NAME: _____________________________________Score: _____________

GRADE & SECTION ____________________ Teacher: ____________________

BASIC CALCULUS
First Quarter
(Week 1 and 2)

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

Relations and Functions

OBJECTIVE
1. Define and explain the concept of relations and functions.
2. Describe and discuss the difference between relations and functions.
3. Determine and describe the domain and range of relations and functions.

WHAT I KNOW

For each of the following functions, find its natural domain

1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 3
1
2. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥−2
3. ℎ(𝑥) = √1 + 5𝑥

WHAT’S IN

RELATIONS
A relation is a set of ordered pairs of mathematical quantities. The domain of a relation is the
set of first coordinates of the ordered pairs of that relation. The range is the set of the second coordinates
of the ordered pairs of that relation.
The graph of a relation is the set of points in the plane that correspond to the ordered pairs of that
relation.
FUNCTIONS
A function is a special type of relation such that no two ordered pairs of the set have different
second coordinates corresponding to the same first coordinate. In symbols, y = f(x) is read as “y is a
function of x” where y is the dependent variable and x is the independent variable. y is expressed
explicitly in terms of x. An implicit function is not expressed in terms of a single variable, that is f(x) =
0. 2x + 3y = 6 is an implicit function. But if we solve for y in terms of x, we expressed it as an explicit
2
function, such as 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 + 2
To be a function means no two ordered pairs of the set can have the same first coordinate and
different second coordinates. This means that no vertical line can intersect the graph in more than one
point.
The Linear Function
The simplest type of function is the linear function, where the graph is a line. To graph a
linear function, we need only two points in keeping with Euclid’s Axiom: “Two points determine a line”
or “The shortest distance between two points is a line”. Notice that when we say line in mathematics,
that means it is a straight otherwise, it is a curve.
Any equation of the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept is
called a linear function in x.
Notice that if m = 0, then f(x) = b, which we called a constant function. If the domain of a
constant function is set of real numbers, then the graph of f(x) = b is a horizontal line. The line
parallel to the y-axis is called a vertical line. Notice that vertical lines are not functions.
The Quadratic Function
Any equation in the form of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 where a ≠ 0 is called a quadratic function.
The restriction that a ≠ 0, then the equation becomes a linear function. The graph of a quadratic
function is called a parabola.
In a quadratic function
𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0
If a > 0, the parabola opens upward and has a minimum value at the vertex.
If a < 0, the parabola opens downward and has a maximum value at the vertex.
The vertex of a parabola is given by the equation
𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2 𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
𝑥 = − 2𝑎 and 𝑦 = 4𝑎 Vertex: (− 2𝑎 , 4𝑎 )
The Cubic Function
Any equation in the form of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑎, 𝑎 ≠ 0
is called a cubic function in x.
The Rational Function
𝑝(𝑥)
Any function defined by 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑞(𝑥) , 𝑞 (𝑥 ) ≠ 0 where p(x) and q(x) are algebraic functions is
called a rational function. Since any values of such q(x) = 0 are excluded from the domain, a rational
function usually has a graph with one or more breaks.
 WHAT’S NEW

Example # 1: Determine the domain and range and plot the set of points defined by the relation.
A = { (-2,-1), (-2,1), (-1,-2), (-1,2), (0,-3), (0,3), (1,-2), (1,2), (2,-1), (2,1)}
Answer: Domain: { -2, -1, 0, 1, 2} Range: {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
Example # 2: Sketch the graph and determine the domain and range of the relation defined by
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
Answer: Domain: { x / x   , -1 ≤ x ≤ 1} Range: { y / y   , -1 ≤ y ≤ 1}
Example # 3: Determine the domain and range and sketch the graph of the relation defined by 𝑥 = 𝑦 2
Answer: Domain: { x / x   , x ≥ 0} Range: { y / y   }
Example #4: Sketch the graph, and determine the domain and range of the function 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 + 2
Answer: Domain: { x / x ≥ - 2, x   } Range: { y / y   }
Example #5: Sketch the graph, and determine the domain and range of 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 3 , x  [-1,3)
Answer: Domain: { x / -1 ≤ x < 3, x   } Range: { y / - 5 ≤ y < 3, y   }
WHAT IS IT
Solve the following problems.
1. Determine the domain and range and plot the set of points defined by the relation {(-2,-2),(-2,1),
(1,-1),(-1,0),(0,0),(1,0),(1,1),(2,1),(2,2)}
2. Determine the domain and range and sketch the graph of the relation defined by 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 6
3. Determine the domain and range and sketch the graph of the relation defined by 4𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 = 36.
4. Determine the domain and range and sketch the graph of the relation defined by 𝑥 = −4 𝑦 2
5. Sketch the graph and determine domain and range of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1.
6. Sketch the graph and determine the domain and range of (𝑥 − 1)𝑦 = 1

ASSESSMENT

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

Find the domain and range of the given

1. set of points {(-9,-4),(12,- 8),(-4,2),(-2,-7)}
A. D = {-2,12, -4, -9} ; R = {-8, 2, -4}
B. D = {-7, -8, 2, -4} ; R = {-2, 12, -4, -9}
C. D = {-2,12, -4, -9} ; R = { -7, 4, -8, 2, -4}
D. D = { -2, 12, -4, -9 } ; R = { -7, -8, 2, -4 }
2. equation 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 9
A. D = ( - ∞, ∞ ); R = ( - ∞, ∞ )
B. D = ( - ∞, ∞ ); R = [-9, ∞)
C. D = [-9, ∞ ); R = [ 0, ∞ )
D. D = [ 0, ∞ ); R = [ 0, ∞ )
3. Use the graph to determine the function's domain and range

A. Domain: ( - ∞, ∞ ); Range: [ 2,5 ]

B. Domain: [0,5]; Range: (- ∞, ∞ )
C. Domain: ( - ∞, ∞ ); Range [ 0,5 ]
D. Domain: [ 2,5 ]; Range ( -∞,∞)

4.

A. Domain: ( - 2, ∞ ); Range: [ -2, ∞ )

B. Domain: ( - ∞, ∞ ); Range: (- ∞, ∞ )
C. Domain: ( - ∞, - 2 )or (-2, ∞); Range ( - ∞,-2) or ( - 2, ∞ )
D. Domain: ( - ∞, ∞ ); Range [ - 2, ∞ )
 𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 − 8 ≤ 𝑥 < 3
5. Graph the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { −9, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3
−𝑥 + 4, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 3

4, 𝑖𝑓 − 4 ≤ 𝑥 < −2
6. Based on the graph, find the range of y = f(x). 𝑓(𝑥) = { |𝑥|, 𝑖𝑓 − 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 8
3
√𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12
A. [ 0, 8 ]
3
B. [ 0, √12]
C. [ 0, ∞ )
D. [ 0, 8 )

Identify the intervals where the function is changing as requested.

7. Increasing

A) (-2, 1) B) (-1, 3) C) (-2, -1) or (3, ∞) D) (-1, ∞)

8. Increasing

A) (1, 6) B) (0, 6) C) (0, 5) D) (1, 5)

9. Decreasing

A) (6, 12) B) (6, 1) C) (5, 12) D) (5, 1)

10. Determine the domain

A. (-4, 3) B. [−4, 3) C. (−4, 3] D. [-4, 3 ]