TABLE OF CONTENTS

Module 1: The Structures of Globalization

Module Overview......................................................................................................................................................i
Lesson 1: What is Globalization......................................................................................................................1
Lesson 2: The Globalization of World Economics....................................................................................6
Lesson 3: A History of Global Politics: Creating an International Order........................................11
Lesson 4:The United Nations and Contemporary Global Governance.............................................16
Lesson 5: A World of Regions......................................................................................................................20

Module Summary...................................................................................................................................................24
References................................................................................................................................................................24
 Module 1

MODULE OVERVIEW

This module introduce you to the various drivers of the globalization process, with
specific focus on economics and politics. Although it emphasizes that you experience
globalization on an “everyday” level, you must also realize that there are big institutions that
create large-scale changes. This module will first trace the emergence of these institutions
historically. It will then move on to explain how they affect the countries and people today.

At the end of this module, the students are expected:

 Analyze the various contemporary drivers of globalization ; and
 Describe the emergence of global economic and political systems.

As the consumer of this module, you may take note also that this module is divided into
four (4) lessons in order to make each lesson comprehensible on your end.

Lesson 1: What is Globalization?

Lesson 2: The Globalization of World Economics
Lesson 3: A history of Global Politics: Creating an international Order
Lesson 4: The United Nations and Contemporary Global Governance
Lesson 5: A World of Regions

The lessons above are presented in a structured-learning experience, following the 4A

Model of Instruction, which provides you interactive activities through experiential and
cooperative, methodologies and strategies in the learning process.

Activity – Learners activate prior knowledge about the lesson.

Analysis – Learners analyze various multimodal texts.
Abstraction – Learners infer or synthesize concepts from the analysis.
Application – Learners apply the acquired knowledge and skills.

To make this learning experience meaningful for you, study all the lessons included in
this module with your co-learners at your own pace. You can freely ask for help and support
from your peers and tutor.

Are you ready? Then, start the lessons now! Be bless!

 Lesson 1

What is Globalization?

Introduction

Good day! I hope that you are doing fine. Let us start with the first lesson of this module
which is all about the definition of Globalization. This lesson introduce to you the definition of
globalization. This lesson shall be completed in two days. God Bless!

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

 Agree on a working definition of globalization for the course;

 Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization; and
 Narrate a personal experience of globalization

RELEVANCE OF THIS COURSE

1. Studying the world is a cure to parochialism or an outlook that is limited to one’s immediate
community.
2. It is important to study the world because it can teach you more about yourself.
3. You need to study the world because you will be interacting with it.

Two Premises
1. Globalization is a complex phenomenon that occurs at multiple levels
2. It is an uneven process that effects people differently.

Globalization
 Primarily an economic process.
5 Characteristics of Globalization

1. The expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and
across world-space.-Manfred Steger
2. Globalization involves the creation of new social networks and the multiplication or existing
connections.
3. Expansion, stretching and acceleration of these networks.
4. Intensification and acceleration of social exchanges and activities.
5. Globalization processes do not occur merely at an objective, material level but also involve
the subjective plane of human consciousness.

Globalism
 Is a widespread belief among powerful people that the global integration of economic markets is
beneficial for everyone.

Globality

 Is a social condition characterized by globalization, political, cultural, and environmental

interconnectedness, borderless irrelevant.
 Manifestation- value of individualism and competition
 Existence of economic system of private property.
 Communal & Cooperative- social relations which is less capitalistic.
Hyperglobalists
 Pro-globalist
Nationalist and Activist
 Anti-globalist
Kinds of Globalization according to Arjun Apparudai
1. Ethnoscape-global movement of people
2. Mediascape- flow of culture
3. Technoscape-circulation of mechanical goods and software
4. Finanscape-global circulation of money
5. Ideoscape-political ideas move around

(The content of this lesson was adopted from: Claudio, Lisandro E. & Abinales, 2018 )

ACTIVITY

GLOBALIZATION: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Scenario Positiv Negative Depends

e

Scenario A: In your local town, one of the main sources of employment for three generations
has been the fruit cannery. The company has recently decided to close the factory and outsource
the canning of fruit to another country where labor fruit are cheaper.
Scenario B: Your friend’s garage band has really taken off on YouTube and people from places
as distant as Finland and Ghana are downloading it.
Scenario C: You meet someone really nice while you’re on holiday in Bali and can now keep in
touch via Skype.
Scenario D: The shoes that you really like are much cheaper via an online shop in America.
Scenario E: The Australian Government is being pressured to decrease the current annual
minimum quota of 55% Australian television programming (between 6 am and midnight) to
40%. Scenario F: The Company that your father works for has recently been taken over by a
transnational corporation with job opportunities in many parts of the world if he is prepared to
move/relocate.
Scenario G: A representative from World Wildlife Fund invites students to become involved in
and advocate to help secure the future of orangutans.
Scenario H: Your mother’s superannuation fund has been affected by the Global Financial
Crisis and she is worried that she won’t have enough money when she retires.

