllows tat farig no "To pt the argent in groan Frm, snSh reZstan, gy aan w AND DB.LA VALLE FOUSSIN « [at 8, PY, be the para of thaw us fr which Wet iyrma s Qnge < eE eee fo any integer & and Bed, 0 << fe. Let 8, ote, be he ne ‘mainder, Let 5/8 ef my psitve enter, flows fom (22) and (23) at P< 0-08 fot neal enough. Bs Pe-e=9 wd Prd —S'eo8a~ ~(i~Seona, Hence B+ (1—apona}s < —1=98, te (ay eae Heoge > Van so Geseet, F>-% so that @ > S(hconts—148) Sines 1-1, $=, flows that Quan ao 21, ane 18 ‘pols and the rei fallow Bele "The flowing fom of the argumect was vggeted by De. WV. Atkinon, Wa have (7 “ey Glog 55 «pony 1 y Tenaya) 2 * Pre HS 08, Suppoe now that, for some fy, P~log(e—1). Since 8~leg(ho ‘follows that, «gree aad ot saa enough, oceans byte} ob . > 1 ete ee 33. In dole Valo Pounn'sangunent a rlation tabmeen {-#) ‘ofc shat . SHtowdteads = Kibeapt 29 G3 fora ent Wonave wood 5 Se sottmoe io ap SS ARC ven oo elon e+ 2a ee asa Since every term in tho Ist uns pnts os, flows hat Poon stle 2p] 1 (o> D, a3) Now, koopng «Sued et ¢ 1, Then Fe) = 6-9, and. ff 14 tina 200 of fe, lott) = Ole). Alt e359 = 1, ‘Sooo {a a rogalar ot 112, Henoe he ef de of (838) lb (fo), siring x contadetion. ‘Ths proves the tore There av other inequalities of tho tame type ax (33.1), whieh can bo ued forthe mute puro me Be Bomd-teontp-oo 9s ve dada tas eRe Ge LAIN Ries SIN LA) "hie, however. ha no ptr nent 34 Anothuralterative proof has bien given by Inghns.¢ This depen om he Sentey ead eneg#> 0 (84) ean do) = Ze ‘Tis i he prt om of (1.33) oii by pag for nd Ft ny be the aban f convegee of the sre (8.41). Then shad (41) h vai by nye sotnution for © > ay. the lactone) on te el hae big of nce rele this Yalta” Aluo, sin al te sont nthe Desh erin ae ontv, thera pt of the ln of envegen, r+ oy 8 “Supyustow tht Ia ae eo of Zi). Then a i alo 22m soe eo ssn he dbl oof abe = 1. Hono) ‘Pregl on hal a ar mes) 0 od 90 sein uly non vaoo wage tobe Impesb;fr ‘ample (3.41) wold then ge i) > Heras inf 8) = 0. 215. In the flog ations wo extn fara we ean te ine seated 97 $5 "Sov fl) he it ober of ec in the etal 0< ect P aad nove of tm le on = 1,3 flown th ee 8 fevtinge Lb cas L127, whith fe frm sr Hee FS Ph aap fr econ pov toed ts Fem tn mn ‘van ponte lower Yun for (7) foreach alo 7 “Ain, ge HU) lero I, 127 haan pee ud Ia tho lta, wich foation of 7 We ao ivetgwe thetebavior ofthe spe town at > Pht’ ofenene.a iar Icon of oh eden he yo tetera we begin with £6). ‘Daou 25, We hore 0) = 00040) oan eiformty i the roion Legeee? tora, chee A inany poo constant, In partial 2043) — Otogs 53) (243) take o> fo, ad mae bs We lain TazH arya, (sa) ‘horolt holding by analyte continuation for > 0, Henon fr a> 0 to Shao f 8) ofS 00-y offs) 0(2%"} 00-1 054) teeta cng Setdotsot estar ithe Sot fist NN peg, Andina aga ithan ever oon hand Sie Stay rhigher drain ot We nye i png th (983) hows the nvr of he Dieta 1 forests stake’ 170 woeile Sate wo & re = ogee ” Flats a " {Baste which olsen Sitey a8 3-0. Horo <1 he sere, of our, Alivongs (ants intial) 6, Inequaltes for 1/6), (V0), and lag). Inabiig of his typein the nghboushoad fe ~ Tear wre hina ya liht shboration af the argumens off 3, We have foro = 151 leat } ony lier) optitie 2 = Avo etn —toi > IAagt. Hence 1439) > 4a aot Wee > ASP aoe "The wo terme on the right aro of the same order if 01 = og Hence taking el = 4glog-%, where atiieatly ema, — [eoetinas — ofe—nier) 062 fore Ie > Ale (03) ‘Next (2.5.2) and (2.83) tops lv, for 1—Alogt << 1, loi > log %—A(1 aloe, 54) sna the Hight side in pies Fe < Ag. Hence (0) a ‘rain the pon > doe and in fat, by (64), 1 (3.6.5) tye