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Chelsea Janyn C. Jimenez February 6, 2021 BSN 1-Y2-1

1) According to ancient Greek philosophers Socrates and Plato, knowing oneself is key to happiness and involves questioning oneself to understand desires, lacks, and what one needs to know. Plato believed the soul is divided into rational, spirited, and appetitive parts that drive different behaviors. 2) St. Augustine and Rene Descartes related existence to one's soul or mind, with Augustine believing we must establish a virtuous relationship with God and Descartes stating "I think, therefore I am." 3) Later philosophers like John Locke, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant analyzed how experiences, other people's perceptions, and higher-order thinking shape one's understanding of self.

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45 views2 pages

Chelsea Janyn C. Jimenez February 6, 2021 BSN 1-Y2-1

1) According to ancient Greek philosophers Socrates and Plato, knowing oneself is key to happiness and involves questioning oneself to understand desires, lacks, and what one needs to know. Plato believed the soul is divided into rational, spirited, and appetitive parts that drive different behaviors. 2) St. Augustine and Rene Descartes related existence to one's soul or mind, with Augustine believing we must establish a virtuous relationship with God and Descartes stating "I think, therefore I am." 3) Later philosophers like John Locke, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant analyzed how experiences, other people's perceptions, and higher-order thinking shape one's understanding of self.

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Chelsea Jimenez
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CHELSEA JANYN C.

JIMENEZ February 6, 2021


BSN 1-Y2-1

Summary on the Concept of “Self”

Socrates (Greek)
>According to Socrates, knowing ourself is the key to our happiness. He also believe that the only way to know
and understand ourselves is through internal questioning wherein we become ignorant so that we can know
what we truly want and even what we are lacking and what we need to know.
Plato (Greek)
>Plato believed that there is a division of a person’s body and soul that formed us as a whole. He divided it
into three different parts that has a different view and resulting to a different behavior. First is the Appetitive
Soul that is driven by our pleasures and desires wherein our soul tend to lean us towards something that we
find satisfying. Second is the Spirited Soul that is our courageous part to do what is right or even correct or
right the wrongs that we observed. The last part of the soul is the Rational Soul, it is the one who lead our way
since this is the one who plan on what to do or when to do something and thinks of the possible outcomes
depending on our actions.
St. Augustine (Numidia)
St. Augustine related our existence to God being modelled in his likeness not physically but in our own soul
and spirit. He believes that being alive means that we are still far from God so we need to establish our
relationship with God by being virtuous and also being able to know and stand on what we think is true and
who we really are from our own understanding. In that way, we can balance our life and even ourselves.
Rene Descartes (French)
“I think, therefore I am.” For Descartes, we cannot always trust and easily be deceived by our senses and
perceptions because we as a rational being should focus on our mind wherein the more we doubt our
existence can lead to a better understanding of ourselves and in that way we can know that we exist.
John Locke (English)
>In knowing the self, for John Locke, we are like a “Tabula Rasa” which means a Blank Slate or a stone tablets
that evolves through our experiences and through the people or things surrounds us. A person is born without
knowing anything and are capable of learning from all the experiences and observations of the person.
David Hume (Scott)
>According to David Hume, self does not exist unless we have other people’s perceptions. Perception based
on how people see us and it can vary from situation to situation or even time to time.
Immanuel Kant (German)
>In knowing the self, Kant argued that to fully understand ourselves and to have a clear identification of who
we really are, we need the sense called “Transcendental Apperception” wherein we are not only perceiving
and reacting to our experiences, but to be able to understand beyond it and to also establish a sense of self
that is unique from others.

Sigmund Freud (Prussian)


> Sigmund Freud stated that in the development of man’s personality and self, we have three aspects along
the course of our lives. When we are a child, we tend to cling more into pleasure and satisfaction, this is
known as the “ID” aspect. “Superego”, when we’ve come to our senses in terms of being morally and ethically
right when it comes to our actions towards society. Lastly, is “EGO” that basically keeps our inner ID under
control in terms of ideas, actions, and/or impulses we might have. Freud believed that we are the result of our
experiences from the past and our actions are driven by our idea of avoiding pain and are formed from our
pleasure and the needs to be happy.
Gilbert Ryle (British)
>Ryle uses his “ghost in the machine” view to further explain the self, wherein a person is a complex machine
with different functioning parts and a person’s intelligence and other behavior is represented by the ghost. He
believes that every behavior that we show to the people that we encounter are the reflection of our mind and
is generally who we are as a person. With that, their perception us is the result to the understanding of other
people and establishing of who we are.
Paul Churchland (Canadian)
> The main idea that Churchland presented is that of a quantitative-scientific approach on his philosophy, he
believed that one’s behavior is based on the patterns and motions of the brain. This idea is called
Neurophilosophy, wherein different neurological movements each have their different meaning. Whether it
may pertain to feelings, emotions, actions and reactions. For him, the behavior of a person is a measurable
quantity that enables a human to be more objective and eliminate subjectivity.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty (French)
> Merleau-Ponty’s idea of the self says that we as human beings are only composed of a single entity. Our body and
mind work together in order for us to thrive in society. It is based on the gestalt ideation that explains that our
perception in this world have three divisions. The Body – which handles the experiences we have/had, the Perceived
world – which explains and rather give meaning to these experiences, and the People and the World which basically
gives us these experiences in the first place. Merleau-Ponty further explained his philosophy by supporting on the idea
that all of our actions, behavior, and language are interconnected in a single perception based on our world.

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