Share your responses with the class. Try to tease out the complexities of each situation and
ensure you understand that globalization affects local communities in complex and
interdependent ways.

(The content of this activity was adopted from: Mendoza, Cheryl C., Tabajen, Rene
C.,Tomas, Era Anjelika U., Austria, Reginald B.,2019)

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 ANALYSIS

Direction: Write the word True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is incorrect.

______1. World health Organization define Globalization, “the increased interconnectedness

and interdependence of people and countries.
______2. Thomas Friedman defined globalization as,” as the inexorable integration of markets,
transportation systems, and communication systems to a degree never witnessed before.”.
______3. Exchange information and goods in an easy way, this process is called “
Globalization.
______4. Globalization is an event occurred in unprecedented pace and gives definition to the
world’s market.
______5. Globalization has contributed to global warming, climate change and the overuse of
natural resources.
______6. Some politicians argue that globalization is detrimental to the middle class, and is
causing increasing economic and political polarization to developed countries.
______7. United Nations defines Economic globalization as “ increasing interdependence of
world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and
services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies.
______8. In economic globalization, companies seek the greatest possibility of efficient and
maximized profits that will involve many regions and localities to “global production”.
______9. The rapid growing significance of information in all types of productive activities and
marketization are the two major driving forces for economic globalization”
______10. The United Nation, focused at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1994, is the official
organization for securing international monetary cooperation.

(The content of this analysis was adopted from: Mendoza, Cheryl C., Tabajen, Rene
C.,Tomas, Era Anjelika U., Austria, Reginald B.,2019)

ABSTRACTION

What is ‘Globalization’?
In the advent technologies, we see the growth on transports and communications. This
means, people and countries can exchange information and goods in an easy way, this
process is called “Globalization”.

Globalization represents the global integration of international trade, investment,

information technology and cultures. Government policies designed to open economies
domestically and internationally to boost development in poorer countries and raise
standards of living for their people are what drive globalization.

In our World history, they introduce around centuries the idea of concept of
Globalization; traders explore to buy rare commodities such as salt, spices and gold, which
th
they would then sell in their home countries. The 19 century Industrial Revolution
brought advances in communication and transportation that have removed borders and
increased cross-border trade. The Silk Road, when trade spread rapidly between China and
Europe via an overland route.

World Health Organization define Globalization, “ the increased interconnectedness and

interdependence of peoples and countries, is generally understood to include two
interrelated elements: the opening of international borders to increasingly fast flows of
goods, services, finance, people and ideas; and the changes in institutions and policies at
national and international levels that facilitate or promote such flows. Globalization has the
potential for both positive and negative effects on development and health.”

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 Thomas Friedman defined globalization as, “as the inexorable integration of
markets, transportation systems, and communication systems to a degree never witnessed
before- in a way that is enabling corporations, countries, and individuals to reach around
the world to reach into corporations, countries, and individuals farther, faster, deeper, and
cheaper than ever before”.

Manfred Steger provided scholarly description in his Globalization: A Very Short

Introduction, “the term globalization should be used to refer to a set of social processes that
are thought to transform our present social condition into one of globality”.

In simple economic concept, the flow of products and services with few barriers
in the integration of market, investment and trade between nation. At some point, culture is
also assimilated and trade as they exchange of ideas and traditions by trading. The spread
of Korean pop culture across will advance the exchange of ideas, art, language and music
like other millennials experiencing nowadays are some of the best example. Globalization
across the boarders makes people and goods to move easily in the different nations.

Globalization is an event occurred in unprecedented pace and gives definition to

the world’s market. It is still a public debate whether it is beneficial or detrimental most
especially to the average citizens. It may be direct or indirectly affect everyone, but not
everyone gets the same benefits. The more stretches and intensified, the more backlashes
produce to those people who cannot keep on the same. Standards of living have risen
overall as more third-world countries experience industrialization, other proponents believe
that globalization is the way to catch up for developing countries because it allows them to
cooperate with other nation like never before. The presence of multinational company will
of great contribution especially to local economies as they invest in local products,
resources, services, medical and educational facilities.

Globalization brought many benefits to other people but to others, it is not to

everyone. It shows that, in fact, in all but a couple of countries polled, people believe life
was better in the old days. If the other country produces cheaper product, other producers
will be closed down brings a new danger. Example, Technology improves the lives of
many people, but it also increases the number of crimes very year.

Globalization has contributed to global warming, climate change and the overuse of
natural resources, an increase in the demand for goods has boosted manufacturing and
industrialization. Globalization has also increased homogenization in countries. Some
politicians argue that globalization is detrimental to the middle class, and is causing
increasing economic and political polarization to developed countries. For example,
outsourcing facilities in lower cost that leads workers to complete internationally for jobs.
Also, international chain from developed country dominate the cultural exchange because
their goods and culture influenced other countries more than those of any other nation.
Good or bad, though, there isn’t much argument as to whether or not it is happening. Let’s
look at the positives and negatives of globalization, and you can decide for yourself
whether or not it is the best thing for our world.