oe in iin. Hest, by 85) £0 — one, Py fea st) = Ofte’), 82) fESERvocuese ones, ea, sod logit oth for @ > 1 Ato "We abl noe later that alte rte can bo improved, bot they se nliint for ome pups. 2.2. The Prime-number Theorem. Ze fe) devote the mumber of srimes nl eceking = Then ae 2+, wom (na wm an “The investigation of 2) wat, of coe, the origin purpose foe ‘wich (wan uid, Teh not oar purpan to pau tia ie ofthe Theory farther Un ie coc, bu omen Coot hare «| prot ofthe main theorem os) We have proved in (8) that, i> 1, geo) We want. an expt frmala fr), wo want to invert the above & {THR THRORRM OF HADAMARD om integral Grmula. We oun roduc this to «eo of Moin’ inveron enna tr. Te wo File ne Hay = fthan oxy ‘hs wot etn fo, so) sempre i tin; infact wince 2) © 2 tho itogral fr a) eanergue only fr "5445, by compaioon with te eof stl > HS wo forint We could now to Muin’s tnveeon forty, but the reeling formela is nor souly manageable We therore moriiy (87.2) a8 follows, Diferstiting with epee oo, Sy Pelee ‘Denote the fv bund side by 4), end ot efi nem en st gens Sn ming #9 s[oorese a” avo De La vauate ‘Now H()ieconinvows and of bounded variation in any fie interval Mz) < clogs. Hence Mahe in absolutely intagrable over (0,32) if 20 Heoew ‘he nngeal cathe rght i sbecatly convergent, sno y (9.0) and (6.8.2 die bounded for > I, excep inthe mghbowhood a= 1. {nthe maghboushood of = 1 sod we may write 40) share 4 bounded foro 32 infinity a8 0+ 1. Now oy 2 tan ye hae 8 loparise won Tk pert, [Wea “Dh Gan er ney tthe sao Ue nem ef li Re) aad vole gga Inthe ote term we may pat ¢= 1, Le. apply Caschy’s theorem to the rectangle (Li, e417), widh an indentation of radi round fv0i9,6, ran ‘The lt intgral tad to srw a 2-> 2, bythe extension to Foie ‘wingal of te Rosman’ Letengee tecrem | Hence Mey anina 43 | Mama, ery) 17 my nbn th Phy of Fa nr Tren ‘To got back to (2) ne now use the allowing Iemma: Then * heme TE cage pie nomi, oon < fa case 400 Hence for any patine « Pia Pe fla . < (14 8)(l+e2—0—8e clone et se fo) aoe Sn sat sofurer) inl ‘Similarly, by considering Aan, se te ams fons, ‘Apiving the Jenin tse, we deduce fom (8.73) that Wms sd bene that selene ~ 2 ‘38, Tezoma 3.4, Therein conlant A much hat [tz for 4 oid, en Welave ro > 1 Af — SMe imme Hence, for@> 1 ad any teal, Ce) vletin)_ vlc sin) io)" Gorin) Geese) $980 tcl tn gp LRP tect > 0 Now Abo, by 2122, ‘hare p= f+ rane through sampler seen off). Hence ale) af “iu taf Sto er in te at ue a a Eat {69 < ome st i 5 pra eo) sa $= otosn 3 (, esp ey 039) ose, 85) 659 49, Thee i an aenative method, dur to Landan tof obtains ‘end not be known, Tt Gopond othe fling es Test a Ife) oper and oS A Alt oncin ee pet hh he of fe) at pt Di tent) = 011 ofr a Hs On Ff (a |= He ET =] <8 < ‘isnt fn nie i, Hann teeta ey = et tel ac ak. pl ade RRA) oc he Hor Cashnry hea thor tat ie ot frente ‘ p= of crea whoeO cr naseFD 2 eas 11104) tae, Bogie bo MED ayy BS oer epg grt) HEM ‘inh alo lee (2103) Thi rove he hore Jo poner, we can tke 4)", AD og) Th enw _now proof of Theorem 3.8. Saladin Sm ae ep Por 0) _ gjss idee) wo “agra! Weapnty term rich aD pass Panta te ate Inthe de omg) cr wo i424) - ish Arse" — oem, wt HM of 1) oft fay 9 ~ onal ~ Lace LS Wcan herr tke M= Ae Aly the peo ere, (oan 29 mo for vette 1 alee) 4 atact sy * “geass Hence we can take Hecoe foe and in partite for ope ‘Thin (9.1.2), with tod of ect ous) 14 B43) a} E00 ay moron ages} J Ree 2143) 213) 0, oe > ty 2 ie nb an inleger nd i the ‘auger wart every ey ad sialy fr Ip ei en ier, creaming re a (ink), tainy Fae tein =p eee | Hin > 2 wo ague silly wth ~ce