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Learning Task No. 1

This document provides an introduction to numerical methods and includes examples of solving problems numerically. It discusses the difference between analysis and numerical analysis, the operations involved in numerical analysis, and gives examples of computing velocity using equations for a parachutist and comparing the results. It also discusses representing functions as infinite series, distinguishing accuracy and precision in measurement, and computing true error and true percent relative error.

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35 views4 pages

Learning Task No. 1

This document provides an introduction to numerical methods and includes examples of solving problems numerically. It discusses the difference between analysis and numerical analysis, the operations involved in numerical analysis, and gives examples of computing velocity using equations for a parachutist and comparing the results. It also discusses representing functions as infinite series, distinguishing accuracy and precision in measurement, and computing true error and true percent relative error.

Uploaded by

PJ
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MEng 124 – Advanced Mathematics for Mechanical Engineering

Learning Task No. 1


Introduction to Numerical Methods
Cabagnot, Piolo Julius G.
Class Schedule: M 2:00 – 4:00

1. What is the difference between analysis and numerical analysis?


- The main difference between analysis and numerical analysis is that analysis solve a
problem through equations and other forms of higher mathematics resulting to an exact
solution, while numerical analysis solves problems through basic arithmetic but only
resulting to an approximated solution.

2. What operations are involved in the numerical analysis?


- Operations involved in numerical analysis are the Arithmetic Operations.

3. Give 3 mathematical operations that a numerical analysis can do?


- Approximate functions with polynomials or with a ratio of polynomials; Approximate
values for the derivatives of a function, even if it is known only by a table of function of
values; Evaluate the definite integral for any integrand, even if its values are known
only from experimental observations.

4. A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of a stationary hot air balloon. Using the
Equation (1.7), compute the velocity prior to opening the chute. The drag coefficient is
equal to 12.5 kg/s.

Using the equation (1.7) given, and by plotting it using Microsoft


Excel. We can conclude that as time approaches to positive
infinity, velocity will reach to a constant, or usually called the
terminal velocity, of 53.44 meters per square of a second.
5. Perform the same calculation in Problem 4 but using Equation (1.8) to compute the
velocity. Use a step size of 2s for the computation.

Using the equation (1.8) given, and by plotting it using Microsoft


Excel. We can conclude that as time approaches to positive
infinity, velocity will reach to a constant, or usually called the
terminal velocity, of 53.44 meters per square of a second. Same
as the previous one.

6. Plot and compare the results of Problems 4 and 5.


Plotted using MATLAB. The blue line pertains to the data of Equation (1.7)
while the orange line pertains to data of equation (1.8). It can be seen that there is
some discrepancy between the two results, maybe by the fact that the formula or
equation (1.8) was derived from using straight lines even though it was parabolic in
shape, and maybe due to the bigger step size, lower step size may result to lower
discrepancies in data.

7. In mathematics, functions can often be represented by infinite series. For example, the
exponential function can be calculated using the Maclaurin series expansion

As more terms are added in sequence, the approximation becomes a better and better
estimate of the true value of ex. Starting with the simplest version, ex = 1, add terms
one at a time to estimate e0.5. After each new term is added, compute the true and
approximate percent relative errors. Note that the true value is e0.5 = 1.648721… Add
terms until the absolute value of the approximate error estimate 𝜀𝜀𝑇𝑇 falls below a pre-
specified error criterion 𝜀𝜀𝑆𝑆 = 0.05%.

- The formulas in getting the percent relative errors:

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴


𝜀𝜀𝑇𝑇 = (100) 𝜀𝜀𝐴𝐴 = (100)
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

Based from the data in the table, we can say


that after the SIX terms are included, the
approximation percent relative error falls below the
pre-specified error criterion.

8. Give a particular case in measurement and distinguish the accuracy and precision.

- The example of a darts board is often used when talking about the difference between
accuracy and precision. Accurately hitting the target means you are close to the center
of the target, even if all the marks are on different sides of the center. Precisely hitting
a target means all the hits are closely spaced, even if they are very far from the center
of the target.
9. Suppose that you have the task to measure the lengths of a bridge and a rivet and
come up with 9999 and 9 cm, respectively. If the true values are 10,000 and 10 cm,
respectively, compute (a) the true error and (b) the true percent relative error for each
case.

A. True Error

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 − 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

For Bridge: For Rivet:

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 10000 − 9999 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 10 − 9

= 1𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 1𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

B. True Percent relative error

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝜀𝜀𝑇𝑇 = (100)
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

For Bridge: For Rivet:

1 1
𝜀𝜀𝑇𝑇 = (100) 𝜀𝜀𝑇𝑇 = (100)
10000 10

= .1% = 10%

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