(The content of this abstract was adopted from: Mendoza, Cheryl C., Tabajen, Rene
C.,Tomas, Era Anjelika U., Austria, Reginald B.,2019)

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 APPLICATION

Think and Explain

1. How have you experienced globalization?

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2. Why it is crucial to emphasize that globalization is uneven?

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3. What is the difference between globalization and globalism?

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(The content of this lesson was adopted from: Claudio, Lisandro E. & Abinales, 2018 )

CLOSURE

You made it! Congratulation! For more information on this lesson do your own research
which is relevant to this lesson.

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 Lesson 2

The Globalization of World Economics

Introduction

Good day! Now, another set for this module lesson two which is all about the globalization of
World Economics. This lesson shall be expected to be finished for only two days. Have fun!

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lessons, you are expected to:

 Define economic globalization;

 Identify the actors that facilitate economic globalization;
 Narrate a short story of global market integration in the twentieth century; and
 Articulate your stance on global economic integration.

ACTIVITY

Global Economic Institutions

Go to the web and accomplish these tasks:
a. research the origins and history of the institution you have chosen;
b. map the international connections it has created
c. identify the major country-leaders if this institution; and
d. locate the Philippines in this map of interconnections.

ANALYSIS

1. How does this institution influence global economic activity?

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2. How does it affect economics in the Philippines?

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 ABSTRACTION

Economic Globalization
 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) defines it as a historical process representing the result
of human innovation and technological progress.
 According to the IMF, the value of trade (goods and services) as a percentage of world GDP
increased from 42.1 percent in 1980 to 62.1 percent in 2007.
 Increased trade means that investments are moving all over the world at faster speeds.
 According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD), the amount of foreign direct investments flowing across the world was US$
57 billion in 1982. By 2015, that number was $1.76 trillion.

International Trading Systems

 Silk Road
 Oldest known international trade route
 A network of pathways that spanned China to Middle East and Europe.
 Traders used the Silk Road regularly from 130 BCE when the Chinese

 Han Dynasty opened trade to the West until 1453 BCE when the Ottoman Empire
closed it.

 The Silk Road was international, it was not truly “global” because it had no ocean routes.
 According to historians Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, “ the age of
globalization began when “ all important populated continents began to exchange
products continuously both with each other directly and indirectly via other continents
and in values sufficient generate crucial impacts on all trading partners”
 1571- established of the galleon trade that connected Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco in
Mexico.
 Mercantilism era
 Countries primarily in Europe, competed with one another to sell more goods as a means to boost
their country’s income (called monetary reserves).
 To defend their products from competitors who sold goods more cheaply, imposed high tariffs,
forbade colonies to trade with other nations.
 Also a system of global trade with multiple restrictions.

 Gold Standard
 A more open trade system that emerged in 1867.
 Its goal was to create a common system that would allow for more efficient trade.

 Established a common basis for currency prices and a fixed exchange rate system -all
based on the value of gold.
 During World War I, when countries depleted their gold reserves to fund their armies, many
were forced to abandon the gold standard.
 Great depression- caused by the gold standard and was the worst and longest recession ever
experienced by the Western world.
 Economic historian Barry Eichegreen argues that the recovery of the US really began when
having abandoned the gold standard.
 At the height of World War II, other major industrialized countries followed suit.
 Fiat currencies- currencies whose value is determined by their cost relative to other
currencies.

The Bretton Woods System

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  After the two world wars, world leaders sought to create a global economic system that would
ensure a longer-lasting global peace.
 The Bretton Woods System was inaugurated in 1944 to prevent the catastrophes of the early
decades of the century from reoccurring and affecting international ties.
 It was largely influenced by the ideas of British economist John Maynard
Keynes who believed that economic crises occur not when a country does not have
enough money, but when money is not being spent and not moving.
 Global Keynesianism- a system of the active role of governments in managing spending served
as the anchor.
 Two financial institutions
 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD or World Bank)-
too be responsible for funding postwar reconstruction projects.
 International Monetary Fund (IMF)- which was to be the global lender of last resort to
prevent individual countries from spiraling into credit crises.
 After Bretton Woods, various countries also committed themselves to further
global economic integration through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) in 1947. Its main purpose was to reduce tariffs and other hindrances to free
trade.

Neoliberalism and Its Discontents

 The high point of global Keynesianism come in the mid-1940’s to the early
1970’s. Governments poured money into their economies, allowing people to purchase
more goods and increase demand for these products. As demand increased, so did the
prices of these goods.
 The theory went that, as prices increased, companies would earn more, and would have more
money to hire workers.
 Keynesian Economists believed that all this was a necessary trade-off for economic
development.
 In early 1970’s the prices of oil rose sharply as a result of the Organization of
Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) imposition of an embargo in response
of the decision of US and other countries to resupply the Israeli military.
 Oil Embargo- affected the Western economies that were reliant on oil.
 The stock markets crashed in 1973-1974 after US stopped linking the
 Dollar to gold, effectively ending the Bretton Woods System.