replaced ty 420, and hace no renidae term. We therefore obtain ail rel witout the tem ‘Multpying | 3,9 0d suming, Moe hs ef te vn ofuans-+ SH = openssh Aina argument applos othe tra with fr 0, due to Lavik snd Sobiro (1. Pat (1) has obtined a ‘very precise relationship between zeroes egiona a woth error Re) ~ max LNOL 2 15 2, then RS tog egy ~ Din {C1~ Boog + log |}, e+ 20), ‘17, may be observed inthe prof Thaorem 3:10 thatthe Dound (0) is oly required inthe mmadine vicinity oy an Ie ‘rol bene to eliminate consderetion of rand a0 obave arena of the strength of Theorem 3.10, Inghn' method in 4 of special ntret bec reference to the behaviour of £9) near 1127.1 is pouible to gt ‘Grnliteive eofoerogionsin hia wn incorporating simple sieve ‘ctimaton Dalarubrananinn aed Ramachandra (1) Ths, or exe ms ie +000 (+ comlmylouph oF Ef reo loge) 5 forX > ,hy ing lower bound of hebychevtypefor the numberof rimee X =p =2%, eupled with an upper bound O(h/log I) for the Imnber of primes in certain dhor intervals X"

and an appropsiate choice of 1-8 og S118, Another approsc to teroftee regions vi sieve methods has {1} Toninieny compat, nar ne nage of applying othe wider region discussed in 3817-61 and + (A/log lead othe ower bound One may ale obtain score rains frm a recut of Montgomery (0; Theor 112] om the proliferation of aeron Lat mh) denote the number of re 9 Enpheret=Bh Spore pie facies 1 <3 ogy)-& Then there a sme Fwith 861 for which ng. nenennne cin, m oughly epsking thn cae hat i in mall, shere ant be many ther sero near ether 111 oF 14217. Montgomery gives @ more precise version of this principle, as do Ratpachendee (1) and Balandbramenian and wu AND DE LA VALLE povasis ° OAO4T!"og 7, To IHh4% ‘which follows trom Theorem 41, lands to Murpdrne ste Petoe! aes (On choosing 5 Gop 7/7 comparaen of (2.183) and (2.382) Produces Those 8 again, ne can slo use the Lien setafunetion of 6218 and the ‘Maas Sobor formule (389) vo prove the nonvanishing of) for em ¥or tft jr itand (a) = tes) =, then WG +9 = ind 2) = #19801 -2) = 16c4 +198 = bo the functional equation (2381, Thus (2189) yale ff Be. AE for any w #4,1—8. Thin of course, may be extend to He 6 or ing =} it~ 3 we obtain [foment ‘otha Be, ) must bo idontially aro Thishoweverisingomit since (he fuser content for m= Vie seri, see ‘according to 2383), and thie doce not vanish identialy. The above ‘contradiction sows that (2a) #0. On cn get quantitative etinates lby auch methods, but only rather weak ones It seme thet the ov tiven here bu origin in unpublished work of Selbere {810. Lemma 3:12 in «version of Perron’ formula is sometimes fl to hav a fra of thin in which the err is Bounded a + Meer Under the hypotheses of Lemma 3.12 one has Boba | toro olreticn] Tes 1 0f0228 82) of yor nin ran) ‘hie follows at once fom Lemane 8:2 unlee — 1 * PaGre- Tetons efoto) = O(HUNN anu he rel Solio. = Okz/P) Inthe " APPROXIMATE FORMULAE 4:1 [thin chapter we sl prove a amber of approximate formelee end a tris def Wo il gy Fog 42. Lasous 4.2. Tet Be) be eal frente fanction sch tht Pp) te montoni, and F(a} 3m > 0, Pie) =m <0 heap ‘he interal 0,0), Then |feneae| ct won Suppose, for example, tnt Fe) apie iacening, Than by the second mean rain orem fon a= f Peet ae J ec) the modula of thie dost nt enced jm A simi angunnt ‘plies to the imainary put and to rl follows, 43, More general, we have spa 4.3. Zee) ad) be el factions, ae) monte, and Foye) > m > 0,0 Sm 0. Thon Hane e§ ‘he ro nat tha of the pi vale af sah ies omy oh 4 tn 4, ZL 9b nin, ie it, nd Mee) 91> 0 er Fa) “

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