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MME 101 Transitional 2021

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18 views2 pages

MME 101 Transitional 2021

as

Uploaded by

Michael Angelo Laguna Dela Fuente
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Arlene Grace B.

MME 101 transitional 2021

An important part of the design process is the simulation of the


performance of a designed device. For example, a fastener may be
designed to work under certain static or dynamic loads or the
temperature distribution in a CPU chip may need to be calculated to
determine the heat transfer behavior and possible thermal stress. Or
the turbulent flow over a turbine blade controls cooling but may
induce vibration and will have to be dealt with. Whatever the device
being designed, there are many possible influences on the device’s
performance and CAD analysis software may help identify them. The
load types listed above can be calculated using FEA. The analysis
divides a given domain into smaller, discrete fundamental parts
called elements. An analysis of each element is then conducted using
the required mathematics. Finally, the solution to the problem as a
whole is determined through an aggregation of the individual
solutions of the elements. Complex problems can thus be solved by
dividing the problem into smaller and simpler problems upon which
approximate solutions can be applied. General-purpose FEA software
programs have been generalized such that users do not need to have
detailed knowledge of FEA. A FEM can be thought of as a system of
solid blocks (elements) assembled together. Several types of elements
that are available in the finite-element library are given below.
Well-known general-purpose FEA packages, such as NASTRAN by NEi
Software (formerly Noran Engineering, Inc.) and ANSYS by ANSYS Inc.,
provide an element library. To demonstrate the concept of FEA, a 2D
bracket is shown (Fig. 22) divided into quadrilateral elements each
having four nodes. Although triangular nodes are sometimes used,
recent work has shown that quadrilateral elements are generally more
accurate. Elements are joined to each other at nodal points. When a
load is applied to the structure, all elements deform until all
forces balance. For each element in the model, equations can be
written which relate displacement and forces at the nodes. Each node
has a potential of displacement in x and y directions under Fx and Fy
(x and y components of the nodal force) so that one element needs
eight equations to express its displacement. The displacements and
forces are identified by a coordinate numbering system for
recognition by the computer program. For example, dI xi is the
displacement in the x direction for element I at node i, while dI yi
is the displacement in the yWhen a structure is modeled, individual
sets of matrix equations are automatically generated for each
element. The elements in the model share common nodes so that
individual sets of matrix equations can be combined into a global set
of matrix equations. This global set relates all of the nodal
deflections to the nodal forces. Nodal deflections are solved
simultaneously from the global matrix. When displacements for all
nodes are known, the state of deformation of each element is known
and stress can be determined through stress–strain relations. For a
2D structure problem each node displacement has three degrees of
freedom: one translational in each of x and y directions and a
rotational in the (x, y) plane. In a 3D structure problem the
displacement vector can have up to six degrees of freedom for each
nodal point. Each degree of freedom at a nodal point may be
unconstrained (unknown) or constrained. The nodal constraint can be
given as a fixed value or a defined relation with its adjacent nodes.
One or more constraints must be given prior to solving a structure
problem. These constraints are referred to as boundary conditions.
Finite-element analysis obtains stresses, temperatures, velocity
potentials, and other desired unknown variables in the analyzed model
by minimizing an energy function. The law of conservation of energy
is a well-known principle of physics. It states that unless atomic
energy is involved, the total energy of a system must be zero. Thus,
the finite-element energy functional must equal zero. The FEM obtains
the correct solution for any analyzed model by minimizing the energy
functional. Thus, the obtained solution satisfies the law of
conservation of energy. The minimum of the functional is found by
setting to zero the derivative of the functional with respect to the
unknown nodal point potential. It is known from calculus that the
minimum of any function has a slope or derivative equal to zero

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