 Stagflation- a phenomenon in which a decline in economic growth and employment (stagnation)

takes place alongside a sharp increase in prices (inflation)
 Economists such as Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman argued that government
intervention in economies distort the proper functioning of the market.
 Neoliberalism- a new form of economic thinking and became the codified strategy of US
treasury department, World Bank and IMF.
 World Trade Organization (WTO)- a new organization founded in 1995 to continue the Tariff
reduction under the GATT.
 Washington Consensus-dominated global economic policies, it advocates pushed for minimal
government spending to reduce government debt.
 U.S Pres. Ronald Reagan and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher justified their
reduction in government spending by comparing national economies to households.
 Thatcher, promoted an image of her mother. Who reined in overspending to reduce the national
debt.
 The problem with this analogy is that governments are not households.
 Post-communist
bureaucrats.
Russia-the IMF assumed that such a move would free industries from corrupt

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 This practice has entrenched an oligarchy that still dominates the Russian economy to this very
day.

International economic integration is a central tenet of globalization. In fact, it is so crucial to

the process that many writers and commentators confuse this integration for the entirety of
globalization. As a reminder, economics is just one window into the phenomenon.
Economic Globalization Today
The global financial crisis will take decades to resolve. The solutions proposed by certain
nationalist and leftist groups of closing national economies to world trade, however will no
longer work. The world has become too integrated. Whatever one’s opinion about the
Washington Consensus is, it is undeniable that some form of international trade remains
essential for countries to develop in the contemporary world.
Exports, not just the local selling of goods and services, make national economies grow at
present. In the past, those that benefited the most from free trade were the advanced nations
that were producing and selling industrial and agricultural goods. The united States, Japan, ,
and the member-countries of the European Union were responsible for 65 percent of global
exports, while the developing countries only accounted for 29 percent. When more countries
opened up their economies to take advantage of increased free trade, the shares of the
percentage began to change. By 2011, developing countries like the Philippines, India,
China, Argentina, and Brazil accounted for 51 percent of global exports while the share of
advanced nations—including the United States---had gone down to 45 percent. The WTO-led
reduction of trade barriers, known as trade liberalization, has profoundly altered the
dynamics of the global economy.
In the recent decades, partly as a result of these increased exports, economic globalization has
ushered in an unprecedented spike in global growth rates. According to the IMF, the global per
th
capita GDP rose over five-fold in the second half of the 20 century. It was his growth that
created the large Asian economies like Japan, China, Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore.

And yet, economic globalization remains an uneven process, with some countries,
corporations, and individuals benefiting a lot more than others. The series of trade talks under
the WTO have led to unprecedented reductions in tariffs and other trade barriers but these
processes have often been unfair.
First, developed countries are often protectionist, as they repeatedly refuse to lift policies
that safeguard their primary products that could otherwise be overwhelmed by imports from
the developing world. The best example of this double standard is Japan’s determined refusal
to allow rice imports into the country to protect its farming sector. Japan’s justification is that
rice is “sacred”. Ultimately, it is its economic muscle as the third largest economy that allows
it to resist pressured to open its agricultural sector.
The United States likewise fiercely protects its sugar industry, forcing consumers and
sugar industry, forcing consumers and sugar-dependent business to pay higher prices instead
of getting cheaper sugar from plantations of Central America.
Faced with these blatantly protectionist measure from powerful countries can do very
little to make economic globalization more just. Trade imbalances, therefore, characterize
economic relations between developed and developing countries.
The beneficial of global commerce have been mainly transnational corporations (TNCs) and
not in governments. And like any other business, these TNCs are concerned more with profits
that with assisting the social programs of the governments hosting them. Host countries, in turn,
loosen tax laws, which prevents wages from rising, while sacrificing social and environmental
programs that protect the underprivileged members of their societies. The term

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 “race to bottom” refers to countries’ lowering their labor standards, including the protection
of workers’ interests, to lure in foreign investors seeking high profit margins at the lowest
cost possible. Governments weaken environmental laws to attract investors, creating fatal
consequences on their ecological balance and deleting them of their finite resources (like oil,
coal, and minerals).
(The entire content of this lesson was adopted from: Claudio, Lisandro E. & Abinales, 2018)

APPLICATION

Think and Explain

1. How do economic forces facilitate the deepening of globalization?

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2. How is the Philippines central to the history of economic globalization?

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3. Compare and contrast the assumptions of the original Bretton Woods system with
those of the Washington Consensus.
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CLOSURE

You made it! Congratulation! For more information on this lesson do your own research
which is relevant to this lesson.

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0
 Lesson 3
A History of Global Politics: Creating an International Order

Introduction

Wow! Now, you are in lesson three. This lesson, discuss about history and the historian,
the continuity of the previous lesson. Which also introduce to you the history as theoretical field,
as well as the historiographical method of the evaluation of primary sources. This lesson lasted
only for 2 days.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lessons, you are expected to:

 Identify key events in the development of international relations;

 Differentiate internationalization from globalization;
 Define the state and the nation;
 Distinguish between the competing conceptions of internationalism; and
 Discuss the historical evolution of international politics.

ACTIVITY

Further research/read on Giuseppe Mazzini, Woodrow Wilson, Karl Marx, or Vladimir

Lenin.

ANALYSIS

Conduct an imaginary interview, have your selected figure answer the following questions:

1. What do you think of nationalism?

2. What is necessary for the development of an international order?
3. What do you think of the League of Nations?
4. What is the role of revolution in internationalism?

ABSTRACTION

International Relations
-scholars of politics study this, it is about political, military, and other diplomatic engagements
between two or more countries.
Internationalization
-a phenomenon
-deepening of interactions between states
-does not equal globalization, but a major part of globalization

United Nations
-most prominent example of this organization
-meeting ground of presidents

Globalization
-encompasses a multitude of connections and interactions that cannot be reduced to the ties
between governments.

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THE ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY’S GLOBAL SYSTEM

Four key attributes of world politics

1. There are countries or states that are independent and govern themselves.
2. These countries interact with each other through diplomacy
3. There are international organizations, like the United Nations (UN), that facilitate these
interactions.
4. Beyond simply facilitating meetings between states, international organizations also take on
loves of their own.

Nation-State
-is a relatively modern phenomenon in human history, and people did not always organize
themselves as countries.
The two interchangeable terms of nation-state
“Not all states are nations and not all nations are states”
Examples:
1. The nation of Scotland has its own flag and national culture but belongs to a state called
United Kingdom.
2. Many believe that Bangsamoro is a separate nation withing Philippines but the authority still
recognized it as a Philippine State.
State
-refers to a country and its government.

Four attribute of State

1. Citizen
Bases in determining principles
 Jus Sanguinis
 Jus Soli
 Naturalization

Smallest State-Singapore and Vatican

1. Largest State-China &Russia

2. Territory
3. Government
-agency in which the will of the people are established, limited and defined.

3 Structures of Government
1. Executive
2. Judiciary
3. Legislative

Forms of Government
1. Monorchial
2. Republican
3. Doctatorial
4. Democratic
5. Presidential

4. Sovereignty
-one of the fundamental principles of modern state politics

Internal Sovereignty
-no one can operate in a given national territory by ignoring the state.

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External Sovereignty
-a state’s policies and procedures are independent of the interventions of other states

Nation
-“imagined community”
-it is limited because it does not go beyond a given “official boundary”

The Interstate System

-the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic designed a
system that would avert wars in the future.

Treaty of Westphalia
-a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the Thirty Years War between the major
continental powers of Europe.

Napoleon Bonaparte
-believed in spreading the principles of the French Revolution (liberty, equality and
fraternity)

Napoleonic Wars
-1803-1815

Napoleonic Code
-forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or religion and promoted meritocracy in
government service.

Concert of Europe
-alliance of “great powers”
-sought to restore the world of monarchical, hereditary and religious privileges of the
time before the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.

Internationalism
-one window into the broader phenomenon of globalization.

Two categories
1. Liberal
2. Socialist

Immanuel Kant
-first major thinker of liberal internationalism
-“establish a continuously growing state consisting of various nations which will
ultimately include the nations of the world.
-he imagine a form global government.

Jeremy Bentham
-coined the word “international”
-he believed that objective global legislators should aim to propose legislation that would
create “ the greatest happiness of all nations taken together”.

Giuseppe Mazzini
-first thinker to reconcile nationalism with liberal nationalism
-an advocate of the unification of the various Italian-speaking mini-states and a major
critic of the Metternich system.
-believed in Republican Government

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Woodrow Wilson
-influenced by Mazzini
-US president
th
20 century’s most prominent internationalist
-he forwarded the principle of self-determination (the belief that the world’s nations had a
right to a free and sovereign government.
-became the most notable advocate for the creation of the League of Nations.

Karl Marx
-also an internationalist but who differed from the former because he did not believe in
nationalism
-he did not divide the world into countries but into classes.

Capitalist Class
-owner

Proletariat Class
-workers

Friedrich Engels
-Co-author of Marx
-Believed that in a socialist revolution
Seeking to overthrow the state and after the economy.

The Socialist International

-Was a union of European socialist and labour parties established on Parish in 1889.

The Communist International

-served as the central body for directing communist parties all over the world.

This lesson examined the roots of the international system. In racing these roots, a short
history of internationalism was provided. Moreover, internationalism is but one window into the
broader phenomenon of globalization. Nevertheless, it is a very crucial aspect of globalization since
global interactions are heightened by the increased interdependence of states. This increased
interdependence manifests itself not just through state-to-state relations. Increasing, international
relations are also facilitated by international organizations that promote global norms and policies.
The most prominent example of this organizations, of course, is United Nations.

(The entire content of this lesson was adopted from: Claudio, Lisandro E. & Abinales, 2018)

APPLICATION

Think and Explain

1. What are the qualities that makes you proud and unique as an individual?

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 ____________________________________________________________

2. Cite your ideas in the quotation: “Everyone has something unique to offer and when
we unite in a common goal our actions are powerful”.
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CLOSURE

You made it! Congratulation! For more information on this lesson do your own research
which is relevant to this lesson.

1
5
 Lesson 4

Introduction

Finally! You are now in the last lesson four module four which is all about historical
sources. This lesson introduce to you the history as theoretical field, as well as the
historiographical method of the evaluation of primary sources. Lasted only for two (2) days.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lessons, you are expected to:

 Define global governance ;

 Identify the roles and functions of the United Nations; and
 Determine the challenges of global governance in the twenty-first century

ACTIVITY

The United Nations Peacekeepers: Re-enacting their Roles, Responsibilities, and

Challenges

Research in Google what the United Nations peacekeepers are, the countries that
send these peacekeepers, their responsibilities, and the places where they have been
involved in the last 50 years. After familiarizing yourselves with the UN’s peacekeeping
function, you will now be ready to deal with a crisis. Read the scenario below.
Countries A and B have been at war against each other for 50 years over a big area of
land that is located in their borders. The land consists of rainforests, suitable farmlands, and
rich mineral resources. It is also suspected to have oil reserves underground.
The community that lives in this area is composed of people who have never been
clear about their national loyalties, for the simple reason that they do not recognize these
borders. They have been living in the area long before countries A and B had national
territories. They, therefore, would like to be left alone, to “go back and forth” between
the two borders.
Countries A and B, however, want to exploit the resources of this borderland.
They started supporting leaders in this community, secretly at first, but later on with open
economic assistance. This association created tensions within the community that soon
worsened into open factional rivalries between its leaders.
The factional rivalry started over how assistance was to be shared, and then
moved to competition over elected positions. The rivalry took a turn for the worse when
Countries A and B began supplying their allies with arms and military training, especially
supplying their allies with arms and military training, especially after they both realized
the security problems this borderland can cause.
It did not take long before conflict between the two factions came out in the open.
This “mimi-war” spread and seriously affected the community, dividing families and
pitting friends and relatives against each other.
And then suddenly, the two countries were sending their armies into the border
supposedly to help keep the peace, but in reality, to fight alongside their local allies. The
war was intense, Thousands perished and were injured. But what was clear was that no
side was winning.
Eventually, exhausted by the war (Countries A and B began to realize how much
resources they wasted in this war), the protagonists agreed to a temporary truce. They
also asked the help of the United Nations in terms of bringing in a peacekeeping force to
stand between the two sides, and negotiate how to turn the truce into a lasting peace.
Your class is that peacekeeping force. List down the things you need to do to prepare
for this mission. Once you have established your presence, think of measures you have to
take to keep the peace, knowing that you will not be there permanently. Good luck.

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 ANALYSIS

The student will come up with his own reflection.

“The Characteristics of a Good Leader”

ABSTRACTION

THE UNITED NATIONS AND CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Regularities in the general behaviour of states

1. They more or less follow global navigation routes and, more often than not, respect each
other’s territorial boundaries.

2. To adhere to certain global norms means that there is a semblance of world order.

Global Governance
-refers to the various intersecting processes that create this order.

Sources of global governance

1. States signs treaties and form organizations, in the process legislating public
international law.
2. Powerful transnational corporations can likewise have tremendous effects on global
labor laws, environmental legislation and trade policy.

International Organization
 Refer to international intergovernmental organizations or groups that are primarily made up of
member-states.
 One major fallacy about international organizations is that they are merely amalgamations of
various state interest.

IOs Power of Classification

1. They create powerful global standards
2. IOs have the power to fix meanings.
3. IOs have the power to diffuse norms.

United Nations
-most prominent intergovernmental organization today

FIVE ACTIVE ORGANS OF UN

1. General Assembly
 Main deliberative policymaking and representative organ
 Annually, the General Assembly elect a GA President to serve one-year term of office.
 193 members
 Filipino Diplomat Carlos P. Romulo was elected GA president.

2. Security Council
 Most Powerful
 15 members
 2 –year term of office
 Permanent5 (P5)- China, France, Russia, UK and US

 The SC takes the lead in determining the existence of threat to the peace or an act or
aggression.

3. Economic and Social Council

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  The principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue, and
recommendations on social and environmental issues, as well as the implementation of
internationally agreed development goals,
 54 members
 Three years term of office

4. International Court of Justice

 To settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by authorized United
Nations organs and specialized agencies.

5. Secretariat
 Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the
day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the GA.
 It is the bureaucracy of the UN
 Members of the secretariat serve in their
Capacity as UN employees and not a state representatives.

Challenges of the United Nations

 Chief among these are the limits placed upon its various organs and programs by the need to
respect state sovereignty.
 The biggest challenge of UN is related to the issues of security.
Global governance is such a complex issue that one can actually teach an entire course in
itself. This lesson has focused on the IOs and the United Nations in particular. International
organizations are highlighted because they are the most visible symbols of global
governance. The UN, in particular, is the closest to a world government. What is important
to remember is that international institutions like the UN are always in a precarious
position. On the one hand, they are groups of sovereign states. On the other, they are
organizations with their own rationalities and agendas. It is this tension that will continue to
inform the evolution of these organizations.
However, note that there are many institutions, groups, and ideas that hold international
and global politics together. In your own time, you may want to explore these topics on
your own.

(The entire content of this lesson was adopted from: Candelaria, JL & Veronica, 2018).

APPLICATION

Think and Explain

1. Why is global governance multi-faceted?

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2. How do international organizations take on “lives of their-own?”

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 ____________________________________________________________
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3. What are the challenges faced by the United Nations in maintaining global security?
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CLOSURE

You made it! Congratulation! For more information on this lesson do your own research
which is relevant to this lesson.

1
9
 Lesson 5

Introduction

Finally! You are now in the last lesson four module four which is all about historical
sources. This lesson introduce to you the history as theoretical field, as well as the
historiographical method of the evaluation of primary sources. Lasted only for two (2) days.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lessons, you are expected to:

 Differentiate between regionalization and globalization;

 Explain how regions are formed and kept together;
 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages and disadvantages of regionalism; and
 Identify the factors leading to a greater integration of the Asian Region.

ACTIVITY

From Kingdoms to Empires, to Colonies, and to Republics

Organize yourselves based on these following broad regional divisions:

North America South America

China Japan
Korea South Asia
Middle East Southeast Asia
th
At the beginning of the 16 century, before the Europeans ruled the world, these regions
had their own empires and kingdoms. When the Spanish established the first global empires and
kingdoms. When the Spanish established the first global empire, some of these kingdoms and
empires disappeared or were weakened. This process was continued under the British colonial
rule, and other powers began to carve their own spheres of interests. Europeans dominated and
made colonies out of these areas.

After World War I, however, there began a noticeable shift, this time with colonies
challenging the colonial rule and demanding that they be allowed to become nations and
determine their own future. This pursuit was what US President Woodrow Wilson called “ the
principle of self-determination” ( see the discussion this in the Lesson 3) reached a high point
when World War II destroyed the empires, and the colonies achieved their independence.
Choose a regional division and trace how it has changed from the time before European
powers like Britain and Spain ruled the world, then during the era of colonialism, until its
independence.

List what kinds of changes happened to these areas (once participates, then provinces,
then republics) and the people who inhabit there. Finally, see how the nations and republics that
were born from the ashes of colonialism after World War II looked back on the past era to
explain their own histories.

POLITICAL CARTOONING

Direction: Draw a political cartoon of what regions would look like:

-Make it unique and eye catching
-Creativity and humor help
-Using familiar figures also helps dramatically
Present in Group Chat and Explain. Then, the class will vote for the best cartoon.

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 ANALYSIS

Compare your region’s changes with other regions. Pinpoint the similarities and
differences.

ABSTRACTION

Regionalization
 Societal integration and often indirected
 End result of regionalism

Regionalism
 Emergent, socially constituted phenomenon.
 Set of Conscious activities

Facets of regionalism
-identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability and health

Regions
 Are a group of countries located in the same geographically specified area.
 China-offers its cheap and huge workforce to attract foreign businesses.

 Singapore and Switzerland-compensate for their lack of resources by turning

themselves into financial and banking hubs.

Countries form regional association for several reasons

1. For military defense

 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)-most widely known defense grouping
-formed during the cold war when several Western European countries plus the United
States agreed to protect Europe against the threat of the Soviet Union.
 Warsaw Pact-Soviet Union’s regional Alliance, consisting of Eastern European countries.
2. To pool their resources
 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)-was established
in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela to regulate the production and
sale of oil. Other members of OPEC include Qatar, UAE, Algeria and Congo.
3. To protect their independence from the pressures of superpower politics.
 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
- created by the presidents of Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia and Yugoslavia in 1961.

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 -To pursue world peace and equality.
-had 120 member countries.

4. Economic crisis compels countries to come together

 The Thai economy collapsed in 1996, a rapid withdrawal of foreign investments
bankrupted the economy. This crisis began to spread to other Asian Countries.
 ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nation) along with China, Japan
and South Korea agreed to establish an emergency fund to anticipate a crisis, that the
Asian economies stabilized.

Non-state Regionalism
 Tiny associations that focuses on a single issue
 People who share the same values, norms, institutions and system that exist outside of the
traditional

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Rainforest foundation
 Protects indigenous people and the rainforest.
Contemporary Challenges to Regionalism
1. Resurgence of militant nationalism and populism.
1. Resurgence of militant nationalism and populism.
 Brexit-withdrawal of UK to European Union
2. The extent to which member countries should sacrifice their sovereignty for the sake of
regional stability.
3. Differing visions of what regionalism should be for.

Today, regionalism faces multiple challenges, the most serious of which is the resurgence
of militant nationalism and populism. The refusal to dismantle NATO after the collapse of the
Soviet Union, for example, has become the basis of the anti-NATO rhetoric of Vladimir Putin in
Russia. Now, even the relationship of the United States—the alliance’s core member—with
NATO has become problematic after Donald Trump demonized the organization as simply
leeching off American military power without giving anything in return.

Perhaps the most crisis-ridden regional organization of today is the European Union. The
continuing financial crisis of the region is forcing countries like Greece to consider leaving the
Union to gain more flexibility in their economy policy. Anti-immigrant sentiment and a populist
campaign against Europe have already led to the United Kingdom voting to leave the European
Union in a move the media has termed the “Brexit.”

ASEAN members continue to disagree over the extent to which member countries should
sacrifice their sovereignty for the sake of regional stability. The Association’s link with East
Asia has also been problematic. Recently, ASEAN countries also disagreed over how to relate to
China, with the Philippines unable to get the other countries to support its condemnation of
China’s occupation of the West Philippine Sea. Cambodia and Laos led the opposition favoring
diplomacy over confrontation, but the real reason was the dramatic increase of Chinese
investments and economic aid to these countries. Moreover, when some formerly authoritarian
countries democratized, this “participatory regionalism” clashed with ASEAN’s policy of non-
interference, as civil society groups in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand demanded that
the other countries democratized adopt a more open attitude towards foreign criticism.

A final challenge pertains to differing visions of what regionalism should be for. Western
governments may see regional organizations not simply as economic formations but also as
instruments of political democratizations. Non-western and developing societies, however, may have
a different view regarding globalization, development societies, however, may have a different view
regarding globalization, development, and democracy. Singapore, China and Russia

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see democracy as an obstacle to the implementation and deepening of economic globalization
because constant public inquiry about economic projects and lengthy debate slow down
implementation or lead to unclear outcomes. Democracy’s tedious procedures must, therefore,
give way to efficiency.

(The entire content of this lesson was adopted from: Claudio, Lisandro E. & Abinales, 2018)

APPLICATION

Essay

1. How is regionalism different from and yet a part of globalization?

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2. What is the difference between state-to-state regionalism and non-state regionalism?

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3. What triggers various regionalist projects?

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CLOSURE

You made it! Congratulation! For more information on this lesson do your own research
which is relevant to this lesson.

23
MODULE SUMMARY

In the preceding module, we have discussed the definition of globalization for the course,
differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization and narrate a personal experience of
globalization. Second lesson we have discussed the structures of globalization, the kind of
governance and economic structures govern the contemporary world. Third, we discussed legal
basis of international relations and the relevance of international relations integral and the
contemporary world. Its legal foundations and salient principles. Fourth, the world of regions a
celebration of diversity and commonality.

REFERENCES

Textbook:

Steger, Manfred B., Battersby, Paul and Siracusa, Joseph M. (2014).The

Contemporary World. The SAGE Handbook of Globalization.

Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

Mendoza, Cheryl C., Tabajen, Rene C.,Tomas, Era Anjelika U., Austria,
Reginald B.,(2019). Worktext in The Contemporary World.

Other Readings:
Aguilar, Filomeno V. 2012. “Differentiating Sedimented from Modular
Transnationalism: The View from EastAsia.”Asian and Pacific Migration
Journal 21(2):149–171.
1. Lisandro E. Claudio, Patricio N. Abinales. 2018. “The Contemporary World”. C &
E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines
2. Manfred B. Steger, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction, Third
edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 15.
3. Associated Press, “ Honda Sees Sharp Drop in Profit on Thai floods,” CNS News,
January 31, 2012, http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/honda-sees-sharp-
drop-profit-thai-floods (last accessed February 13, 2017).
4. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Investment Report
2016 (New York: United Nations Publications, 2016):3-4
5.Christopher B. Roberts, ASEAN Regionalism: Cooperation, value and
Institutionalism (New York: Routledge, 2012).
6. Lorenzo Fioramonti, Civil Society and World Regions: How Citizens are
Reshaping Regional Governance in Times of Crisis (Lanham, Maryland. Lexington
Books: 2013), 6.

7. Tosh, J (2002). The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in
rd
the Study of Modern History (Revised 3 Ed.). London, United Kingdom: Pearson
Education Ltd.

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